Abdominal obesity - Knowledge

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trial") found that long-term dietary intervention increased the waist circumference of both the intervention group and the control group, though the increase was smaller for the intervention group. The conclusion was that mean weight decreased significantly in the intervention group from baseline to year 1 by 2.2 kg (P<.001) and was 2.2 kg less than the control group change from baseline at year 1. This difference from baseline between control and intervention groups diminished over time, but a significant difference in weight was maintained through year 9, the end of the study.

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mentioned above, abdominal fat is linked with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Specifically it is the deepest layer of belly fat (the fat that cannot be seen or grabbed) that poses health risks, as these "visceral" fat cells produce hormones that can affect health (e.g. increased insulin resistance and/or breast cancer risk). The risk increases considering the fact that they are located in the proximity or in between organs in the abdominal cavity. For example, fat next to the liver drains into it, causing a

676: 946: 709: 752: 6218: 45: 1102:(that is, exercising a specific muscle or location of the body) most effectively burns fat at the desired location, but this is not the case. Spot exercise is beneficial for building specific muscles, but it has little effect, if any, on fat in that area of the body, or on the body's distribution of body fat. The same logic applies to sit-ups and belly fat. 800:(waist-to-height ratio, WHtR), where a ratio of >=0.5 (i.e. a waist circumference at least half of the individual's height) is predictive of increased risk. Another diagnosis of obesity is the analysis of intra-abdominal fat having the most risk to one's personal health. The increased amount of fat in this region relates to the higher levels of 387:. Alzheimer's disease and abdominal obesity has a strong correlation and with metabolic factors added in, the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease was even higher. Based on logistic regression analyses, it was found that obesity was associated with an almost 10-fold increase risk of Alzheimer's disease. 1157:

health care costs in women and men respectively. To put this in perspective, a woman with a waistline of 95 cm (approx 37.4 in) and without underlying health problems or co-morbidities can incur economic costs that are 22%, or US$ 397, higher per year than a woman with a normal waist circumference.

431:. Once dyslipidemia becomes a severe problem, an individual's abdominal cavity would generate elevated free fatty acid flux to the liver. The effect of abdominal adiposity occurs not just in those who are obese, but also affects people who are non-obese and it also contributes to insulin sensitivity. 356:

levels, which in turn directly correlate to insulin resistance. Studies have also confirmed a direct correlation between resistin levels and T2DM. And it is waistline adipose tissue (central obesity) which seems to be the foremost type of fat deposits contributing to rising levels of serum resistin.

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Self-motivation by understanding the risks associated with abdominal obesity is widely regarded as being far more important than worries about cosmetics. In addition, understanding the health issues linked with abdominal obesity can help in the self-motivation process of losing the abdominal fat. As

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A permanent routine of exercise, eating healthily, and, during periods of being overweight, consuming the same number or fewer calories than used will prevent and help fight obesity. A single pound of fat yields approximately 3500 calories of energy (32 000 kJ energy per kilogram of fat), and weight

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Based on studies, it is evident that obesity has a strong association with vascular and metabolic disease which could potentially be linked to Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have also shown an association between mid-life obesity and dementia, but the relationship between later life obesity and

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due to a reduction in chest expansion that is caused both by the weight on the chest itself and the effect of abdominal obesity on flattening the diaphragm. It is commonly seen that people who are obese breathe quickly and often, while inhaling small volumes of air. People with obesity are also more

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risk in women and men. It has been hypothesized that the sex differences in fat distribution may explain the sex difference in coronary heart disease risk. Even with the differences, at any given level of central obesity measured as waist circumference or waist to hip ratio, coronary artery disease

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is directly associated with waist circumference and with a higher risk of abdominal obesity in men, but not in women. After controlling for energy under-reporting, which have slightly attenuated these associations, it was observed that increasing alcohol consumption significantly increased the risk

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Researchers in Copenhagen examined the relationship between waist circumferences and costs among 31,840 subjects aged 50–64 years of age with different waist circumferences. Their study showed that an increase in just an additional centimetre above normal waistline caused a 1.25% and 2.08% rise in

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drinking. However, there is little scientific evidence that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity, despite its being known colloquially as "beer belly", "beer gut", or "beer pot". One of the few studies conducted on the subject did not find that beer drinkers are more prone to central

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may not be an effective long-term intervention for obesity: as Bacon and Aphramor wrote, "The majority of individuals regain virtually all of the weight that was lost during treatment." The Women's Health Initiative ("the largest and longest randomized, controlled dietary intervention clinical

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While central obesity can be obvious just by looking at the naked body (see the picture), the severity of central obesity is determined by taking waist and hip measurements. The absolute waist circumference 102 centimetres (40 in) in men and 88 centimetres (35 in) in women and the

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have a positive dose-dependent relationship with both abdominal obesity and general obesity in both men and women. Consuming a diet rich in unprocessed food and minimally processed food is linked with lower obesity risk, lower waist circumference and less chronic disease. These findings are

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connected with cardiovascular disease than was general obesity. In the late 1980s and early 1990s insightful and powerful imaging techniques were discovered that would further help advance the understanding of the health risks associated with body fat accumulation. Techniques such as

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suggests that combining cardiovascular (aerobic) exercise with resistance training is more effective than cardiovascular training alone in getting rid of abdominal fat. An additional benefit to exercising is that it reduces stress and insulin levels, which reduce the presence of

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is associated with abdominal obesity, blood lipid disorders, inflammation, insulin resistance, full-blown diabetes, and increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It is now generally believed that intra-abdominal fat is the depot that conveys the biggest health risk.

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of exceeding recommended energy intakes in male participants – but not in the small number of female participants (2.13%) with elevated alcohol consumption, even after establishing a lower number of drinks per day to characterize women as consuming a high quantity of alcohol.

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in obese patients. They found that it actually appears to be a factor linked with the presence of knee pain as well as osteoarthritis in obese study subjects. Ghroubi et al. (2007) concluded that a high abdominal circumference is associated with great functional repercussion.

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Romero-Corral, A. Somers, V. Lopez-Jimenez, F. Korenfeld, Y. Palin, S. Boelaert, K. Boarin, S. Sierra-Johnson, J. Rahim, A. (2008) 3-D Body Scanner, Body Volume Index: A Novel, Reproducible and Automated Anthropometric Tool Associated with Cardiometabolic Biomarkers

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defined central obesity based on these various race and gender specific cutoffs. The other limitation of waist circumference is that it the measurement procedure has not been standardized and in children there are no, or few, comparison standards or reference data.

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is present as children's fat cells mature, it makes more of these cells mature into fat cells in the abdominal region. It also caused both visceral fat and subcutaneous fat to be less sensitive to insulin. These effects were not attenuated when compared to similar

816:, which measures central obesity by measuring a person's body shape and their weight distribution. The effect of abdominal adiposity occurs not just in those who are obese, but also affects people who are non-obese and it also contributes to insulin sensitivity. 848:

Parikh et al. looked at the average heights of various races and suggested that by using ICO various race- and gender-specific cutoffs of waist circumference can be discarded. An ICO cutoff of 0.53 was suggested as a criterion to define central obesity. Parikh

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intake and general obesity or abdominal obesity at low or moderate intake levels (under ~500 mL/day). However, high beer intake (above ~4 L/wk) appeared to be associated with a higher degree of abdominal obesity specifically, particularly among men.

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Misra A, Wasir JS, Vikram NK, Pandey RM, Kumar P (June 2010). "Cutoffs of abdominal adipose tissue compartments as measured by magnetic resonance imaging for detection of cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy adult Asian Indians in North India".

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Males are more susceptible to upper-body fat accumulation, most likely in the belly, due to sex hormone differences. When comparing the body fat of men and women it is seen that men have close to twice the visceral fat as that of pre-menopausal women.

840:. Misra et al. suggested that these cutoffs are not applicable among Indians and the cutoffs be lowered to 90 cm (35 in) and 80 cm (31 in) for males and females. Various race specific cutoffs were suggested by different groups. The 1591:

Expert Panel On Detection E (May 2001). "Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)".

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Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant D, for the Conference Participants. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to

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The prevalence of abdominal obesity is increasing in Western populations, possibly due to a combination of low physical activity and high-calorie diets, and also in developing countries, where it is associated with the urbanization of populations.

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Sit-ups will make your abdominal muscles stronger, sure. And, you may look thinner by building your abdominal muscles because you can hold in your belly fat better. But strengthening your stomach muscles alone will not specifically reduce belly

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Fujinami A, Obayashi H, Ohta K, Ichimura T, Nishimura M, Matsui H, et al. (January 2004). "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for circulating human resistin: resistin concentrations in normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes".

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is known as central obesity, the "pot belly" or "beer belly" effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. This body type is also known as "apple shaped", as opposed to "pear shaped" in which fat is deposited on the hips and buttocks.

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Valsamakis G, McTernan PG, Chetty R, Al Daghri N, Field A, Hanif W, et al. (April 2004). "Modest weight loss and reduction in waist circumference after medical treatment are associated with favorable changes in serum adipocytokines".

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Duman BS, Turkoglu C, Gunay D, Cagatay P, Demiroglu C, Buyukdevrim AS (2003). "The interrelationship between insulin secretion and action in type 2 diabetes mellitus with different degrees of obesity: evidence supporting central obesity".

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from industrial oils has been associated with increased abdominal obesity in men and increased weight and waist circumference in women. These associations were not attenuated when fat intake and calorie intake was accounted for. Greater

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dementia is less clear. A study by Debette et al. (2010) examining over 700 adults found evidence to suggest higher volumes of visceral fat, regardless of overall weight, were associated with smaller brain volumes and increased risk of

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A large central adiposity deposit has been assigned many common use names, including "spare tire", "love handle", "paunch", and "potbelly". Several colloquial terms used to refer to central obesity, and to people who have it, refer to

1078:, and therefore may be prescribed for diabetics with central obesity. Thiazolidinedione has been associated with heart failure and increased cardiovascular risk; so it has been withdrawn from the market in Europe by EMA in 2010. 747:

standard). BMI will illustrate the best estimate of one's total body fatness, while waist measurement gives an estimate of visceral fat and risk of obesity-related disease. It is recommended to use both methods of measurements.

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Smith SC, Haslam D (January 2007). "Abdominal obesity, waist circumference and cardio-metabolic risk: awareness among primary care physicians, the general population and patients at risk--the Shape of the Nations survey".

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Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. (2004). "Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study".

450:(2023) found that high levels of visceral fat were related to poorer cognitive performance. The findings suggest that maintaining a healthy weight and metabolic health may be important for preserving cognitive function. 565:

threshold of approximately 10 g has been achieved is inversely related to the percentage of central abdominal fat. Quality protein uptake is defined as the ratio of essential amino acids to daily dietary protein.

6258: 6246: 2271:"Resistin and type 2 diabetes: regulation of resistin expression by insulin and rosiglitazone and the effects of recombinant resistin on lipid and glucose metabolism in human differentiated adipocytes" 812:(1998) review. An increasing acceptance of the importance of central obesity within the medical profession as an indicator of health risk has led to new developments in obesity diagnosis such as the 5609:"Health Canada Endorsed Important Safety Information on MERIDIA (Sibutramine Hydrochloride Monohydrate): Subject: Voluntary withdrawal of Meridia (sibutramine) capsules from the Canadian market" 369:

Developing asthma due to abdominal obesity is also a main concern. As a result of breathing at low lung volume, the muscles are tighter and the airway is narrower. Obesity causes decreased

1891:"Changes in glycemia by leptin administration or high- fat feeding in rodent models of obesity/type 2 diabetes suggest a link between resistin expression and control of glucose homeostasis" 1971:

Lee JH, Bullen JW, Stoyneva VL, Mantzoros CS (March 2005). "Circulating resistin in lean, obese, and insulin-resistant mouse models: lack of association with insulinemia and glycemia".

526:) consumption has also been positively associated with greater weight gain, and specifically abdominal obesity, even when accounting for calories. Conversely, studies suggest that oily 342:, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, which is found in lower concentration in obese and diabetic individuals has shown to be beneficial and protective in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 836:

Adult Treatment Panel III suggested cutoff of 102 cm (40 in) and 88 cm (35 in) for males and females as a marker of central obesity. The same was used in defining

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Elbers JM, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, Gooren LJ (February 1999). "Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals".

1018: 3090:"Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men" 977:

loss is achieved by reducing energy intake, or increasing energy expenditure, thus achieving a negative balance. Adjunctive therapies which may be prescribed by a physician are

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Carey DG, Campbell LV, Chisholm DJ (1996). "Is visceral fat (intra-abdominal and hepatic) a major determinant of gender differences in insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia?".

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BMI and waist measurements are well recognized ways to characterize obesity. However, waist measurements are not as accurate as BMI measurements. Waist measurement (

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Recent validation has concluded that total and regional body volume estimates correlate positively and significantly with biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and that

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and this difference was statistically significant. In other words, excessive waist circumference appears to be more of a risk factor for metabolic syndrome than

330:. Central obesity is known to predispose individuals for insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called 542:

consistent among American, Canadian, Latin American, Australian, British, French, Spaniard, Swedish, South Korean, Chinese and Sub-Saharan African populations.

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to determine whether a significant relationship between alcohol consumption and abdominal obesity exists among women who consume higher amounts of alcohol.

3843:"Ultra-processed food intake in association with BMI change and risk of overweight and obesity: A prospective analysis of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort" 5288: 4175:

Ibrahim IA, Abd El-Aziz MF, Ahmed AF, Mohamed MA (2011). "Is the effect of high fat diet on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism related to inflammation?".

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created by the visceral fat cells will go into the liver and accumulate there. In the liver, most of it will be stored as fat. This concept is known as '

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likely to be hospitalized for asthma. A study has stated that 75% of patients treated for asthma in the emergency room were either overweight or obese.

1035:, which is a risk factor for insulin resistance, setting the stage for type 2 diabetes. However, visceral fat is more responsive to the circulation of 5686:"Increased dietary protein and combined high intensity aerobic and resistance exercise improves body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors" 4925: 4061:"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Associated with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Adults—Results from China Health and Nutrition Survey 1997–2011" 858: 781: 530:

consumption is negatively associated with total body fat and abdominal fat distribution even when body mass remains constant. Similarly, increased

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HSTAT: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 3rd Edition: Recommendations and Systematic Evidence Reviews, Guide to Community Preventive Services

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Researchers first started to focus on abdominal obesity in the 1980s when they realized it had an important connection to cardiovascular disease,

3131:"Effect of trans fatty acid intake on abdominal and liver fat deposition and blood lipids: a randomized trial in overweight postmenopausal women" 6075:"Economic costs of abdominal obesity"; Højgaard, Betina and Olsen, Kim Rose and Søgaard, Jes and Sørensen, Thorkild I A and Gyrd-Hansen, Dorte; 4602: 6553: 4721:"Waist Circumference, Body Mass Index, and Other Measures of Adiposity in Predicting Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Peruvian Adults" 2310:

Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, et al. (January 2001). "The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes".

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Parikh RM, Joshi SR, Pandia K (December 2009). "Index of central obesity is better than waist circumference in defining metabolic syndrome".

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Thomson CC, Clark S, Camargo CA (September 2003). "Body mass index and asthma severity among adults presenting to the emergency department".

1664:"Informativeness of indices of blood pressure, obesity and serum lipids in relation to ischaemic heart disease mortality: the HUNT-II study" 3892:

Sandoval-Insausti H, Jiménez-Onsurbe M, Donat-Vargas C, Rey-García J, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillón P (August 2020).

2975:"Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: role of uric acid in the hypertensive response" 348:

is a major feature of diabetes mellitus type 2, and central obesity is correlated with both insulin resistance and T2DM itself. Increased

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Reardon T, Tschirley D, Liverpool-Tasie LS, Awokuse T, Fanzo J, Minten B, Vos R, Dolislager M, Sauer C, Dhar R, Vargas C (1 March 2021).

985:, although the latter has been associated with increased cardiovascular events and strokes and has been withdrawn from the market in the 5652: 5504: 5412:

Barrett-Connor E (January 1997). "Sex differences in coronary heart disease. Why are women so superior? The 1995 Ancel Keys Lecture".

4562:"Value of the sagittal abdominal diameter in coronary heart disease risk assessment: cohort study in a large, multiethnic population" 274:

made it possible to categorize mass of adipose tissue located at the abdominal level into intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat.

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Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III Final Report)

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Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III Final Report)

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consumption is correlated with lower amounts of abdominal fat in postmenopausal women even when calorie consumption is controlled.

5557: 720:(BMI) under 35, intra-abdominal body fat is related to negative health outcomes independent of total body fat. Intra-abdominal or 6104:

Index of Central Obesity as a Parameter to Evaluate Metabolic Syndrome for White, Black, and Hispanic Adults in the United States

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http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2010/09/news_detail_001119.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1

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Li C, Ford ES, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH (2007). "Increasing trends in waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults".

5022:"Is waist to height ratio a better and more practical measure of obesity to assess cardiovascular or diabetes risk in indians?" 4853: 4524: 3517:"Effects of Soy on Body Composition: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial among Iranian Elderly Women with Metabolic Syndrome" 833: 5240:"Body Image for Women: Conceptualization, Assessment, and a Test of its Importance to Sexual Dysfunction and Medical Illness" 4505: 3708: 306:(see below). With an increase in the waist to hip ratio and overall waist circumference the risk of death increases as well. 5447: 5530: 5735:"Combined effects of aerobic exercise and diet on lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis" 5097: 796:. Another measure of central obesity which has shown superiority to BMI in predicting cardiovascular disease risk is the 5608: 3360:"Some dietary factors can modulate the effect of the zinc transporters 8 polymorphism on the risk of metabolic syndrome" 6563: 6222: 3417:"Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults" 1847:"Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging: an adipokine-mediated process?" 6312: 5582: 5021: 841: 404: 4653: 4630: 4310: 3700:

Ultra-processed food and drink products in Latin America: Sales, sources, nutrient profiles, and policy implications

1778:"Adiponectin as a Protective Factor Against the Progression Toward Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal Women" 6372: 5314: 3894:"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Is Associated with Abdominal Obesity: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults" 2709:

Bujalska IJ, Kumar S, Stewart PM (April 1997). "Does central obesity reflect "Cushing's disease of the omentum"?".

5883:"Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial" 4381:"Is beer consumption related to measures of abdominal and general obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2680: 2153:"Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance" 5296: 3468:"Effect of a daily supplement of soy protein on body composition and insulin secretion in postmenopausal women" 609:

A systemic review and meta-analysis failed to find data pointing towards a dose-dependent relationship between

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Fonseca V (December 2003). "Effect of thiazolidinediones on body weight in patients with diabetes mellitus".

4863: 4534: 6527: 2754:"Abdominal obesity increases metabolic risk factors in non-obese adults: a Hungarian cross-sectional study" 687:

Absolute waist circumference (>102 cm (40 in) in men and >88 cm (35 in) in women)

6397: 5098:"Body-mass index, waist-size, waist–hip ratio and cardiovascular risk factors in urban subejcts [ 3784:"Ultra-processed food consumption and indicators of obesity in the United Kingdom population (2008-2016)" 824:

Index of Central Obesity (ICO) is the ratio of waist circumference and height first proposed by a Parikh

702: 699:(waist circumference divided by their height, >0.5 for adults under 40 and >0.6 for adults over 50) 121: 4457:"Abdominal obesity: the most prevalent cause of the metabolic syndrome and related cardiometabolic risk" 957: 6568: 2752:

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between the ages of 50 and 79 years now exceed the waist circumference threshold for central obesity.

693:(the circumference of the waist divided by that of the hips of >0.9 for men and >0.85 for women) 6357: 5684:

Arciero PJ, Gentile CL, Martin-Pressman R, Ormsbee MJ, Everett M, Zwicky L, Steele CA (August 2006).

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Abdominal obesity is linked with higher cardiovascular events among South Asian ethnic population.

6169:"Waist-to-height ratio, an optimal predictor for obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults" 3129:

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Ghroubi et al. (2007) examined whether abdominal circumference is a more reliable indicator than

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declines, fat at their buttocks, hips, and thighs decreases while fat at their belly increases.

6558: 6502: 5697: 5180:"Sex differences in the relation of visceral adipose tissue accumulation to total body fatness" 4867: 4538: 1640: 1338:"Visceral and central abdominal fat and anthropometry in relation to diabetes in Asian Indians" 929: 869: 765: 725: 696: 165: 161: 4379:

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23/09/2010 European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim

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Ghroubi S, Elleuch H, Guermazi M, Kaffel N, Feki H, Abid M, et al. (November 2007). "".

1183: 876: 784:(NHANES III), waist circumference explained obesity-related health risk better than BMI when 648: 627: 538: 416: 262: 125: 113: 5659: 4210:

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2112:"Regulation of resistin expression and circulating levels in obesity, diabetes, and fasting" 2014:

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1169:, the branch of medicine that deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity 1111: 777: 764:(>0.9 for men and >0.85 for women) are both used as measures of central obesity. A 761: 736: 690: 598: 439: 424: 267: 183: 105: 4127: 3977: 3944: 3799: 3592: 3557: 3375: 3229:"Trans fat diet induces abdominal obesity and changes in insulin sensitivity in monkeys" 2892: 2323: 2072: 1626: 1553: 1136:

obesity than nondrinkers or drinkers of wine or spirits. Chronic alcoholism can lead to

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calculations correlate significantly with all biomarkers of cardiovascular risk.

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Abdominal obesity is typically associated with a statistically higher risk of

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The currently prevalent belief is that the immediate cause of obesity is net

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to such an extent that it is likely to harm its bearer's health. Abdominal

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standard) is more prone to errors than measuring height and weight (

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Visceral fat cells will release their metabolic by-products in the

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There are numerous theories as to the exact cause and mechanism in

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Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids

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Overweight teenage boy holding his excess abdominal fat

5095: 4888: 3840: 2751: 2309: 2109: 1175:, the term describing the localized loss of fat tissue 361:

with decreased adiposity following medical treatment.

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The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India

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Obesity plays an important role in the impairment of

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Conversely, serum resistin levels have been found to

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Archived from 3028:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2874: 2681:"Bulging belly now could mean dementia later" 2533: 1498: 898:is believed to cause fat to be stored in the 864:This parameter has been used in the study of 768:includes distinguishing central obesity from 641:-disrupting chemicals may be important also. 489:, is related to the excessive consumption of 477:than it expends, wastes, or discards through 6173:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 6166: 6060: 5089: 5013: 4882: 4806: 4763: 4553: 4519: 4517: 4007: 3696: 1725:Ghoshal K, Bhattacharyya M (February 2015). 473:imbalance—the organism consumes more usable 6123: 6022:"Beer and obesity: a cross-sectional study" 5585:. Abbott Laboratories. 2010. Archived from 5063:Veigas NM, Dharmalingam, Marcus SR (2011). 4944: 4674: 3178:Micha R, Mozaffarian D (1 September 2008). 2804: 1879: 1370: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 819: 724:has a particularly strong correlation with 557:diets. It has also been shown that quality 423:(PCOS). Central obesity is associated with 35:Central obesity, truncal obesity; see also 6313: 6299: 5184:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5056: 3323:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3282:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3094:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2938:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2881:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1295:Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1074:may cause slight weight gain but decrease 43: 6184: 6141: 6107:(Master's thesis). 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"Abdominal Obesity". 1620: 1533: 1088: 933:rates are identical in men and women. 834:National Cholesterol Education Program 780:of 15,000 people participating in the 651:, also leads to central obesity. Many 592: 377: 225:. Visceral fat is composed of several 6554:Medical conditions related to obesity 6294: 6124:Lee K, Song YM, Sung J (April 2008). 5019: 4725:International Journal of Hypertension 4594: 4419: 4058: 2848: 1098:There is a common misconception that 626:Other environmental factors, such as 399:, a group of diseases that is either 390: 5830:Bacon L, Aphramor L (January 2011). 5533:from the original on 25 January 2010 5507:from the original on 11 October 2010 5488: 4678:Current Medical Research and Opinion 4652:. Health.harvard.edu. Archived from 3021: 2875:Stanhope KL, Havel PJ (March 2010). 1499:Cameron AJ, Zimmet PZ (April 2008). 940: 419:and is also common in patients with 403:, or due to secondary causes (often 395:Central obesity can be a feature of 4650:"Abdominal obesity and your health" 3024:"The not-so-sweet side of fructose" 921:50% of men and 70% of women in the 415:). Central obesity is a symptom of 36: 13: 6094: 6063:"Why the beer belly may be a myth" 5930:from the original on 23 March 2008 5145:The American Journal of Physiology 2666:"'Beer belly' link to Alzheimer's" 882: 14: 6580: 6210: 3646:Canadian Journal of Public Health 2491:Experimental Biology and Medicine 2157:European Journal of Endocrinology 1518:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.775080 1125: 842:International Diabetes Federation 221:, which is found interspersed in 6373:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome 6216: 6069: 6061:Staff writer (12 October 2003). 6054: 6013: 5946: 5915: 5874: 5808: 5786:The American Journal of Medicine 5777: 5726: 5677: 5645: 5623: 5601: 5575: 5572:2010-01-21. 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Archived from 4481: 4448: 4372: 4322: 4303: 4252: 4203: 4168: 4103: 4052: 4001: 3936: 3885: 3834: 3775: 3724: 3690: 3633: 3608: 3549: 3508: 3459: 3408: 3351: 3310: 3269: 3220: 3171: 3122: 3081: 3056: 3015: 2966: 2925: 2868: 2842: 2745: 2672: 2658: 2605: 2562: 2536:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2527: 2478: 2442: 2401: 2354: 2303: 2262: 2226: 2185: 2144: 2103: 2048: 2007: 1964: 1923: 1838: 1818: 1769: 1718: 1704: 1655: 1633: 280: 186:show a strong association with 5611:. Hc-sc.gc.ca. 14 October 2010 1630:Circulation. 2004;109:433-438. 1584: 1492: 1457: 1435:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.08.001 1410: 1329: 1016:A 2006 study published in the 1: 6101:Griesemer RL (25 July 2008). 5788:. 115 Suppl 8A (8): 42S–48S. 5529:. BBC News. 22 January 2010. 5287:Andrews M (1 December 2006). 5032:: 202–3, author reply 203–4. 4997:. Obesity Prevention Source. 4965:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67402-8 4928:. Obesity Prevention Source. 4864:National Institutes of Health 4535:National Institutes of Health 4422:Current Opinion in Lipidology 4338:European Journal of Nutrition 2723:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11222-8 2464:10.1016/j.metabol.2003.11.022 2379:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08836-0 1478:10.1016/S1098-3597(08)60025-3 1472:(1): 23–29, discussion 30–1. 1249:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9 1213: 936: 914:and the estrogen produced by 487:decreased insulin sensitivity 5922:Jensen M (19 January 2007). 5794:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.005 5450:. Webmd.com. 6 November 2009 4498:10.1007/978-1-4419-7034-3_17 3860:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003256 3809:10.1371/journal.pone.0232676 2828:10.1016/j.annrmp.2007.03.005 2679:Mitchell S (26 March 2008). 1151: 1140:, symptoms of which include 808:as per studies mentioned by 755:A man with abdominal obesity 670: 160:has been strongly linked to 7: 6398:Obesity and the environment 6320: 4059:Li M, Shi Z (August 2021). 3196:10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.008 1864:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2951 1794:10.1097/md.0000000000001347 1160: 1114:are useful in building the 703:Sagittal Abdominal Diameter 321: 122:Polycystic ovarian syndrome 10: 6585: 4265:Nutrition & Metabolism 3750:10.1038/s41387-020-00141-0 3658:10.17269/s41997-018-0130-x 3384:10.1038/s41598-017-01762-9 2683:. NBC News. Archived from 2248:10.1016/j.cccn.2003.09.009 2211:10.2337/diabetes.52.7.1611 2129:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1671 1985:10.1152/ajpendo.00184.2004 1713:Obesity A Research Journal 1355:10.2337/diacare.27.12.2948 604:Further research is needed 462: 272:magnetic resonance imaging 6564:Classification of obesity 6443: 6358:Classification of obesity 6328: 6232: 6186:10.1007/s12603-010-0106-x 5256:10.1080/00224499109551619 5082:10.2478/v10011-011-0006-6 4350:10.1007/s00394-007-0674-7 4189:10.1007/s12349-011-0056-9 4136:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100466 3961:10.1017/S1368980015000506 3575:10.1017/S1368980017000234 3319:"Reply to A Astrup et al" 2771:10.1186/s12889-019-7839-1 1731:World Journal of Diabetes 1680:10.1007/s10654-011-9572-7 453: 421:polycystic ovary syndrome 364: 101: 77: 65: 51: 42: 31: 26: 6109:Georgia State University 5390:10.1161/01.cir.81.5.1710 4690:10.1185/030079906X159489 4474:10.1093/eurheartj/sul002 3737:Nutrition & Diabetes 3135:Nutrition & Diabetes 2849:Dolan EW (4 June 2023). 2668:. BBC News. 20 May 2010. 2503:10.1177/1535370214525302 1606:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 1093: 820:Index of central obesity 798:Index of Central Obesity 336:impair glucose tolerance 197:, is located inside the 56:Height: 185 cm/6 ft 1 in 52:An abdominous obese male 6383:Anti-obesity medication 6039:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601678 5712:10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.373 5501:The Wall Street Journal 5426:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.252 5371:Wingard DL (May 1990). 5244:Journal of Sex Research 5020:Joshi PP (March 2008). 4467:(Supplements): B4–B12. 3949:Public Health Nutrition 3562:Public Health Nutrition 3472:Fertility and Sterility 3336:10.3945/ajcn.110.000786 3295:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28713 2583:10.1378/chest.124.3.795 1144:(enlarged breasts) and 597:A study has shown that 551:carbohydrate metabolism 458: 352:(obesity) raises serum 5849:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9 4461:European Heart Journal 3434:10.1186/1550-2783-7-31 3041:10.1681/asn.2009010104 3022:Choi ME (March 2009). 2288:10.1210/jc.2003-030898 1949:10.1210/jc.2002-021808 1384:Coronary Heart Disease 930:coronary heart disease 870:cardiovascular disease 766:differential diagnosis 756: 726:cardiovascular disease 713: 680: 577:. Thus, the excess of 446:Research published in 263:metabolic dysfunctions 162:cardiovascular disease 54:Weight: 182 kg/400 lbs 6418:Obesity and sexuality 6388:Management of obesity 5900:10.1001/jama.295.1.39 5197:10.1093/ajcn/58.4.463 4904:10.1089/met.2009.0046 4832:10.1089/met.2008.0102 4278:10.1186/1743-7075-9-5 4229:10.1096/fj.04-2640fje 3107:10.1093/ajcn/78.4.719 2951:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.911 2170:10.1530/eje.0.1490331 1744:10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.151 1184:Normal weight obesity 877:normal weight obesity 754: 711: 678: 539:ultra-processed foods 126:Prader-Willi syndrome 37:§ Colloquialisms 6225:at Wikimedia Commons 6143:10.1038/oby.2007.109 5350:10.1038/oby.2007.505 5317:on 28 September 2011 4490:Obesity Before Birth 4116:Global Food Security 3246:10.1038/oby.2007.200 2992:10.1038/ijo.2009.259 2427:10.1210/jc.87.5.2407 2033:10.1038/oby.2004.118 1908:10.1210/en.2003-1679 1466:Clinical Cornerstone 1208:adipose degeneration 563:essential amino acid 247:adipose visceral fat 201:, packed in between 6393:Obesity and walking 6363:Genetics of obesity 5752:10.1155/2012/985902 5566:Abbott Laboratories 5470:"Weight Management" 5299:on 24 October 2007. 4995:"Measuring Obesity" 4738:10.4061/2011/931402 4128:2021GlFS...2800466R 3800:2020PLoSO..1532676R 3376:2017NatSR...7.1649H 3147:10.1038/nutd.2010.4 2893:2010NYASA1190...15S 2622:Annals of Neurology 2324:2001Natur.409..307S 2081:10.1038/nature01137 2073:2002Natur.420..333H 1828:Diabetes Butr Metab 1643:. Americanheart.org 1562:10.1038/nature05488 1554:2006Natur.444..881D 1453:– via PubMed. 1192:, hanging belly fat 1112:abdominal exercises 1089:Society and culture 1042:In the presence of 910:. When women reach 697:Waist-stature ratio 599:alcohol consumption 593:Alcohol consumption 440:knee osteoarthritis 438:or the presence of 425:glucose intolerance 405:protease inhibitors 378:Alzheimer's disease 268:computed tomography 195:intra-abdominal fat 184:waist circumference 166:Alzheimer's disease 106:Sedentary lifestyle 6368:Obesity and cancer 5926:. Mayoclinic.com. 5739:Journal of Obesity 5589:on 14 October 2010 5476:on 9 February 2013 5124:on 12 October 2017 5044:on 11 October 2017 4636:2013-03-15 at the 4579:10.1093/aje/kwj341 4455:Després J (2006). 4316:2013-03-15 at the 4078:10.3390/nu13082796 4027:10.3390/nu13020698 3911:10.3390/nu12082368 3364:Scientific Reports 1204:fatty degeneration 1072:Thiazolidinediones 1064:antidiabetic drugs 1052:thiazolidinediones 956:. You can help by 866:metabolic syndrome 855:metabolic syndrome 838:metabolic syndrome 830:metabolic syndrome 786:metabolic syndrome 757: 714: 681: 653:prescription drugs 649:Cushing's syndrome 571:portal circulation 485:dysregulation and 417:Cushing's syndrome 391:Other health risks 346:Insulin resistance 334:that may possibly 308:Metabolic syndrome 300:insulin resistance 114:Cushing's syndrome 6569:Tissues (biology) 6536: 6535: 6378:Bariatric surgery 6343:Abdominal obesity 6338:Childhood obesity 6288: 6287: 6223:Abdominal obesity 6221:Media related to 5836:Nutrition Journal 5289:"A Matter of Fat" 5001:. 21 October 2012 4959:(9491): 1059–62. 4932:. 21 October 2012 4784:10.1586/erc.10.38 4507:978-1-4419-7033-6 4385:Nutrition Reviews 3955:(17): 3096–3107. 3710:978-92-75-12032-3 2758:BMC Public Health 2634:10.1002/ana.22062 1429:(11): 1068–1075. 1307:10.1159/000094586 1116:abdominal muscles 974: 973: 814:Body Volume Index 637:in the diet, and 219:intramuscular fat 199:peritoneal cavity 174:vascular diseases 134:Abdominal obesity 131: 130: 27:Abdominal obesity 21:Medical condition 6576: 6408:Parental obesity 6315: 6308: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6230: 6229: 6220: 6206: 6188: 6163: 6145: 6120: 6117:10.57709/1062268 6088: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5937: 5935: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5861: 5851: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5764: 5754: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5705: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5573: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5295:. Archived from 5284: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5199: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5120:. Archived from 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5040:. Archived from 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4999:hsph.harvard.edu 4991: 4985: 4984: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4930:hsph.harvard.edu 4922: 4916: 4915: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4815: 4804: 4803: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4750: 4740: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4656:on 15 March 2013 4646: 4640: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4607:. 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2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2791: 2773: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2717:(9060): 1210–3. 2706: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2687:on 18 March 2015 2676: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2645: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2514: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2429: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2373:(9322): 2002–3. 2358: 2352: 2351: 2332:10.1038/35053000 2318:(6818): 307–12. 2307: 2301: 2300: 2290: 2281:(12): 6098–106. 2266: 2260: 2259: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2213: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2172: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2131: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2035: 2020:Obesity Research 2011: 2005: 2004: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1951: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1910: 1886: 1877: 1876: 1866: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1805: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1756: 1746: 1722: 1716: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1691: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1637: 1631: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1520: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1379: 1368: 1367: 1357: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1290: 1279: 1278: 1260: 1243:(9438): 937–52. 1231: 969: 966: 948: 941: 788:was taken as an 716:In those with a 663:, can also have 645:Hypercortisolism 628:maternal smoking 465:Diet and obesity 211:subcutaneous fat 209:, as opposed to 136:, also known as 47: 24: 23: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6503:Pacific islands 6439: 6403:Obesity paradox 6324: 6319: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6241: 6213: 6097: 6095:Further reading 6092: 6091: 6074: 6070: 6059: 6055: 6018: 6014: 6002: 6000: 5998:Merriam-Webster 5992: 5983: 5981: 5979:Merriam-Webster 5973: 5964: 5962: 5960:Merriam-Webster 5954: 5951: 5947: 5933: 5931: 5920: 5916: 5879: 5875: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5782: 5778: 5731: 5727: 5703:10.1.1.517.3533 5682: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5410: 5406: 5369: 5365: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5285: 5281: 5236: 5232: 5217: 5213: 5176: 5172: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5094: 5090: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5018: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4851: 4847: 4816: 4807: 4768: 4764: 4717: 4713: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4638:Wayback Machine 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4599: 4595: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4486: 4482: 4453: 4449: 4418: 4414: 4377: 4373: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4318:Wayback Machine 4308: 4304: 4257: 4253: 4208: 4204: 4173: 4169: 4108: 4104: 4057: 4053: 4006: 4002: 3941: 3937: 3890: 3886: 3853:(8): e1003256. 3839: 3835: 3794:(5): e0232676. 3780: 3776: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3695: 3691: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3554: 3550: 3513: 3509: 3464: 3460: 3413: 3409: 3356: 3352: 3315: 3311: 3274: 3270: 3225: 3221: 3190:(3–5): 147–52. 3176: 3172: 3127: 3123: 3086: 3082: 3072: 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397:lipodystrophies 393: 380: 367: 328:type 2 diabetes 324: 304:type 2 diabetes 288: 283: 245:. An excess of 223:skeletal muscle 203:internal organs 188:type 2 diabetes 142:truncal obesity 138:central obesity 59:Body mass index 57: 55: 53: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6582: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6295: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6270: 6255: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233:Classification 6227: 6226: 6212: 6211:External links 6209: 6208: 6207: 6164: 6121: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6068: 6053: 6032:(10): 1250–3. 6012: 6010: 6009: 5990: 5971: 5945: 5914: 5873: 5819: 5807: 5776: 5725: 5676: 5665:on 11 May 2011 5644: 5622: 5600: 5574: 5560:2012-07-19 at 5544: 5518: 5487: 5461: 5439: 5404: 5363: 5344:(1): 216–224. 5328: 5302: 5279: 5250:(3): 457–477. 5230: 5211: 5170: 5151:(2): E317-25. 5135: 5088: 5055: 5012: 4986: 4943: 4917: 4881: 4870:on 24 May 2005 4845: 4805: 4762: 4711: 4667: 4641: 4622: 4611:on 4 July 2009 4593: 4572:(12): 1150–9. 4552: 4541:on 24 May 2005 4513: 4506: 4480: 4447: 4412: 4371: 4321: 4302: 4251: 4202: 4183:(3): 203–209. 4167: 4102: 4051: 4000: 3935: 3884: 3833: 3774: 3723: 3709: 3689: 3632: 3607: 3548: 3507: 3478:(6): 1609–17. 3458: 3407: 3350: 3309: 3288:(2): 398–407. 3268: 3239:(7): 1675–84. 3219: 3170: 3121: 3080: 3055: 3014: 2965: 2924: 2867: 2841: 2803: 2744: 2698: 2671: 2657: 2604: 2577:(3): 795–802. 2561: 2526: 2477: 2441: 2400: 2353: 2302: 2261: 2242:(1–2): 57–63. 2225: 2184: 2143: 2102: 2047: 2006: 1979:(3): E625-32. 1963: 1942:(11): 5452–5. 1922: 1901:(5): 2206–13. 1878: 1857:(10): 2951–8. 1837: 1817: 1768: 1717: 1703: 1654: 1632: 1619: 1583: 1532: 1511:(13): 1624–6. 1491: 1456: 1409: 1390:(8): 469–471. 1369: 1328: 1280: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1198:, also called 1193: 1187: 1181: 1176: 1170: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1127: 1126:Colloquialisms 1124: 1120:adipose tissue 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1037:catecholamines 972: 971: 951: 949: 938: 935: 884: 881: 821: 818: 706: 705: 700: 694: 688: 672: 669: 619: 616: 594: 591: 553:shown in high- 516:processed meat 460: 457: 455: 452: 392: 389: 379: 376: 366: 363: 323: 320: 287: 284: 282: 279: 239:adipose tissue 227:adipose depots 129: 128: 103: 99: 98: 81: 75: 74: 69: 63: 62: 49: 48: 40: 39: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6581: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559:Medical signs 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6529: 6528:United States 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6435:Overnutrition 6433: 6431: 6430:Social stigma 6428: 6424: 6423:Fat fetishism 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6413:Infectobesity 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6136:(4): 834–40. 6135: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6077:Obesity facts 6072: 6064: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6016: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5942: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5696:(4): 373–92. 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5661: 5654: 5648: 5632: 5626: 5610: 5604: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5571: 5570:Press release 5567: 5563: 5562:archive.today 5559: 5556: 5548: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5420:(1): 252–64. 5419: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5383:(5): 1710–2. 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5293:Yahoo! Health 5290: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5078: 5075:(2): 115–20. 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4778:(5): 639–44. 4777: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4344:(7): 369–76. 4343: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216:FASEB Journal 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3847:PLOS Medicine 3844: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3100:(4): 719–27. 3099: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2985:(3): 454–61. 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2944:(5): 911–22. 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2703: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2667: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2628:(2): 136–44. 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2542:(1): 83–102. 2541: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2204:(7): 1611–8. 2203: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2122:(7): 1671–9. 2121: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2026:(6): 962–71. 2025: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895:Endocrinology 1892: 1885: 1883: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1834:(4): 243–250. 1833: 1829: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1788:(33): e1347. 1787: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1737:(1): 151–66. 1736: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674:(6): 457–61. 1673: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1642: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:Diabetes Care 1339: 1332: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:spot exercise 1086: 1083: 1082:Low-fat diets 1079: 1077: 1073: 1070:derivatives. 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056:rosiglitazone 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 968: 959: 955: 952:This section 950: 947: 943: 942: 934: 931: 926: 924: 923:United States 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 888: 880: 878: 873: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 846: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 817: 815: 811: 810:Eric Poehlman 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 753: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 710: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 685: 684: 677: 668: 666: 662: 658: 657:dexamethasone 654: 650: 647:, such as in 646: 642: 640: 636: 633: 629: 624: 618:Other factors 615: 612: 607: 605: 600: 590: 588: 584: 580: 579:triglycerides 576: 572: 567: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 503: 502:consumption. 501: 496: 495:free fructose 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 466: 451: 449: 444: 441: 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 407:, a group of 406: 402: 398: 388: 386: 375: 372: 371:tidal volumes 362: 360: 355: 351: 347: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 319: 317: 312: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 292:heart disease 286:Heart disease 278: 275: 273: 269: 264: 260: 256: 251: 248: 244: 243:perirenal fat 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 84:Heart disease 82: 80: 79:Complications 76: 73: 72:Endocrinology 70: 68: 64: 60: 50: 46: 41: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 6513:Saudi Arabia 6445:Epidemiology 6342: 6272: 6257: 6245: 6179:(9): 782–5. 6176: 6172: 6133: 6129: 6103: 6076: 6071: 6056: 6029: 6025: 6015: 6001:. Retrieved 5997: 5982:. Retrieved 5978: 5963:. Retrieved 5959: 5956:"spare tire" 5948: 5939: 5932:. Retrieved 5917: 5893:(1): 39–49. 5890: 5886: 5876: 5839: 5835: 5810: 5785: 5779: 5742: 5738: 5728: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5667:. Retrieved 5660:the original 5647: 5635:. Retrieved 5625: 5613:. Retrieved 5603: 5591:. Retrieved 5587:the original 5577: 5568:in Germany. 5547: 5535:. Retrieved 5521: 5509:. Retrieved 5500: 5490: 5478:. Retrieved 5474:the original 5464: 5452:. Retrieved 5442: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5319:. Retrieved 5315:the original 5305: 5297:the original 5292: 5282: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5190:(4): 463–7. 5187: 5183: 5173: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5126:. Retrieved 5122:the original 5109: 5105: 5099: 5091: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5046:. Retrieved 5042:the original 5029: 5025: 5015: 5003:. Retrieved 4998: 4989: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4934:. Retrieved 4929: 4920: 4898:(3): 243–7. 4895: 4891: 4884: 4872:. 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