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that follow the beam, it is possible for it to interact with any electrical impedance in the walls of the beam pipe. This may be in the form of a resistive impedance (i.e., the finite resistivity of the beam pipe material) or an inductive/capacitive impedance (due to the geometric changes in the beam
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A typical machine may use many different types of measurement device in order to measure different properties. These include (but are not limited to) Beam
Position Monitors (BPMs) to measure the position of the bunch, screens (fluorescent screens, Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) devices) to image
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While many of these devices rely on well understood technology, designing a device capable of measuring a beam for a particular machine is a complex task requiring much expertise. Not only is a full understanding of the physics of the operation of the device necessary, but it is also necessary to
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Engineers will provide the physicists with expected tolerances for the alignment and manufacture of each component to allow full physics simulations of the expected behaviour of the machine under these conditions. In many cases it will be found that the performance is degraded to an unacceptable
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There are many different software packages available for modeling the different aspects of accelerator physics. One must model the elements that create the electric and magnetic fields, and then one must model the charged particle evolution within those fields.
262:(a strong warping of the electromagnetic field of the beam) that can interact with later particles. Since this interaction may have negative effects, it is studied to determine its magnitude, and to determine any actions that may be taken to mitigate it.
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This may require many simulations of different error conditions in order to determine the relative success of each tuning algorithm, and to allow recommendations for the collection of algorithms to be deployed on the real machine.
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operate using time-varying fields. To control this fields using hollow macroscopic structures through which the particles are passing (wavelength restrictions), the frequency of such acceleration fields is located in the
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Errors in the alignment of components, field strength, etc., are inevitable in machines of this scale, so it is important to consider the tolerances under which a machine may operate.
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The experiments conducted with particle accelerators are not regarded as part of accelerator physics, but belong (according to the objectives of the experiments) to, e.g.,
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level, requiring either re-engineering of the components, or the invention of algorithms that allow the machine performance to be 'tuned' back to the design level.
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at high voltages. Furthermore, due to electrostatic fields being conservative, the maximum voltage limits the kinetic energy that is applicable to the particles.
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the profile of the bunch, wire-scanners to measure its cross-section, and toroids or ICTs to measure the bunch charge (i.e., the number of particles per bunch).
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are re-focused to the design orbit. For preliminary calculations, neglecting all fields components higher than quadrupolar, an inhomogenic
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624:; e.g., a quadrupolar field is analogous to a lens in geometrical optics, having similar properties regarding beam focusing (but obeying
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The space around a particle beam is evacuated to prevent scattering with gas atoms, requiring it to be enclosed in a vacuum chamber (or
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with different properties and functions. An important step in the development of these types of accelerators was the understanding of
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A vital component of any accelerator are the diagnostic devices that allow various properties of the particle bunches to be measured.
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Success of the full range of beam diagnostics often underpins the success of the machine as a whole.
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fields that deflect particles. In most accelerator concepts (excluding compact structures like the
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may be used to construct an integrator with a high degree of accuracy.
939:. Graduate Texts in Physics. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
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for acceleration of ultrarelativistic particles from the TESLA project
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such as average energy, particle type, intensity, and dimensions.
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Due to the high velocity of the particles, and the resulting
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the relative deviation from the design beam impulse
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908:Advances of accelerator physics and technologies
836:"Theory of the alternating-gradient synchrotron"
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998:Handbook of accelerator physics and engineering
631:The general equations of motion originate from
124:(for acceleration/deflection structures in the
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878:Particle Accelerator Physics: An Introduction
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1134:BNL page on The Alternating Gradient Concept
995:Chao, Alex W.; Tigner, Maury, eds. (2013).
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1124:United States Particle Accelerator School
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806:Learn how and when to remove this message
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769:This article includes a list of general
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243:region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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1359:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
493:can be used as an approximation, with
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1063:Chao, Alex W.; Chou, Weiren (2013).
1036:Chao, Alex W.; Chou, Weiren (2014).
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258:These impedances will induce
142:(laser-particle interaction).
936:Particle Accelerator Physics
905:Schopper, Herwig F. (1993).
736:Category:Accelerator physics
622:Ray transfer matrix analysis
236:linear particle accelerators
234:To circumvent this problem,
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1444:Quantum information science
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328:are used for correction of
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1275:Classical electromagnetism
933:Wiedemann, Helmut (2015).
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557:{\displaystyle \Delta p/p}
370:Hill differential equation
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1129:UCB/LBL Beam Physics site
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656:Accelerator Physics Codes
150:digital signal processing
1381:Condensed matter physics
172:condensed matter physics
970:Lee, Shyh-Yuan (2004).
882:Oxford University Press
790:more precise citations.
592:the design path length
255:pipe's cross section).
64:more precise citations.
1465:Nobel Prize in Physics
1327:Relativistic mechanics
863:10.1006/aphy.2000.6012
640:Paraxial approximation
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582:{\displaystyle \rho }
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250:). Due to the strong
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101:particle accelerators
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1094:. World Scientific.
1067:. World Scientific.
1040:. World Scientific.
911:. World Scientific.
726:Particle accelerator
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519:{\displaystyle k(s)}
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229:electrical breakdown
148:with an emphasis on
134:with an emphasis on
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1404:Atmospheric physics
1243:Classical mechanics
1171:branches of physics
973:Accelerator physics
945:2015pap..book.....W
855:2000AnPhy.281..360C
568:radius of curvature
146:Computer technology
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1460:History of physics
688:Machine tolerances
626:Earnshaw's theorem
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1391:Interdisciplinary
1349:Quantum mechanics
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1082:978-981-4449-94-6
1055:978-981-4583-24-4
1020:978-981-4417-17-4
987:978-981-256-200-5
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1419:Geophysics
1409:Biophysics
1253:Analytical
1206:Approaches
796:March 2012
771:references
752:References
654:See also:
330:dispersion
270:See also:
260:wakefields
190:See also:
45:references
1369:Molecular
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1263:Continuum
1258:Celestial
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1235:Classical
1178:Divisions
1029:108427390
577:ρ
541:Δ
469:Δ
460:ρ
332:effects.
302:cyclotron
248:beam pipe
924:March 9,
704:See also
306:betatron
1453:Related
1337:General
1332:Special
1190:Applied
941:Bibcode
851:Bibcode
784:improve
530:effects
214:niobium
128:range).
58:improve
1364:Atomic
1319:Modern
1169:Major
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660:Geant4
286:, and
217:cavity
202:, and
132:Optics
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1025:S2CID
839:(PDF)
589:, and
337:orbit
1290:Wave
1185:Pure
1104:ISBN
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926:2012
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886:ISBN
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