1544:
22:
1583:
2516:
2528:
891:
883:
625:
1353:
1163:
183:(550–330 BCE), the influence of Persian culture reached across the state. Like earlier periods, relatively few records of music survive. The ethnomusicologist
629:
1510:
1258:
187:
describes the dire situation: "the
Achaemenian dynasty, with all its grandeur and glory, has left us nothing to reveal the nature of its musical culture".
994:
1178:
821:
718:
1328:
1318:
1148:
1138:
138:
are dated; it is possible that these instruments existed long before their visual depictions. Later surviving instruments include bull lyres from
1298:
1288:
123:
The earliest music in Persia is difficult to pinpoint, due to a paucity of extant records. Persian music has existed in Persia since at least
2282:
1158:
1532:
1143:
1323:
1243:
1153:
85:
1293:
2380:
2325:
1843:
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1999:
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344:
2558:
1567:
1913:
1765:
1525:
1408:
942:(1997). "To Tune a String: Dichotomies and Diffusions between the Near and Far East". In Magnusson, Börje (ed.).
368:
1597:
1853:
533:
1804:
1383:
171:
from 1st-century BCE, include sophisticated
Persian court ensembles, in which the arched harp is central.
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2004:
1942:
537:
109:
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2010:
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204:
21:
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1263:
1253:
857:
754:
8:
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2088:
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1661:
914:
199:. Most knowledge on the Achaemenid musical culture comes from ancient Greek historians.
113:
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2224:
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1892:
1858:
1607:
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1453:
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73:
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1967:
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1198:
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180:
61:
41:
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2017:
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1934:
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1208:
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1103:
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also mentions female singers when noting that 329 of them had been taken from the
2252:
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1470:
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65:
45:
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1755:
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168:
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135:
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241:. These female musicians may have been a precursor to the later Islamic
100:. A further source of unification arose from the widespread adoption of
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was first developed by at least this period, later flourishing in the
1770:
1413:
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227:
209:
105:
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634:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 2. Hoboken:
255:
217:
2181:
1668:
1654:
1093:
146:
89:
2303:
408:, §4 "1st millennium BCE: (iii) Achaemenid period, 550–331 BCE".
2137:
1620:
1418:
1373:
1218:
1128:
1098:
1065:
1042:
250:
26:
2244:
1627:
1309:
1189:
765:(1957). "The Parthian Gōsān and Iranian Minstrel Tradition".
270:
242:
213:
68:
from 550 BCE to 330 BCE. It arose from the conquests of
49:
2129:
428:
353:, §2 "3rd millennium BCE: (ii) Bull lyres, (iii) Trumpets".
226:, mentioning the presence of many female singers at court.
163:
BCE, which seem to have been popular with the upper class.
131:
261:
The influence of
Persian musical culture spread as far as
948:
Beyond
Terminum Vagari: A study in honor of Carl Nylander
476:
944:
Vltra
Terminvm Vagari: studi in onore di Carl Nylander
464:
418:
416:
414:
377:, §4 "1st millennium BCE: (i) Elamite harp ensembles".
134:
period, from when the earliest artistic depictions of
2504:
500:
452:
310:
308:
884:"Western Influences on the Early Chinese Qin-Zither"
581:. Washington D.C.: Mage Publishers. pp. 31–56.
258:
were prominent and of considerable status in court.
869:
807:
411:
380:
320:
820:
717:
440:
305:
892:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
2540:
488:
108:a few centuries earlier. The empire fell to the
48:, lasted from 550 BCE to 330 BCE, in which
628:. In Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (eds.).
546:(Loeb Classical Library ed.). Cambridge:
16:Music of the Achaemenid Empire (550 – 330 BCE)
2319:
1526:
1002:
988:
2283:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
631:A Companion To The Achaemenid Persian Empire
341:, §2 "3rd millennium BCE: (i) Arched harps".
273:-Zither is adorned with Achaemenid imagery.
2326:
2312:
1533:
1519:
995:
981:
656:(2000). "Strings". In So, Jenny F. (ed.).
212:noted that Achaemenid priests did not use
1033:
938:
910:Music and Song in Persia: The Art of Avaz
878:
864:
652:
528:
506:
482:
458:
405:
374:
362:
350:
338:
299:
682:Classical Persian Music: An Introduction
220:reflected on his visit to Persia in the
20:
841:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13895
738:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05284
86:largest empire by that point in history
2541:
903:
623:
595:
569:
446:
422:
386:
365:, §3 "2nd millennium BCE: (ii) Lutes".
326:
314:
2307:
1514:
976:
761:
678:
470:
434:
1307:
1187:
768:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
712:
602:The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music
494:
116:, under whose successors formed the
870:Lawergren, Farhat & Blum (2001)
13:
2157:Persepolis Administrative Archives
932:
14:
2575:
2333:
216:music in their ceremonies, while
2526:
2514:
1581:
1542:
573:(1991). "Historical Survey". In
248:Later Persian texts assert that
76:, was named for their mythical
1598:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
950:]. Rome: Edizioni Quasar.
1:
1854:Scythian campaign of Darius I
1766:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
868:(2001). "I. Pre-Islamic". In
658:Music in the Age of Confucius
577:; Mirabdolbaghi, Zia (eds.).
542:. Vol. 1. Translated by
276:
157:
156:, and much later, lutes from
150:
139:
124:
55:
30:
1844:Conquest of the Indus Valley
1805:Battle of the Persian Border
1384:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
858:UK public library membership
755:UK public library membership
281:
104:as set forth by the prophet
84:. At its height, it was the
7:
2005:Wars of Alexander the Great
174:
10:
2580:
2060:Battle of the Persian Gate
1702:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1169:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni
777:Cambridge University Press
626:"Poetry, Music, and Dance"
607:Cambridge University Press
516:
2488:
2462:
2426:
2341:
2275:
2193:
2097:
2071:
1948:Wars of the Delian League
1784:
1738:
1639:
1590:
1579:
1555:
1487:
1462:
1396:
1366:
1231:
1116:
1084:
1055:
1026:
1018:Persian traditional music
1008:
1003:Medieval Perso-Arab music
785:10.1017/S0035869X0010735X
556:
269:from the 2nd Century BCE
189:Persian traditional music
52:played a prominent role.
29:metal trumpet, dating to
2559:Music history by country
2000:Second conquest of Egypt
1831:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
1677:Palace of Darius in Susa
1478:Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir
1429:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
687:Harvard University Press
579:The Art of Persian Music
548:Harvard University Press
539:The History of Herodotus
521:
36:of the Achaemenid Empire
2152:Districts of the Empire
1954:Battle of the Eurymedon
1872:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
1849:First conquest of Egypt
833:Oxford University Press
730:Oxford University Press
662:Smithsonian Institution
2267:Seven Achaemenid clans
2039:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
2025:Siege of Halicarnassus
2011:Battle of the Granicus
1444:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
913:. Abingdon-on-Thames:
638:. pp. 1417–1422.
624:Jacobs, Bruno (2021).
437:, pp. 28–30, 150.
237:by Macedonian general
37:
1995:Great Satraps' Revolt
1914:Destruction of Athens
1900:Battle of Thermopylae
1751:Old Persian cuneiform
1439:Safi al-Din al-Urmawi
534:"Book 1: Chapter 132"
64:was a major state of
24:
2293:Cappadocian calendar
1907:Battle of Artemisium
1812:Lydian-Persian Wars
1761:Behistun Inscription
1573:History of democracy
1354:Sarirah al-Ra’iqiyya
1264:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi
1254:Ulayya bint al-Mahdi
915:Taylor & Francis
679:Zonis, Ella (1973).
302:, §1 "Introduction".
88:, spanning from the
2369:Ancient Tamil music
2089:Peace of Antalcidas
2053:Battle of Gaugamela
1662:Gate of All Nations
114:Alexander the Great
44:, a major state of
1943:Babylonian revolts
1893:Battle of Marathon
1859:Greco-Persian Wars
1608:Achaemenid coinage
1495:Islamic Golden Age
1454:Abu Ahmad Monajjem
1349:Arib al-Ma'muniyya
1334:Inan bint Abdallah
1249:Ibrahim al-Mawsili
828:Grove Music Online
725:Grove Music Online
664:. pp. 65–86.
38:
2554:Achaemenid Empire
2502:
2501:
2494:Prehistoric music
2475:1st millennium BC
2470:2nd millennium BC
2301:
2300:
1968:Battle of Cyzicus
1962:Peloponnesian War
1928:Battle of Plataea
1921:Battle of Salamis
1824:Battle of Thymbra
1697:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1549:Achaemenid Empire
1508:
1507:
1392:
1391:
1362:
1361:
1227:
1226:
1199:Atika bint Shuhda
1112:
1111:
1080:
1079:
1051:
1050:
957:978-88-7140-118-8
924:978-1-136-81487-7
856:(subscription or
850:978-1-56159-263-0
753:(subscription or
747:978-1-56159-263-0
696:978-0-674-13435-5
671:978-0-295-97953-3
645:978-1-119-07165-5
616:978-0-521-54206-7
588:978-0-934211-22-2
544:Rawlinson, George
473:, pp. 20–21.
181:Achaemenid Empire
62:Achaemenid Empire
42:Achaemenid Empire
2571:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2454:Seikilos epitaph
2449:Oxyrhynchus hymn
2328:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2288:Xanthian Obelisk
2261:
2247:
2233:
2219:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2146:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2084:Peace of Callias
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2018:Siege of Miletus
2013:
1989:
1987:Battle of Cnidus
1976:Battle of Cunaxa
1970:
1956:
1937:
1935:Battle of Mycale
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1886:Siege of Eretria
1881:
1874:
1867:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1817:Battle of Pteria
1807:
1800:
1746:Achaemenid music
1729:
1722:
1715:
1707:Tombs at Xanthos
1671:
1664:
1657:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1585:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1364:
1363:
1344:Faḍl al-Shāʻirah
1305:
1304:
1284:Allawayh al-Asar
1279:Ishaq al-Mawsili
1185:
1184:
1082:
1081:
1053:
1052:
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997:
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154: 2200–1750
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128: 3300–3100
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74:familial dynasty
35:
32:
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2079:Earth and water
2067:
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2051:
2044:
2037:
2032:Battle of Issus
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
1985:
1966:
1952:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1803:
1798:Battle of Hyrba
1796:
1780:
1734:
1725:
1720:Nereid Monument
1718:
1711:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1635:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1586:
1577:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1509:
1504:
1483:
1471:Kitab al-Aghani
1458:
1388:
1367:Andalusian-Arab
1358:
1303:
1223:
1183:
1108:
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1022:
1004:
1001:
958:
935:
933:Further reading
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118:Seleucid Empire
70:Cyrus the Great
58:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2500:
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2483:
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2480:1st millennium
2477:
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2444:Katolophyromai
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2250:
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2222:
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2220:
2208:
2203:
2197:
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2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2101:
2099:
2098:Administration
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1981:Corinthian War
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1879:Battle of Lade
1875:
1868:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:Battle of Opis
1836:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1792:Persian Revolt
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1776:Cyrus Cylinder
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:Tomb of Payava
1723:
1716:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Naqsh-e Rostam
1689:
1687:Persian column
1684:
1679:
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1500:Hind bint Utba
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1329:Milh Al-Attara
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:Mansour Zalzal
1266:
1261:
1259:Yaḥya al-Makki
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:
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1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1209:Djamila/Jamila
1206:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1149:Hunain al-Hiri
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
992:
985:
977:
971:
970:
956:
934:
931:
930:
929:
923:
901:
876:
875:
874:
849:
813:Farhat, Hormoz
805:
759:
746:
719:"Central Asia"
709:
708:
702:
701:
695:
676:
670:
660:. Washington:
650:
644:
621:
615:
597:Farhat, Hormoz
593:
587:
566:
565:
558:
555:
553:
552:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
512:
511:
507:Lawergren 2003
499:
487:
483:Lawergren 2000
475:
463:
459:Herodotus 1920
451:
439:
427:
410:
406:Lawergren 2001
391:
379:
375:Lawergren 2001
367:
363:Lawergren 2001
355:
351:Lawergren 2001
343:
339:Lawergren 2001
331:
319:
304:
300:Lawergren 2001
286:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
254:poet-musician
197:Sasanian music
176:
173:
102:Zoroastrianism
57:
54:
34: 500 BCE
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2576:
2565:
2564:Music of Iran
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:By millennium
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Hurrian songs
2437:
2435:
2434:Delphic Hymns
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:Ancient music
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:Chapar Khaneh
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:Siege of Gaza
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:Ionian Revolt
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:Tomb of Cyrus
1680:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:Apadana hoard
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Oxus Treasure
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1299:Ibn al-Tahhan
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Amr ibn Banah
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Azza al-Mayla
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1179:Malik al-Ta'i
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:Sa'ib Khathir
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
979:
978:
975:
967:
963:
959:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Lawergren, Bo
937:
936:
926:
920:
916:
912:
911:
906:
905:Miller, Lloyd
902:
898:
894:
893:
885:
881:
880:Lawergren, Bo
877:
871:
867:
866:Lawergren, Bo
863:
862:
859:
852:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
823:
818:
817:Blum, Stephen
814:
810:
809:Lawergren, Bo
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
749:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
720:
715:
714:Blum, Stephen
711:
710:
707:
704:
703:
698:
692:
688:
685:. Cambridge:
684:
683:
677:
673:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:Lawergren, Bo
651:
647:
641:
637:
633:
632:
627:
622:
618:
612:
608:
605:. Cambridge:
604:
603:
598:
594:
590:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
560:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
531:
527:
526:
508:
503:
496:
491:
485:, p. 77.
484:
479:
472:
467:
460:
455:
448:
443:
436:
431:
424:
419:
417:
415:
407:
402:
400:
398:
396:
389:, p. 10.
388:
383:
376:
371:
364:
359:
352:
347:
340:
335:
329:, p. 39.
328:
323:
316:
311:
309:
301:
296:
294:
292:
287:
274:
272:
268:
264:
263:Ancient China
259:
257:
253:
252:
246:
244:
240:
236:
233:
232:King of Kings
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:Hormoz Farhat
182:
172:
170:
166:
148:
145:, small Oxus
137:
133:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Ancient Egypt
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
53:
51:
47:
43:
28:
23:
19:
2492:Preceded by
2427:Extant music
2385:
1745:
1641:Architecture
1476:
1469:
1308:
1188:
1064:
1034:
947:
943:
909:
896:
890:
826:
772:
766:
723:
705:
681:
657:
630:
601:
578:
575:During, Jean
571:During, Jean
562:
538:
502:
490:
478:
466:
454:
442:
430:
425:, p. 3.
382:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
317:, p. 3.
260:
249:
247:
221:
203:
201:
178:
165:Rock reliefs
136:arched harps
122:
98:Indus Valley
92:to Northern
66:ancient Iran
59:
46:ancient Iran
39:
18:
2349:Mesopotamia
2211:Mithridatic
1756:Old Persian
1563:Family tree
1409:Al-Sarakhsi
763:Boyce, Mary
447:Jacobs 2021
423:Farhat 2004
387:Miller 2012
327:During 1991
315:Miller 2012
245:tradition.
179:During the
169:Kul-e Farah
161: 1300
143: 2450
130:BCE of the
2543:Categories
2386:Achaemenid
2231:Cappadocia
2225:Ariarathid
2201:Achaemenid
2162:Royal Road
2109:Pasargadae
1713:Harpy Tomb
1649:Persepolis
1397:Theorists
1174:Ibn Muhriz
1159:Ibn Surayj
1139:Ibn Misjaḥ
1035:Achaemenid
1013:Arab music
831:. Oxford:
728:. Oxford:
471:Boyce 1957
435:Zonis 1973
277:References
267:tuning peg
235:Darius III
223:Cyropaedia
193:golden age
82:Achaemenes
80:-ancestor
78:progenitor
56:Background
2342:By region
2206:Pharnacid
2194:Dynasties
2138:Satrapies
2104:Capitals
2072:Diplomacy
1771:Ganjnameh
1414:Al-Farabi
1144:al-Gharid
966:246052568
899:: 79–109.
860:required)
801:161761104
779:: 10–45.
757:required)
532:(1920) .
530:Herodotus
495:Blum 2001
282:Citations
256:minstrels
239:Parmenion
228:Athenaeus
210:Herodotus
205:Histories
110:conquests
106:Zoroaster
2396:Sasanian
2391:Parthian
2354:Hittites
2239:Lygdamid
2175:Angarium
2116:Ecbatana
1568:Timeline
1449:Ibn Kurr
1434:Avempace
1424:Avicenna
1404:Al-Kindi
1379:Avempace
1339:Shāriyah
1324:Mahbubah
1274:Mukhariq
1244:Ibn Jami
1154:Algharid
1086:Sasanian
1072:Rhoptron
1057:Parthian
907:(2012).
882:(2003).
819:(2001).
793:25201987
716:(2001).
706:Articles
599:(2004).
218:Xenophon
175:Overview
147:trumpets
96:and the
72:, whose
2507:Portals
2276:Related
2259:Armenia
2253:Orontid
2182:Angarum
2144:Armenia
2123:Babylon
1785:Warfare
1739:Culture
1669:Tachara
1655:Apadana
1556:History
1488:Related
1232:Abbasid
1214:Hababah
1117:Umayyad
1094:Bamshad
1027:Origins
775:(1–2).
517:Sources
202:In his
90:Balkans
2418:Celtic
2403:Greece
2381:Persia
2217:Pontus
1621:Danake
1419:Ziryab
1374:Ziryab
1294:Jahzah
1219:Ubayda
1164:Ma'bad
1129:Nashit
1124:Ṭuways
1104:Nagisa
1099:Barbad
1043:Karnay
964:
954:
921:
847:
822:"Iran"
799:
791:
744:
693:
668:
642:
613:
585:
557:Modern
265:; the
27:Karnay
2533:Music
2376:China
2364:India
2359:Egypt
2245:Caria
1628:Daric
1463:Works
1319:Irfan
1310:Qiyan
1239:Siyat
1190:Qiyan
1066:gōsān
946:[
887:(PDF)
797:S2CID
789:JSTOR
636:Wiley
563:Books
522:Early
271:guqin
251:gōsān
243:Qiyan
214:aulos
149:from
50:music
2521:Iran
2413:Maya
2408:Rome
2130:Susa
962:OCLC
952:ISBN
919:ISBN
845:ISBN
742:ISBN
691:ISBN
666:ISBN
640:ISBN
611:ISBN
583:ISBN
132:Elam
60:The
40:The
1591:Art
837:doi
781:doi
734:doi
195:of
167:of
112:of
2545::
960:.
917:.
897:75
895:.
889:.
843:.
835:.
825:.
815:;
811:;
795:.
787:.
773:89
771:.
740:.
732:.
722:.
689:.
609:.
536:.
413:^
394:^
307:^
290:^
208:,
158:c.
151:c.
140:c.
125:c.
120:.
31:c.
25:A
2509::
2327:e
2320:t
2313:v
1534:e
1527:t
1520:v
996:e
989:t
982:v
968:.
927:.
872:.
853:.
839::
803:.
783::
750:.
736::
699:.
674:.
648:.
619:.
591:.
550:.
509:.
497:.
461:.
449:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
