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production. For Deaf signers who learned a different sign language before learning
American Sign Language, qualities of their native language may show in their ASL production. Some examples of that varied production include fingerspelling towards the body, instead of away from it, and signing certain movement from bottom to top, instead of top to bottom. Hearing people who learn American Sign Language also have noticeable differences in signing production. The most notable production difference of hearing people learning American Sign Language is their rhythm and arm posture.
1655:
3087:
2124:
1666:, which can be used to spell out words from the English language. It is rather a representation of the English alphabet, and not a unique alphabet of ASL, although commonly labeled as the "ASL alphabet". It is borrowed from French Sign Language (LSF), as much of ASL is derived from LSF. Such signs make use of the 19 handshapes of ASL. For example, the signs for 'p' and 'k' use the same handshape but different orientations. A common misconception is that ASL consists only of fingerspelling; although such a method (
63:
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427:
279:
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1081:(AAE) is generally viewed as more innovating than standard English, Black ASL is more conservative than standard ASL, preserving older forms of many signs. Black sign language speakers use more two-handed signs than in mainstream ASL, are less likely to show assimilatory lowering of signs produced on the forehead (e.g. KNOW) and use a wider signing space. Modern Black ASL borrows a number of idioms from AAE; for instance, the AAE idiom "I feel you" is
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documentation compared to
European sign languages, albeit more influenced by fingerspelled loanwords and borrowed idioms from English as students were societally pressured to achieve fluency in spoken language. Nevertheless, oralism remained the predominant method of deaf education up to the 1950s. Linguists did not consider sign language to be true "language" but as something inferior. Recognition of the legitimacy of ASL was achieved by
2024:, was the first to acknowledge that sign language could be used to educate the deaf. An oft-repeated folk tale states that while visiting a parishioner, Épee met two deaf daughters conversing with each other using LSF. The mother explained that her daughters were being educated privately by means of pictures. Épée is said to have been inspired by those deaf children when he established the first educational institution for the deaf.
1546:
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1155:. The response is titled "there shouldn't be any stigma about American Sign Language" and addressed that ASL is a vital language for the Deaf and hard of hearing. Stigmas associated with sign languages and the use of sign for educating children often lead to the absence of sign during periods in children's lives when they can access languages most effectively. Scholars such as
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quality of Deaf
Schools promoted specific use of certain sign variants. Native signers did not have much access to signers from other regions during the beginning years of their education. It is hypothesized that because of that seclusion, certain variants of a sign prevailed over others due to the choice of variant used by the student of the school/signers in the community.
1135:. It results in deafness from birth followed by loss of vision later in life; consequently, those with Usher's syndrome often grow up in the Deaf community using ASL, and later transition to TASL. TASL differs from ASL in that signs are produced by touching the palms, and there are some grammatical differences from standard ASL in order to compensate for the lack of
1302:
1195:
1596:, which are used to classify objects and their movement in space. For example, a rabbit running downhill would use a classifier consisting of a bent V classifier handshape with a downhill-directed path; if the rabbit is hopping, the path is executed with a bouncy manner. In general, classifiers are composed of a "classifier handshape"
898:
on that phenomenon often concludes that the fast-paced production for signers from the coasts could be due to the fast-paced nature of living in large metropolitan areas. That conclusion also supports how the ease with which
Southerners sign could be caused by the easygoing environment of the South in comparison to that of the coasts.
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993:
754:. That contrasts with Europe, where a variety of sign languages are used within the same continent. The unique situation of ASL seems to have been caused by the proliferation of ASL through schools influenced by the American School for the Deaf, wherein ASL originated, and the rise of community organizations for the Deaf.
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432:
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532:. All three languages show degrees of borrowing from English, but that alone is not sufficient for cross-language comprehension. It has been found that a relatively high percentage (37–44%) of ASL signs have similar translations in Auslan, which for oral languages would suggest that they belong to the same
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Morphology is the study of how languages form words by using smaller units to construct larger units. The smallest meaningful unit in a language is known as a "morpheme", with some morphemes able to stand alone as independent units (free morphemes), while others must occur with other morphemes (bound
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For example, adding the suffix "-ship" to the noun "friend" creates the new word "friendship", which has a different meaning than the original word. Inflection, on the other hand, involves modifying a word's form to indicate grammatical features such as tense, number, gender, person, case, and degree
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and does not have a one-to-one map from phonological forms to written forms. That assertion has been disputed, and the process for each country to look at the ISWA and create a phonemic/morphemic assignment of features of each sign language was proposed by researchers Msc. Roberto Cesar Reis da Costa
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The prevalence of residential Deaf schools can account for much of the regional variance of signs and sign productions across the United States. Deaf schools often serve students of the state in which the school resides. That limited access to signers from other regions, combined with the residential
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Sign production can often vary according to location. Signers from the South tend to sign with more flow and ease. Native signers from New York have been reported as signing comparatively quicker and sharper. Sign production of native
Californian signers has also been reported as being fast. Research
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I see, however, and I say it with regret, that any efforts that we have made or may still be making, to do better than, we have inadvertently fallen somewhat back of Abbé de l'Épée. Some of us have learned and still learn signs from uneducated pupils, instead of learning them from well instructed and
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By studying morphemes and how they can be combined or modified, linguists gain insight into the underlying structure of language and the creative ways in which it can be used to express meaning. Understanding morphology is essential to understanding how languages are built and how new signs or words
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ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third- or fourth-most-spoken language in the United States. Those figures misquote Schein and Delk (1974), who actually concluded that ASL speakers constituted the third-largest population "requiring an interpreter in court". Although that would make ASL the
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languages. However, more recent research has shown that modern ASL does not share many of the structural features that characterize creole languages. ASL may have begun as a creole and then undergone structural change over time, but it is also possible that it was never a creole-type language. There
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Affixes, which are morphemes added to words to create new words or modify their meanings, are part of the derivational process. For example, in
English, prefixes like "re-" and suffixes like "-able" are affixes. In ASL, affixation can be used to modify the sign for CHAIR to indicate different types
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forums with speakers and researchers in more than 40 countries, including Brazil, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Tunisia, and the United States. Sutton SignWriting has both a printed and an electronically produced form so that persons can use the system anywhere
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Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL users in the United States based on misunderstandings of known statistics. Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use since adults who become deaf late in life rarely use ASL in the home. That accounts
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In
American Sign Language (ASL), inflection is conveyed through facial expressions, body movements, and other non-manual markers. For instance, to indicate past tense in ASL, one might sign the present tense of a verb (such as "walk"), and then add a facial expression and head tilt to signify that
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Most popularly, there are variants of the signs for
English words such as "birthday", "pizza", "Halloween", "early", and "soon", just a sample of the most commonly recognized signs with variants based on regional change. The sign for "school" is commonly varied between black and white signers; the
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made it dominant and effectively banned the use of sign languages at schools in the United States and Europe. However, the efforts of Deaf advocates and educators, more lenient enforcement of the
Congress's mandate, and the use of ASL in religious education and proselytism ensured greater use and
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The largest group of students during the first seven decades of the school were from Martha's
Vineyard, and they brought MVSL with them. There were also 44 students from around Henniker, New Hampshire, and 27 from the Sandy River valley in Maine, each of which had their own village sign language.
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However, American Sign Language does not appear to be vastly varied in comparison to other signed languages. That is because when Deaf education was beginning in the United States, many educators flocked to the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut, whose central location for the
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Counting the number of ASL signers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census. The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population (NCDP) by Schein and Delk (1974).
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nature of genetic deafness, Chilmark had a high 4% rate of genetic deafness. MVSL was used even by hearing residents whenever a deaf person was present, and also in some situations where spoken language would be ineffective or inappropriate, such as during church sermons or between boats at sea.
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Research on acquisition of pronouns in ASL has shown that children do not always take advantage of the iconic properties of signs when they interpret their meaning. It has been found that when children acquire the pronoun "you", the iconicity of the point (at the child) is often confused, being
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Those properties of ASL allow it a variety of word orders, leading many to question which is the true, underlying, "basic" order. There are several other proposals that attempt to account for the flexibility of word order in ASL. One proposal is that languages like ASL are best described with a
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Furthermore, understanding morphology has practical applications in language learning and teaching. For example, teaching students the basic morphological structures of a language can help them to better understand the language's grammar and syntax, and can also aid in their acquisition of new
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American Sign Language is growing in popularity in many states. Many high school and university students desire to take it as a foreign language, but until recently, it was usually not considered a creditable foreign language elective. ASL users, however, have a very distinct culture, and they
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Whereas deafness was genetically recessive on Martha's Vineyard, it was dominant in Henniker. On the one hand, this dominance likely aided the development of sign language in Henniker since families would be more likely to have the critical mass of deaf people necessary for the propagation of
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Sign production can also vary depending on age and native language. For example, sign production of letters may vary in older signers. Slight differences in finger spelling production can be a signal of age. Additionally, signers who learned American Sign Language as a second language vary in
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In summary, morphology is an essential component of language and provides valuable insights into the structure and function of languages. By understanding the morphological processes involved in language formation, we can gain a deeper understanding of how languages work and how they can be
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In linguistics, there are two primary ways of changing the form of a word: derivation and inflection. Derivation involves creating new words by adding something to an existing word, while inflection involves changing the form of a word to convey grammatical information without altering its
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ASL changes over time and from generation to generation. The sign for telephone has changed as the shape of phones and the manner of holding them have changed. The development of telephones with screens has also changed ASL, encouraging the use of signs that can be seen on small screens.
1283:. Based on Stokoe Notation, HamNoSys was expanded to about 200 graphs in order to allow transcription of any sign language. Phonological features are usually indicated with single symbols, though the group of features that make up a handshape is indicated collectively with a symbol.
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375:. Since then, ASL use has been propagated widely by schools for the deaf and Deaf community organizations. Despite its wide use, no accurate count of ASL users has been taken. Reliable estimates for American ASL users range from 250,000 to 500,000 persons, including a number of
1402:. Just as phonemes of sound distinguish meaning in spoken languages, those parameters are the phonemes that distinguish meaning in signed languages like ASL. Changing any one of them may change the meaning of a sign, as illustrated by the ASL signs THINK and DISAPPOINTED:
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According to the book Linguistics of American Sign Language, ASL signs have two main components: hold segments and movement segments. Hold segments consist of hand-shape, location, orientation, and non-manual features, while movement segments possess similar features.
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treated more like a name. That is a similar finding to research in oral languages on pronoun acquisition. It has also been found that iconicity of signs does not affect immediate memory and recall; less iconic signs are remembered just as well as highly-iconic signs.
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Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP, Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000. The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing; in fact, the name "ASL" was not yet in widespread use.
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American Sign Language is now being accepted by many colleges as a language eligible for foreign language course credit; many states are making it mandatory to accept it as such. In some states however, this is only true with regard to high school coursework.
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is a clear exception, since words like "choo-choo" bear clear resemblance to the sounds that they mimic, the Saussurean approach was to treat them as marginal exceptions. ASL, with its significant inventory of iconic signs, directly challenges that theory.
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for currently-cited estimations that are greater than 500,000; such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000. A 100,000-person lower bound has been cited for ASL users; the source of that figure is unclear, but it may be an estimate of
1101:, which has ASL origins, is no longer mutually comprehensible with ASL and must be considered its own language. For some imported ASL varieties, such as those used in West Africa, it is still an open question how similar they are to American ASL.
977:
997:
2043:
Although some surveys of smaller scope measure ASL use, such as the California Department of Education recording ASL use in the home when children begin school, ASL use in the general American population has not been directly measured. See
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Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
761:, ASL-based sign languages are signed by educated Deaf adults. Such languages, imported by boarding schools, are often considered by associations to be the official sign languages of their countries and are named accordingly, such as
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to a "movement root". The classifier handshape represents the object as a whole, incorporating such attributes as surface, depth, and shape, and is usually very iconic. The movement root consists of a path, a direction and a manner.
1221:(distinctive) hand shape, orientation, motion, and position, though it lacks any representation of facial expression, and is better suited for individual words than for extended passages of text. Stokoe used that system for his 1965
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Each sign in ASL is composed of a number of distinctive components, generally referred to as parameters. A sign may use one hand or both. All signs can be described using the five parameters involved in signed languages, which are
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is reported to be a dialect of ASL, no more divergent than other acknowledged dialects. On the other hand, it is also known that some imported ASL varieties have diverged to the extent of being separate languages. For example,
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and the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf held national conventions that attracted signers from across the country. All of that contributed to ASL's wide use over a large geographical area, atypical of a sign language.
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English) to PSE which is quite close to ASL lexically and grammatically, but may alter some subtle features of ASL grammar. Fingerspelling may be used more often in PSE than it is normally used in ASL. There have been some
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Prior to the birth of ASL, sign language had been used by various communities in the United States. In the United States, as elsewhere in the world, hearing families with deaf children have historically employed ad hoc
2034:
signing. On the other hand, in Martha's Vineyard the deaf were more likely to have more hearing relatives, which may have fostered a sense of shared identity that led to more inter-group communication than in Henniker.
1255:
that oral languages are written (personal letters, newspapers, and media, academic research). The systematic examination of the International Sign Writing Alphabet (ISWA) as an equivalent usage structure to the
1066:, meaning that the same sign may be signed in a different way depending on the region. For example, an extremely common type of variation is between the handshapes /1/, /L/, and /5/ in signs with one handshape.
1092:, and a number of closely related sign languages derived from ASL are used in many different countries. Even so, there have been varying degrees of divergence from standard ASL in those imported ASL varieties.
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1885:
plays a significant role; a high percentage of signs resemble their referents in some way. That may be because the medium of sign, three-dimensional space, naturally allows more iconicity than oral language.
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More schools for the deaf were founded after ASD, and knowledge of ASL spread to those schools. In addition, the rise of Deaf community organizations bolstered the continued use of ASL. Societies such as the
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45 US states and DC formally recognize ASL in state law; Five states recognize ASL for educational foreign language requirements, but have not formally recognized ASL as a language in their legislatures.
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Just as there are accents in speech, there are regional accents in sign. People from the South sign slower than people in the North—even people from northern and southern Indiana have different styles.
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interact very differently when they talk. Their facial expressions and hand movements reflect what they are communicating. They also have their own sentence structure, which sets the language apart.
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Besides, word orders can be obtained through the phenomenon of subject copy in which the subject is repeated at the end of the sentence, accompanied by head nodding for clarification or emphasis:
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and for technical terms with no native ASL equivalent. There are also some other loan words which are fingerspelled, either very short English words or abbreviations of longer English words, e.g.
1800:
sentences whose subject is implied, rather than stated explicitly. Subjects can be copied even in a null subject sentence, and the subject is then omitted from its original position, yielding a
1205:
Although there is no well-established writing system for ASL, written sign language dates back almost two centuries. The first systematic writing system for a sign language seems to be that of
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system for ASL. In doing so, Stokoe revolutionized both deaf education and linguistics. In the 1960s, ASL was sometimes referred to as "Ameslan", but that term is now considered obsolete.
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and reciprocity. Reciprocity is indicated by using two one-handed signs; for example, the sign SHOOT, made with an L-shaped handshape with inward movement of the thumb, inflects to SHOOT
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is marked by incorporating rhythmic, circular movement, while punctual aspect is achieved by modifying the sign so that it has a stationary hand position. Verbs may agree with both the
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Newman, Aaron J.; Bavelier, Daphne; Corina, David; Jezzard, Peter; Neville, Helen J. (2002). "A critical period for right hemisphere recruitment in American Sign Language processing".
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713:, the use of sign language in deaf education. Stokoe noted that sign language shares the important features that oral languages have as a means of communication, and even devised a
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509:, such as the ability to simultaneously convey information via the face, head, torso, and other body parts. That might override creole characteristics such as the tendency towards
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For example, the plural "-s" and third person "-s" in English are bound morphemes. In ASL, the 3 handshape in signs like THREE-WEEKS and THREE-MONTHS are also bound morphemes.
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1881:. In fact, many signs bear no resemblance to their referent because they were originally arbitrary symbols, or their iconicity has been obscured over time. Even so, in ASL
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and elsewhere involving SignWriting. The ASL Knowledge request was marked as eligible in 2008 and the test ASL Knowledge has 50 articles written in ASL using SignWriting.
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1250:. SignWriting consists of more than 5000 distinct iconic graphs/glyphs. Currently, it is in use in many schools for the Deaf, particularly in Brazil, and has been used in
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than deaf children, most of whom are born to hearing parents. Unlike many deaf children, CODAs acquire ASL as well as Deaf cultural values and behaviors from birth. Such
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in some states, which included the residential schools for the deaf. Black ASL differs from standard ASL in vocabulary, phonology, and some grammatical structure. While
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and Madson Barreto in a thesis forum on June 23, 2014. The SignWriting community has an open project on Wikimedia Labs to support the various Wikimedia projects on
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hearing children may be mistakenly labeled as being "slow learners" or as having "language difficulties" because of preferential attitudes towards spoken language.
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Armstrong, David; Karchmer, Michael (2002), "William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages", in Armstrong, David; Karchmer, Michael; Van Cleve, John (eds.),
1108:(PSE) or 'contact signing', a blend of English structure with ASL vocabulary. Various types of PSE exist, ranging from highly English-influenced PSE (practically
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other than English, it does not imply that it is the fourth-most-spoken language in the United States since speakers of other languages may also speak English.
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Although the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia share English as a common oral and written language, ASL is not mutually intelligible with either
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569:, which often reaches much higher levels of sophistication than gestures used by hearing people in spoken conversation. As early as 1541 at first contact by
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1519:. For instance, the handshapes /2/ and /3/ are distinguished by the presence or absence of the feature , as illustrated to the right. ASL has processes of
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structure whose words are ordered by their importance in the sentence, rather than by their syntactic properties. Another hypothesis is that ASL exhibits
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473:. That suggests that nascent ASL was highly affected by the other signing systems brought by the ASD students although the school's original director,
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Common misconceptions are that signs are iconically self-explanatory, that they are a transparent imitation of what they mean, or even that they are
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has also campaigned for bilingualism, arguing that those who are bilingual acquire cognitive skills that may help to prevent dementia later in life.
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to Old French Sign Language signs. However, that is far less than the standard 80% measure used to determine whether related languages are actually
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Hurlbut, Hope (2003), "A Preliminary Survey of the Signed Languages of Malaysia", in Baker, Anne; van den Bogaerde, Beppie; Crasborn, Onno (eds.),
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Petitto, Laura A. (1987). "On the autonomy of language and gesture: Evidence from the acquisition of personal pronouns in American sign language".
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536:. However, that does not seem justified historically for ASL and Auslan, and it is likely that the resemblance is caused by the higher degree of
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The influence of French Sign Language (LSF) on ASL is readily apparent; for example, it has been found that about 58% of signs in modern ASL are
1121:(MCE), which match English grammar exactly and simply replace spoken words with signs; those systems are not considered to be varieties of ASL.
640:, traveled to Europe in order to learn deaf pedagogy from European institutions. Ultimately, Gallaudet chose to adopt the methods of the French
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Kegl, Judy (2008). "The Case of Signed Languages in the Context of Pidgin and Creole Studies". In Kouwenberg, Silvia; Singler, John (eds.).
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1869:, in which syntax is not encoded in word order but can be encoded by other means such as head nods, eyebrow movement, and body position.
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1209:, developed in 1825. However, written sign language remained marginal among the public. In the 1960s, linguist William Stokoe created
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first generation of educators in Deaf education to learn American Sign Language allows ASL to be more standardized than its variant.
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356:(LSF). It has been proposed that ASL is a creole language of LSF, although ASL shows features atypical of creole languages, such as
224:; Ontario (provincial) only in domains of: legislation, education and judiciary proceedings. through resolutions: Alberta, Manitoba.
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Liddell, Scott (2002), "Modality Effects and Conflicting Agendas", in Armstrong, David; Karchmer, Michael; Van Cleve, John (eds.),
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Ruben, Robert J. (2005). "Sign language: Its history and contribution to the understanding of the biological nature of language".
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1246:, is the first writing system to gain use among the public and the first writing system for sign languages to be included in the
805:. Due to lack of data, it is still an open question how similar those sign languages are to the variety of ASL used in America.
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915:. Social variation is also found between citation forms and forms used by Deaf gay men for words such as "pain" and "protest".
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using English words. Such glosses are typically all-capitalized and are arranged in ASL order. For example, the ASL sentence
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A historical and etymological dictionary of American Sign Language : the origin and evolution of more than 500 signs
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1677:, a linguistic process wherein words from one language are incorporated into another. In ASL, fingerspelling is used for
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1701:(SVO) language, but various phenomena affect that basic word order. Basic SVO sentences are signed without any pauses:
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from English 'apartment'. Fingerspelling may also be used to emphasize a word that would normally be signed otherwise.
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688:, an approach to educating deaf students focusing on oral language, had previously been used in American schools, the
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Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
660:(LSF), which itself had developed in the Parisian school for the deaf established in 1755. From that situation of
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Bishop, Michele; Hicks, Sherry (2005). "Orange Eyes: Bimodal Bilingualism in Hearing Adults from Deaf Families".
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Folk Explanation in Language Survival in: Deaf World: A Historical Reader and Primary Sourcebook, Lois Bragg, Ed
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Other students brought knowledge of their own home signs. Laurent Clerc, the first teacher at ASD, taught using
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Travis Dougherty explains and demonstrates the ASL alphabet. Voice-over interpretation by Gilbert G. Lensbower.
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1893:, it was assumed that the mapping between form and meaning in language must be completely arbitrary. Although
477:, taught in LSF. In fact, Clerc reported that he often learned the students' signs rather than conveying LSF:
15630:
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14362:
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11891:
10797:
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9861:
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8838:
8649:
6832:
6496:
5920:
2626:"A Brief History Of The American Asylum, At Hartford, For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb"
1497:
in ASL, which may include movement of the eyebrows, the cheeks, the nose, the head, the torso, and the eyes.
1062:
in Canadian ASL; the standard way, and two regional variations (Atlantic and Ontario). Variation may also be
3489:
1153:
officially recognize American Sign Language as a community language and a language of instruction in schools
652:, to accompany him back to the United States. Upon his return, Gallaudet founded the ASD on April 15, 1817.
15685:
15635:
15610:
15532:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
15475:
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621:
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14675:
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13597:
13318:
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12006:
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9772:
9744:
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714:
578:
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221:
119:
1830:
Topicalization, accompanied with a null subject and a subject copy, can produce yet another word order,
1628:
of chairs. The inflectional process, on the other hand, adds grammatical information to existing units.
15435:
15123:
15010:
14219:
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8337:
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6466:
6193:
5450:
5430:
5420:
4624:
3350:
Armstrong, David F., and Michael A. Karchmer. "William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages."
1305:
Comparison of ASL writing systems: Sutton SignWriting, Si5s, Stokoe notation, SignFont, and ASLphabet
601:
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5482:
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2611:
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1395:
1387:
1078:
1015:. There is little difficulty in comprehension among the varieties of the United States and Canada.
829:
633:
514:
447:
411:
12265:
1151:
In 2013, the White House published a response to a petition that gained over 37,000 signatures to
636:. Gallaudet, inspired by his success in demonstrating the learning abilities of a young deaf girl
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5652:
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4442:
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1674:
1567:
1104:
When communicating with hearing English speakers, ASL-speakers often use what is commonly called
1098:
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403:
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6827:
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14798:
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14690:
14644:
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14574:
14533:
14446:
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14097:
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13949:
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12331:
12161:
12081:
12028:
12018:
11987:
11886:
11853:
11703:
11581:
11545:
11535:
11481:
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11316:
11290:
11285:
11249:
11201:
11043:
11007:
10992:
10944:
10908:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10852:
9019:
8149:
8109:
8053:
8039:
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6712:
6447:
6432:
6164:
6150:
6000:
5805:
5712:
5631:
5445:
5206:
4921:
1988:
were brought to the school by students. They, in turn, appear to have been influenced by early
1981:
1512:
1118:
1093:
1051:
766:
762:
42:
14636:
11628:
8897:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
7884:
5847:
3734:
Lillo-Martin, Diane (November 1986). "Two Kinds of Null Arguments in American Sign Language".
2625:
15529:
15285:
15225:
15083:
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8881:
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368:
217:
7905:
7898:
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5854:
5826:
4787:
4504:
van der Hulst, Harry; Channon, Rachel (2010), "Notation systems", in Brentari, Diane (ed.),
2769:
Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf
1507:
of spoken languages. There has also been a proposal that they are analogous to classes like
1259:
for spoken languages has been proposed. According to some researchers, SignWriting is not a
15533:
15240:
14984:
14743:
14703:
14665:
14609:
14352:
14347:
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13547:
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12644:
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12169:
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11863:
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11022:
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10449:
9904:
9896:
9762:
9603:
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8753:
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8180:
7815:
7496:
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7394:
7389:
7148:
6954:
6917:
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6171:
5885:
5617:
5440:
5190:
5002:
4891:
4714:
4679:
4641:
4291:
1926:
1570:
marking. Aspect can be marked by changing the manner of movement of the verb; for example,
1260:
698:
657:
612:. Due to intermarriage in the original community of English settlers of the 1690s, and the
593:
510:
353:
321:
38:
31:
9300:
9250:
7870:
5840:
4747:
4544:
4351:
Padden, Carol (2010), "Sign Language Geography", in Mathur, Gaurav; Napoli, Donna (eds.),
3591:
2247:
1301:
808:
In addition to the aforementioned West African countries, ASL is reported to be used as a
418:
language. However, there are several alternative proposals to account for ASL word order.
8:
15465:
15325:
14913:
14803:
14695:
14670:
14604:
14425:
14391:
14370:
14322:
14129:
14081:
14057:
14041:
13859:
13838:
13716:
13581:
13573:
13555:
13380:
13355:
13345:
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13214:
13149:
13132:
13077:
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12033:
11800:
11795:
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11529:
11254:
11224:
11181:
11171:
10918:
10751:
10467:
10090:
9799:
9708:
9618:
9560:
9431:
9331:
9260:
9132:
9031:
8588:
8187:
7860:
7718:
7384:
7252:
7122:
6975:
6909:
6807:
6286:
6183:
6087:
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5816:
5787:
5730:
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5577:
5477:
5467:
5405:
5400:
5383:
5323:
5195:
5159:
4835:
4704:
4605:
3827:"The Link Between Form and Meaning in American Sign Language: Lexical Processing Effects"
2796:
1728:
1575:
1516:
1342:
1265:
1175:
1132:
731:
386:
components, such as movement of the face, the torso, and the hands. ASL is not a form of
17:
15409:
8331:
7891:
7877:
6792:
5833:
2162:
630:
The American Asylum, At Hartford, For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb
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13687:
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13393:
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9957:
9661:
9643:
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9255:
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8727:
8697:
8525:
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8280:
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7996:
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6373:
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5659:
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5169:
5104:
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4737:
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3907:
3859:
3826:
3751:
3647:
The Syntax of American Sign Language: Functional Categories and Hierarchical Structures
3245:
3006:
2998:
2679:
2541:
1931:
1921:
1739:(OSV) sentences, the object is topicalized, marked by a forward head-tilt and a pause:
1583:
1579:
1563:
1318:
1251:
1233:
407:
8312:
6845:
4564:
4189:
2196:
1286:
Several additional candidates for written ASL have appeared over the years, including
268:
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10365:
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10257:
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9290:
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8702:
8542:
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8347:
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8256:
8219:
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8013:
8007:
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6881:
6822:
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6218:
6207:
6157:
6115:
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6007:
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5610:
5547:
5328:
5149:
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3895:
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3755:
3714:
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3268:
3265:
I Can Hear You Whisper: An Intimate Journey through the Science of Sound and Language
3237:
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2548:
1862:
1571:
1494:
1310:
1136:
1036:
329:
7379:
7374:
3911:
608:(MVSL), which was particularly important for the history of ASL, was used mainly in
15558:
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15181:
10773:
10695:
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10648:
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10459:
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7351:
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7293:
7129:
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7057:
7047:
7017:
6889:
6812:
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6657:
6643:
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6524:
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6404:
6386:
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6304:
6294:
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6135:
6062:
6052:
6028:
6014:
5993:
5910:
5768:
5758:
5687:
5638:
5597:
5537:
5532:
5295:
5284:
5144:
5134:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5033:
5028:
5018:
4984:
4926:
4873:
4820:
4782:
4727:
4689:
4649:
4619:
4549:
4273:
What's your sign for pizza?: An introduction to variation in American Sign Language
4223:
4089:
Cross-linguistic perspectives in sign language research: selected papers from TISLR
4027:
3891:
3854:
3838:
3743:
3249:
3229:
2990:
2683:
2663:
1957:
1667:
1399:
1156:
661:
459:
372:
317:
309:
287: Areas where ASL or a dialect/derivative thereof is the national sign language
89:
15364:
4333:
Nyst, Victoria (2010), "Sign languages in West Africa", in Brentari, Diane (ed.),
3389:
15495:
15290:
15270:
15149:
10778:
10690:
10643:
10616:
10562:
10405:
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7042:
6894:
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6678:
6671:
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6393:
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6105:
6095:
5935:
5925:
5776:
5735:
5587:
5582:
5524:
5348:
5234:
5139:
5129:
5124:
5083:
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4916:
4863:
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4843:
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2878:
2775:
2227:
1866:
1210:
1199:
1168:
881:
533:
493:
345:
333:
325:
182:
123:
111:
101:
10380:
9830:
9295:
5895:
4752:
2768:
2139:"Bill 213: An Act to recognize sign language as an official language in Ontario"
37:"Canadian Sign Language" redirects here. For French Canadian Sign Language, see
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8477:
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8002:
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6899:
6871:
6837:
6702:
6697:
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6516:
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6262:
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6057:
6047:
5986:
5958:
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5763:
5701:
5694:
5602:
5472:
5333:
5073:
5023:
4997:
4896:
4757:
4699:
4184:
4117:
Australian Sign Language (Auslan): An introduction to sign language linguistics
3363:
2893:"Regional, Cultural, and Sociolinguistic Variation of ASL in the United States"
2458:
2235:
1732:
1649:
1597:
1500:
1243:
1109:
809:
694:
689:
637:
574:
399:
341:
165:
2925:
2667:
2459:"Universities That Accept ASL In Fulfillment Of Foreign Language Requirements"
1731:
of a sentence to be moved to sentence-initial position, a phenomenon known as
15574:
15374:
15275:
15260:
15255:
14892:
11470:
10718:
10491:
10427:
10190:
10040:
9735:
9676:
9653:
9578:
9240:
8768:
8440:
8155:
8087:
8080:
7828:
7114:
7027:
6932:
6772:
6722:
6576:
6143:
5965:
5900:
5800:
5624:
5552:
5462:
5338:
5063:
4669:
4664:
4410:
4310:
4290:
Mitchell, Ross; Young, Travas; Bachleda, Bellamie; Karchmer, Michael (2006).
4268:
3850:
3518:
Baker, Anne; van den Bogaerde, Beppie; Pfau, Roland; Schermer, Trude (2016).
3195:
3074:
2111:
1228:
1127:(TASL) is a variety of ASL used throughout the United States by and with the
1089:
877:
751:
645:
506:
474:
357:
349:
313:
75:
62:
4292:"How Many People Use ASL in the United States?: Why Estimates Need Updating"
2428:
1992:
and did not involve input from indigenous Native American sign systems. See
1325:). However, glossing is not used to write the language for speakers of ASL.
556:
15250:
15195:
10663:
10625:
8991:
8378:
7356:
7341:
7298:
7166:
6717:
6664:
5557:
5373:
5368:
5164:
5068:
4825:
4180:
3868:
3241:
2691:
2675:
2543:
Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language: Hereditary Deafness on Martha's Vineyard
1894:
1797:
1678:
1179:
1160:
1063:
774:
293: Areas where ASL is in significant use alongside another sign language
10140:
7730:
4969:
4425:
4390:
4228:
4211:
4031:
3903:
2994:
1527:
restrictions. There is ongoing research into whether ASL has an analog of
1069:
There is also a distinct variety of ASL used by the Black Deaf community.
245:
15384:
15154:
10638:
10570:
10006:
4810:
3825:
Thompson, Robin L.; Vinson, David P.; Vigliocco, Gabriella (March 2009).
2981:
Blau, Shane (2017). "Indexing Gay Identities in American Sign Language".
2589:
1937:
1654:
1524:
1239:
1194:
1124:
865:
778:
758:
739:
589:
497:
337:
186:
10145:
8850:
4534:
3002:
2782:. Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.
15500:
15139:
14482:
14291:
13700:
13174:
12115:
10789:
10511:
9996:
8641:
7473:
6476:
5358:
4901:
4264:
3747:
3567:
3079:
2116:
1559:
1291:
1128:
1055:
861:
790:
462:. ASL was influenced by its forerunners but distinct from all of them.
402:, although ASL grammar is unrelated to that of English. ASL has verbal
178:
148:
9529:
9400:
9163:
4574:
3118:
2220:
15025:
14994:
14850:
14286:
10700:
10675:
10575:
10273:
10133:
9698:
9666:
7427:
5492:
4815:
3842:
1952:
1882:
1878:
1589:, articulated by having two L-shaped hands "shooting" at each other.
1520:
1515:. As in spoken languages, those phonological units can be split into
1383:
1214:
1183:
1070:
869:
841:
710:
613:
566:
537:
455:
395:
391:
254:
238:
41:. For the sign language specific to Canada's Atlantic provinces, see
2165:"States that Recognize American Sign Language as a Foreign Language"
15205:
15164:
15015:
14769:
8885:
3831:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
2917:
1947:
1528:
1276:
1218:
873:
821:
813:
632:, the school was founded by the Yale graduate and divinity student
446:(ASD), founded by Thomas Gallaudet in 1817, which brought together
3233:
1054:
among those ASL varieties is high, and the variation is primarily
701:
in 1955 when that was still the dominant assumption. Aided by the
278:
14840:
10543:
9671:
4421:
Cultural and Sociolinguistic Features of the Black Deaf Community
3517:
2058:
1504:
1247:
853:
817:
798:
786:
685:
667:
470:
466:
383:
11439:
3376:
A dictionary of American sign languages on linguistic principles
2727:
2197:"D.C. Law 14-50. American Sign Language Recognition Act of 2001"
2014:
1662:
American Sign Language possesses a set of 26 signs known as the
671:
American Sign Language Convention of March 2008 in Austin, Texas
15469:
14554:
11826:
11814:
10223:
9460:
7488:
4529:
3354:
9.4 (2009): 389-397. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 June 2012.
1727:
However, other word orders may also occur since ASL allows the
1223:
A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles
1082:
529:
505:
are modality-specific reasons that sign languages tend towards
336:
are used in many countries around the world, including much of
79:
2163:
Education Policy Counsel at National Association of the Deaf.
1367:
1352:
540:
in sign languages in general as well as contact with English.
4540:
One-stop resource American Sign Language and video dictionary
4289:
3971:
Non-Manual Realization of Agreement in American Sign Language
2837:
2486:"Bill Passes Requiring Sign Language Students Receive Credit"
2061:, but other linguists have referred to them as phonemes. See
2045:
1545:
1317:, meaning "the dog is chasing the cat", uses NOW to mark ASL
857:
849:
837:
782:
770:
410:
marking and has a productive system of forming agglutinative
394:
plays a larger role in ASL than in spoken languages. English
4559:
4554:
4539:
15169:
15159:
4424:(Honors Thesis). Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from
3219:
1295:
1058:. For example, there are three different words for English
833:
802:
794:
387:
174:
10691:
Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut
10644:
Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut
4569:
734:, which is correlated with but not equivalent to signing.
581:
to communicate across vast national and linguistic lines.
2698:. New York: New York University Press. pp. 107–108.
1213:
specifically for ASL. It is alphabetic, with a letter or
1174:
Most children born to deaf parents are hearing. Known as
1167:
for children who are deaf. York University psychologist
3520:
The Linguistics of Sign Languages : An Introduction
3420:
Charles Butler, Center for Sutton Movement Writing, 2014
3344:
4560:
The American Sign Language Linguistics Research Project
3824:
3429:
3388:
Everson, Michael; Slevinski, Stephen; Sutton, Valerie.
332:. Besides North America, dialects of ASL and ASL-based
3711:
Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction
3677:
Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction
2958:
Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction
1321:
and shows ASL verbal inflection for the third person (
15426:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
4360:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 19–37,
4210:
Lane, Harlan; Pillard, Richard; French, Mary (2000).
4049:
Adverbial Morphemes in Tactile American Sign Language
3390:"Proposal for encoding Sutton SignWriting in the UCS"
4503:
3339:
1232:
The ASL phrase "American Sign Language", written in
1198:
The ASL phrase "American Sign Language", written in
911:
variants used by black signers are sometimes called
2588:. American School for the Deaf. n.d. Archived from
2520:
2136:
1503:proposed that such components are analogous to the
1028:
A Loss for Words: The Story of Deafness in a Family
500:language and the native village sign languages are
5264:
4188:
4057:
3387:
2918:Gallaudet Department of Linguistics (2017-09-16),
2540:
1613:the action occurred in the past (i.e., "walked").
517:may have used an artificially constructed form of
9860:
5426:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
4530:Accessible American Sign Language vocabulary site
4209:
4003:. Edmonton, AB: The University of Alberta Press.
3940:
3639:
3637:
2780:Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8)
2756:
2721:
2526:
2203:. Council of the District of Columbia. 2001-10-26
1997:
1178:("Children of Deaf Adults"), they are often more
15572:
5293:
4550:National Association of the Deaf ASL information
4508:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 151–172,
4443:"Toward Universal Design in Reading Instruction"
4337:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 405–432,
4263:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3042:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
363:ASL originated in the early 19th century in the
15441:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
4113:
3592:"What Is American Sign Language (ASL)? | NIDCD"
2416:
2001:
880:throughout the deaf world, widely learned as a
328:that is expressed by employing both manual and
4395:. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
4275:. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
3634:
3381:
3311:, ASL Gloss as an Intermediary Writing System)
2960:. Washington, D.C.: Clerc Books. p. 169.
1163:(using ASL and English training) but also for
458:systems. ASL was created in that situation by
15656:Languages of the United States Virgin Islands
15651:Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
15431:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
11455:
10805:
10527:
10289:
9846:
9545:
9416:
9179:
8866:
8657:
7746:
5250:
4590:
4440:
4388:
3713:. Washington, D.C.: Clerc Books. p. 86.
3693:
3679:. Washington, D.C.: Clerc Books. p. 85.
3308:
3184:"How Sign Language Evolves as Our World Does"
2938:
2733:
1309:For English-speaking audiences, ASL is often
1131:. It is particularly common among those with
560:A sign language interpreter at a presentation
13489:
11505:
4179:
3924:
3733:
2833:
1566:: how the action of verbs flows in time—and
1012:
664:, a new language emerged, now known as ASL.
7760:
4017:
3996:
3378:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press
3294:
3030:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2547:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2022:Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris
918:
642:Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris
11462:
11448:
10812:
10798:
10534:
10520:
10296:
10282:
9853:
9839:
9552:
9538:
9423:
9409:
9186:
9172:
8873:
8859:
8664:
8650:
7753:
7739:
5257:
5243:
4597:
4583:
4545:National Institute of Deafness ASL section
4475:
4095:, Hamburg: Signum Verlag, pp. 31–46,
3542:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
2516:The Sociolinguistics of the Deaf Community
2456:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
1934:, of which ASL has been one attempted mode
1442:Unidirectional single contacting movement
1011:Varieties of ASL are found throughout the
745:
277:
30:"ASL" redirects here. For other uses, see
27:Sign language used predominately in the US
8880:
4243:, Gallaudet University, pp. xi–xix,
4227:
4150:The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies
3947:, Gallaudet University, pp. xi–xix,
3858:
3769:
3767:
3765:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2532:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
984:About – Atlantic Variation (Canadian ASL)
620:ASL is thought to have originated in the
15681:Languages attested from the 19th century
10819:
10541:
8671:
4114:Johnson, Trevor; Schembri, Adam (2007).
4055:
3773:
3650:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. p.
3554:
3262:
3154:
3116:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
2891:Rogelio, Contreras (November 15, 2002).
2810:
2793:"American Sign Language, ASL or Ameslan"
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
1658:The American manual alphabet and numbers
1653:
1544:
1300:
1227:
1193:
1004:About – Ontario Variation (Canadian ASL)
666:
555:
425:
15236:Manually coded language in South Africa
9559:
9430:
9193:
5516:
4604:
4535:American Sign Language discussion forum
4417:
4236:
4085:
4046:
3881:
3875:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3432:"SignWriting Symposium Presentation 32"
3166:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3105:
3099:
3063:
3048:
2890:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
1889:In the era of the influential linguist
1434:Tip of finger in contact with forehead
1418:Closed fist with index finger extended
648:, an assistant to the school's founder
14:
15573:
11117:
10664:Utkuhiksalingmiutitut (ᐅᑦᑯhᐃᒃᓴᓕᖕᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ)
10303:
4441:Supalla, Samuel; Cripps, Jody (2011).
4350:
3784:
3782:
3762:
3736:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
3643:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3304:
3302:
3181:
2739:
2690:
2632:from the original on September 5, 2013
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2429:"ASL as a Foreign Language Fact Sheet"
2378:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
1993:
1024:
575:Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains
13488:
11504:
11443:
10793:
10701:Nunatsiavummiutut / NunatuKavummiutut
10686:Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani
10634:Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani
10515:
10277:
9834:
9533:
9404:
9167:
8854:
8645:
7734:
5292:
5238:
4578:
4479:Linguistics of American Sign Language
4389:Shaw, Emily; Delaporte, Yves (2015).
3984:from the original on October 11, 2017
3967:
3708:
3674:
3617:"The Many Languages of Sign Language"
3548:
3522:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3177:
3175:
3160:
3036:
3017:
2955:
2899:from the original on January 21, 2018
2871:Healing Cambodia One Child at a Time,
2653:
2538:
2483:
2465:from the original on October 24, 2018
2345:
2340:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2062:
1031:. New York: HarperPerennial. p.
887:
584:In the 19th century, a "triangle" of
521:in instruction rather than true LSF.
414:. Many linguists believe ASL to be a
10752:Inuit Uukturausingit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ)
4476:Valli, Clayton; Lucas, Ceil (2000).
4332:
4212:"Origins of the American Deaf-World"
4195:. Boston: Harvard University Press.
4146:
3997:Bailey, Carol; Dolby, Kathy (2002).
3137:
2980:
2857:
2842:
2398:
2383:
2269:
769:. Such signing systems are found in
15661:Sign languages of the United States
15547:
15538:
15516:
12273:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
8992:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
4167:from the original on March 19, 2023
4134:from the original on March 19, 2023
4051:. Union Institute & University.
3806:
3779:
3314:
3299:
2618:
2571:
1943:Legal recognition of sign languages
1475:Tip of finger in contact with chin
964:About – General sign (Canadian ASL)
938:Varieties of American Sign Language
492:It has been proposed that ASL is a
487:Clerc, 1852, from Woodward 1978:336
155:Varieties of American Sign Language
99:Native signers: 730,000 (2006)
24:
15646:Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis
13586:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
13200:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
11101:
9758:Pro-Tactile American Sign Language
3340:van der Hulst & Channon (2010)
3281:
3267:. US: Penguin Group. p. 293.
3172:
2078:
1189:
892:
344:. ASL is also widely learned as a
324:. ASL is a complete and organized
61:
25:
15702:
15591:Deaf culture in the United States
11469:
4570:American Sign Language Dictionary
4523:
4060:American Sign Language Dictionary
3125:from the original on May 19, 2013
2868:Benoit Duchateau-Arminjon, 2013,
2020:, founder of the Parisian school
1917:American Sign Language literature
1643:
1605:fundamental meaning or category.
1088:ASL is used internationally as a
945:Variants of ABOUT in Canadian ASL
442:ASL emerged as a language in the
421:
352:. ASL is most closely related to
320:in the United States and most of
15168:
14959:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
9512:
9511:
9383:
9382:
9146:
9145:
8833:
8832:
8624:
8623:
7534:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
5364:Inland Northern American English
3085:
2722:Lane, Pillard & French (2000
2527:Lane, Pillard & French (2000
2484:Burke, Sheila (April 26, 2017).
2457:Wilcox Phd, Sherman (May 2016).
2122:
1998:Lane, Pillard & French (2000
1986:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
1670:) has been used, it is not ASL.
1640:effectively taught and learned.
1558:ASL has a rich system of verbal
1366:
1351:
1335:American Sign Language phonology
991:
971:
951:
905:
846:Democratic Republic of the Congo
678:National Association of the Deaf
15549:
15540:
15518:
15486:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
14570:Far North Queensland Indigenous
13192:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
7516:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
4463:from the original on 2022-10-09
4320:from the original on 2022-10-09
4102:from the original on 2022-10-09
3933:
3918:
3818:
3794:
3727:
3668:
3609:
3584:
3560:
3536:
3511:
3500:from the original on 2018-11-21
3482:
3471:from the original on 2015-09-10
3453:
3442:from the original on 2022-02-07
3430:Roberto Costa; Madson Barreto.
3423:
3414:
3402:from the original on 2022-10-09
3357:
3256:
3213:
3202:from the original on 2022-07-27
3093:
3068:
3043:Lucas, Bayley & Valli (2003
2974:
2921:Do sign languages have accents?
2911:
2884:
2862:
2795:. Handspeak.com. Archived from
2785:
2761:
2757:Armstrong & Karchmer (2002)
2714:
2644:
2508:
2477:
2450:
2439:from the original on 2018-09-27
2421:
2258:from the original on 2016-11-15
2177:from the original on 2022-10-09
2051:
2037:
2027:
2007:
1978:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
1592:ASL has a productive system of
1257:International Phonetic Alphabet
738:third-most used language among
628:, in 1817. Originally known as
606:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
379:and other hearing individuals.
312:that serves as the predominant
128:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
15691:Languages of the United States
15307:Bilingual–bicultural education
14627:Western Torres Strait Islander
13701:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
11678:Western Torres Strait Islander
5266:Languages of the United States
4482:. Gallaudet University Press.
4120:. Cambridge University Press.
4000:The Canadian dictionary of ASL
3461:"Test wikis of sign languages"
2240:
2214:
2189:
2156:
2130:
1970:
1912:American Sign Language grammar
1541:American Sign Language grammar
573:, there were reports that the
13:
1:
15671:Subject–verb–object languages
15586:American Sign Language family
14379:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
13527:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
13389:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
13138:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
12645:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
9862:Languages of British Columbia
4240:The Study of Signed Languages
3944:The Study of Signed Languages
3182:Morris, Amanda (2022-07-26).
2417:Johnson & Schembri (2007)
2072:
1856:"The father loves the child."
1826:"The father loves the child."
1792:"The father loves the child."
1761:"The father loves the child."
1723:"The father loves the child."
1553:
720:
571:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
56:Visual American Sign Language
12965:Providence Island (Provisle)
12615:North West Frontier Province
10199:American Sign Language (ASL)
9753:American Sign Language (ASL)
9494:American Sign Language (ASL)
9095:Black American Sign Language
7469:Black American Sign Language
7247:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
5488:Western Pennsylvania English
5079:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
3896:10.1016/0010-0277(87)90034-5
2221:About American Sign Language
2137:Province of Ontario (2007).
2002:Johnson & Schembri (2007
1872:
1673:Fingerspelling is a form of
1328:
1207:Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian
1165:early childhood intervention
931:
913:Black American Sign Language
697:, a linguist who arrived at
622:American School for the Deaf
444:American School for the Deaf
365:American School for the Deaf
7:
15596:French Sign Language family
14565:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
10659:Nattiliŋmiutut (ᓇᑦᓯᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦᑐᑦ)
9699:Nunavimmiutitut (ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ)
9499:Hawaiʻi Sign Language (HSL)
8987:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
7263:Navajo Family Sign Language
5201:Plains Indian Sign Language
3490:"Request for ASL Knowledge"
2057:Stokoe himself termed them
1905:
1549:Two men and a woman signing
1075:racially segregated schools
398:are often borrowed through
382:ASL signs have a number of
10:
15707:
15436:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
14645:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
14575:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
13361:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
13215:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
12635:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
12029:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
7773:indicate extinct languages
7479:Puerto Rican Sign Language
5052:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
3309:Supalla & Cripps (2011
2539:Groce, Nora Ellen (1985).
1647:
1538:
1534:
1493:There are also meaningful
1332:
1275:system among academics is
1115:constructed sign languages
935:
551:
513:. Additionally, Clerc and
36:
29:
15514:
15449:
15418:
15347:
15324:
15299:
15214:
15191:
15180:
15132:
15034:
14972:
14901:
14863:
14828:
14712:
14681:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
14544:
14254:
13939:
13630:
13495:
13481:
13422:
13120:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
12978:
12953:
12930:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
12914:
12897:
12778:
12769:
12751:
12723:
12687:
12653:
12625:
12579:
12551:
12514:
12478:
12457:
12436:
12415:
12394:
12360:
12337:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
12319:
12310:
12280:
12263:
12246:
12207:
12183:
12101:
12090:
12014:
12005:
11976:
11963:
11954:
11919:
11877:
11832:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
11822:
11813:
11783:
11754:
11741:
11732:
11699:
11690:
11665:
11637:
11511:
11495:
11487:List by number of signers
11477:
11424:
11408:
11376:
11355:
11334:
11309:
11273:
11240:
11215:
11164:
11144:
11063:
11056:
11031:
10978:
10957:
10935:
10917:
10899:
10861:
10845:
10827:
10764:
10744:
10726:
10717:
10674:
10624:
10615:
10597:
10586:
10550:
10487:
10480:
10458:
10435:
10426:
10404:
10351:
10340:
10318:
10311:
10245:
10222:
10189:
10164:
10109:
10076:
9982:
9913:
9895:
9884:
9868:
9812:
9790:
9780:Anishinaabe Sign Language
9771:
9743:
9734:
9707:
9689:
9667:Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn
9652:
9627:
9602:
9591:
9574:
9567:
9507:
9486:
9459:
9438:
9378:
9340:
9319:
9201:
9141:
9110:
9082:
8902:
8892:
8828:
8797:
8777:
8744:
8726:
8688:
8679:
8619:
8597:
8566:
8513:
8506:
8456:
8428:
8387:
8297:
8254:
8099:
7986:
7915:
7858:
7814:
7787:
7778:
7768:
7554:
7525:
7505:
7487:
7454:
7445:
7403:
7365:
7322:
7284:
7275:
7235:
7202:Anishinaabe Sign Language
7193:
7184:
7139:
7077:
7070:
7006:
6908:
6880:
6862:
6758:
6740:
6688:
6562:
6457:
6403:
6364:
6337:
6285:
6248:
6217:
6181:
6086:
6038:
5864:
5814:
5786:
5749:
5711:
5523:
5505:
5451:Southern American English
5431:Pacific Northwest English
5421:Northern American English
5302:
5283:
5272:
5216:
5178:
5092:
5051:
5011:
4983:
4945:
4882:
4834:
4801:
4713:
4640:
4633:
4612:
4056:Costello, Elaine (2008).
3925:Klima & Bellugi (1979
3568:"Sign language alphabets"
3295:Bishop & Hicks (2005)
3121:. Deaf Resource Library.
2767:Stokoe, William C. 1960.
2734:Shaw & Delaporte 2015
2668:10.1080/00016480510026287
1692:
1315:DOG NOW CHASE>IX=3 CAT
1146:
602:Sandy River Valley, Maine
276:
252:
236:
231:
222:Saskatchewan (provincial)
207:
199:Official language in
197:
192:
172:None are widely accepted
162:
142:
108:
95:
85:
71:
60:
55:
50:
15626:Sign languages of Canada
15246:Paget Gorman Sign System
14700:Samoa and American Samoa
13490:Sign languages by region
13275:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
13001:Albarradas Sign Language
12991:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
12824:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
12676:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
12640:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
11892:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
11506:Sign languages by family
9672:iyuw iyimuun (ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ)
6229:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
5483:Western American English
5379:Midland American English
5354:General American English
5307:African-American English
5059:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
4418:Solomon, Andrea (2010).
4153:. Blackwell Publishing.
4047:Collins, Steven (2004).
3968:Bahan, Benjamin (1996).
3263:Denworth, Ldyia (2014).
3117:Nakamura, Karen (2008).
3031:Bailey & Dolby (2002
2586:"A Brief History of ASD"
2248:"American Sign Language"
2018:Charles-Michel de l'Épée
1963:
1789:FATHER LOVE CHILD FATHER
1664:American manual alphabet
1079:African American English
1025:Walker, Lou Ann (1987).
919:History and implications
876:. ASL is also used as a
830:Central African Republic
650:Charles-Michel de l'Épée
634:Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
596:, Massachusetts; one in
515:Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
448:Old French Sign Language
358:agglutinative morphology
15491:Monastic sign languages
15339:Television shows (list)
15312:Manually coded language
15145:Hamburg Notation System
12938:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
12184:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
11907:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
11844:Northern Ireland (NISL)
8947:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
7762:Languages of California
7205:Blackfoot Sign Language
5416:New York Latino English
5319:American Indian English
4565:Video Dictionary of ASL
3709:Valli, Clayton (2005).
3675:Valli, Clayton (2005).
3543:Valli & Lucas (2000
3465:incubator.wikimedia.org
2956:Valli, Clayton (2005).
1848:
1843:
1838:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1685:from English 'on', and
1099:Malaysian Sign Language
1073:evolved as a result of
826:Cambodian Sign Language
750:ASL is used throughout
746:Geographic distribution
610:Chilmark, Massachusetts
598:Henniker, New Hampshire
519:manually coded language
377:children of deaf adults
104:signers: 130,000 (2006)
15581:American Sign Language
15462:CHCI chimpanzee center
15231:Manually coded English
14929:Henniker Sign Language
14595:Warumungu (Warramunga)
14580:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
13574:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
11482:List of sign languages
10736:American Sign Language
10445:American Sign Language
9614:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
9327:American Sign Language
9090:American Sign Language
8607:American Sign Language
7541:Henniker Sign Language
7464:American Sign Language
7208:Cheyenne Sign Language
6073:Central Siberian Yupik
6068:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
5563:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
5473:Upper Michigan English
5446:Puerto Rican Englishes
5224:Canadian dictionaries
5207:Maritime Sign Language
5186:American Sign Language
4675:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
4555:American Sign Language
3644:Neidle, Carol (2000).
3075:Bolivian Sign Language
2838:Mitchell et al. (2006)
2656:Acta Oto-Laryngologica
2112:American Sign Language
1982:Henniker Sign Language
1659:
1562:, which involves both
1550:
1513:manner of articulation
1373:Phonemic handshape /3/
1358:Phonemic handshape /2/
1306:
1242:, proposed in 1974 by
1236:
1202:
1159:advocate not only for
1119:Manually Coded English
1094:Bolivian Sign Language
1052:Mutual intelligibility
1049:
767:Ghanaian Sign Language
763:Nigerian Sign Language
672:
586:village sign languages
561:
490:
452:village sign languages
439:
371:, from a situation of
302:American Sign Language
134:American Sign Language
66:
51:American Sign Language
43:Maritime Sign Language
15666:Languages of Zimbabwe
15616:Languages of Botswana
15606:Languages of Barbados
15286:Signing Exact English
15226:Indian Signing System
14949:Plateau Sign Language
14323:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
13900:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
13430:Amami Shuwa languages
13103:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
13043:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
13022:Caucasian (Harsneren)
12970:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
12498:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
12470:French Belgian (LSFB)
11902:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
10214:Plateau Sign Language
8213:Southern Sierra Miwok
8207:Northern Sierra Miwok
7243:Hawai'i Sign Language
7226:Ktunaxa Sign Language
7221:Plateau Sign Language
6983:Northern Sierra Miwok
6923:Southern Sierra Miwok
6232:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
5980:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
5468:Transatlantic English
5411:New York City English
5401:New Mexican Englishes
5384:New England Englishes
5220:Canadian style guides
4354:Deaf Around the World
4299:Sign Language Studies
4229:10.1353/sls.2000.0003
4216:Sign Language Studies
4191:The signs of language
4032:10.1353/sls.2005.0001
4020:Sign Language Studies
3977:. Boston University.
3368:Dorothy C. Casterline
3352:Sign Language Studies
2995:10.1353/sls.2017.0019
2983:Sign Language Studies
2232:Deaf Research Library
2046:Mitchell et al. (2006
1990:British Sign Language
1891:Ferdinand de Saussure
1657:
1582:, and are marked for
1548:
1426:Facing signer's body
1304:
1281:University of Hamburg
1271:The most widely used
1231:
1197:
1106:Pidgin Signed English
1017:
703:Civil Rights Movement
670:
626:Hartford, Connecticut
559:
526:British Sign Language
482:experienced teachers.
479:
437:
369:Hartford, Connecticut
216:through legislation:
65:
15631:Languages of Grenada
15621:Languages of Burundi
15534:French Sign Language
15241:Manually Coded Malay
15049:British (two-handed)
14985:Bimodal bilingualism
14615:Far North Queensland
13923:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
13445:Sri Lankan languages
13376:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
13280:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
12791:Chaticks si Chaticks
12771:Plains Sign Language
12689:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
12191:Indonesian (Bisindo)
11869:South African (SASL)
11592:Far North Queensland
10821:Francosign languages
10450:Quebec Sign Language
10026:North Straits Salish
9763:Quebec Sign Language
8673:Languages of Montana
8201:Central Sierra Miwok
7691:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
7559:in 2021 in millions)
7497:Samoan Sign Language
7214:Navajo Sign Language
7149:Afro-Seminole Creole
6918:Central Sierra Miwok
6497:North Straits Salish
5921:Mescalero-Chiricahua
5441:Philadelphia English
5191:Quebec Sign Language
4634:Indigenous languages
2610:: CS1 maint: year (
1927:Bimodal bilingualism
1804:(VOS) construction:
1531:in spoken language.
1517:distinctive features
1343:Distinctive features
1261:phonemic orthography
709:, Stokoe argued for
699:Gallaudet University
658:French Sign Language
511:isolating morphology
496:in which LSF is the
354:French Sign Language
39:Quebec Sign Language
32:ASL (disambiguation)
15686:Languages of Canada
15636:Languages of Guyana
15611:Languages of Belize
13456:Tanzanian languages
13435:Ethiopian languages
13402:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
12493:Icelandic (Táknmál)
12208:Francophone African
12166:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
12024:Swiss-German (DSGS)
11955:Chilean-Paraguayan-
10871:Francophone African
10607:Dënesųłiné (ᑌᓀᓱᒼᕄᓀ)
10246:Immigrant languages
9813:Immigrant languages
9561:Languages of Quebec
9432:Languages of Hawaii
9195:Languages of Alaska
8538:Californian Spanish
7557:(number of speakers
7555:Immigrant languages
7253:Inuit Sign Language
5478:Utah Mormon English
5406:New Orleans English
5324:Appalachian English
5160:Pennsylvania German
4606:Languages of Canada
3222:Nature Neuroscience
2566:everyone here sign.
1832:object–verb–subject
1802:verb–object–subject
1737:object–subject–verb
1699:subject–verb–object
1452:
1411:
1279:, developed at the
1266:Wikimedia Incubator
732:prelingual deafness
416:subject–verb–object
209:Recognised minority
122:-based (possibly a
15676:1817 introductions
15641:Languages of Haiti
15601:Fusional languages
15457:Baby sign language
15355:Jabbar Baghtcheban
14836:International Sign
14739:Brazilian (Libras)
14653:New Zealand (NZSL)
14600:Mudbura (Mudburra)
14528:Sandy River Valley
14507:Keresan (Keresign)
14098:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
13469:International Sign
13450:Sudanese languages
13073:Navajo/Diné Family
12887:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
12725:Original Thai Sign
12503:Danish (Tegnsprog)
12046:Brazilian (Libras)
11859:New Zealand (NZSL)
10551:Official languages
10468:Inuk Sign Language
10312:Official languages
10305:Languages of Yukon
10124:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
10096:Southern Tsimshian
9938:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
9800:Inuk Sign Language
9783:Cree Sign Language
9439:Official languages
9332:Inuk Sign Language
8526:California English
8457:Language isolates
8150:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
8136:Kings River Yokuts
8122:Buena Vista Yokuts
7332:Pennsylvania Dutch
7211:Cree Sign Language
7023:Havasupai–Hualapai
6969:Kings River Yokuts
6948:Buena Vista Yokuts
6928:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
5436:Pennsylvania Dutch
5359:High Tider English
5344:California English
5196:Inuk Sign Language
5155:Newfoundland Irish
5120:Tagalog (Filipino)
5093:Minority languages
4965:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
4723:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
4613:Official languages
4267:; Bayley, Robert;
3748:10.1007/bf00134469
3494:meta.wikimedia.org
3364:Stokoe, William C.
3188:The New York Times
2877:2023-03-19 at the
2774:2013-12-02 at the
2736:, p. xii-xiv.
2514:Ceil Lucas, 1995,
2226:2013-05-19 at the
2201:code.dccouncil.gov
1932:Great ape language
1922:Baby sign language
1853:CHILD, LOVE FATHER
1758:CHILD, FATHER LOVE
1660:
1564:grammatical aspect
1551:
1450:
1409:
1319:progressive aspect
1307:
1252:International Sign
1237:
1234:Sutton SignWriting
1203:
888:Regional variation
673:
624:(ASD), founded in
562:
440:
330:nonmanual features
67:
15566:
15565:
15559:extinct languages
15481:Legal recognition
15360:Jeanette Berglind
15320:
15319:
15021:Nonmanual feature
14934:Martha's Vineyard
14859:
14858:
14513:Martha's Vineyard
14008:Faroese (Teknmál)
13730:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
13540:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
13477:
13476:
13462:Zimsign languages
13440:Laotian languages
13324:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
13083:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
13028:Azerbaijani (AİD)
12949:
12948:
12547:
12546:
12390:
12389:
12306:
12305:
12296:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
12001:
12000:
11929:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
11915:
11914:
11809:
11808:
11779:
11778:
11686:
11685:
11541:Eltye eltyarrenke
11521:
11520:multiple families
11437:
11436:
11431:extinct languages
11404:
11403:
11330:
11329:
11160:
11159:
11140:
11139:
11136:
11135:
11052:
11051:
10953:
10952:
10787:
10786:
10760:
10759:
10713:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10509:
10508:
10505:
10504:
10476:
10475:
10422:
10421:
10336:
10335:
10271:
10270:
10185:
10184:
9869:Official language
9828:
9827:
9808:
9807:
9730:
9729:
9685:
9684:
9639:Wôbanakiôdwawôgan
9629:Anishinaabemowin
9587:
9586:
9568:Official language
9527:
9526:
9398:
9397:
9368:Ninilchik dialect
9161:
9160:
8970:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
8848:
8847:
8793:
8792:
8778:Language isolates
8639:
8638:
8615:
8614:
8502:
8501:
8034:Southeastern Pomo
8021:Northeastern Pomo
7728:
7727:
7550:
7549:
7441:
7440:
7271:
7270:
7185:Manual Indigenous
7180:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7066:
7065:
6441:Northeastern Pomo
6428:Southeastern Pomo
6201:Northern Kalapuya
5501:
5500:
5329:Baltimore English
5232:
5231:
5150:Doukhobor Russian
5047:
5046:
4515:978-0-521-88370-2
4489:978-1-56368-097-7
4402:978-1-56368-622-1
4344:978-0-521-88370-2
4250:978-1-56368-123-3
4202:978-0-674-80796-9
3954:978-1-56368-123-3
3720:978-1-56368-283-4
3686:978-1-56368-283-4
3661:978-0-262-14067-6
3596:www.nidcd.nih.gov
3572:www.handspeak.com
3372:Carl G. Croneberg
3274:978-0-525-95379-1
3083:(25th ed., 2022)
2967:978-1-56368-283-4
2705:978-0-8147-9853-9
2554:978-0-674-27041-1
2120:(25th ed., 2022)
1823:LOVE CHILD FATHER
1720:FATHER LOVE CHILD
1572:continuous aspect
1495:nonmanual signals
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1446:
1445:
1400:nonmanual markers
1137:nonmanual signing
1042:978-0-06-091425-7
999:
979:
959:
594:Martha's Vineyard
435:
322:Anglophone Canada
299:
298:
272: ASL proper
265: ASL family
16:(Redirected from
15698:
15553:
15544:
15522:
15410:Pierre Pélissier
15395:Thomas Gallaudet
15370:Thomas Braidwood
15201:Initialized sign
15189:
15188:
15172:
14657:Papua New Guinea
14560:Australian-Irish
14266:Plains Sign Talk
14146:Northern Ireland
14142:Northern Ireland
13665:Hong Kong (HKSL)
13486:
13485:
13265:Nicaraguan (ISN)
13180:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
12996:Albanian (AlbSL)
12776:
12775:
12590:Bangalore-Madras
12571:Israeli (Shassi)
12539:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
12449:Honduran (LESHO)
12317:
12316:
12175:Singapore (SgSL)
12111:Black ASL (BASL)
12099:
12098:
12039:Australian-Irish
12012:
12011:
11961:
11960:
11937:Hong Kong (HKSL)
11897:Portuguese (LGP)
11887:Eritrean (EriSL)
11820:
11819:
11739:
11738:
11697:
11696:
11635:
11634:
11519:
11502:
11501:
11464:
11457:
11450:
11441:
11440:
11416:Australian-Irish
11271:
11270:
11213:
11212:
11115:
11114:
11099:
11098:
11061:
11060:
10976:
10975:
10859:
10858:
10814:
10807:
10800:
10791:
10790:
10765:Settler-colonial
10724:
10723:
10719:Manual languages
10649:Kangiryuarmiutun
10622:
10621:
10595:
10594:
10588:Oral Indigenous
10536:
10529:
10522:
10513:
10512:
10485:
10484:
10433:
10432:
10428:Manual languages
10349:
10348:
10342:Oral Indigenous
10316:
10315:
10298:
10291:
10284:
10275:
10274:
10209:Plains Sign Talk
9893:
9892:
9855:
9848:
9841:
9832:
9831:
9773:Plains Sign Talk
9741:
9740:
9736:Manual languages
9625:
9624:
9600:
9599:
9593:Oral Indigenous
9572:
9571:
9554:
9547:
9540:
9531:
9530:
9515:
9514:
9465:Creole languages
9425:
9418:
9411:
9402:
9401:
9386:
9385:
9188:
9181:
9174:
9165:
9164:
9149:
9148:
9102:Plains Sign Talk
8875:
8868:
8861:
8852:
8851:
8836:
8835:
8805:American English
8686:
8685:
8666:
8659:
8652:
8643:
8642:
8627:
8626:
8521:American English
8511:
8510:
8494:Plains Sign Talk
8459:and unclassified
8274:New River Shasta
7785:
7784:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7732:
7731:
7452:
7451:
7423:Louisiana Creole
7282:
7281:
7191:
7190:
7075:
7074:
6366:Plateau Penutian
6194:Central Kalapuya
5521:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5296:American English
5290:
5289:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5236:
5235:
5145:Hutterite German
4638:
4637:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4576:
4575:
4518:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4450:Bilingual Basics
4447:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4428:on April 3, 2012
4414:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4376:
4370:, archived from
4359:
4347:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4296:
4286:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4233:
4231:
4206:
4194:
4181:Klima, Edward S.
4176:
4174:
4172:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4094:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4064:. Random House.
4063:
4052:
4043:
4014:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3862:
3843:10.1037/a0014547
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3777:
3771:
3760:
3759:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3706:
3691:
3690:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3621:Little Passports
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3385:
3379:
3361:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3337:
3312:
3306:
3297:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3114:
3103:
3102:, 7. Conclusion)
3097:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3015:
3014:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2953:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2924:, archived from
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2888:
2882:
2866:
2860:
2855:
2840:
2835:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2789:
2783:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2692:Padden, Carol A.
2687:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2592:on March 1, 2014
2582:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2492:. Archived from
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2401:
2396:
2381:
2376:
2343:
2338:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2244:
2238:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2141:. Archived from
2134:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2109:
2066:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2011:
2005:
1974:
1958:ASL interpreting
1796:ASL also allows
1668:Rochester Method
1453:
1449:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1392:palm orientation
1370:
1355:
1248:Unicode Standard
1157:Beth S. Benedict
1133:Usher's syndrome
1085:into Black ASL.
1047:
1046:
1001:
1000:
981:
980:
961:
960:
662:language contact
644:, and convinced
488:
460:language contact
436:
373:language contact
318:Deaf communities
310:natural language
292:
286:
281:
271:
264:
248:
241:
218:Canada (federal)
211:language in
168:
114:
90:Northern America
48:
47:
21:
15706:
15705:
15701:
15700:
15699:
15697:
15696:
15695:
15571:
15570:
15567:
15562:
15510:
15496:Tactile signing
15445:
15414:
15343:
15316:
15295:
15271:Signed Japanese
15217:
15210:
15183:
15176:
15150:Stokoe notation
15128:
15030:
14990:Phonology (ASL)
14968:
14903:
14897:
14855:
14824:
14723:Argentine (LSA)
14708:
14540:
14363:New Costa Rican
14358:Old Costa Rican
14258:
14256:
14250:
14134:North Macedonia
13935:
13626:
13561:Bamako (LaSiMa)
13491:
13473:
13423:Other groupings
13418:
13270:Old Costa Rican
13245:Burkina (Mossi)
13225:Mauritian (MSL)
13098:Ghardaia (AJSL)
13011:Argentine (LSA)
12974:
12956:
12945:
12910:
12893:
12765:
12747:
12719:
12683:
12649:
12621:
12582:
12575:
12543:
12510:
12480:Danish (Tegnic)
12474:
12453:
12432:
12411:
12386:
12361:Yugoslavic Sign
12356:
12327:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
12312:
12302:
12291:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
12276:
12266:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
12259:
12242:
12229:Bamako (LaSiMa)
12210:(Françafrosign)
12209:
12203:
12179:
12151:Malaysian (BIM)
12093:
12086:
12061:Valencian (LSV)
11997:
11988:Paraguay (LSPY)
11979:
11972:
11956:
11950:
11911:
11873:
11805:
11775:
11750:
11734:
11728:
11692:Arab (Ishaaric)
11682:
11661:
11633:
11546:Iltyeme iltyeme
11517:
11514:
11507:
11497:
11491:
11473:
11468:
11438:
11433:
11420:
11400:
11372:
11351:
11326:
11305:
11269:
11242:
11236:
11211:
11156:
11132:
11113:
11097:
11048:
11027:
10974:
10949:
10931:
10913:
10895:
10857:
10841:
10823:
10818:
10788:
10783:
10766:
10756:
10740:
10705:
10677:
10670:
10611:
10589:
10582:
10567:Inuit Language
10546:
10540:
10510:
10501:
10481:Trade languages
10472:
10454:
10418:
10400:
10343:
10332:
10307:
10302:
10272:
10267:
10241:
10218:
10181:
10160:
10105:
10101:Coast Tsimshian
10072:
9978:
9909:
9887:
9886:Oral Indigenous
9880:
9864:
9859:
9829:
9824:
9804:
9786:
9767:
9726:
9703:
9681:
9648:
9630:
9623:
9594:
9583:
9563:
9558:
9528:
9523:
9503:
9482:
9478:Pidgin Hawaiian
9473:Hawaiian Pidgin
9455:
9434:
9429:
9399:
9394:
9374:
9336:
9315:
9266:Upper Kuskokwim
9197:
9192:
9162:
9157:
9137:
9106:
9078:
8898:
8888:
8879:
8849:
8844:
8824:
8789:
8773:
8740:
8722:
8675:
8670:
8640:
8635:
8611:
8593:
8562:
8531:Chicano English
8498:
8492:
8458:
8452:
8424:
8412:Southern Patwin
8383:
8343:Northern Paiute
8332:Luiseño-Juaneño
8293:
8250:
8095:
7982:
7911:
7854:
7810:
7774:
7764:
7759:
7729:
7724:
7558:
7556:
7546:
7521:
7501:
7483:
7447:
7437:
7399:
7361:
7318:
7277:
7267:
7231:
7186:
7172:
7141:
7135:
7062:
7009:
7002:
6904:
6876:
6858:
6803:Northern Paiute
6754:
6750:Coast Tsimshian
6736:
6684:
6558:
6453:
6399:
6360:
6333:
6281:
6244:
6213:
6177:
6082:
6034:
5941:Upper Kuskokwim
5867:
5860:
5810:
5782:
5745:
5707:
5508:
5507:Oral Indigenous
5497:
5493:Yeshiva English
5349:Chicano English
5298:
5279:
5268:
5263:
5233:
5228:
5212:
5174:
5140:Canadian Gaelic
5088:
5043:
5039:Coast Tsimshian
5007:
4979:
4941:
4878:
4830:
4797:
4709:
4629:
4608:
4603:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4445:
4431:
4429:
4403:
4380:
4378:
4377:on June 3, 2011
4374:
4368:
4357:
4345:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4294:
4283:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4203:
4185:Bellugi, Ursula
4170:
4168:
4161:
4137:
4135:
4128:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4011:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3936:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3880:
3876:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3763:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3707:
3694:
3687:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3642:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3516:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3436:signwriting.org
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3315:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3282:
3275:
3261:
3257:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3115:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3018:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2954:
2939:
2931:
2929:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2889:
2885:
2879:Wayback Machine
2867:
2863:
2856:
2843:
2836:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:Wayback Machine
2766:
2762:
2755:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2719:
2715:
2706:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2404:
2397:
2384:
2377:
2346:
2339:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2228:Wayback Machine
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2110:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2012:
2008:
1976:In particular,
1975:
1971:
1966:
1908:
1875:
1867:free word order
1858:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1695:
1652:
1646:
1632:can be formed.
1609:of comparison.
1588:
1556:
1543:
1537:
1483:(as for THINK)
1467:(as for THINK)
1459:(as for THINK)
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1211:Stokoe notation
1200:Stokoe notation
1192:
1190:Writing systems
1180:culturally Deaf
1169:Ellen Bialystok
1149:
1048:
1043:
1023:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
992:
987:
986:
985:
982:
972:
967:
966:
965:
962:
952:
947:
946:
940:
934:
921:
908:
895:
893:Sign production
890:
882:second language
748:
723:
579:a sign language
554:
534:language family
489:
486:
426:
424:
348:, serving as a
346:second language
326:visual language
295:
294:
290:
288:
284:
267:
266:
260:
244:
237:
227:
225:
212:
210:
200:
193:Official status
183:Stokoe notation
173:
169:
164:
138:
115:
112:Language family
110:
100:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15704:
15694:
15693:
15688:
15683:
15678:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15653:
15648:
15643:
15638:
15633:
15628:
15623:
15618:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15593:
15588:
15583:
15564:
15563:
15515:
15512:
15511:
15509:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15459:
15453:
15451:
15447:
15446:
15444:
15443:
15438:
15433:
15428:
15422:
15420:
15416:
15415:
15413:
15412:
15407:
15405:William Stokoe
15402:
15397:
15392:
15390:Valerie Sutton
15387:
15382:
15380:Abbé de l'Épée
15377:
15372:
15367:
15362:
15357:
15351:
15349:
15345:
15344:
15342:
15341:
15336:
15330:
15328:
15322:
15321:
15318:
15317:
15315:
15314:
15309:
15303:
15301:
15297:
15296:
15294:
15293:
15291:Signed Swedish
15288:
15283:
15281:Signed Spanish
15278:
15273:
15268:
15266:Signed Italian
15263:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15222:
15220:
15212:
15211:
15209:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15192:
15186:
15178:
15177:
15175:
15174:
15162:
15157:
15152:
15147:
15142:
15136:
15134:
15130:
15129:
15127:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15109:Serbo-Croatian
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15076:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15040:
15038:
15036:Fingerspelling
15032:
15031:
15029:
15028:
15023:
15018:
15013:
14992:
14987:
14982:
14976:
14974:
14970:
14969:
14967:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14907:
14905:
14899:
14898:
14896:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14869:
14867:
14861:
14860:
14857:
14856:
14854:
14853:
14848:
14843:
14838:
14832:
14830:
14826:
14825:
14823:
14822:
14817:
14814:
14809:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14788:
14783:
14780:
14775:
14772:
14767:
14762:
14759:
14754:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14733:
14728:
14725:
14720:
14716:
14714:
14710:
14709:
14707:
14706:
14701:
14698:
14693:
14688:
14683:
14678:
14673:
14668:
14663:
14658:
14655:
14650:
14647:
14642:
14639:
14634:
14629:
14624:
14622:Western Desert
14619:
14618:
14617:
14607:
14602:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14582:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14562:
14557:
14552:
14548:
14546:
14542:
14541:
14539:
14538:
14531:
14524:
14519:
14516:
14509:
14504:
14499:
14496:
14493:
14490:
14487:
14486:
14485:
14480:
14473:American (ASL)
14470:
14467:
14465:Old Salvadoran
14462:
14457:
14454:
14449:
14444:
14441:
14436:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14410:
14405:
14402:
14397:
14394:
14389:
14384:
14381:
14376:
14373:
14368:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14342:
14335:
14332:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14313:Maritime (MSL)
14310:
14305:
14302:
14299:
14296:
14295:
14294:
14289:
14282:American (ASL)
14279:
14276:
14271:
14268:
14262:
14260:
14252:
14251:
14249:
14248:
14243:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14228:Central Taurus
14225:
14222:
14217:
14214:
14209:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14188:
14183:
14180:
14175:
14172:
14167:
14164:
14159:
14156:
14151:
14148:
14143:
14140:
14135:
14132:
14127:
14124:
14119:
14116:
14111:
14108:
14103:
14100:
14095:
14092:
14087:
14084:
14079:
14076:
14071:
14068:
14063:
14060:
14055:
14052:
14047:
14044:
14039:
14034:
14029:
14026:
14021:
14018:
14013:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13997:
13992:
13989:
13984:
13983:United Kingdom
13981:
13979:French Belgian
13976:
13971:
13968:
13963:
13960:
13955:
13952:
13947:
13943:
13941:
13937:
13936:
13934:
13933:
13928:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13902:
13897:
13894:
13889:
13886:
13881:
13878:
13873:
13870:
13865:
13862:
13857:
13854:
13849:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13823:
13818:
13815:
13810:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13789:
13784:
13781:
13779:Kazakh-Russian
13776:
13773:
13768:
13765:
13760:
13755:
13750:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13711:
13706:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13690:
13685:
13683:Indo-Pakistani
13680:
13675:
13670:
13667:
13662:
13659:
13654:
13651:
13646:
13643:
13638:
13634:
13632:
13628:
13627:
13625:
13624:
13619:
13616:
13611:
13608:
13603:
13600:
13595:
13592:
13587:
13584:
13579:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13550:
13545:
13542:
13537:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13521:
13516:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13499:
13497:
13493:
13492:
13483:
13479:
13478:
13475:
13474:
13472:
13471:
13465:
13464:
13459:
13453:
13447:
13442:
13437:
13432:
13426:
13424:
13420:
13419:
13417:
13416:
13411:
13406:
13405:
13404:
13399:
13396:
13391:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13326:
13321:
13316:
13309:
13304:
13303:
13302:
13295:Peruvian (LSP)
13292:
13287:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13240:Miyakubo Shuwa
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13194:
13189:
13188:
13187:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13141:
13140:
13135:
13127:
13126:
13125:
13117:
13110:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13078:Dogon/Douentza
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13025:
13018:
13013:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12982:
12980:
12976:
12975:
12973:
12972:
12967:
12961:
12959:
12951:
12950:
12947:
12946:
12944:
12943:
12940:
12935:
12932:
12927:
12924:
12920:
12918:
12912:
12911:
12909:
12908:
12904:
12902:
12900:American (ASL)
12895:
12894:
12892:
12891:
12888:
12885:
12882:
12879:
12876:
12873:
12870:
12867:
12864:
12861:
12858:
12855:
12852:
12849:
12846:
12843:
12840:
12837:
12834:
12831:
12828:
12825:
12822:
12819:
12816:
12813:
12810:
12807:
12804:
12801:
12798:
12795:
12792:
12789:
12786:
12783:
12779:
12773:
12767:
12766:
12764:
12763:
12761:Namibian (NSL)
12757:
12755:
12749:
12748:
12746:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12729:
12727:
12721:
12720:
12718:
12717:
12716:
12715:
12712:
12709:
12706:
12703:
12697:
12693:
12691:
12685:
12684:
12682:
12681:
12680:
12679:
12667:
12659:
12657:
12651:
12650:
12648:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12631:
12629:
12623:
12622:
12620:
12619:
12616:
12613:
12608:
12605:
12602:
12599:
12594:
12591:
12587:
12585:
12581:Indo-Pakistani
12577:
12576:
12574:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12557:
12555:
12549:
12548:
12545:
12544:
12542:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12520:
12518:
12512:
12511:
12509:
12508:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12484:
12482:
12476:
12475:
12473:
12472:
12467:
12461:
12459:
12455:
12454:
12452:
12451:
12446:
12440:
12438:
12434:
12433:
12431:
12430:
12428:Tunisian (TSL)
12425:
12419:
12417:
12413:
12412:
12410:
12409:
12404:
12398:
12396:
12392:
12391:
12388:
12387:
12385:
12384:
12382:Yugoslav (YSL)
12379:
12376:
12373:
12370:
12368:Croatian (HZJ)
12364:
12362:
12358:
12357:
12355:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12323:
12321:
12314:
12308:
12307:
12304:
12303:
12301:
12300:
12299:
12298:
12287:
12285:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12274:
12270:
12268:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12257:
12253:
12251:
12244:
12243:
12241:
12240:
12239:Sierra Leonean
12237:
12234:
12231:
12226:
12223:
12220:
12217:
12213:
12211:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12201:
12200:
12199:
12196:
12187:
12185:
12181:
12180:
12178:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12164:
12162:Filipino (FSL)
12159:
12156:
12153:
12148:
12145:
12142:
12139:
12136:
12135:
12134:
12131:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12118:
12113:
12106:American (ASL)
12102:
12096:
12088:
12087:
12085:
12084:
12082:Romanian (LSR)
12079:
12078:
12077:
12065:
12064:
12063:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12042:
12041:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12019:Algerian (LSA)
12015:
12009:
12003:
12002:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11984:
11982:
11980:Uruguayan Sign
11974:
11973:
11971:
11970:
11968:Chilean (LSCh)
11964:
11958:
11957:Uruguayan Sign
11952:
11951:
11949:
11948:
11947:
11946:
11945:
11944:
11943:
11942:
11925:
11923:
11917:
11916:
11913:
11912:
11910:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11883:
11881:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11854:Maritime (MSL)
11851:
11848:
11847:
11846:
11836:
11835:
11834:
11823:
11817:
11811:
11810:
11807:
11806:
11804:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11787:
11785:
11781:
11780:
11777:
11776:
11774:
11773:
11770:
11767:
11764:
11760:
11758:
11752:
11751:
11749:
11748:
11742:
11736:
11730:
11729:
11727:
11726:
11721:
11719:Qatari Unified
11716:
11711:
11706:
11700:
11694:
11688:
11687:
11684:
11683:
11681:
11680:
11675:
11669:
11667:
11666:Zendath Kesign
11663:
11662:
11660:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11643:
11641:
11639:Western Desert
11632:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11618:
11616:Worora Kinship
11613:
11608:
11601:
11596:
11595:
11594:
11584:
11579:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11555:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11525:
11523:
11509:
11508:
11499:
11493:
11492:
11490:
11489:
11484:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11467:
11466:
11459:
11452:
11444:
11435:
11434:
11425:
11422:
11421:
11419:
11418:
11412:
11410:
11406:
11405:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11382:
11380:
11374:
11373:
11371:
11370:
11368:French Belgian
11365:
11359:
11357:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11349:
11344:
11338:
11336:
11332:
11331:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11324:
11319:
11313:
11311:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11277:
11275:
11268:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11246:
11244:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11234:
11233:
11232:
11221:
11219:
11210:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11168:
11166:
11162:
11161:
11158:
11157:
11155:
11154:
11148:
11146:
11142:
11141:
11138:
11137:
11134:
11133:
11131:
11130:
11127:
11123:
11121:
11112:
11111:
11105:
11103:
11096:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11069:
11067:
11058:
11054:
11053:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11046:
11041:
11035:
11033:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10984:
10982:
10973:
10972:
10967:
10961:
10959:
10955:
10954:
10951:
10950:
10948:
10947:
10941:
10939:
10933:
10932:
10930:
10929:
10923:
10921:
10915:
10914:
10912:
10911:
10905:
10903:
10897:
10896:
10894:
10893:
10891:Sierra Leonean
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10867:
10865:
10856:
10855:
10849:
10847:
10843:
10842:
10840:
10839:
10833:
10831:
10825:
10824:
10817:
10816:
10809:
10802:
10794:
10785:
10784:
10782:
10781:
10776:
10770:
10768:
10762:
10761:
10758:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10748:
10746:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10738:
10732:
10730:
10721:
10715:
10714:
10711:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10703:
10698:
10696:Kivallirmiutut
10693:
10688:
10682:
10680:
10672:
10671:
10669:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10656:
10654:Kivallirmiutut
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10630:
10628:
10619:
10613:
10612:
10610:
10609:
10603:
10601:
10599:Dené–Yeniseian
10592:
10584:
10583:
10581:
10580:
10579:
10578:
10573:
10565:
10560:
10554:
10552:
10548:
10547:
10539:
10538:
10531:
10524:
10516:
10507:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10499:
10497:Chinook Jargon
10494:
10488:
10482:
10478:
10477:
10474:
10473:
10471:
10470:
10464:
10462:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10441:
10439:
10430:
10424:
10423:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10416:
10410:
10408:
10402:
10401:
10399:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10357:
10355:
10353:Dené–Yeniseian
10346:
10338:
10337:
10334:
10333:
10331:
10330:
10325:
10319:
10313:
10309:
10308:
10301:
10300:
10293:
10286:
10278:
10269:
10268:
10266:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10249:
10247:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10239:
10237:Chinook Jargon
10233:
10231:
10220:
10219:
10217:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10195:
10193:
10191:Sign languages
10187:
10186:
10183:
10182:
10180:
10179:
10174:
10168:
10166:
10165:Other/isolates
10162:
10161:
10159:
10158:
10153:
10151:Nuu-chah-nulth
10148:
10143:
10138:
10137:
10136:
10131:
10121:
10115:
10113:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10082:
10080:
10074:
10073:
10071:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10044:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10023:
10022:
10021:
10011:
10010:
10009:
9999:
9994:
9988:
9986:
9980:
9979:
9977:
9976:
9969:
9961:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9919:
9917:
9915:Dené–Yeniseian
9911:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9901:
9899:
9890:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9878:
9872:
9870:
9866:
9865:
9858:
9857:
9850:
9843:
9835:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9822:
9816:
9814:
9810:
9809:
9806:
9805:
9803:
9802:
9796:
9794:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9781:
9777:
9775:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9749:
9747:
9738:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9719:
9713:
9711:
9705:
9704:
9702:
9701:
9695:
9693:
9687:
9686:
9683:
9682:
9680:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9658:
9656:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9646:
9644:Anicinâbemowin
9641:
9635:
9633:
9622:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9597:
9589:
9588:
9585:
9584:
9582:
9581:
9575:
9569:
9565:
9564:
9557:
9556:
9549:
9542:
9534:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9521:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9490:
9488:
9487:Sign languages
9484:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9475:
9469:
9467:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9453:
9448:
9442:
9440:
9436:
9435:
9428:
9427:
9420:
9413:
9405:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9344:
9342:
9341:Non-Indigenous
9338:
9337:
9335:
9334:
9329:
9323:
9321:
9320:Sign languages
9317:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9226:Siberian Yupik
9223:
9218:
9213:
9207:
9205:
9199:
9198:
9191:
9190:
9183:
9176:
9168:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9155:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9114:
9112:
9111:Non-Indigenous
9108:
9107:
9105:
9104:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9086:
9084:
9083:Sign languages
9080:
9079:
9077:
9076:
9071:
9064:
9057:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9028:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8972:
8967:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8906:
8904:
8900:
8899:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8878:
8877:
8870:
8863:
8855:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8842:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8801:
8799:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8787:
8781:
8779:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8750:
8748:
8746:Western Siouan
8742:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8736:Montana Salish
8732:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8694:
8692:
8683:
8677:
8676:
8669:
8668:
8661:
8654:
8646:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8603:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8570:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8534:
8533:
8528:
8517:
8515:
8508:
8507:Non-Indigenous
8504:
8503:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8496:
8462:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8436:
8434:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8403:
8395:
8393:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8364:
8357:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8328:
8321:
8316:
8309:
8303:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8270:
8262:
8260:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8210:
8203:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8165:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8153:
8146:
8139:
8132:
8129:Gashowu Yokuts
8125:
8113:
8105:
8103:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8050:
8043:
8036:
8031:
8024:
8017:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7992:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7945:
7938:
7931:
7923:
7921:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7902:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7866:
7864:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7852:
7845:
7838:
7831:
7826:
7820:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7801:
7793:
7791:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7758:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7735:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7716:
7710:
7704:
7698:
7692:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7623:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7599:
7593:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7569:
7562:
7560:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7537:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7511:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7493:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7460:
7458:
7449:
7446:Manual settler
7443:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7414:
7412:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7375:Caló (Chicano)
7371:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7290:
7288:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7258:Keresan Pueblo
7255:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7216:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7199:
7197:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7154:Chinook Jargon
7151:
7145:
7143:
7140:Mixed or trade
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7126:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7081:
7079:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7014:
7012:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6962:Gashowu Yokuts
6958:
6951:
6944:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6886:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6849:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6833:Ute-Chemehuevi
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6764:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6694:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6568:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6553:Upper Chehalis
6549:
6542:
6535:
6532:Lower Chehalis
6528:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6472:Columbia-Moses
6469:
6463:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6444:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6390:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6350:
6349:
6343:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6291:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6254:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6226:Cochiti Pueblo
6223:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6189:
6187:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5954:
5953:
5951:Western Apache
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5870:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5822:
5820:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5653:Mohegan-Pequot
5649:
5646:Miami-Illinois
5642:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Boston English
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5239:
5230:
5229:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5179:Sign languages
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5074:Chinook Jargon
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4975:Nuu-chah-nulth
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4524:External links
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4506:Sign Languages
4501:
4488:
4473:
4438:
4415:
4401:
4386:
4367:978-0199732531
4366:
4348:
4343:
4335:Sign Languages
4330:
4287:
4282:978-1563681448
4281:
4269:Valli, Clayton
4261:
4249:
4234:
4207:
4201:
4177:
4160:978-0521540568
4159:
4144:
4127:978-0521540568
4126:
4111:
4083:
4071:978-0375426162
4070:
4053:
4044:
4026:(2): 188–230.
4015:
4010:978-0888643001
4009:
3994:
3965:
3953:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3874:
3837:(2): 550–557.
3817:
3805:
3793:
3778:
3774:Costello (2008
3761:
3726:
3719:
3692:
3685:
3667:
3660:
3633:
3608:
3583:
3559:
3555:Costello (2008
3547:
3535:
3528:
3510:
3481:
3452:
3422:
3413:
3380:
3356:
3343:
3313:
3298:
3280:
3273:
3255:
3212:
3171:
3159:
3155:Costello (2008
3136:
3104:
3092:
3067:
3064:Solomon (2010)
3047:
3035:
3016:
2973:
2966:
2937:
2910:
2883:
2861:
2841:
2809:
2784:
2760:
2738:
2726:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2688:
2643:
2617:
2570:
2553:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2476:
2449:
2420:
2402:
2382:
2344:
2268:
2254:. 2015-08-18.
2239:
2236:Karen Nakamura
2213:
2188:
2155:
2129:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2050:
2036:
2026:
2006:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1874:
1871:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1733:topicalization
1714:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1650:Fingerspelling
1648:Main article:
1645:
1644:Fingerspelling
1642:
1587:
1555:
1552:
1539:Main article:
1536:
1533:
1501:William Stokoe
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:Main article:
1330:
1327:
1244:Valerie Sutton
1191:
1188:
1148:
1145:
1041:
1021:
1003:
990:
989:
988:
983:
970:
969:
968:
963:
950:
949:
948:
944:
943:
942:
941:
936:Main article:
933:
930:
920:
917:
907:
904:
894:
891:
889:
886:
810:first language
747:
744:
722:
719:
695:William Stokoe
690:Milan Congress
638:Alice Cogswell
553:
550:
484:
423:
422:Classification
420:
400:fingerspelling
342:Southeast Asia
297:
296:
289:
283:
282:
274:
273:
258:
250:
249:
242:
234:
233:
232:Language codes
229:
228:
215:
213:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
190:
189:
170:
166:Writing system
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
151:
144:
140:
139:
137:
136:
118:
116:
109:
106:
105:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
73:
72:Native to
69:
68:
58:
57:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15703:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15679:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15578:
15576:
15569:
15560:
15556:
15552:
15551:
15546:
15543:
15542:
15535:
15531:
15527:
15521:
15520:
15513:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15471:
15467:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15454:
15452:
15450:Miscellaneous
15448:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15423:
15421:
15419:Organisations
15417:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15375:Laurent Clerc
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15365:Pär Aron Borg
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15350:
15346:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15332:
15331:
15329:
15327:
15323:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15304:
15302:
15298:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15276:Signed Polish
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15261:Signed German
15259:
15257:
15256:Signed French
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15223:
15221:
15219:
15213:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15193:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15179:
15171:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15137:
15135:
15131:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15041:
15039:
15037:
15033:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15008:
15004:
15000:
14996:
14993:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14980:Grammar (ASL)
14978:
14977:
14975:
14971:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14909:
14908:
14906:
14900:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14870:
14868:
14866:
14862:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14833:
14831:
14829:International
14827:
14821:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14721:
14718:
14717:
14715:
14713:South America
14711:
14705:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14694:
14692:
14689:
14687:
14686:Rossel Island
14684:
14682:
14679:
14677:
14676:Mount Avejaha
14674:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14635:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14623:
14620:
14616:
14613:
14612:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14550:
14549:
14547:
14543:
14537:
14536:
14532:
14530:
14529:
14525:
14523:
14522:Navajo Family
14520:
14517:
14515:
14514:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14497:
14494:
14491:
14488:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14475:
14474:
14471:
14469:United States
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14455:
14453:
14450:
14448:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14382:
14380:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14340:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14330:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14303:
14300:
14297:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14284:
14283:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14263:
14261:
14253:
14247:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13945:
13944:
13942:
13938:
13932:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13636:
13635:
13633:
13629:
13623:
13620:
13617:
13615:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13598:South African
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13501:
13500:
13498:
13494:
13487:
13484:
13480:
13470:
13467:
13466:
13463:
13460:
13457:
13454:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13436:
13433:
13431:
13428:
13427:
13425:
13421:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13409:Yoruban (YSL)
13407:
13403:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13394:Bura (Burasl)
13392:
13390:
13387:
13386:
13385:West African
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13371:Ugandan (USL)
13369:
13367:
13366:Turkish (TİD)
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13351:Spanish (LSE)
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13331:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13319:Rossel Island
13317:
13315:
13314:
13310:
13308:
13307:Qahveh Khaneh
13305:
13301:
13298:
13297:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13250:Mount Avejaha
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13210:Maltese (LSM)
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13186:
13183:
13182:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13133:Atgangmuurniq
13131:
13130:
13128:
13123:
13122:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13115:
13111:
13109:
13108:Guinea-Bissau
13106:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13023:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12983:
12981:
12977:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12962:
12960:
12958:
12952:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12925:
12922:
12921:
12919:
12917:
12913:
12906:
12905:
12903:
12901:
12896:
12889:
12886:
12883:
12880:
12877:
12874:
12871:
12868:
12865:
12862:
12859:
12856:
12853:
12850:
12847:
12844:
12841:
12838:
12835:
12832:
12829:
12826:
12823:
12820:
12817:
12814:
12811:
12808:
12805:
12802:
12799:
12796:
12793:
12790:
12787:
12784:
12781:
12780:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12768:
12762:
12759:
12758:
12756:
12754:
12750:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12730:
12728:
12726:
12722:
12714:Cepeda Peraza
12713:
12710:
12707:
12704:
12701:
12700:
12698:
12696:Highland Maya
12695:
12694:
12692:
12690:
12686:
12678:
12677:
12673:
12672:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12665:
12661:
12660:
12658:
12656:
12652:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12632:
12630:
12628:
12627:Japanese Sign
12624:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12606:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12592:
12589:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12578:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12558:
12556:
12554:
12550:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12521:
12519:
12517:
12513:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12485:
12483:
12481:
12477:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12465:Flemish (VGT)
12463:
12462:
12460:
12456:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12444:Mexican (LSM)
12442:
12441:
12439:
12435:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12423:Italian (LIS)
12421:
12420:
12418:
12414:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12399:
12397:
12393:
12383:
12380:
12377:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12365:
12363:
12359:
12353:
12352:Russian (РЖЯ)
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12342:Latvian (LSL)
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12324:
12322:
12318:
12315:
12309:
12297:
12294:
12293:
12292:
12289:
12288:
12286:
12284:
12279:
12272:
12271:
12269:
12267:
12262:
12255:
12254:
12252:
12250:
12245:
12238:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12224:
12221:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12212:
12206:
12197:
12194:
12193:
12192:
12189:
12188:
12186:
12182:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12146:
12143:
12140:
12137:
12132:
12129:
12128:
12127:
12124:
12121:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12104:
12103:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12089:
12083:
12080:
12076:
12075:
12071:
12070:
12069:
12066:
12062:
12059:
12058:
12057:
12056:Catalan (LSC)
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12040:
12037:
12036:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12004:
11994:
11993:Uruguay (LSU)
11991:
11989:
11986:
11985:
11983:
11981:
11975:
11969:
11966:
11965:
11962:
11959:
11953:
11940:
11939:
11938:
11935:
11934:
11932:
11931:
11930:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11922:
11918:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11884:
11882:
11880:
11876:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11849:
11845:
11842:
11841:
11840:
11839:British (BSL)
11837:
11833:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11825:
11824:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11812:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11788:
11786:
11782:
11771:
11768:
11765:
11762:
11761:
11759:
11757:
11753:
11747:
11744:
11743:
11740:
11737:
11731:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11701:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11670:
11668:
11664:
11658:
11657:Ngaatjatjarra
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11644:
11642:
11640:
11636:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11606:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11593:
11590:
11589:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11577:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11560:
11556:
11554:
11553:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11531:
11527:
11526:
11524:
11516:
11510:
11503:
11500:
11494:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11476:
11472:
11471:Sign language
11465:
11460:
11458:
11453:
11451:
11446:
11445:
11442:
11432:
11428:
11423:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11407:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11383:
11381:
11379:
11375:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11360:
11358:
11354:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11337:
11333:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11308:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11276:
11272:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11239:
11231:
11228:
11227:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11214:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11169:
11167:
11163:
11153:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11143:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11120:
11116:
11110:
11107:
11106:
11104:
11100:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11070:
11068:
11066:
11062:
11059:
11055:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11030:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10977:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10956:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10938:
10934:
10928:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10920:
10916:
10910:
10907:
10906:
10904:
10902:
10898:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10864:
10860:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10848:
10844:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10815:
10810:
10808:
10803:
10801:
10796:
10795:
10792:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10771:
10769:
10763:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10743:
10737:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10716:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10683:
10681:
10679:
10673:
10665:
10662:
10661:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10627:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10614:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10585:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10568:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10542:Languages of
10537:
10532:
10530:
10525:
10523:
10518:
10517:
10514:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10492:Broken Slavey
10490:
10489:
10486:
10483:
10479:
10469:
10466:
10465:
10463:
10461:
10457:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10442:
10440:
10438:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10425:
10415:
10412:
10411:
10409:
10407:
10403:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10386:Neeʼaandeegnʼ
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10354:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10339:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10320:
10317:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10299:
10294:
10292:
10287:
10285:
10280:
10279:
10276:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10250:
10248:
10244:
10238:
10235:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10196:
10194:
10192:
10188:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10163:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10116:
10114:
10112:
10108:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10083:
10081:
10079:
10075:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10012:
10008:
10005:
10004:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9989:
9987:
9985:
9981:
9975:
9974:
9970:
9968:
9967:
9963:
9962:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9916:
9912:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9898:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9883:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9856:
9851:
9849:
9844:
9842:
9837:
9836:
9833:
9821:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9811:
9801:
9798:
9797:
9795:
9793:
9789:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9770:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9733:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9706:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9688:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9626:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9590:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9555:
9550:
9548:
9543:
9541:
9536:
9535:
9532:
9520:
9519:
9510:
9509:
9506:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9485:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9426:
9421:
9419:
9414:
9412:
9407:
9406:
9403:
9391:
9390:
9381:
9380:
9377:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9339:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9318:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9221:Central Yupik
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9189:
9184:
9182:
9177:
9175:
9170:
9169:
9166:
9154:
9153:
9144:
9143:
9140:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9109:
9103:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9081:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9065:
9063:
9062:
9058:
9056:
9055:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9033:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9020:Plains Apache
9017:
9015:
9014:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8977:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8965:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8948:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8887:
8883:
8876:
8871:
8869:
8864:
8862:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8841:
8840:
8831:
8830:
8827:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8776:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8747:
8743:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8725:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8667:
8662:
8660:
8655:
8653:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8632:
8631:
8622:
8621:
8618:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8599:Sign language
8596:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8565:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8514:Indo-European
8512:
8509:
8505:
8495:
8491:
8490:
8485:
8484:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8469:
8468:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8386:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8245:
8244:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8227:
8223:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8157:
8156:Valley Yokuts
8154:
8152:
8151:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8110:Klamath-Modoc
8107:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8090:
8089:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8054:Southern Pomo
8051:
8049:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8040:Northern Pomo
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8018:
8016:
8015:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7951:
7950:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7763:
7756:
7751:
7749:
7744:
7742:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7579:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7553:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7450:
7444:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7274:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7183:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6933:Valley Yokuts
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6713:Southern Tiwa
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6672:Tutelo-Saponi
6669:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6467:Coeur d'Alene
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6448:Northern Pomo
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6433:Southern Pomo
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6241:Laguna Pueblo
6240:
6237:
6235:Western Keres
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6165:Susquehannock
6162:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6151:Neutral Huron
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6078:Chevak Cup’ik
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6003:
6002:
6001:Plains Apache
5998:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5806:Upper Chinook
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5632:Nawathinehena
5629:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5504:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5463:Texan English
5461:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5374:Maine English
5372:
5370:
5369:Miami English
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Cajun English
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5274:Languages in
5271:
5267:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5248:
5246:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5064:Broken Slavey
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4593:
4588:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4491:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4112:
4098:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4073:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3980:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3926:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3813:Liddell (2002
3809:
3802:
3801:Liddell (2002
3797:
3790:
3789:Liddell (2002
3785:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3529:9789027212306
3525:
3521:
3514:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:10.1038/nn775
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3168:
3167:Collins (2004
3163:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3100:Hurlbut (2003
3096:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2928:on 2021-10-30
2927:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2799:on 2013-06-05
2798:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2496:on 2017-10-11
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2380:
2379:Padden (2010)
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2145:on 2018-12-24
2144:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:topic–comment
1857:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:DISAPPOINTED
1448:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1369:
1354:
1344:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:transcription
1269:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:lingua franca
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1014:
939:
929:
925:
916:
914:
906:Sign variants
903:
899:
885:
883:
879:
878:lingua franca
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
752:Anglo-America
743:
741:
735:
733:
727:
718:
716:
715:transcription
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
687:
682:
679:
669:
665:
663:
659:
653:
651:
647:
646:Laurent Clerc
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:, and one in
599:
595:
591:
588:developed in
587:
582:
580:
577:widely spoke
576:
572:
568:
558:
549:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:agglutination
503:
499:
495:
483:
478:
476:
475:Laurent Clerc
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
350:lingua franca
347:
343:
340:and parts of
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:sign language
311:
307:
303:
280:
275:
270:
263:
259:
257:
256:
251:
247:
243:
240:
235:
230:
223:
219:
214:
206:
202:
196:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
167:
161:
156:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
141:
135:
132:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
107:
103:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
76:United States
74:
70:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
15568:
15554:
15548:
15539:
15537:
15525:
15517:
15334:Films (list)
15251:Signed Dutch
15196:Contact sign
14864:
14641:Hawaii (USA)
14534:
14527:
14512:
14472:
14337:
14328:
14281:
14220:Swiss-German
13856:Saudi Arabia
13594:South Africa
13328:
13311:
13185:Somali (SSL)
13112:
13020:
12955:Providencia–
12934:Nesilextcl'n
12907:Oneida (OSL)
12899:
12869:Tickanwa•tic
12857:Schitsu'umsh
12839:Nųmą́khų́·ki
12753:Paget Gorman
12674:
12669:
12662:
12654:
12618:Punjab-Sindh
12566:Polish (PJM)
12561:German (DGS)
12437:Mexican Sign
12416:Italian Sign
12320:Russian Sign
12283:French (LSF)
12256:Oneida (OSL)
12170:Quebec (LSQ)
12155:Oneida (OSL)
12105:
12072:
12068:French (LSF)
11921:Chinese Sign
11879:Swedish Sign
11603:
11574:
11557:
11550:
11528:
11426:
11207:Swiss-German
11073:Kuala Lumpur
11018:Puerto Rican
10987:
10735:
10626:Inuvialuktun
10444:
10198:
9971:
9964:
9752:
9516:
9493:
9387:
9326:
9286:Upper Tanana
9276:Lower Tanana
9150:
9089:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9030:
9018:
9011:
8974:
8962:
8945:
8894:
8837:
8628:
8606:
8487:
8481:
8471:
8465:
8445:
8439:
8429:
8417:
8410:
8398:
8388:
8366:
8359:
8352:
8330:
8323:
8311:
8286:
8279:
8272:
8265:
8255:
8241:
8224:
8205:
8195:Plains Miwok
8193:
8186:
8179:
8172:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8120:
8108:
8086:
8079:
8052:
8047:Central Pomo
8045:
8038:
8028:Eastern Pomo
8026:
8019:
8012:
7995:
7975:
7968:
7961:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7933:
7926:
7916:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7859:
7847:
7840:
7833:
7803:
7796:
7770:
7539:
7532:
7514:
7506:
7463:
7395:Sabine River
7390:Puerto Rican
7342:Plautdietsch
7276:Oral settler
7219:
7167:Mohawk Dutch
7165:
7128:
7121:
6997:Plains Miwok
6995:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6851:
6844:
6729:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6446:
6439:
6418:Eastern Pomo
6413:Central Pomo
6392:
6385:
6353:
6326:
6274:
6238:Acoma Pueblo
6206:
6199:
6192:
6182:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6027:
6022:Upper Umpqua
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5946:Upper Tanana
5916:Lower Tanana
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5815:
5775:
5713:Austronesian
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5667:Narragansett
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5568:Massachusett
5294:Dialects of
5278:are extinct.
5275:
5218:
5205:
5185:
5165:Plautdietsch
4826:Inuvialuktun
4505:
4493:. Retrieved
4478:
4465:. Retrieved
4453:
4449:
4430:. Retrieved
4426:the original
4420:
4391:
4381:November 25,
4379:, retrieved
4372:the original
4353:
4334:
4324:November 27,
4322:. Retrieved
4302:
4298:
4272:
4256:November 26,
4254:, retrieved
4239:
4222:(1): 17–44.
4219:
4215:
4190:
4171:November 27,
4169:. Retrieved
4149:
4138:November 27,
4136:. Retrieved
4116:
4104:, retrieved
4088:
4077:November 26,
4075:. Retrieved
4059:
4048:
4023:
4019:
3999:
3988:November 25,
3986:. Retrieved
3970:
3960:November 25,
3958:, retrieved
3943:
3934:Bibliography
3920:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3710:
3676:
3670:
3646:
3625:. Retrieved
3623:. 2021-09-23
3620:
3611:
3600:. Retrieved
3598:. 2021-10-29
3595:
3586:
3575:. Retrieved
3571:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3519:
3513:
3502:. Retrieved
3493:
3484:
3473:. Retrieved
3464:
3455:
3444:. Retrieved
3435:
3425:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3383:
3375:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3264:
3258:
3228:(1): 76–80.
3225:
3221:
3215:
3204:. Retrieved
3187:
3162:
3127:. Retrieved
3095:
3078:
3070:
3038:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2957:
2930:, retrieved
2926:the original
2920:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2886:
2870:
2864:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2787:
2779:
2763:
2729:
2716:
2695:
2662:(5): 464–7.
2659:
2655:
2646:
2636:November 25,
2634:. Retrieved
2620:
2596:November 25,
2594:. Retrieved
2590:the original
2565:
2558:. Retrieved
2542:
2534:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:the original
2489:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2452:
2441:. Retrieved
2432:
2423:
2341:Bahan (1996)
2260:. Retrieved
2251:
2242:
2231:
2216:
2205:. Retrieved
2200:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2158:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2132:
2115:
2053:
2039:
2029:
2009:
1994:Padden (2010
1972:
1900:
1895:onomatopoeia
1888:
1876:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1798:null subject
1795:
1791:
1788:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1696:
1686:
1682:
1679:proper nouns
1672:
1661:
1638:
1636:vocabulary.
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:morphemes).
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1557:
1499:
1492:
1464:Orientation
1423:Orientation
1380:
1322:
1314:
1308:
1285:
1270:
1238:
1222:
1204:
1173:
1161:bilingualism
1152:
1150:
1141:
1123:
1103:
1087:
1068:
1064:phonological
1059:
1050:
1027:
1018:
1010:
926:
922:
909:
900:
896:
807:
775:Burkina Faso
756:
749:
740:monolinguals
736:
728:
724:
683:
674:
654:
629:
619:
583:
563:
546:
542:
523:
491:
480:
464:
441:
381:
362:
305:
301:
300:
253:
177:(ASLwrite),
133:
15476:Open Outcry
15400:Abbé Sicard
15385:Roger Fouts
15216:Signed Oral
15155:SignWriting
15003:Orientation
14973:Linguistics
14954:Pitha Pitha
14649:New Zealand
14585:Manjiljarra
14456:El Salvador
14216:Switzerland
14126:Netherlands
13966:Azerbaijani
13908:Old Bangkok
13848:Philippines
13536:Ivory Coast
13330:Sandy River
13068:Cuban (LSC)
12957:Cayman Sign
12806:Hinono'eino
12797:Coahuilteco
12782:Anishinaabe
12743:Old Bangkok
12664:Old Kentish
12593:Beluchistan
12553:German Sign
12534:Ho Chi Minh
12458:Old Belgian
12402:Dutch (NGT)
12141:Costa Rican
12034:Irish (ISL)
11978:Paraguayan-
11769:Palestinian
11652:Manjiljarra
11647:Kartutjarra
11582:Rdaka rdaka
11576:Pitha Pitha
11356:Old Belgian
11088:Singaporean
10998:Costa Rican
10639:Inuinnaqtun
10571:Inuinnaqtun
10078:Tsimshianic
9905:Plains Cree
8754:Assiniboine
8718:Plains Cree
8708:Gros Ventre
8374:Tübatulabal
8299:Uto Aztecan
8181:Coast Miwok
7625:Hindi (0.9)
7433:Angloromani
7385:New Mexican
7314:New England
6955:Coast Miwok
6828:Tübatulabal
6760:Uto-Aztecan
6742:Tsimshianic
6731:Piro Pueblo
6651:Mitchigamea
6607:Omaha–Ponca
6572:Assiniboine
6487:Lushootseed
6339:Palaihnihan
6172:Wenrohronon
5868:Yeniseian?)
5731:Refaluwasch
5618:Gros Ventre
5003:Assiniboine
4892:Bella Coola
4811:Inuinnaqtun
4495:December 2,
4432:December 4,
4265:Lucas, Ceil
4106:December 3,
3890:(1): 1–52.
3129:December 3,
3119:"About ASL"
2989:(1): 5–40.
2858:Nyst (2010)
2433:www.unm.edu
2399:Kegl (2008)
2181:13 February
2063:Bahan (1996
1938:Inspirisles
1594:classifiers
1525:phonotactic
1240:SignWriting
1125:Tactile ASL
1117:, known as
866:Philippines
824:(alongside
779:Ivory Coast
759:West Africa
757:Throughout
590:New England
498:superstrate
412:classifiers
338:West Africa
187:SignWriting
120:French Sign
15575:Categories
15501:Protactile
15140:ASL-phabet
15124:Portuguese
15026:Sign names
15011:Expression
14939:Old French
14924:Kalkutungu
14893:Name signs
14883:Literature
14820:Venezuelan
14794:Inmaculada
14786:Paraguayan
14778:Ecuadorian
14632:Yir Yoront
14483:Protactile
14460:Salvadoran
14452:Panamanian
14439:Nicaraguan
14416:Albarradas
14387:Guatemalan
14344:Costa Rica
14339:Old Cayman
14292:Protactile
14170:Portuguese
14138:Macedonian
14114:Lithuanian
13962:Azerbaijan
13931:Vietnamese
13888:Tajikistan
13876:Sri Lankan
13775:Kazakhstan
13745:Kafr Qasem
13696:Indonesian
13398:Mofu-Gudur
13336:Salvadoran
13313:Rennellese
13300:Inmaculada
13255:Mozambican
13205:Macedonian
13175:Kata Kolok
13165:Kafr Qasim
13124:Creole HSL
12875:Tsuu T'ina
12836:Niitsítapi
12830:Ni Mii Puu
12821:Maagiadawa
12785:Apsáalooke
12711:Trascorral
12395:Dutch Sign
12198:Yogyakarta
12158:Panamanian
12116:Protactile
12074:Old French
12051:Lithuanian
12007:Francosign
11624:Yir Yoront
11611:Warramunga
11559:Kalkutungu
11515:Aboriginal
11513:Australian
11197:Lithuanian
11129:Yogyakarta
11083:Philippine
11013:Panamanian
10728:Francosign
10437:Francosign
10371:Dene Zágéʼ
10204:Francosign
9997:Halkomelem
9897:Algonquian
9745:Francosign
9677:Innu-aimun
9631:(ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ)
9604:Algonquian
9261:Holikachuk
9203:Indigenous
9133:Vietnamese
9032:Potawatomi
8903:Indigenous
8690:Algonquian
8681:Indigenous
8589:Vietnamese
8188:Lake Miwok
7885:Purisimeño
7816:Athabaskan
7780:Indigenous
7646:Urdu (0.5)
7614:Portuguese
7584:Vietnamese
7474:Protactile
7456:Francosign
7123:Chitimacha
6976:Lake Miwok
6477:Halkomelem
5973:Holikachuk
5848:Purisimeño
5593:Potawatomi
5312:Vernacular
4902:Halkomelem
4715:Athabaskan
4705:Potawatomi
4642:Algonquian
4467:January 5,
3742:(4): 415.
3627:2024-02-21
3602:2024-02-21
3577:2024-02-21
3504:2015-11-02
3475:2015-11-02
3446:2014-07-25
3206:2022-07-28
3080:Ethnologue
2932:2018-04-27
2803:2012-05-21
2560:21 October
2443:2015-11-04
2262:2021-03-08
2207:2024-09-06
2149:2015-07-23
2117:Ethnologue
2073:References
2000::17), and
1560:inflection
1554:Morphology
1456:Handshape
1415:Handshape
1292:ASL-phabet
1217:for every
1129:deaf-blind
1110:relexified
862:Madagascar
791:Mauritania
721:Population
450:, various
396:loan words
179:ASL-phabet
149:Protactile
15557:indicate
15218:Languages
15119:Ukrainian
15079:Hungarian
15064:Esperanto
14995:Handshape
14964:Warluwara
14904:languages
14888:Profanity
14851:Signalong
14816:Venezuela
14812:Uruguayan
14765:Colombian
14719:Argentina
14590:Warlmanpa
14551:Australia
14489:Blackfeet
14478:Black ASL
14435:Nicaragua
14383:Guatemala
14375:Greenland
14298:Blackfoot
14287:Black ASL
14255:North and
14246:Ukrainian
14204:Valencian
14186:Slovenian
14154:Norwegian
14110:Lithuania
14074:Icelandic
14066:Hungarian
13913:Chiangmai
13884:Taiwanese
13872:Sri Lanka
13868:Singapore
13864:Singapore
13821:Mongolian
13795:Malaysian
13692:Indonesia
13661:Hong Kong
13649:Cambodian
13606:Tanzanian
13482:By region
13038:Bhutanese
12833:Niimíipuu
12815:Karankawa
12738:Hai Phong
12733:Chiangmai
12524:Hai Phong
12516:Viet-Thai
12378:Slovenian
12347:Mongolian
12313:Hungarian
12249:Hand Talk
12216:Ethiopian
12144:Dominican
12138:Cambodian
11933:Shanghai
11763:Jordanian
11756:Levantine
11735:Levantine
11620:Yan-nhaŋu
11605:Warluwara
11599:Warlmanpa
11565:Miriwoong
11429:indicate
11396:Norwegian
11391:Icelandic
11347:Valencian
11301:Ukrainian
11281:Bulgarian
11260:Hungarian
11243:Hungarian
11152:Mongolian
11003:Dominican
10837:Proto-LSF
10767:languages
10676:Inuktitut
10590:languages
10576:Inuktitut
10381:Häł gołan
10344:languages
10263:Ukrainian
10230:and mixed
10141:Kwakʼwala
10134:Oowekyala
9958:Chilcotin
9888:languages
9709:Iroquoian
9662:Atikamekw
9595:languages
9311:Tsimshian
9281:Tanacross
9256:Deg Xinag
8941:Chickasaw
8882:Languages
8798:Immigrant
8698:Blackfoot
8473:Chimariko
8325:Kitanemuk
8281:Okwanuchu
8174:Bay Miwok
8143:Palewyami
7997:Chimariko
7942:Ramaytush
7935:Chochenyo
7906:Ventureño
7899:Barbareño
7861:Chumashan
7448:languages
7428:Spanglish
7411:languages
7337:Hutterite
7294:Louisiana
7278:languages
7195:Hand Talk
7187:languages
7142:Languages
6990:Palewyami
6941:Bay Miwok
6910:Yuk-Utian
6788:Kitanemuk
6622:Winnebago
6546:Tillamook
6374:Nez Perce
6328:Apalachee
6300:Chickasaw
6287:Muskogean
6184:Kalapuyan
6131:Tuscarora
6088:Iroquoian
5931:Tanacross
5906:Jicarilla
5881:Deg Xinag
5855:Ventureño
5827:Barbareño
5817:Chumashan
5796:Kathlamet
5788:Chinookan
5741:Tokelauan
5660:Nanticoke
5573:Menominee
5543:Blackfoot
5509:languages
5170:Ukrainian
5105:Cantonese
4970:Kwakʼwala
4869:Tuscarora
4836:Iroquoian
4816:Inuktitut
4788:Tsuutʼina
4738:Chipewyan
4733:Chilcotin
4660:Blackfoot
4655:Algonquin
4411:915119757
4311:0302-1475
4040:143557815
3884:Cognition
3851:0278-7393
3756:170784826
3196:0362-4331
3011:149249585
2903:March 19,
1953:Sign name
1883:iconicity
1879:pantomime
1873:Iconicity
1697:ASL is a
1675:borrowing
1568:agreement
1529:syllables
1521:allophony
1480:Movement
1472:Location
1439:Movement
1431:Location
1384:handshape
1329:Phonology
1215:diacritic
1184:bilingual
1071:Black ASL
932:Varieties
870:Singapore
842:Hong Kong
711:manualism
614:recessive
592:: one in
567:home sign
538:iconicity
528:(BSL) or
502:substrate
456:home sign
408:aspectual
404:agreement
392:iconicity
390:although
388:pantomime
367:(ASD) in
255:Glottolog
239:ISO 639-3
15206:Mouthing
15182:Language
15165:ASLwrite
15089:Japanese
15044:American
15016:Mouthing
15007:Movement
14999:Location
14944:Old Kent
14910:Chilmark
14846:Monastic
14799:Peruvian
14782:Paraguay
14770:Provisle
14761:Colombia
14731:Bolivian
14691:Sinasina
14535:Henniker
14495:Cheyenne
14447:Chiriqui
14408:Honduran
14404:Honduras
14274:Belizean
14182:Slovenia
14166:Portugal
14032:Ghardaia
14016:Estonian
13995:Croatian
13958:Austrian
13950:Armenian
13904:Thailand
13852:Filipino
13844:Nepalese
13829:Ghandruk
13817:Mongolia
13813:Maldives
13809:Maldives
13805:Selangor
13791:Malaysia
13763:Miyakubo
13753:Japanese
13735:Ghardaia
13645:Cambodia
13602:Tanzania
13515:Cameroon
13511:Ghardaia
13506:Algerian
13341:Sinasina
13114:Henniker
13093:Ghandruk
13033:Belizean
13016:Armenian
12979:Isolates
12926:Kalispel
12923:A'aninin
12881:Wazhazhe
12878:Umatilla
12860:Shiwinna
12851:Piipaash
12800:Dane-zaa
12794:Cheyenne
12699:Yucatec
12670:Chilmark
12604:Calcutta
12488:Malagasy
12332:Georgian
12236:Nigerian
12233:Moroccan
12222:Ghanaian
12147:Jamaican
12133:Mandalay
12122:Bolivian
12092:American
11784:Possible
11766:Lebanese
11704:Egyptian
11570:Mudburra
11536:Djingili
11498:families
11496:Language
11322:Yugoslav
11317:Croatian
11310:Yugoslav
11291:Georgian
11286:Estonian
11250:Austrian
11202:Romanian
11044:Honduran
11008:Jamaican
10993:Bolivian
10988:American
10958:Americas
10945:Tunisian
10909:Malagasy
10886:Nigerian
10881:Moroccan
10876:Ghanaian
10853:Algerian
10678:(ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ)
10376:Gwich'in
10146:Liqʼwala
10129:Heiltsuk
10119:Ditidaht
10111:Wakashan
10068:Lillooet
10063:Squamish
10014:Okanagan
10007:Scw'exmx
10002:Thompson
9984:Salishan
9973:Tsetsaut
9928:Dane-zaa
9518:Category
9446:Hawaiian
9389:Category
9301:Gwichʼin
9291:Tsetsaut
9251:Denaʼina
9152:Category
8997:Muscogee
8964:Delaware
8958:Comanche
8936:Cheyenne
8931:Cherokee
8886:Oklahoma
8839:Category
8728:Salishan
8703:Cheyenne
8630:Category
8543:Armenian
8361:Tataviam
8348:Panamint
8319:Kawaiisu
8307:Cahuilla
8267:Konomihu
8101:Penutian
8075:Kumeyaay
8014:Atsugewi
8008:Achomawi
7871:Obispeño
7695:Armenian
7668:Gujarati
7662:Japanese
7526:Isolates
7352:Alsatian
7304:Missouri
7236:Isolates
7078:Isolates
7038:Maricopa
7033:Kumeyaay
6864:Wakashan
6823:Timbisha
6818:Shoshoni
6783:Kawaiisu
6778:Ivilyuat
6768:Comanche
6539:Quinault
6512:Thompson
6502:Okanagan
6492:Nooksack
6459:Salishan
6379:Sahaptin
6355:Atsugewi
6347:Achumawi
6320:Muscogee
6315:Mikasuki
6208:Yoncalla
6158:Nottoway
6116:Onondaga
6101:Cherokee
6040:Eskaleut
6008:Tsetsaut
5891:Gwich’in
5886:Dena'ina
5841:Obispeño
5726:Hawaiian
5721:Chamorro
5681:Powhatan
5611:Etchemin
5548:Cheyenne
5517:Families
5100:Mandarin
4955:Ditidaht
4947:Wakashan
4937:Thompson
4932:Squamish
4922:shíshálh
4912:Okanagan
4907:Lillooet
4884:Salishan
4859:Onondaga
4793:Tutchone
4748:Gwichʼin
4458:Archived
4315:Archived
4271:(2003).
4187:(1979).
4165:Archived
4132:Archived
4097:archived
3979:Archived
3912:31570908
3869:19271866
3498:Archived
3469:Archived
3440:Archived
3397:Archived
3374:. 1965.
3242:11753419
3200:Archived
3123:Archived
3003:26478210
2897:Archived
2875:Archived
2772:Archived
2694:(2001).
2676:16092534
2630:Archived
2628:. 1893.
2606:cite web
2463:Archived
2437:Archived
2256:Archived
2224:Archived
2172:Archived
2059:cheremes
1948:Pointing
1906:See also
1578:and the
1505:phonemes
1396:location
1388:movement
1323:>IX=3
1288:SignFont
1277:HamNoSys
1219:phonemic
1022:—
874:Zimbabwe
822:Cambodia
814:Barbados
485:—
471:dialects
384:phonemic
269:amer1248
262:asli1244
143:Dialects
15555:Italics
15506:Tic-tac
15348:Persons
15184:contact
15133:Writing
15114:Spanish
15104:Russian
15059:Chilean
15054:Catalan
14919:Jaralde
14902:Extinct
14873:Grammar
14841:Makaton
14808:Uruguay
14774:Ecuador
14757:Chilean
14749:Ka'apor
14727:Bolivia
14545:Oceania
14431:Mexican
14421:Chatino
14400:Haitian
14329:Plateau
14259:America
14257:Central
14242:Ukraine
14238:Turkish
14212:Swedish
14199:Spanish
14194:Catalan
14178:Russian
14122:Russian
14118:Moldova
14106:Latvian
14090:Italian
14078:Ireland
14070:Iceland
14062:Hungary
14046:Germany
14024:Finnish
14020:Finland
14012:Estonia
13999:Denmark
13991:Croatia
13987:British
13974:Flemish
13970:Belgium
13954:Austria
13946:Armenia
13927:Vietnam
13892:Russian
13834:Jhankot
13787:Laotian
13740:Israeli
13722:Kurdish
13709:Persian
13678:Bengali
13657:Chinese
13641:Bengali
13622:Zambian
13614:Ugandan
13578:Senegal
13565:Nigeria
13532:Nanabin
13502:Algeria
13414:Zambian
13290:Persian
13196:Kisindo
13155:Ka'apor
13145:Jhankot
13063:Chatino
12916:Plateau
12898:Mixed,
12890:Wyandot
12884:Wichita
12872:Tháumgá
12854:Ppáⁿkka
12842:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
12818:Liksiyu
12809:Hiraacá
12788:Arikara
12655:Kentish
12597:Bengali
12507:Teknmál
12407:Gambian
12375:Serbian
12372:Kosovar
12311:Austro-
12281:Mixed,
12264:Mixed,
12247:Mixed,
12225:Guinean
12219:Chadian
12195:Jakarta
12126:Burmese
12094:(ASLic)
11791:Emirati
11709:Kuwaiti
11552:Jaralde
11427:Italics
11409:Oceania
11363:Flemish
11342:Catalan
11335:Catalan
11296:Russian
11274:Russian
11241:Austro-
11230:Cypriot
11192:Latvian
11187:Italian
11145:Russian
11126:Jakarta
11119:BISINDO
11078:Burmese
11039:Mexican
11032:Mexican
10970:Chilean
10937:Italian
10927:Gambian
10774:English
10558:English
10544:Nunavut
10460:Isolate
10414:Iñupiaq
10396:Tlingit
10391:Tā̀gish
10366:Dän kʼí
10361:Dän kʼè
10323:English
10258:Russian
10228:creoles
10224:Pidgins
10172:Kutenai
10091:Nisga'a
10086:Gitxsan
10058:Sechelt
10053:Shuswap
10031:Saanich
9948:Tlingit
9943:Tahltan
9923:Carrier
9876:English
9820:English
9792:Isolate
9722:Wyandot
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9451:English
9363:Russian
9358:Tagalog
9353:Spanish
9348:English
9271:Koyukon
9236:Tlingit
9231:Inupiaq
9216:Alutiiq
9128:Spanish
9118:English
9068:Wyandot
9061:Wichita
9054:Tonkawa
9048:Shawnee
8982:Koasati
8953:Choctaw
8916:Arapaho
8910:Alabama
8895:Italics
8810:Spanish
8785:Kutenai
8584:Tagalog
8574:Chinese
8558:Russian
8553:Punjabi
8548:Persian
8489:Takelma
8483:Salinan
8467:Esselen
8400:Nomlaki
8390:Wintuan
8354:Serrano
8257:Shastan
8243:Nisenan
8220:Maiduan
8060:Kashaya
7956:Awaswas
7892:Ineseño
7878:Cruzeño
7849:Wailaki
7835:Mattole
7771:Italics
7686:Punjabi
7674:Bengali
7650:Persian
7641:Italian
7620:Haitian
7608:Russian
7578:Tagalog
7572:Chinese
7566:Spanish
7507:Kentish
7367:Spanish
7347:Bernese
7309:Muskrat
7130:Tonkawa
7100:Siuslaw
7095:Kutenai
7058:Yavapai
7048:Quechan
7018:Cocopah
7010:Cochimí
6890:Nomlaki
6882:Wintuan
6813:Serrano
6808:O'odham
6793:Luiseño
6708:Picuris
6658:Moneton
6644:Chiwere
6637:Catawba
6587:Hidatsa
6525:Cowlitz
6482:Klallam
6423:Kashaya
6387:Klamath
6310:Koasati
6305:Choctaw
6295:Alabama
6268:Nisenan
6250:Maiduan
6219:Keresan
6136:Wyandot
6063:Alutiiq
6053:Inupiat
6029:Wailaki
6015:Tututni
5994:Mattole
5911:Koyukon
5834:Cruzeño
5769:Wichita
5759:Arikara
5751:Caddoan
5688:Quiripi
5674:Pamlico
5639:Mahican
5598:Shawnee
5578:Mi'kmaq
5538:Arapaho
5533:Abenaki
5394:Western
5389:Eastern
5285:English
5276:italics
5135:Italian
5115:Spanish
5110:Punjabi
5034:Tlingit
5029:Kutenai
5019:Beothuk
4927:Shuswap
4917:Saanich
4874:Wyandot
4821:Inupiaq
4783:Tahltan
4728:Carrier
4690:Naskapi
4680:Miꞌkmaq
4650:Abenaki
4620:English
3904:3691016
3860:3667647
3776::xxiii)
3406:1 April
3250:2745545
2881:p. 180.
2684:1704351
2500:May 24,
2490:US News
2469:May 24,
1834:(OVS).
1576:subject
1535:Grammar
1311:glossed
1083:calqued
1056:lexical
854:Jamaica
844:), the
828:), the
818:Bolivia
799:Nigeria
787:Liberia
705:of the
686:oralism
552:History
467:cognate
334:creoles
308:) is a
96:Signers
15470:Loulis
15466:Washoe
15300:Others
15099:Polish
15094:Korean
15074:German
15069:French
14914:Diyari
14878:Idioms
14735:Brazil
14704:Samoan
14666:Kailge
14610:Umpila
14555:Auslan
14518:Navajo
14502:Oneida
14498:Ojibwa
14443:Panama
14412:Mexico
14353:Brunca
14348:Bribri
14334:Cayman
14318:Quebec
14308:Oneida
14304:Ojibwa
14278:Canada
14270:Belize
14233:Mardin
14224:Turkey
14208:Sweden
14174:Russia
14162:Polish
14158:Poland
14150:Norway
14102:Latvia
14094:Kosovo
14054:Greece
14050:German
14037:French
14028:France
14003:Danish
13940:Europe
13880:Taiwan
13800:Penang
13771:Korean
13758:Koniya
13726:Israel
13673:Alipur
13637:Bengal
13618:Zambia
13610:Uganda
13590:Somali
13548:Kenyan
13519:Maroua
13496:Africa
13452:(~150)
13285:Penang
13230:M'bour
13220:Mardin
13170:Kailge
13160:Kajana
13129:Inuit
13053:Brunca
13048:Bribri
13006:Alipur
12986:Afghan
12942:Sqeliz
12827:Nakota
12705:Nohkop
12702:Chicán
12611:Nepali
12601:Bombay
12130:Yangon
11864:Samoan
11850:Fijian
11827:Auslan
11815:BANZSL
11772:Syrian
11733:Iraqi–
11724:Yemeni
11714:Libyan
11673:Meriam
11587:Umpila
11530:Diyari
11386:Danish
11378:Danish
11265:Slovak
11177:French
11165:Europe
11023:Quebec
10965:Libras
10901:Danish
10846:Africa
10779:French
10563:French
10328:French
10253:French
10156:Haisla
10048:Nuxalk
10036:Samish
10019:Sinixt
9966:Nicola
9953:Sekani
9717:Mohawk
9619:Míkmaq
9579:French
9123:German
9043:Seneca
9038:Quapaw
9013:Pawnee
9007:Ottawa
8926:Cayuga
8820:French
8815:German
8764:Lakota
8759:Stoney
8713:Ojibwe
8579:Korean
8431:Yukian
8406:Patwin
8368:Tongva
8313:Cupeño
8288:Shasta
8237:Konkow
8116:Yokuts
8070:Mojave
7977:Chalon
7970:Rumsen
7963:Mutsun
7949:Tamyen
7928:Karkin
7918:Ohlone
7824:Tolowa
7713:Hebrew
7656:Telugu
7635:Polish
7629:German
7602:Korean
7596:French
7590:Arabic
7568:(41.3)
7489:BANZSL
7418:Gullah
7405:Creole
7380:Isleño
7324:German
7286:French
7159:Michif
7071:Others
7053:Tiipai
7043:Mojave
7008:Yuman–
6895:Patwin
6853:Tongva
6846:Cupeño
6690:Tanoan
6679:Woccon
6630:Biloxi
6617:Stoney
6612:Quapaw
6602:Mandan
6597:Lakota
6582:Dakota
6564:Siouan
6507:Salish
6405:Pomoan
6394:Molala
6258:Konkow
6126:Seneca
6111:Oneida
6106:Mohawk
6096:Cayuga
5936:Tolowa
5926:Navajo
5866:Dené(–
5801:Tsinúk
5777:Kitsai
5736:Samoan
5588:Ojibwe
5583:Munsee
5130:German
5125:Arabic
5084:Michif
5069:Bungee
4993:Stoney
4985:Siouan
4960:Haisla
4864:Seneca
4854:Oneida
4849:Mohawk
4844:Cayuga
4778:Tagish
4773:Slavey
4768:Sekani
4763:Nicola
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1785:FATHER
1770:FATHER
1749:FATHER
1744:CHILD,
1706:FATHER
1693:Syntax
1584:number
1580:object
1410:THINK
1345:in ASL
1294:, and
1147:Stigma
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864:, the
801:, and
684:While
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494:creole
454:, and
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80:Canada
15326:Media
15084:Irish
14804:Sivia
14753:Chile
14696:Wanib
14671:Mehek
14637:Yolŋu
14605:Ngada
14426:Mayan
14396:Haiti
14392:Mayan
14371:Cuban
14190:Spain
14130:Dutch
14086:Italy
14082:Irish
14058:Greek
14042:Lyons
13896:Tibet
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13839:Jumla
13825:Nepal
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13749:Japan
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10919:Dutch
10863:ASLic
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10745:Inuit
10617:Inuit
10406:Inuit
10177:Haida
10041:Lummi
9992:Comox
9933:Kaska
9691:Inuit
9306:Haida
9246:Ahtna
9211:Aleut
9074:Yuchi
9026:Ponca
9002:Osage
8976:Kansa
8921:Caddo
8567:Asian
8478:Karuk
8447:Wappo
8419:Wintu
8232:Maidu
8226:Chico
8168:Miwok
8163:Wintu
8065:Washo
8003:Karuk
7988:Hokan
7842:Cahto
7805:Yurok
7798:Wiyot
7789:Algic
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7719:Khmer
7715:(0.2)
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7658:(0.5)
7652:(0.5)
7643:(0.5)
7637:(0.5)
7631:(0.9)
7622:(0.9)
7616:(0.9)
7610:(1.0)
7604:(1.1)
7598:(1.2)
7592:(1.4)
7586:(1.5)
7580:(1.7)
7574:(3.4)
7409:mixed
7357:Texas
7299:Métis
7110:Yuchi
7105:Washo
7090:Karuk
7085:Haida
6900:Wintu
6872:Makah
6838:Yaqui
6703:Kiowa
6698:Jemez
6592:Kansa
6517:Twana
6276:Chico
6263:Maidu
6121:Osage
6058:Aleut
6048:Inuit
5987:Lipan
5959:Cahto
5876:Ahtna
5764:Caddo
5702:Wiyot
5695:Unami
5603:Yurok
5525:Algic
5456:Older
5024:Haida
5012:other
4998:Sioux
4897:Comox
4803:Inuit
4758:Kaska
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1780:CHILD
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1729:topic
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1060:about
1013:world
858:Kenya
850:Gabon
838:China
783:Ghana
771:Benin
707:1960s
126:with
15528:and
15160:si5s
14790:Peru
14744:Cena
14661:Enga
14492:Cree
14367:Cuba
14301:Cree
13918:Thai
13783:Laos
13713:Iraq
13705:Iran
13688:Naga
13631:Asia
13569:Bura
13552:Mali
13458:(7+)
13260:Naga
13088:Enga
13058:Cena
12866:Taos
12812:Icāk
12803:Diné
12583:Sign
11093:Thai
11057:Asia
9654:Cree
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8769:Crow
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8081:Yana
7829:Hupa
7407:and
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7028:Ipai
6798:Mono
6773:Hopi
6723:Tewa
6718:Taos
6577:Crow
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4665:Cree
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