Sonar - Knowledge

620:(PZT), and the frequency was lowered to 5 kHz. The US fleet used this material in the AN/SQS-23 sonar for several decades. The SQS-23 sonar first used magnetostrictive nickel transducers, but these weighed several tons, and nickel was expensive and considered a critical material; piezoelectric transducers were therefore substituted. The sonar was a large array of 432 individual transducers. At first, the transducers were unreliable, showing mechanical and electrical failures and deteriorating soon after installation; they were also produced by several vendors, had different designs, and their characteristics were different enough to impair the array's performance. The policy to allow repair of individual transducers was then sacrificed, and "expendable modular design", sealed non-repairable modules, was chosen instead, eliminating the problem with seals and other extraneous mechanical parts. 1564: 1818: 1785:. The original systems were terminated at classified shore stations designated Naval Facility (NAVFAC) explained as engaging in "ocean research" to cover their classified mission. The system was upgraded multiple times with more advanced cable allowing the arrays to be installed in ocean basins and upgraded processing. The shore stations were eliminated in a process of consolidation and rerouting the arrays to central processing centers into the 1990s. In 1985, with new mobile arrays and other systems becoming operational the collective system name was changed to Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS). In 1991 the mission of the system was declassified. The year before IUSS insignia were authorized for wear. Access was granted to some systems for scientific research. 428:

started an attack from a position between the directing ship and the target. This attack was controlled by radio telephone from the directing ship, based on their ASDIC and the range (by rangefinder) and bearing of the attacking ship. As soon as the depth charges had been released, the attacking ship left the immediate area at full speed. The directing ship then entered the target area and also released a pattern of depth charges. The low speed of the approach meant the submarine could not predict when depth charges were going to be released. Any evasive action was detected by the directing ship and steering orders to the attacking ship given accordingly. The low speed of the attack had the advantage that the

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dictates that it is more important to determine the position of a hostile submarine than conceal their own position. With surface ships, it might be assumed that the threat is already tracking the ship with satellite data as any vessel around the emitting sonar will detect the emission. Having heard the signal, it is easy to identify the sonar equipment used (usually with its frequency) and its position (with the sound wave's energy). Active sonar is similar to radar in that, while it allows detection of targets at a certain range, it also enables the emitter to be detected at a far greater range, which is undesirable.

2030:. Fixed to the headline of the net, the footrope can usually be seen which gives an indication of the net performance. Any fish passing into the net can also be seen, allowing fine adjustments to be made to catch the most fish possible. In other fisheries, where the amount of fish in the net is important, catch sensor transducers are mounted at various positions on the cod-end of the net. As the cod-end fills up these catch sensor transducers are triggered one by one and this information is transmitted acoustically to display monitors on the bridge of the vessel. The skipper can then decide when to haul the net. 926:). If the entire signal is reflected from a 10 m target, it will be at 0.001 W/m when it reaches the emitter, i.e. just detectable. However, the original signal will remain above 0.001 W/m until 3000 m. Any 10 m target between 100 and 3000 m using a similar or better system would be able to detect the pulse, but would not be detected by the emitter. The detectors must be very sensitive to pick up the echoes. Since the original signal is much more powerful, it can be detected many times further than twice the range of the sonar (as in the example). 1062: 1686: 2023:

Two main types are available. The first is the cable type in which the signals are sent along a cable. In this case, there has to be the provision of a cable drum on which to haul, shoot and stow the cable during the different phases of the operation. The second type is the cable-less net-sounder – such as Marport's Trawl Explorer – in which the signals are sent acoustically between the net and hull mounted receiver-hydrophone on the vessel. In this case, no cable drum is required but sophisticated electronics are needed at the transducer and receiver.

71: 364:, producing a prototype for testing in mid-1917. This work for the Anti-Submarine Division of the British Naval Staff was undertaken in utmost secrecy, and used quartz piezoelectric crystals to produce the world's first practical underwater active sound detection apparatus. To maintain secrecy, no mention of sound experimentation or quartz was made – the word used to describe the early work ("supersonics") was changed to "ASD"ics, and the quartz material to "ASD"ivite: "ASD" for "Anti-Submarine Division", hence the British acronym 708: 3335: 19613: 3268: 53: 863:

specific reply signal. To measure distance, one transducer/projector transmits an interrogation signal and measures the time between this transmission and the receipt of the other transducer/hydrophone reply. The time difference, scaled by the speed of sound through water and divided by two, is the distance between the two platforms. This technique, when used with multiple transducers/hydrophones/projectors, can calculate the relative positions of static and moving objects in water.

2196: 1400: 6630: 19575: 18247: 8089: 783:) of the pulse. This pulse of sound is generally created electronically using a sonar projector consisting of a signal generator, power amplifier and electro-acoustic transducer/array. A transducer is a device that can transmit and receive acoustic signals ("pings"). A beamformer is usually employed to concentrate the acoustic power into a beam, which may be swept to cover the required search angles. Generally, the electro-acoustic transducers are of the 697: 18317: 18305: 1890: 18271: 811:, which for simple sonars may be just energy measurement. It is then presented to some form of decision device that calls the output either the required signal or noise. This decision device may be an operator with headphones or a display, or in more sophisticated sonars this function may be carried out by software. Further processes may be carried out to classify the target and localise it, as well as measuring its velocity. 19623: 3280: 1412: 2329: 19604: 19596: 19588: 18259: 1773: 1541:. This process is called target motion analysis (TMA), and the resultant "solution" is the target's range, course, and speed. TMA is done by marking from which direction the sound comes at different times, and comparing the motion with that of the operator's own ship. Changes in relative motion are analyzed using standard geometrical techniques along with some assumptions about limiting cases. 3439:

6 km. The later Type 3, with German-design magnetostrictive transducers, operated at 13, 14.5, 16, or 20 kHz (by model), using twin transducers (except model 1 which had three single ones), at 0.2 to 2.5 kilowatts. The simple type used 14.5 kHz magnetostrictive transducers at 0.25 kW, driven by capacitive discharge instead of oscillators, with range up to 2.5 km.

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with range up to 5000 yd. SQS-26 and SQS-53 operated at 3 kHz with range up to 20,000 yd; their domes had size of approx. a 60-ft personnel boat, an upper size limit for conventional hull sonars. Achieving larger sizes by conformal sonar array spread over the hull has not been effective so far, for lower frequencies linear or towed arrays are therefore used.

592:; the crystals were specified for low-frequency cutoff at 5 Hz, withstanding mechanical shock for deployment from aircraft from 3,000 m (10,000 ft), and ability to survive neighbouring mine explosions. One of key features of ADP reliability is its zero aging characteristics; the crystal keeps its parameters even over prolonged storage. 631:. These were big and heavy, especially if designed for lower frequencies; the one for Type 91 set, operating at 9 kHz, had a diameter of 30 inches (760 mm) and was driven by an oscillator with 5 kW power and 7 kV of output amplitude. The Type 93 projectors consisted of solid sandwiches of quartz, assembled into spherical 2142: 1525:

360°. The invisible areas are due to the ship's own interference. Once a signal is detected in a certain direction (which means that something makes sound in that direction, this is called broadband detection) it is possible to zoom in and analyze the signal received (narrowband analysis). This is generally done using a

585:(ADP), a superior alternative, was found as a replacement for Rochelle salt; the first application was a replacement of the 24 kHz Rochelle-salt transducers. Within nine months, Rochelle salt was obsolete. The ADP manufacturing facility grew from few dozen personnel in early 1940 to several thousands in 1942. 1355:'. This provides extremely low propagation loss to a receiver in the channel. This is because of sound trapping in the channel with no losses at the boundaries. Similar propagation can occur in the 'surface duct' under suitable conditions. However, in this case there are reflection losses at the surface. 444:, which projected warheads at a target ahead of the attacker and still in ASDIC contact. These allowed a single escort to make better aimed attacks on submarines. Developments during the war resulted in British ASDIC sets that used several different shapes of beam, continuously covering blind spots. Later, 3438:

Japanese WW2 sonars operated at a range of frequencies. The Type 91, with 30 inch quartz projector, worked at 9 kHz. The Type 93, with smaller quartz projectors, operated at 17.5 kHz (model 5 at 16 or 19 kHz magnetostrictive) at powers between 1.7 and 2.5 kilowatts, with range of up to

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American World War II era sonars operated at a relatively high frequency of 20–30 kHz, to achieve directionality with reasonably small transducers, with typical maximum operational range of 2500 yd. Postwar sonars used lower frequencies to achieve longer range; e.g. SQS-4 operated at 10 kHz

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also flee from the source of the sonar, while naval activity was suggested to be the most probable cause of a mass stranding of dolphins. The US Navy, which part-funded some of the studies, said that the findings only showed behavioural responses to sonar, not actual harm, but they "will evaluate the

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Natural seeps of methane and carbon dioxide occur. Gas pipelines can leak, and it is important to be able to detect whether leakage occurs from Carbon Capture and Storage Facilities (CCSFs; e.g. depleted oil wells into which extracted atmospheric carbon is stored). Quantification of the amount of gas

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on large surface vessels produce swathes of bathymetric data in near real time. One example, the General Instrument "Seabeam" system, uses a projector array along the keel to ensonify the bottom with a fan beam. Signals from a hydrophone array mounted athwartships are processed to synthesize multiple

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The net sounder is an echo sounder with a transducer mounted on the headline of the net rather than on the bottom of the vessel. Nevertheless, to accommodate the distance from the transducer to the display unit, which is much greater than in a normal echo-sounder, several refinements have to be made.

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Until recently, ship sonars were usually made with hull mounted arrays, either amidships or at the bow. It was soon found after their initial use that a means of reducing flow noise was required. The first were made of canvas on a framework, then steel ones were used. Now domes are usually made of

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The use of active sonar by a submarine to determine bearing is extremely rare and will not necessarily give high quality bearing or range information to the submarines fire control team. However, use of active sonar on surface ships is very common and is used by submarines when the tactical situation

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Another application was for acoustic homing torpedoes. Two pairs of directional hydrophones were mounted on the torpedo nose, in the horizontal and vertical plane; the difference signals from the pairs were used to steer the torpedo left-right and up-down. A countermeasure was developed: the targeted

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as an anti-submarine weapon. This required an attacking vessel to pass over a submerged contact before dropping charges over the stern, resulting in a loss of ASDIC contact in the moments leading up to attack. The hunter was effectively firing blind, during which time a submarine commander could take

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Parametric sources use the non-linearity of water to generate the difference frequency between two high frequencies. A virtual end-fire array is formed. Such a projector has advantages of broad bandwidth, narrow beamwidth, and when fully developed and carefully measured it has no obvious sidelobes:

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can be reached. However, the consolidation of the fishing fleets are driving increased demands for sophisticated fish finding electronics such as sensors, sounders and sonars. Historically, fishermen have used many different techniques to find and harvest fish. However, acoustic technology has been

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Because of the problems of ship noise, towed sonars are also used. These have the advantage of being able to be placed deeper in the water, but have limitations on their use in shallow water. These are called towed arrays (linear) or variable depth sonars (VDS) with 2/3D arrays. A problem is that

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Active sonar is also used to measure distance through water between two sonar transducers or a combination of a hydrophone (underwater acoustic microphone) and projector (underwater acoustic speaker). When a hydrophone/transducer receives a specific interrogation signal it responds by transmitting a

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on fish. These echoes provide information on fish size, location, abundance and behavior. This is especially effective for fish swim bladders (e.g. herring, cod, and pollock), and less useful for fish without them (e.g. sharks, mackerel, and flounder). Data from the watercolumn is usually processed

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Echo sounding is a process used to determine the depth of water beneath ships and boats. A type of active sonar, echo sounding is the transmission of an acoustic pulse directly downwards to the seabed, measuring the time between transmission and echo return, after having hit the bottom and bouncing

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has a different density than seawater. This density difference allows the detection of schools of fish by using reflected sound. Acoustic technology is especially well suited for underwater applications since sound travels farther and faster underwater than in air. Today, commercial fishing vessels

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in the area, as well as the technology used. To simplify, passive sonar "sees" around the ship using it. On a submarine, nose-mounted passive sonar detects in directions of about 270°, centered on the ship's alignment, the hull-mounted array of about 160° on each side, and the towed array of a full

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Passive sonar has several advantages, most importantly that it is silent. If the target radiated noise level is high enough, it can have a greater range than active sonar, and allows the target to be identified. Since any motorized object makes some noise, it may in principle be detected, depending

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less than the original signal. Even if the reflected signal was of the same power, the following example (using hypothetical values) shows the problem: Suppose a sonar system is capable of emitting a 10,000 W/m signal at 1 m, and detecting a 0.001 W/m signal. At 100 m the signal

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Other types of transducers include variable-reluctance (or moving-armature, or electromagnetic) transducers, where magnetic force acts on the surfaces of gaps, and moving coil (or electrodynamic) transducers, similar to conventional speakers; the latter are used in underwater sound calibration, due

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Magnetostrictive transducers were pursued after World War II as an alternative to piezoelectric ones. Nickel scroll-wound ring transducers were used for high-power low-frequency operations, with size up to 13 feet (4.0 m) in diameter, probably the largest individual sonar transducers ever. The

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commercial fishing industry. For example, net sensors take various underwater measurements and transmit the information back to a receiver on board a vessel. Each sensor is equipped with one or more acoustic transducers depending on its specific function. Data is transmitted from the sensors using

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Mine countermeasure (MCM) sonar, sometimes called "mine and obstacle avoidance sonar (MOAS)", is a specialized type of sonar used for detecting small objects. Most MCM sonars are hull mounted but a few types are VDS design. An example of a hull mounted MCM sonar is the Type 2193 while the SQQ-32

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was an experimental research and development project in the late 1950s to mid 1960s to examine acoustic propagation and signal processing for a low-frequency active sonar system that might be used for ocean surveillance. A secondary objective was examination of engineering problems of fixed active

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A review of evidence on the mass strandings of beaked whale linked to naval exercises where sonar was used was published in 2019. It concluded that the effects of mid-frequency active sonar are strongest on Cuvier's beaked whales but vary among individuals or populations. The review suggested the

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In combat situations, an active pulse can be detected by an enemy and will reveal a submarine's position at twice the maximum distance that the submarine can itself detect a contact and give clues as to the submarine's identity based on the characteristics of the outgoing ping. For these reasons,

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can be used to measure the radial speed of a target. The difference in frequency between the transmitted and received signal is measured and converted into a velocity. Since Doppler shifts can be introduced by either receiver or target motion, allowance has to be made for the radial speed of the

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bodies. The Type 93 sonars were later replaced with Type 3, which followed German design and used magnetostrictive projectors; the projectors consisted of two rectangular identical independent units in a cast-iron rectangular body about 16 by 9 inches (410 mm × 230 mm). The exposed

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chemical, and the torpedo went after the noisier fizzy decoy. The counter-countermeasure was a torpedo with active sonar – a transducer was added to the torpedo nose, and the microphones were listening for its reflected periodic tone bursts. The transducers comprised identical rectangular crystal

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Since active sonar reveals the presence and position of the operator, and does not allow exact classification of targets, it is used by fast (planes, helicopters) and by noisy platforms (most surface ships) but rarely by submarines. When active sonar is used by surface ships or submarines, it is

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Another source lists ranges and resolutions vs frequencies for sidescan sonars. 30 kHz provides low resolution with range of 1000–6000 m, 100 kHz gives medium resolution at 500–1000 m, 300 kHz gives high resolution at 150–500 m, and 600 kHz gives high resolution at 75–150 m.

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This is important as many recent conflicts have occurred in coastal waters, and the inability to detect whether mines are present or not present hazards and delays to military vessels, and also to aid convoys and merchant shipping trying to support the region long after the conflict has ceased.

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The scattering of sonar from objects (mines, pipelines, zooplankton, geological features, fish etc.) is how active sonar detects them, but this ability can be masked by strong scattering from false targets, or 'clutter'. Where they occur (under breaking waves; in ship wakes; in gas emitted from

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Rochelle salt crystal had better parameters, but the magnetostrictive unit was much more reliable. High losses to US merchant supply shipping early in World War II led to large scale high priority US research in the field, pursuing both improvements in magnetostrictive transducer parameters and

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included the creeping attack. Two anti-submarine ships were needed for this (usually sloops or corvettes). The "directing ship" tracked the target submarine on ASDIC from a position about 1500 to 2000 yards behind the submarine. The second ship, with her ASDIC turned off and running at 5 knots,

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occurs from small objects in the sea as well as from the bottom and surface. This can be a major source of interference. This acoustic scattering is analogous to the scattering of the light from a car's headlights in fog: a high-intensity pencil beam will penetrate the fog to some extent, but

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The value of underwater acoustics to the fishing industry has led to the development of other acoustic instruments that operate in a similar fashion to echo-sounders but, because their function is slightly different from the initial model of the echo-sounder, have been given different terms.

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Sonars have been developed that can be used to characterise the sea bottom into, for example, mud, sand, and gravel. Relatively simple sonars such as echo sounders can be promoted to seafloor classification systems via add-on modules, converting echo parameters into sediment type. Different

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became available pulse compression has usually been implemented using digital correlation techniques. Military sonars often have multiple beams to provide all-round cover while simple ones only cover a narrow arc, although the beam may be rotated, relatively slowly, by mechanical scanning.

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have been found in stranded whales that may be a result of such response to sonar. It noted that in the Canary Islands where multiple strandings had been previously reported, no more mass strandings had occurred once naval exercises during which sonar was used were banned in the area, and

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Detection of fish, and other marine and aquatic life, and estimation their individual sizes or total biomass using active sonar techniques. Sound pulses reflect off any object that has a different density than the surrounding medium. This includes fish, or more specifically, the air-filled

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Westbrook, G.K.; Thatcher, K.E.; Rohling, E.J.; Piotrowski, A.M.; Pälike, H.; Osborne, A.H.; Nisbet, E.G.; Minshull, T.A.; Lanoisellé, M.; James, R.H.; Hühnerbach, V.; Green, D.; Fisher, R.E.; Crocker, A.J.; Chabert, A.; Bolton, C.; Beszczynska-Möller, A.; Berndt, C.; Aquilina, A. (2009).

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Low frequency sonars are loosely defined as 1–5 kHz, albeit some navies regard 5–7 kHz also as low frequency. Medium frequency is defined as 5–15 kHz. Another style of division considers low frequency to be under 1 kHz, and medium frequency at between 1–10 kHz.

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Powerful low frequency echo-sounders have been developed for providing profiles of the upper layers of the ocean bottom. One of the most recent devices is Innomar's SES-2000 quattro multi-transducer parametric SBP, used for example in the Puck Bay for underwater archaeological purposes

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type and their design may be optimised to achieve maximum efficiency over the widest bandwidth, in order to optimise performance of the overall system. Occasionally, the acoustic pulse may be created by other means, e.g. chemically using explosives, airguns or plasma sound sources.

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The standard US Navy scanning sonar at the end of World War II operated at 18 kHz, using an array of ADP crystals. Desired longer range, however, required use of lower frequencies. The required dimensions were too big for ADP crystals, so in the early 1950s magnetostrictive and

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back to its ship of origin. The acoustic pulse is emitted by a transducer which receives the return echo as well. The depth measurement is calculated by multiplying the speed of sound in water (averaging 1,500 meters per second) by the time between emission and echo return.

204:, and others) have used sound for communication and object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the water was initially recorded by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490: a tube inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by placing an ear to the tube. 3358:

effectiveness of marine mammal protective measures in light of new research findings". A 2008 US Supreme Court ruling on the use of sonar by the US Navy noted that there had been no cases where sonar had been conclusively shown to have harmed or killed a marine mammal.

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broader-beam headlights emit much light in unwanted directions, much of which is scattered back to the observer, overwhelming that reflected from the target ("white-out"). For analogous reasons active sonar needs to transmit in a narrow beam to minimize scattering.

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and led to usage in air and surface systems, particularly sonobuoys using the process and sometimes using "Jezebel" in their name. The proposed system offered such promise of long-range submarine detection that the Navy ordered immediate moves for implementation.

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derived approximation equation is reasonably accurate for normal temperatures, concentrations of salinity and the range of most ocean depths. Ocean temperature varies with depth, but at between 30 and 100 meters there is often a marked change, called the

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thickness, roughness and concentration, or measuring air entrainment from bubble plumes during rough seas. Often it is moored on the bottom of the ocean or floats on a taut line mooring at a constant depth of perhaps 100 m. They may also be used by

1232:. The horizontal direction of the display is bearing. The vertical is frequency, or sometimes time. Another display technique is to color-code frequency-time information for bearing. More recent displays are generated by the computers, and mimic 1248:

Unlike active sonar, only one-way propagation is involved. Because of the different signal processing used, the minimal detectable signal-to-noise ratio will be different. The equation for determining the performance of a passive sonar is

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shows that mid-frequency sonar use disrupts the whales' feeding behavior. This indicates that sonar-induced disruption of feeding and displacement from high-quality prey patches could have significant and previously undocumented impacts on

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Modern versions of the net sounder, using multiple element transducers, function more like a sonar than an echo sounder and show slices of the area in front of the net and not merely the vertical view that the initial net sounders used.

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was not effective against a warship travelling so slowly. A variation of the creeping attack was the "plaster" attack, in which three attacking ships working in a close line abreast were directed over the target by the directing ship.

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The detection, classification and localisation performance of a sonar depends on the environment and the receiving equipment, as well as the transmitting equipment in an active sonar or the target radiated noise in a passive sonar.

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This is an active sonar device that receives a specific stimulus and immediately (or with a delay) retransmits the received signal or a predetermined one. Transponders can be used to remotely activate or recover subsea equipment.

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typically activated very briefly at intermittent periods to minimize the risk of detection. Consequently, active sonar is normally considered a backup to passive sonar. In aircraft, active sonar is used in the form of disposable

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can be on the aircraft or on ship. Dipping sonar has the advantage of being deployable to depths appropriate to daily conditions. Helicopters have also been used for mine countermeasure missions using towed sonars such as the

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Longer range sonars are more adversely affected by nonhomogenities of water. Some environments, typically shallow waters near the coasts, have complicated terrain with many features; higher frequencies become necessary there.

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A very directional, but low-efficiency, type of sonar (used by fisheries, military, and for port security) makes use of a complex nonlinear feature of water known as non-linear sonar, the virtual transducer being known as a

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The frequencies of sonars range from infrasonic to above a megahertz. Generally, the lower frequencies have longer range, while the higher frequencies offer better resolution, and smaller size for a given directionality.

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Stacy L. DeRuiter; Brandon L. Southall; John Calambokidis; Walter M. X. Zimmer; Dinara Sadykova; Erin A. Falcone; Ari S. Friedlaender; John E. Joseph; David Moretti; Gregory S. Schorr; Len Thomas; Peter L. Tyack (2013).

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in the water itself as well as at the surface and bottom. This absorption depends upon frequency, with several different mechanisms in sea water. Long-range sonar uses low frequencies to minimise absorption effects.

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is an important industry that is seeing growing demand, but world catch tonnage is falling as a result of serious resource problems. The industry faces a future of continuing worldwide consolidation until a point of

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Small sonars have been fitted to remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) to allow their operation in murky conditions. These sonars are used for looking ahead of the vehicle. The

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An upward looking sonar (ULS) is a sonar device pointed upwards looking towards the surface of the sea. It is used for similar purposes as downward looking sonar, but has some unique applications such as measuring

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Between installation of a test array followed by a full scale, forty element, prototype operational array in 1951 and 1958 systems were installed in the Atlantic and then the Pacific under the unclassified name

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leaking is difficult, and although estimates can be made use active and passive sonar, it is important to question their accuracy because of the assumptions inherent in making such estimations from sonar data.

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Goldbogen J. A.; Southall B. L.; Deruiter S. L.; Calambokidis J.; Friedlaender A. S.; Hazen E. L.; Falcone E. A.; Schorr G. S.; Douglas A.; Moretti D. J.; Kyburg C.; McKenna M. F.; Tyack P. L. (Jul 3, 2013).

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An upward looking echo sounder mounted on the bottom or on a platform may be used to make measurements of wave height and period. From this statistics of the surface conditions at a location can be derived.

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on reception). Simple sonars generally use the former with a filter wide enough to cover possible Doppler changes due to target movement, while more complex ones generally include the latter technique. Since

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to show the different frequencies making up the sound. Since every engine makes a specific sound, it is straightforward to identify the object. Databases of unique engine sounds are part of what is known as

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seabed seeps and leaks etc.), gas bubbles are powerful sources of clutter, and can readily hide targets. TWIPS (Twin Inverted Pulse Sonar) is currently the only sonar that can overcome this clutter problem.

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frequently uses these databases to identify classes of ships, actions (i.e. the speed of a ship, or the type of weapon released and the most effective countermeasures to employ), and even particular ships.

1130:. In the very broadest usage, this term can encompass virtually any analytical technique involving remotely generated sound, though it is usually restricted to techniques applied in an aquatic environment. 843:

One useful small sonar is similar in appearance to a waterproof flashlight. The head is pointed into the water, a button is pressed, and the device displays the distance to the target. Another variant is a

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made up the story that it stood for "Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee", and this is still widely believed, though no committee bearing this name has been found in the Admiralty archives.

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also affects sound propagation: higher pressure increases the sound speed, which causes the sound waves to refract away from the area of higher sound speed. The mathematical model of refraction is called

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advantage of metals is their high tensile strength and low input electrical impedance, but they have electrical losses and lower coupling coefficient than PZT, whose tensile strength can be increased by

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Gas bubbles can leak from the seabed, or close to it, from multiple sources. These can be detected by both passive and active sonar (shown in schematic figure by yellow and red systems respectively).

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algorithms exist, but they are all based on changes in the energy or shape of the reflected sounder pings. Advanced substrate classification analysis can be achieved using calibrated (scientific)

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rely almost completely on acoustic sonar and sounders to detect fish. Fishermen also use active sonar and echo sounder technology to determine water depth, bottom contour, and bottom composition.

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Submarines rely on sonar to a greater extent than surface ships as they cannot use radar in water. The sonar arrays may be hull mounted or towed. Information fitted on typical fits is given in

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Active sonar have two performance limitations: due to noise and reverberation. In general, one or other of these will dominate, so that the two effects can be initially considered separately.

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bottom-mounted hydrophones connected to a shore listening post by submarine cable. While this equipment was being loaded on the cable-laying vessel, World War I ended and Horton returned home.

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had five sets for different surface ship classes, and others for submarines, incorporated into a complete anti-submarine system. The effectiveness of early ASDIC was hampered by the use of the

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Sonars which act as beacons are fitted to aircraft to allow their location in the event of a crash in the sea. Short and long baseline sonars may be used for caring out the location, such as

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or ship. This can help to identify its nationality, as all European submarines and nearly every other nation's submarine have 50 Hz power systems. Intermittent sound sources (such as a

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electronic components and is costly. It is generally deployed on expensive ships in the form of arrays to enhance detection. Surface ships use it to good effect; it is even better used by

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piezoelectric systems were developed, but these had problems achieving uniform impedance characteristics, and the beam pattern suffered. Barium titanate was then replaced with more stable

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being dropped), called "transients," may also be detectable to passive sonar. Until fairly recently, an experienced, trained operator identified signals, but now computers may do this.

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Dring, Thomas R. (March 2018). "A Steep Learning Curve: The Impact of Sonar Technology, Training, and Tactics on the Initial Years of U.S. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare in World War II".

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Halvorsen et al. (2013) conclude that observed effects were "typically small even though the fish were near the sonar and remained there for the full duration of three test signals".

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Various synthetic aperture sonars have been built in the laboratory and some have entered use in mine-hunting and search systems. An explanation of their operation is given in

1339:, through the thermocline. The thermocline may be present in shallower coastal waters. However, wave action will often mix the water column and eliminate the thermocline. Water 6139:

Popper A. N.; Halvorsen M. B.; Kane A.; Miller D. L.; Smith M. E.; Song J.; Wysocki L. E. (2007). "The effects of high-intensity, low-frequency active sonar on rainbow trout".

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are used, and the set measures the relative arrival time to each, or with an array of hydrophones, by measuring the relative amplitude in beams formed through a process called

724: 13268: 5035: 791:

To measure the distance to an object, the time from transmission of a pulse to reception is measured and converted into a range using the known speed of sound. To measure the

538:. Also during this period, he experimented with methods for towing detection. This was due to the increased sensitivity of his device. The principles are still used in modern 14495: 852:

of fish. Some civilian sonars (which are not designed for stealth) approach active military sonars in capability, with three-dimensional displays of the area near the boat.

455:

to the United States. Research on ASDIC and underwater sound was expanded in the UK and in the US. Many new types of military sound detection were developed. These included

5112:"Exploration and reconstruction of a medieval harbour using hydroacoustics, 3-D shallow seismic and underwater photogrammetry: A case study from Puck, southern Baltic Sea" 4759: 4579: 1462:(powered) countermeasures may be launched by a vessel under attack to raise the noise level, provide a large false target, and obscure the signature of the vessel itself. 6420: 316:, working with a Russian immigrant electrical engineer Constantin Chilowsky, worked on the development of active sound devices for detecting submarines in 1915. Although 889:

bottom systems. The receiving array was located on the slope of Plantagnet Bank off Bermuda. The active source array was deployed from the converted World War II tanker

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that allowed their submarine propeller blades to be milled so that they became radically quieter, making the newer generation of submarines more difficult to detect.

7746: 1810:. This can be applicable around ships or at entrances to ports. Active sonar can also be used as a deterrent and/or disablement mechanism. One such device is the 15016: 2026:

The display on a net sounder shows the distance of the net from the bottom (or the surface), rather than the depth of water as with the echo-sounder's hull-mounted

1492:

makes extensive use of both passive and active sonar from water-borne vessels, aircraft and fixed installations. Although active sonar was used by surface craft in

768:. Most sonars are used monostatically with the same array often being used for transmission and reception. Active sonobuoy fields may be operated multistatically. 17840: 15321: 15143: 10896: 5423: 725: 17845: 3980: 3954: 15709: 15113: 11793: 680:

alloy. This made possible new designs, e.g. a hybrid magnetostrictive-piezoelectric transducer. The most recent of these improved magnetostrictive materials is

640:

with aluminium content between 12.7% and 12.9%. The power was provided from a 2 kW at 3.8 kV, with polarization from a 20 V, 8 A DC source.

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During the 1930s American engineers developed their own underwater sound-detection technology, and important discoveries were made, such as the existence of

1555:

Examples of sonar applications in military use are given below. Many of the civil uses given in the following section may also be applicable to naval use.

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transducers they used, this work influenced future designs. Lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for hydrophones, while

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reinforced plastic or pressurized rubber. Such sonars are primarily active in operation. An example of a conventional hull mounted sonar is the SQS-56.

259:, Massachusetts, built an experimental system beginning in 1912, a system later tested in Boston Harbor, and finally in 1914 from the U.S. Revenue Cutter 15748: 13252: 5159: 6485: 5211: 4383: 2300:

Proposals that do not take proper account of the difference between terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments could lead to erroneous measurements.

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This is a sonar designed to detect and locate the transmissions from hostile active sonars. An example of this is the Type 2082 fitted on the British

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area was half the wavelength wide and three wavelengths high. The magnetostrictive cores were made from 4 mm stampings of nickel, and later of an

507: 15461: 13372: 5160:"Quantification of undersea gas leaks from carbon capture and storage facilities, from pipelines and from methane seeps, by their acoustic emissions" 4817: 3754:"Wireless under the water: a remarkable device that enables a ship's captain to determine the exact location of another ship even en the densest fog" 3353:, the most common casualty of the strandings, have been shown to be highly sensitive to mid-frequency active sonar. Other marine mammals such as the 15089: 15137: 13332: 11805: 6711: 6338: 4010: 1752:

in which low frequency sound travels thousands of miles. Analysis was based on an AT&T sound spectrograph, which converted sound into a visual

604:

Passive sonar arrays for submarines were developed from ADP crystals. Several crystal assemblies were arranged in a steel tube, vacuum-filled with

4259: 1576:

the winches required to deploy/recover them are large and expensive. VDS sets are primarily active in operation, while towed arrays are passive.

14934: 14435: 12547: 11504: 11086: 7461: 7343: 6868: 5613:"Acoustic attenuation, phase and group velocities in liquid-filled pipes II: Simulation for Spallation Neutron Sources and planetary exploration" 5518: 1221:

may be towed behind the ship or submarine in order to reduce the effect of noise generated by the watercraft itself. Towed units also combat the

5500:

Proceedings of the International Conference on Underwater Acoustic Measurements, Technologies and Results, Heraklion, Crete, 28 June-1 July 2005

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where SL is the source level, PL is the propagation loss, NL is the noise level, AG is the array gain and DT is the detection threshold. The

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Helicopters can be used for antisubmarine warfare by deploying fields of active-passive sonobuoys or can operate dipping sonar, such as the

1138:

Passive sonar has a wide variety of techniques for identifying the source of a detected sound. For example, U.S. vessels usually operate 60

18078: 17954: 17890: 14923: 12552: 11426: 8015: 4629: 1703:. Fixed wing aircraft can also deploy sonobuoys and have greater endurance and capacity to deploy them. Processing from the sonobuoys or 2247:

Active (red) and passive (yellow) sonar detection of bubbles from seabed (natural seeps and CCSF leaks) and gas pipelines, taken from ref.

1190:

Passive sonar on vehicles is usually severely limited because of noise generated by the vehicle. For this reason, many submarines operate

149:

is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (

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Passive sonar listens without transmitting. It is often employed in military settings, although it is also used in science applications,

172:, who used a tube inserted into the water to detect vessels by ear. It was developed during World War I to counter the growing threat of 6395: 4047: 3784:"Report of Captain J. H. Quinan of the U.S.R.C. Miami on the echo fringe method of detecting icebergs and taking continuous soundings". 222:

The use of sound to "echo-locate" underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the

18138: 17921: 15719: 15438: 14640: 12501: 6686: 5715:"Near resonant bubble acoustic cross-section corrections, including examples from oceanography, volcanology, and biomedical ultrasound" 1563: 1210:

are also designed and precisely machined to emit minimal noise. High-speed propellers often create tiny bubbles in the water, and this

137:

and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of

15315: 15125: 18275: 17302: 14950: 14929: 14512: 14445: 13262: 11116: 7611: 7379: 6676: 6002: 5765:"The opportunities and challenges in the use of extra-terrestrial acoustics in the exploration of the oceans of icy planetary bodies" 5027: 17208: 14917: 14251: 13387: 11933: 8223: 8033: 8010: 6519: 4226: 3427:

To achieve reasonable directionality, frequencies below 1 kHz generally require large size, usually achieved as towed arrays.

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have been used for continental shelf wide surveys while high frequency sonars are used for more detailed surveys of smaller areas.

1733: 1436:. A complication is that echoes are also obtained from other objects in the sea such as whales, wakes, schools of fish and rocks. 5323:"Review of offshore CO2 storage monitoring: Operational and research experiences of meeting regulatory and technical requirements" 19496: 17681: 17307: 15394: 15265: 14760: 14169: 13844: 13747: 13412: 13274: 9080: 5764: 5061: 1358:

In shallow water propagation is generally by repeated reflection at the surface and bottom, where considerable losses can occur.

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in 1920 and started production in 1922. The 6th Destroyer Flotilla had ASDIC-equipped vessels in 1923. An anti-submarine school

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and the equipment was termed the Low Frequency Analyzer and Recorder, both with the acronym LOFAR. LOFAR research was termed

1369:

The sea contains many sources of noise that interfere with the desired target echo or signature. The main noise sources are

643:

The passive hydrophones of the Imperial Japanese Navy were based on moving-coil design, Rochelle salt piezo transducers, and

560:. He held this position until 1959 when he became technical director, a position he held until mandatory retirement in 1963. 5817: 552:

During World War II, he continued to develop sonar systems that could detect submarines, mines, and torpedoes. He published

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of sound that was developed for speech analysis and modified to analyze low-frequency underwater sounds. That process was

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Modern torpedoes are generally fitted with an active/passive sonar. This may be used to home directly on the target, but

576:

crystal in a spherical housing. This assembly penetrated the ship hull and was manually rotated to the desired angle. The

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Woolf, D.K.; Thorpe, S.A. (1991). "Escape of methane gas from the seabed along the West Spitsbergen continental margin".

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strength of response of individual animals may depend on whether they had prior exposure to sonar, and that symptoms of

2277:. Its major disadvantage is very low efficiency of only a few percent. P.J. Westervelt summarizes the trends involved. 917:, centred around the emitter, on which it is located. Therefore, the power of the reflected signal is very low, several 19557: 19534: 18713: 18373: 18263: 17991: 17720: 17592: 14945: 11861: 11672: 11416: 11076: 10248: 7319: 7309: 6237: 6026: 5896: 3212: 3126: 2568: 5412:

Westervelt, P. J. (1963). Parametric acoustic array. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 35(4), 535-537.

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Integrated navigation sonar system (INSS) is a small flashlight-shaped handheld sonar for divers that displays range.

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The use of both active and passive sonar has been proposed for various extraterrestrial environments. One example is

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systems, which alerts the wearer of incoming threats; allowing them to respond to attackers even when blindfolded.

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The sonar is an echo-sounder with a directional capability that can show fish or other objects around the vessel.

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are decoded and converted by a digital acoustic receiver into data which is transmitted to a bridge computer for

353: 233: 61: 13496: 5009: 3913: 3791: 308:

prompted more research into the use of sound. The British made early use of underwater listening devices called

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differently than seafloor or object detection data, this data type can be processed with specialized software.

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The United States began a system of passive, fixed ocean surveillance systems in 1950 with the classified name

4320:"Advances in upward looking sonar technology for studying the processes of change in Arctic Ocean ice climate" 3897: 1704: 756:

Active sonar uses a sound transmitter (or projector) and a receiver. When the two are in the same place it is

572:

transducer and an array of nickel tubes connected to a 1-foot-diameter steel plate attached back-to-back to a

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The sonar's resolution is angular; objects further apart are imaged with lower resolutions than nearby ones.

3248: 2698: 1982:, Marport Canada, Wesmar, Furuno, Krupp, and Simrad make a variety of sonar and acoustic instruments for the 1041: 807:

systems are used. The target signal (if present) together with noise is then passed through various forms of

582: 57: 5842:"First direct measurements of behavioural responses by Cuvier's beaked whales to mid-frequency active sonar" 5403:

H O Berktay, Some Finite Amplitude Effects in Underwater Acoustics in V M Albers "Underwater Acoustics" 1967

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Mines may be fitted with a sonar to detect, localize and recognize the required target. An example is the

17: 1811: 19661: 19163: 18817: 18168: 17614: 17382: 16735: 16570: 16344: 15898: 15538: 15388: 15357: 15227: 15131: 15054: 14987: 14891: 14630: 14578: 14027: 13737: 13127: 12992: 12941: 11958: 11564: 11164: 10659: 10454: 10012: 9758: 9264: 8155: 7951: 7906: 7085: 2897: 2648: 1757: 996:-mounted imaging sonar for use by a diver. Its name is because it was designed for patrol divers (combat 557: 15806: 9503: 6594: 5838: 3608: 941: 19666: 19651: 19591: 19491: 19414: 18822: 18652: 18482: 18297: 18290: 18251: 18183: 17749: 17689: 17365: 17255: 16825: 16795: 16475: 15562: 15209: 14092: 13521: 13102: 12083: 11667: 11149: 11111: 11041: 10213: 10160: 8653: 8111: 8092: 7977: 7843: 7514: 7423: 7275: 7171: 7130: 6744: 4251: 3296: 2653: 2503: 1621: 390: 6457:, October 28, 1946. An interesting account of the 4,800 ASDIC sonar devices secretly manufactured at 4220:

A History of the Acoustics Division of the Naval Research Laboratory The First Eight Decades 1923—2008

1322:

4388 + (11.25 × temperature (in °F)) + (0.0182 × depth (in feet)) + salinity (in parts-per-thousand ).

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offered high coupling coefficient, but they were inferior to PZT overall. In the 1970s, compounds of

568:

There was little progress in US sonar from 1915 to 1940. In 1940, US sonars typically consisted of a

370: 294: 13995: 5663:"Fluid loading effects for acoustical sensors in the atmospheres of Mars, Venus, Titan, and Jupiter" 5300: 1959:

one of the most important driving forces behind the development of the modern commercial fisheries.

1744:

manufacturing entities being contracted for development and installation. The systems exploited the

1516:

that are dropped in the aircraft's patrol area or in the vicinity of possible enemy sonar contacts.

1377:. The motion of the receiver through the water can also cause speed-dependent low frequency noise. 855:

When active sonar is used to measure the distance from the transducer to the bottom, it is known as

19289: 18812: 18753: 18664: 18321: 17734: 17629: 16166: 15958: 15351: 14662: 14522: 14451:

ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers

14229: 14144: 14043: 13885: 13705: 13511: 13377: 12448: 12410: 12174: 11096: 11016: 10797: 10474: 10394: 9417: 8838: 8671: 7351: 6784: 6609: 5714: 5662: 5612: 5570: 5355: 4681: 4530: 4131: 3329: 3023: 2643: 2578: 2515: 2261: 1900: 1865: 1070: 122:), communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. 10374: 5492: 4911: 4061: 3522: 534:, which had been used in earlier detection equipment, was replaced by the precursor of the modern 382:

By 1918, Britain and France had built prototype active systems. The British tested their ASDIC on

19501: 19267: 18797: 18348: 18123: 17934: 17654: 17520: 17297: 16765: 16595: 16008: 15973: 15619: 14613: 14590: 14367: 14306: 14159: 14109: 13616: 13611: 13576: 13447: 13382: 13177: 13152: 13132: 12987: 12572: 12511: 12473: 12271: 12048: 11953: 11657: 11612: 11592: 11582: 11382: 11191: 10906: 10419: 10379: 10195: 9660: 9626: 9535: 9455: 9354: 9070: 8915: 8770: 8467: 8394: 8362: 8185: 8180: 7916: 7888: 7787: 7336: 6666: 6638: 6505: 6475:, November 1945, pp. 84–87, 246, 250: one of the best general public articles on the subject 3053: 3008: 2628: 1904: 1664: 1237: 890: 808: 617: 470:-detection sonar. This work formed the basis for post-war developments related to countering the 7416: 1018:

There is or was a small flashlight-shaped handheld sonar for divers, that merely displays range.

133:

sonar means emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of

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from Dr. Horton's autobiographical sketch and US Department of the Navy Undersea Warfare Center

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Munk, Walter H.; Spindel, Robert C.; Baggeroer, Arthur; Birdsall, Theodore G. (20 May 1994).

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recommended that the ban be extended to other areas where mass strandings continue to occur.

3161: 3003: 2869: 2781: 2478: 2176: 2169: 1415:

Comparison of Standard Sonar and TWIPS in finding a target in bubbly water. Adapted from ref.

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In 2013 an inventor in the United States unveiled a "spider-sense" bodysuit, equipped with

2059: 1962:

Sound waves travel differently through fish than through water because a fish's air-filled

1658: 1151: 792: 776: 717: 424: 361: 357: 276: 237: 158: 111: 6430:, second edition. Fish and aquatic resources series, 10. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2003. 6018: 5999: 5888: 4527: 8: 19304: 19242: 19209: 19148: 19080: 18945: 18940: 18918: 18492: 18063: 17742: 17439: 17282: 17277: 17091: 17051: 17005: 16910: 16695: 16404: 15836: 15704: 15523: 15101: 14801: 14746: 14732: 14635: 14134: 14077: 14056: 13904: 13690: 13596: 13591: 12951: 12752: 12420: 12366: 12249: 12058: 11943: 11781: 11753: 11646: 11569: 11344: 11292: 11181: 11031: 10817: 10787: 10707: 10595: 10590: 10414: 10389: 10145: 9992: 9886: 9881: 9379: 9165: 9040: 9023: 9018: 8976: 8886: 8350: 8051: 7873: 7858: 7564: 7409: 7394: 7026: 6986: 6904: 6894: 6825: 6774: 6754: 6549: 6339:"Sonar Research and Naval Warfare 1914–1954: A Case Study of a Twentieth-Century Science" 5262:"Passive acoustic quantification of gas fluxes during controlled gas release experiments" 3455: 3370: 3038: 2983: 2948: 2874: 2801: 2751: 2746: 2731: 2388: 2146: 1521: 1448: 1143: 1122:, detecting fish for presence/absence studies in various aquatic environments – see also 1045: 1015:

The LUIS (lensing underwater imaging system) is another imaging sonar for use by a diver.

980: 965: 957: 918: 896:. Elements of Artemis were used experimentally after the main experiment was terminated. 764:. When more transmitters (or more receivers) are used, again spatially separated, it is 750: 526:, then associated with the formative stages of the field of applied science now known as 436:

The new weapons to deal with the ASDIC blind spot were "ahead-throwing weapons", such as

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Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programmes, 1935–1953

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Special short range sonars have been developed to allow measurements of water velocity.

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characteristics of the target of an active sonar, such as a submarine, are known as its

1351:

If the sound source is deep and the conditions are right, propagation may occur in the '

19676: 19617: 19578: 19511: 19486: 19481: 19299: 19176: 18970: 18842: 18606: 18477: 18404: 18341: 18118: 17964: 17706: 17619: 17491: 17479: 17355: 16800: 16379: 16309: 16146: 16111: 16096: 16068: 16028: 16018: 15663: 15614: 15583: 15245: 15036: 14811: 14796: 14712: 14360: 14174: 14102: 13974: 13722: 13546: 13322: 13257: 13182: 13147: 13142: 13122: 13062: 13002: 12901: 12783: 12567: 12400: 12276: 12013: 11549: 11277: 11238: 11176: 10911: 10654: 10544: 10469: 10399: 10286: 10108: 9987: 9802: 9792: 9594: 9389: 8993: 8404: 8372: 8244: 7941: 7826: 7782: 7238: 6899: 6820: 6805: 6097: 6072: 6048: 6021: 5977: 5943:"What caused the UK's largest common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) mass stranding event?" 5942: 5918: 5891: 5866: 5841: 5795: 5242: 5192: 4662: 4610: 4473: 4440: 4357: 3272: 3033: 2909: 2671: 2453: 2393: 2363: 2312: 1444: 964:

of the receiving array (sometimes approximated by its directivity index) and DT is the

923: 828: 688:

to their very low resonance frequencies and flat broadband characteristics above them.

514:, he served the government as a technical expert, first at the experimental station at 252: 10459: 5940: 4977:. Texas Univ at Austin Applied Research Labs. Archived from the original on 2009-08-13 4871:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK/New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–52. 4682:"Clutter suppression and classification using twin inverted pulse sonar in ship wakes" 70: 19506: 19366: 19186: 19095: 19063: 18980: 18933: 18860: 18832: 18601: 18596: 18394: 18316: 17757: 17551: 17484: 17474: 17317: 17312: 17267: 17250: 17148: 16995: 16975: 16820: 16790: 16680: 16640: 16620: 16610: 16560: 16545: 16520: 16450: 16374: 16299: 16249: 16048: 16013: 15943: 15888: 15528: 15484: 15382: 14854: 14849: 14791: 14727: 14705: 14680: 14595: 14256: 14129: 14119: 13117: 12825: 12820: 12762: 12709: 12592: 12587: 12458: 12415: 12318: 12188: 12159: 12121: 12068: 11775: 11718: 11713: 11444: 11406: 11304: 11223: 10767: 10752: 10633: 10564: 10539: 10494: 10150: 10038: 10002: 9861: 9812: 9732: 9621: 9555: 9465: 9369: 9259: 9215: 9170: 9160: 9145: 9062: 8826: 8743: 8282: 8165: 8145: 8134: 8057: 7868: 7838: 7500: 7298: 7233: 6614: 6579: 6431: 6372: 6364: 6327: 6311: 6274: 6243: 6213: 6164: 6102: 6070: 6053: 5982: 5923: 5871: 5799: 5745: 5695: 5643: 5551: 5464: 5456: 5386: 5196: 4989: 4882: 4872: 4712: 4666: 4630:"Do dolphins benefit from nonlinear mathematics when processing their sonar returns?" 4614: 4531:"Escape of methane gas from the seabed along the West Spitsbergen continental margin" 4478: 4361: 4349: 4165: 4095: 4037: 3877: 3732: 3666: 3642: 3614: 3587: 3509: 3391: 2921: 2844: 2837: 2791: 2658: 2448: 2443: 2353: 2075: 2071: 1992: 1821:

AN/PQS-2A handheld sonar, shown with detachable flotation collar and magnetic compass

1737: 1720:

Dedicated sonars can be fitted to ships and submarines for underwater communication.

1526: 1159: 1123: 823: 780: 765: 644: 545:

To meet the defense needs of Great Britain, he was sent to England to install in the

539: 531: 471: 437: 383: 375: 208: 173: 169: 134: 17061: 16945: 16940: 16091: 16063: 16043: 15948: 10484: 9100: 5246: 2168:) by moving the sonar across it just above the bottom. Low frequency sonars such as 19450: 19351: 19309: 19277: 19171: 19125: 19085: 18992: 18960: 18928: 18913: 18897: 18872: 18657: 18611: 18113: 17832: 17803: 17795: 17233: 16870: 16845: 16810: 16780: 16770: 16690: 16585: 16555: 16490: 16460: 16364: 16349: 16234: 16116: 16033: 15998: 15928: 15831: 15545: 14821: 14816: 14806: 14786: 14700: 14685: 14583: 14296: 14124: 14087: 13930: 13541: 13526: 13072: 13067: 12636: 12562: 12557: 12518: 12506: 12443: 12438: 12203: 12003: 11733: 11723: 11472: 10966: 10792: 10730: 10559: 10464: 10155: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9508: 9435: 9349: 9344: 9105: 8964: 8949: 8853: 8775: 8648: 8546: 8207: 8046: 7989: 7931: 7767: 6736: 6651: 6646: 6544: 6349: 6203: 6181: 6156: 6092: 6084: 6043: 6035: 5972: 5962: 5913: 5905: 5861: 5853: 5787: 5737: 5685: 5635: 5593: 5541: 5446: 5378: 5334: 5281: 5234: 5182: 5131: 4840: 4704: 4652: 4602: 4553: 4505: 4468: 4460: 4344: 4339: 4319: 4027: 3181: 3078: 3018: 2904: 2857: 2806: 2766: 2741: 2726: 2708: 2683: 2623: 2508: 2458: 2294: 2274: 1741: 945: 873: 757: 661: 569: 445: 401: 321: 317: 10946: 9274: 7125: 5339: 5322: 2141: 1162:

or become flooded, the 60 Hz sound from the windings can be emitted from the

971:

In reverberation-limited conditions at initial detection (neglecting array gain):

271:. In that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications ( 145:(an upward-looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term 19314: 19224: 19190: 19075: 19029: 18955: 18882: 18802: 18705: 18647: 18502: 17604: 17434: 17228: 17025: 17015: 17000: 16895: 16890: 16835: 16815: 16755: 16740: 16730: 16645: 16635: 16630: 16605: 16600: 16575: 16550: 16505: 16435: 16414: 16229: 16209: 16073: 15993: 15826: 14722: 14647: 14224: 14189: 14139: 13984: 13969: 13935: 13839: 13670: 13601: 13586: 13506: 13167: 13028: 12767: 12661: 12656: 12624: 12371: 12361: 12343: 12073: 11688: 11337: 11228: 11139: 11011: 10926: 10886: 10827: 10807: 10519: 10509: 10409: 10384: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10225: 10189: 9977: 9827: 9638: 9616: 9560: 9545: 9518: 9210: 9120: 8920: 8190: 7946: 7911: 7883: 7797: 7430: 7120: 7115: 6950: 6945: 6589: 6452: 6412:—A "how to" great reference for freshwater hydroacoustics for resource assessment 6409: 6006: 5967: 5597: 4438: 3958: 3798: 3758: 3334: 2966: 2926: 2796: 2761: 2693: 2633: 2561: 2498: 2398: 2161: 2154: 2150: 1839: 1617: 1600: 1451:

of noise with peaks at certain frequencies which can be used for classification.

1433: 1258: 1191: 1178: 1001: 953: 885: 613: 89: 66:) are fitted with VDS (variable depth sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C towed sonars. 13959: 13561: 10429: 5285: 4580:"Clutter suppression and classification using twin inverted pulse sonar (TWIPS)" 4578:

Leighton, T. G.; Finfer, D. C.; White, P. R.; Chua, G. – H.; Dix, J. K. (2010).

4282:

ISO 18405:2017 Underwater acoustics - terminology. Sonar equation, entry 3.6.2.3

275:) and echo ranging (detecting an iceberg at a 2-mile (3.2 km) range). The " 19646: 19627: 19361: 19247: 19204: 19198: 19194: 19039: 19024: 18975: 18965: 18877: 18731: 18487: 18458: 17959: 17459: 17218: 17153: 17127: 17081: 16990: 16985: 16960: 16900: 16880: 16865: 16855: 16715: 16685: 16615: 16389: 16259: 16254: 16204: 16141: 16003: 15983: 15893: 15856: 15846: 15841: 14560: 14271: 14204: 14194: 13954: 13631: 13621: 13581: 13187: 13162: 13157: 13092: 13082: 12966: 12478: 12405: 12293: 11978: 11532: 11314: 11159: 10534: 10489: 10479: 10308: 10276: 10219: 9961: 9951: 9936: 9906: 9851: 9717: 9480: 9324: 9050: 9028: 9008: 8942: 8871: 8819: 8588: 8561: 8516: 8345: 7590: 7475: 7365: 7021: 6554: 6528: 5320: 5110:

Pydyn, Andrzej; Popek, Mateusz; Kubacka, Maria; Janowski, Łukasz (2021-05-08).

4509: 4464: 4186: 3346: 3339: 3284: 3088: 2988: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2688: 2383: 2290: 1955: 1606:

Torpedo countermeasures can be towed or free. An early example was the German

1476: 1345: 1315: 836: 761: 452: 441: 325: 245: 162: 16151: 10354: 6138: 6073:"Advances in research on the impacts of anti-submarine sonar on beaked whales" 5941:

Jepson P. D.; Deaville R.; Acevedo-Whitehouse K.; et al. (Apr 30, 2013).

5791: 4680:

Leighton, T. G.; Finfer, D. C.; Chua, G. H.; White, P. R.; Dix, J. K. (2011).

3557: 3501: 1987:

wireless acoustic telemetry and is received by a hull mounted hydrophone. The

1748:, also known as the deep sound channel, where a sound speed minimum creates a 1306:. The bulk modulus is affected by temperature, dissolved impurities (usually 676:

and iron were discovered with superior magnetomechanic properties, namely the

420:

evasive action. This situation was remedied with new tactics and new weapons.

19640: 19612: 19381: 19282: 19068: 18997: 18769: 18517: 18381: 18224: 17906: 17898: 17779: 17454: 17377: 17287: 17112: 17010: 16980: 16965: 16955: 16930: 16920: 16860: 16805: 16785: 16775: 16745: 16720: 16665: 16650: 16510: 16455: 16399: 16369: 16354: 16319: 16279: 16239: 16219: 16214: 16161: 16058: 16038: 15968: 15963: 15923: 14652: 14600: 14488: 14481: 14286: 14276: 13964: 13732: 13695: 13662: 13501: 12704: 12699: 12684: 12266: 12256: 11998: 11922: 11866: 11494: 11352: 11330: 11233: 11208: 11203: 11171: 10554: 10504: 10444: 10439: 10404: 10344: 10339: 10207: 10181: 10123: 10028: 9916: 9450: 9075: 8937: 8866: 8848: 8843: 8814: 8621: 8556: 8541: 8444: 8424: 8277: 8259: 7961: 7820: 7777: 7772: 7604: 7386: 6960: 6889: 6846: 6759: 6696: 6559: 6315: 5460: 4439:

Leighton, T.G.; Coles, D.C.H.; Srokosz, M.; White, P.R.; Woolf, D.K. (2018).

4429:

M. A. Ainslie (2010), Principles of Sonar Performance Modeling, Springer, p68

4353: 3350: 3267: 3103: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2341: 2004: 1988: 1745: 1489: 1352: 1127: 856: 803:. Use of an array reduces the spatial response so that to provide wide cover 589: 577: 573: 313: 177: 52: 9896: 9314: 9155: 6071:

Bernaldo de Quirós Y; Fernandez A; Baird RW; et al. (30 January 2019).

5818:"Whales flee from military sonar leading to mass strandings, research shows" 4130:

US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

3874:

The Fighting Captain: Frederic John Walker RN and the Battle of the Atlantic

1177:, but the sonar operator usually finally classifies the signals manually. A 19402: 19376: 19356: 19180: 19143: 19107: 18743: 18690: 18566: 18522: 18507: 18436: 18024: 17986: 17513: 17469: 17174: 17143: 17122: 17096: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17056: 17030: 16950: 16905: 16850: 16830: 16710: 16675: 16660: 16500: 16359: 16334: 16324: 16304: 16284: 16181: 16101: 16023: 15933: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15518: 14872: 14717: 14695: 14657: 14179: 13767: 13742: 13556: 13454: 13430: 13327: 13087: 12911: 12694: 12395: 12383: 12313: 12303: 12288: 12222: 12169: 12111: 11963: 11743: 11198: 10931: 10837: 10782: 10740: 10725: 10628: 10529: 10434: 10359: 10231: 10140: 10128: 9941: 9722: 9700: 9577: 9530: 9460: 9384: 9359: 9110: 8693: 8631: 8611: 8439: 8170: 7936: 7921: 7898: 7256: 6810: 6749: 6376: 6324:

Seek & Strike: Sonar, Anti-submarine Warfare and the Royal Navy 1914–54

6217: 6168: 6106: 6088: 6057: 6039: 5986: 5927: 5909: 5875: 5857: 5749: 5699: 5647: 5555: 5468: 5390: 5187: 4716: 4657: 4606: 4482: 3860:

Seek & Strike: Sonar, anti-submarine warfare and the Royal Navy 1914–54

3387: 3345:

Research has shown that use of active sonar can lead to mass strandings of

3136: 3098: 3083: 2914: 2879: 2824: 2543: 2403: 2286: 2099: 2092: 1963: 1693: 1611: 1501: 1493: 1296: 665: 657: 597: 429: 416: 408: 43: 17664: 9891: 8041: 1624:(MOSS) was a free device. A modern alternative to the Nixie system is the 1295:, though the difference is small. The speed is determined by the water's 19339: 19334: 19019: 19014: 18985: 18950: 18923: 18453: 18058: 18019: 17941: 17787: 17659: 17587: 17496: 17464: 17449: 16925: 16885: 16760: 16670: 16655: 16580: 16445: 16440: 16394: 16329: 16314: 16289: 16274: 16171: 16106: 16053: 15953: 15861: 15816: 15679: 15502: 14837: 14316: 14301: 14266: 14239: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14114: 13854: 13438: 12896: 12841: 12430: 12333: 12328: 12227: 12210: 12164: 12154: 12078: 12023: 11894: 11836: 11728: 11708: 11698: 11693: 11522: 11484: 11390: 11374: 11154: 11026: 10777: 10612: 10607: 10449: 10271: 10266: 10176: 9982: 9926: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9445: 9334: 9035: 8881: 8858: 8799: 8748: 8681: 8676: 8616: 8578: 8489: 8459: 8434: 8429: 8382: 8267: 8239: 8150: 7156: 6970: 6789: 6629: 6494:—Coastal Services Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5298: 5238: 4558: 3811: 3058: 2756: 2736: 2373: 2130: 1843: 1807: 1753: 1637: 1596: 1399: 1332: 1288: 1284: 1229: 1222: 1147: 1005: 800: 673: 527: 523: 483: 309: 301: 264: 216: 75: 9876: 6184:"Effects of low-frequency naval sonar exposure on three species of fish" 5259: 5209: 4192:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. p. iv. 2195: 1788:

A similar system is believed to have been operated by the Soviet Union.

1599:

torpedoes are also used. An early example of an acoustic homer was the

19516: 19133: 18448: 18441: 18424: 18409: 18108: 18103: 18073: 18006: 17819: 17811: 17508: 17035: 16750: 16515: 16339: 16269: 16224: 16199: 15978: 15588: 14877: 14842: 14690: 14474: 14234: 13945: 13823: 13772: 13654: 13606: 13551: 12846: 12689: 12139: 12116: 11703: 10936: 10747: 10580: 10549: 10514: 10499: 10135: 10113: 10085: 10033: 9871: 9768: 9763: 9523: 9440: 9299: 9284: 8925: 8891: 8765: 8760: 8626: 8511: 8317: 8272: 8175: 8160: 7833: 6835: 6769: 6691: 6671: 6389: 4225:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. pp. 59–63. 3378: 3354: 3108: 2864: 2368: 2165: 2027: 1847: 1580: 1549: 1538: 1392: 1336: 1218: 1211: 1195: 1009: 961: 845: 796: 741: 677: 605: 535: 467: 412: 329: 272: 212: 181: 154: 150: 115: 6208: 6183: 6160: 5741: 5690: 5639: 5546: 5451: 5382: 4708: 4032: 664:

were promising for their low electrical conductivity resulting in low

19445: 19397: 19371: 19319: 19153: 19115: 18865: 18855: 18527: 18389: 18364: 17713: 17646: 17639: 16970: 16875: 16470: 16294: 16244: 16176: 15851: 14291: 13876: 13649: 13473: 13077: 12946: 12757: 12736: 12353: 12244: 11537: 11367: 10281: 9921: 9748: 9589: 9513: 9485: 9279: 9249: 9205: 9045: 9003: 8876: 8755: 8708: 8593: 8583: 8501: 8297: 7468: 7011: 6955: 6830: 6458: 6353: 5762: 5568: 5210:

Blackford, J.; Stahl, H.; Bull, J.; et al. (28 September 2014).

5136: 5111: 4844: 4794: 3176: 3131: 3093: 3043: 2978: 2884: 2348: 2320: 1979: 1749: 1689: 1545: 1327: 1292: 1207: 1199: 1174: 1163: 1155: 1037: 815: 696: 632: 588:

One of the earliest application of ADP crystals were hydrophones for

546: 511: 451:

Early in World War II (September 1940), British ASDIC technology was

305: 8103: 7267: 6400: 5261: 4795:"Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950 - 2010" 3837: 1889: 19090: 19034: 18695: 18544: 18512: 18149:

Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command

16537: 15811: 14440: 12891: 12886: 12808: 12261: 12149: 12033: 12018: 11527: 11322: 10585: 10291: 9946: 9710: 9670: 9470: 9190: 8715: 8686: 8536: 8484: 8477: 8472: 7064: 7059: 7054: 6815: 6599: 6239:

The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, 1997–1998

6122:"Scientists demand military sonar ban to end mass whale strandings" 3534:. Air Force AFM. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1961. p. 129 2548: 1983: 1776:

Lofargram writers, one for each array beam, on a NAVFAC watch floor

1513: 1374: 1340: 1311: 1307: 1287:, particularly in the vertical plane. Sound travels more slowly in 859:. Similar methods may be used looking upward for wave measurement. 681: 460: 456: 397: 290: 180:

system in use by 1918. Modern active sonar systems use an acoustic

7956: 6182:

Halvorsen M. B.; Zeddies D. G.; Chicoine D.; Popper A. N. (2013).

5415: 3610:

Underwater SLAM for Structured Environments Using an Imaging Sonar

3377:

to locate predators and prey. Research on the effects of sonar on

1411: 486:

and their effects on sound waves. Americans began to use the term

19051: 18554: 18532: 18419: 18414: 18128: 17949: 17764: 13675: 12468: 11559: 11477: 11121: 10956: 10941: 10916: 10832: 10772: 10301: 10296: 10118: 10007: 9911: 9269: 8720: 8703: 8698: 8506: 8449: 8249: 6497: 6462: 5062:"Acoustic Hake Survey Methods on the West Coast | NOAA Fisheries" 3458: – Areas behind a submarine or ship where sonar cannot hear 3366: 2328: 2289:, where active sonar could be used to determine the depth of its 1950: 1835: 1803: 1709: 1497: 1475:

Sound-absorbent coatings on the hulls of submarines, for example

1303: 1032: 997: 784: 669: 223: 193: 184:

to generate a sound wave which is reflected from target objects.

119: 80: 13343:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

10639:

Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming

4886: 4621: 3731:. Vol. 89. American Philosophical Society. pp. 41–46. 1544:

Passive sonar is stealthy and very useful. However, it requires

1228:

The display of most passive sonars used to be a two-dimensional

19455: 19435: 19329: 19004: 18497: 17676: 17671: 11617: 11499: 10961: 10921: 9856: 9822: 9394: 9364: 8312: 8307: 8292: 7705:

The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist

7049: 6421:"Hydroacoustic Protocol – Lakes, Reservoirs and Lowland Rivers" 6022:"Blue whales respond to simulated mid-frequency military sonar" 5892:"Blue whales respond to simulated mid-frequency military sonar" 5484: 3606: 3186: 3166: 3073: 3063: 2771: 2180:

virtual fan beams crossing the projector beam at right angles.

1700: 1167: 914: 835:

Particularly when single frequency transmissions are used, the

637: 628: 519: 256: 232:

for an underwater echo-ranging device was filed at the British

229: 13269:

Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association

7995:

Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci (Milan)

4673: 1772: 1616:

was a chemical device. A widely used US device was the towed

608:, and sealed. The tubes then were mounted in parallel arrays. 19465: 19407: 18680: 18578: 18470: 17885: 17864: 14496:

The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure

12651: 12106: 9319: 9304: 9294: 9254: 9220: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9115: 6919: 5756: 5424:"Acoustic and related waves in extraterrestrial environments" 3362: 3196: 3141: 2533: 2133:

and parametric or fuzzy-logic analysis of the acoustic data.

1970: 1729: 1233: 1139: 819: 495: 201: 142: 138: 107: 39: 18333: 5321:

Hannis, S.; Chadwick, A.; Connelly, D.; et al. (2017).

4868:

Speech Physiology, Speech Perception, and Acoustic Phonetics

4815: 4573: 4571: 4569: 2188:

Creating two and three-dimensional images using sonar data.

867:

active sonar is not frequently used by military submarines.

563: 19440: 18561: 18549: 18465: 9866: 9095: 9090: 7251: 5654: 4865:

Lieberman, Philip; Blumstein, Sheila E. (4 February 1988).

4132:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: Technology: Observation Tools: SONAR" 4004:

Sherman, Charles H; Butler, John L; Brown, David A (2008).

3703:. Allan R. Robinson. Harvard University Press. p. 498. 3502:

Jürgen Rohwer; Mikhail Monakov; Mikhail S. Monakov (2001).

3171: 2418: 2413: 2378: 1625: 1370: 1300: 1225:, as the unit may be towed above or below the thermocline. 601:

plates arranged to diamond-shaped areas in staggered rows.

530:, to the detection of underwater signals. As a result, the 297:

launched in 1915 were equipped with Fessenden oscillators.

13243:

National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology

12044:

Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus

6346:

Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences

5562: 5299:

Hannis, S.; Chadwick, A.; Pearce, J.; et al. (2015).

4432: 3729:

The cosmic inventor: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (1866–1932)

1834:-mounted imaging sonar designed for patrol divers (combat 1649:

mine-hunting sonar and Type 2093 systems are VDS designs.

1579:

An example of a modern active-passive ship towed sonar is

1537:

Another use of passive sonar is to determine the target's

17880: 17875: 5157: 5109: 4566: 3641:. John Gerard Walker. Taylor & Francis. p. 375. 760:. When the transmitter and receiver are separated it is 197: 17841:

International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office

15322:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

15144:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

10897:

Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei

7508:

Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist

6492:

Remote Sensing for Coastal Management: Single Beam Sonar

4441:"Asymmetric transfer of CO2 across a broken sea surface" 3968: 3966: 3906: 2243: 992:

The LIMIS (limpet mine imaging sonar) is a hand-held or

344: 17846:

Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)

14389:

Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving

12039:

Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment

4679: 4577: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4495: 4318:

Fissel, D. B.; Marko, J. R.; Melling, H. (2008-01-01).

3531:

Administrative Practices Glossary of Standardized Terms

3464: – American physicist (born 1925), sonar physicist 2065: 1472:

Mounting noise-generating devices on isolating devices.

168:

The first recorded use of the technique was in 1490 by

15715:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

15120:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

13704: 11800:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

10680:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

8219:

Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment

5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 3792:

a NOAA transcript by Central Library staff April, 2002

1853:

The LUIS is another imaging sonar for use by a diver.

775:

of sound, often called a "ping", and then listens for

627:

at the onset of World War II used projectors based on

501: 7136:

RIM-174 Standard Extended Range Active Missile (SM-6)

6488:

by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)

5510: 5491:

Leighton, T. G.; White, P. R.; Finfer, D. C. (2005).

5347: 5260:

Berges, B. J. P; Leighton, T.G.; White, P.R. (2015).

4294:"Stoat: Sea ice: What I do in my spare time :-)" 4129: 3963: 2280: 2235: 986: 129:

sonar means listening for the sound made by vessels;

125:"Sonar" can refer to one of two types of technology: 14912:

International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum

5203: 4760:"SOSUS The "Secret Weapon" of Undersea Surveillance" 4516: 3940:. U. S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, MD. p. 387. 3607:

David Ribas; Pere Ridao; José Neira (26 July 2010).

1830:

Limpet mine imaging sonar (LIMIS) is a hand-held or

650: 522:, England. At Nahant he applied the newly developed 255:, while working for the Submarine Signal Company in 15749:

14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship

13253:

Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine

5490: 5144: 4972: 4628:Leighton, T. G.; Chua, G. H.; White, P. R. (2012). 2164:

can be used to derive maps of seafloor topography (

459:, first developed by the British in 1944 under the 141:. Sonar may also be used for robot navigation, and 17326: 15669:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 15304:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 15108:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 15043:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 11788:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 10868: 10675:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 5763:Leighton, T.G.; White, P.R.; Finfer, D.C. (2012). 5569:Leighton, T.G.; Finfer, D.C.; White, P.R. (2008). 5421: 4910:. Commander, Undersea Surveillance. Archived from 4864: 4317: 4003: 3914:"AIP Oral History: Frederick Vinton Hunt, Part II" 3876:(2006, Kindle ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 932:In noise-limited conditions at initial detection: 88:, which was shipwrecked on 3 December 1941 in the 15462:United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course 13373:History of decompression research and development 6383: 6326:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1984. 5815: 5610: 5422:Leighton, T. G.; Petculescu, A. (1 August 2016). 5314: 5292: 5253: 4627: 4489: 1021:For the INSS (integrated navigation sonar system) 19638: 17196: 15395:National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group 15138:International Association for Handicapped Divers 13360: 13333:List of legislation regulating underwater diving 11806:International Association for Handicapped Divers 11548: 9791: 6712:Ultra-short baseline acoustic positioning system 6363:(3rd edition). Los Altos: Peninsula Publishing. 6231: 6229: 6227: 6188:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 6141:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5722:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5670:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5620:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5604: 5526:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5431:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5363:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5301:"Review of Offshore Monitoring for CCS Projects" 4731:"How The Soviet Akula Changed Submarine Warfare" 4689:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 4011:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1626:UK Royal Navy S2170 Surface Ship Torpedo Defence 360:took on the active sound detection project with 15710:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 15114:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 14935:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 14436:Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) 12548:Association of Diving Contractors International 11794:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 6465:, during World War II. Retrieved 25 Sept. 2009. 5712: 5571:"The problems with acoustics on a small planet" 5516: 5353: 5266:International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 4935:"Very High Resolution Imaging Diver Held Sonar" 4831:(4). Acoustical Society of America: 2330–2342. 4187:Project Artemnis Acoustic Source Summary Report 1194:that can be cooled without pumps, using silent 660:. Other materials were also tried; nonmetallic 248:obtained a patent for an echo sounder in 1913. 17997:Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) 15401:National Association of Underwater Instructors 15346:Rebreather Association of International Divers 15340:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 15328:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 15198:Rebreather Association of International Divers 15192:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 15180:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 15168:National Association of Underwater Instructors 15090:Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée 12647:List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders 7002:Joint Tactical Information Distribution System 6876: 6396:NOAA Protocols for Fisheries Acoustics Surveys 5028:"This Suit Gives You A Real Life Spider-Sense" 3418: 510:'s services for the first time. On leave from 368:. In 1939, in response to a question from the 18349: 18179:Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid 17930:Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 14978:Commercial diver registration in South Africa 14549: 11313: 10987:Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit 10806: 8119: 7492: 7283: 7091:Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS) 7065:AN/SPY-6 Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR) 6862: 6513: 6224: 6000:Winter vs. National Resources Defense Council 4278: 4276: 4006:"Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound" 3600: 3304: 2115: 1468:(i.e., non-powered) countermeasures include: 1283:Sonar operation is affected by variations in 157:). The study of underwater sound is known as 18079:Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association 17955:Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System 14924:International Marine Contractors Association 12553:International Marine Contractors Association 11427:International Marine Contractors Association 9416: 7647:Designs for an Adoration of the Christ Child 6486:FFI Facts: Sonars and the marine environment 6416:"ACOUSTICS IN FISHERIES AND AQUATIC ECOLOGY" 5010:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: Echo Sounding Reading" 4825:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 3552: 3550: 3548: 2293:, and passive sonar could be used to detect 1715: 1403:Bubble clouds shown under the sea. From ref. 1133: 556:in 1957 as chief research consultant at the 18054:Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia 17547:Environmental impact of recreational diving 15759:Underwater Orienteering World Championships 15334:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 15186:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 15078:American Canadian Underwater Certifications 14375:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival 13281:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 13248:Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory 13237:European Underwater and Baromedical Society 12132: 11852:Environmental impact of recreational diving 5811: 5809: 5706: 5519:"Sonar equations for planetary exploration" 5481:Arvelo & Lorenz (2013), J Acoust Soc Am 5308:IEAGHG Technical Report 2015-02 (July 2015) 4160:Abraham, D.A. (2017). "Signal Processing". 4114: 3323: 2255: 1918:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1243: 1173:Passive sonar systems may have large sonic 18356: 18342: 18270: 18139:Society for Underwater Historical Research 15720:South African Underwater Sports Federation 12502:Testing and inspection of diving cylinders 12358:Hazard identification and risk assessment 8126: 8112: 7290: 7276: 6869: 6855: 6687:Short baseline acoustic positioning system 6520: 6506: 5611:Jiang, J; Baik, K; Leighton, T.G. (2011). 4941:. Archived from the original on 2008-10-08 4753: 4751: 4397: 4273: 3311: 3297: 2327: 2081: 749:For the analogous process in animals, see 336:(PMN) have been developed for projectors. 18005: 17303:Physiological response to water immersion 15367: 14951:World Recreational Scuba Training Council 14930:List of diver certification organizations 14513:List of Divers Alert Network publications 14446:IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving 13263:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society 11117:Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) 11092:US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions 7661:Head of the Infant Saint John the Baptist 6677:Long baseline acoustic positioning system 6207: 6119: 6096: 6047: 5976: 5966: 5917: 5865: 5689: 5545: 5450: 5338: 5186: 5135: 5059: 4766:. Vol. 7, no. 2. Archived from 4656: 4557: 4472: 4343: 4291: 4252:"Lightweight Actuation Transponder (LAT)" 4184: 4031: 3663:Applied Underwater Acoustics: Leif Bjørnø 3632: 3630: 3613:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3545: 2123: 1938:Learn how and when to remove this message 1558: 1423: 1206:, which can also run silently. Vehicles' 1106:Learn how and when to remove this message 908: 564:Materials and designs in the US and Japan 518:, and later at US Naval Headquarters, in 17209:List of researchers in underwater diving 14918:International Diving Schools Association 14403:The new science of skin and scuba diving 13388:List of researchers in underwater diving 11934:Human factors in diving equipment design 8224:Human factors in diving equipment design 6428:Fisheries Acoustics: Theory and Practice 6426:Simmonds, E. John, and D. N. MacLennan. 6235: 5806: 5713:Ainslie, M. A.; Leighton, T. G. (2009). 5660: 5517:Ainslie, M. A.; Leighton, T. G. (2016). 5354:Ainslie, M. A.; Leighton, T. G. (2011). 5084: 3852: 3751: 3694: 3692: 3684:Principles of Sonar Performance Modeling 3413:temporary shift in the hearing threshold 3333: 2242: 2140: 1969: 1874: 1816: 1798:Anti-frogman techniques § Detection 1771: 1734:American Telephone and Telegraph Company 1684: 1562: 1483: 1410: 1398: 1069:This section includes a list of general 913:A sonar target is small relative to the 695: 343: 69: 51: 19497:Pollutant release and transfer register 17308:Thermal balance of the underwater diver 15439:Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center 15316:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 15266:American Academy of Underwater Sciences 15126:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 14170:1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident 13845:International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame 13748:R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle 13413:US Navy decompression models and tables 13275:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 11645: 10706: 9081:Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment 6295: 6266: 4932: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4757: 4748: 4217: 4159: 3759:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 3661:Thomas Neighbors, David Bradley (ed.), 3586:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 245. 3411:Low frequency sonar can create a small 2226: 1652: 1643: 1318:(in feet per second) is approximately: 1025: 983:, and the other factors are as before. 423:The tactical improvements developed by 110:propagation (usually underwater, as in 14: 19639: 18194:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center 17925:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 17894:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 13318:Civil liability in recreational diving 11989:List of diving hazards and precautions 11067:Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) 10056:Underwater acoustic positioning system 9566:High pressure breathing air compressor 6992:Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System 6727:Underwater acoustic positioning system 6605:Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System 4975:"Diver Charting and Graphical Display" 4939:Report to the Office of Naval Research 4185:McClinton, A. T. (September 7, 1967). 4090:Bjørnø, Leif (2017). "Sonar Systems". 4089: 3935: 3627: 2136: 1791: 1520:on the level of noise emitted and the 1269: 18337: 17576: 17195: 15785: 15784: 15754:Underwater Hockey World Championships 15700:British Underwater Sports Association 15483: 15482: 14972:Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme 14673: 14548: 14341: 13819:1992 cageless shark-diving expedition 13359: 13306: 12622: 11920: 11644: 11007:Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) 10705: 10083: 9571:Low pressure breathing air compressor 9415: 8205: 8133: 8107: 7297: 7271: 6850: 6501: 6301: 5055: 5053: 5038:from the original on 27 February 2013 3822: 3726: 3689: 3581: 2086: 1723: 1443:noise characteristics. The radiated 19587: 18828:Electromagnetic radiation and health 18258: 18030:Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment 17361:Thermodynamic model of decompression 15764:Underwater Rugby World Championships 15377:Cave Divers Association of Australia 15292:American Nitrox Divers International 15150:International Life Saving Federation 15084:American Nitrox Divers International 15049:Performance Freediving International 13231:European Diving Technology Committee 11872:Sinking ships for wreck diving sites 11770:Cave Divers Association of Australia 11490:Remotely operated underwater vehicle 11087:US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance 10685:Performance Freediving International 9902:Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System 9818:Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station 8206: 7462:The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne 7042: 5828:from the original on 1 October 2017. 5158:Leighton, T.G.; White, P.R. (2012). 4782: 4218:Erskine, Fred T. III (August 2013). 3871: 3865: 3698: 3636: 3468: 2303: 2190: 2066:Prosthesis for the visually impaired 2048:Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System 1974:Cabin display of a fish finder sonar 1916:adding citations to reliable sources 1883: 1762:Low Frequency Analysis and Recording 1314:. The density effect is small. The 1278: 1185: 1055: 400:of four vessels were established on 228:disaster of 1912. The world's first 19603: 19595: 18686:Radium and radon in the environment 18215:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device 17430:List of diving environments by type 15725:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 15234:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 15162:National Academy of Scuba Educators 14994:Department of Employment and Labour 14396:Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving 13850:London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures 13024:Effects of drugs on fitness to dive 12623: 12524:Breathing performance of regulators 7086:Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) 6997:Active electronically scanned array 4900: 4818:"The Heard Island Feasibility Test" 4380:The Economist: Technology Quarterly 4324:Journal of Operational Oceanography 3752:Hendrick, Burton J. (August 1914). 3639:Fundamentals of noise and vibration 2539:Radium and radon in the environment 2267: 2106: 2053: 1439:Passive sonar detects the target's 1253:SL − PL = NL − AG + DT, 558:US Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory 502:US Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory 348:ASDIC display unit from around 1944 24: 17992:Submarine escape training facility 17593:Defense against swimmer incursions 14946:Recreational diver course referral 11862:Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands 11673:Outline of recreational dive sites 11077:Special Warfare Diving and Salvage 10249:Variable weight apnea without fins 7096:Space Surveillance Telescope (SST) 6527: 6442: 6390:Fisheries Acoustics Research (FAR) 6273:. Texas A&M University Press. 6120:Batchelor, Tom (30 January 2019). 6077:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 6027:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5897:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5167:Proceedings of the Royal Society A 5091:UF/IFAS Extension Charlotte County 5050: 4973:Krueger, Kenneth L. (2003-05-05). 4758:Whitman, Edward C. (Winter 2005). 4637:Proceedings of the Royal Society A 4587:Proceedings of the Royal Society A 4292:Connolley, William (29 May 2005). 4232:from the original on June 10, 2020 4199:from the original on June 11, 2020 4115:Tucker, D.G.; Gazey, B.K. (1966). 2281:Sonar in extraterrestrial contexts 2236:Gas leak detection from the seabed 1859: 1825: 1567:Variable depth sonar and its winch 1454: 1075:it lacks sufficient corresponding 987:Hand-held sonar for use by a diver 880: 848:" that shows a small display with 706: 25: 19688: 18144:Society for Underwater Technology 13338:Investigation of diving accidents 11921: 11812:Quintana Roo Speleological Survey 11052:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) 10892:Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) 10061:Underwater acoustic communication 8793:Underwater acoustic communication 8356:Variable buoyancy pressure vessel 7733:Drapery of the Virgin's Right Arm 7131:RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) 6722:Underwater acoustic communication 6657:Acoustic Doppler current profiler 6479: 5816:Damian Carrington (3 July 2013). 3872:Burn, Alan (1993). "Appendix 6". 3508:. Psychology Press. p. 264. 3406: 1730:Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) 1500:reportedly sold machinery to the 1361:Sound propagation is affected by 651:Later developments in transducers 324:transducers later superseded the 289:wavelength in diameter). The ten 19621: 19611: 19602: 19594: 19586: 19574: 19573: 18315: 18303: 18269: 18257: 18246: 18245: 18015:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 17341:Bühlmann decompression algorithm 15685:Australian Underwater Federation 15174:Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond 14342: 13758:Shallow Water Combat Submersible 12922:Swimming-induced pulmonary edema 12799:Inner ear decompression sickness 12379:Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue 11663:Index of recreational dive sites 11002:Naval Special Operations Command 10665:Australian Underwater Federation 8088: 8087: 7619:Studies of the Fetus in the Womb 7598:The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian 7584:Study for the Madonna of the Cat 6628: 6287:from the original on 2018-04-26. 6256:from the original on 2018-04-26. 6009:No. 07–1239., October term, 2008 5016:from the original on 2015-09-10. 4797:. IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association 4050:from the original on 2018-04-26. 3818:from the original on 2007-06-26. 3278: 3266: 2194: 2183: 1998: 1888: 1265:FOM = SL + AG − (NL + DT). 1060: 1051: 822:of changing frequency (to allow 740:Problems playing this file? See 732:Recording of active sonar pings. 722: 18400:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 18304: 18099:Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club 17775:-class deep submergence vehicle 15444:Underwater Escape Training Unit 13225:Diving Medical Advisory Council 13219:Diving Diseases Research Centre 11057:Special Forces Command (Turkey) 6780:Hearing range of marine mammals 6392:at the University of Washington 6267:Søreide, Fredrik (2011-04-28). 6260: 6175: 6132: 6113: 6064: 6012: 5993: 5934: 5882: 5832: 5475: 5406: 5397: 5103: 5078: 5020: 5002: 4966: 4926: 4858: 4809: 4723: 4423: 4386:from the original on 2020-11-09 4368: 4311: 4285: 4262:from the original on 2020-06-23 4244: 4211: 4178: 4153: 4142:from the original on 2020-06-22 4123: 4108: 4083: 4072:from the original on 2020-06-22 4054: 3997: 3944: 3929: 3920: 3890: 3830:"World War II Naval Dictionary" 3804: 3777: 3745: 3720: 3707: 3475: 2359:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 2017: 1692:dipping sonar deployed from an 936:SL − 2PL + TS − (NL − AG) = DT, 922:will be 1 W/m (due to the 691: 354:Board of Invention and Research 219:to provide warning of hazards. 15690:British Freediving Association 15407:Technical Diving International 14983:Divers Institute of Technology 14906:European Underwater Federation 14742:Surface-supplied diving skills 12957:Hyperbaric treatment schedules 12917:Salt water aspiration syndrome 12816:High-pressure nervous syndrome 12091:Diver behaviour and competence 11939:Human factors in diving safety 11455:Baited remote underwater video 11288:Underwater search and recovery 11256:Underwater cutting and welding 11062:Special Forces Group (Belgium) 10670:British Freediving Association 10425:Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych 10084: 9644:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 9310:Diving Unlimited International 8955:Mechanism of diving regulators 8644:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 8037:replicas and reinterpretations 7983:Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci 7626:Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk 7380:Saint Jerome in the Wilderness 7070:Sea-based X-band Radar (SBX-1) 6662:Acoustic seabed classification 6384:Fisheries acoustics references 6361:Principles of Underwater Sound 5085:Staugler, Betty (2019-10-15). 5060:Fisheries, NOAA (2021-01-07). 4345:10.1080/1755876X.2008.11081884 3676: 3655: 3575: 3495: 3228:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 2040: 1995:on a high resolution monitor. 899: 506:In 1917, the US Navy acquired 13: 1: 18888:Electrical resistance heating 18363: 17531:Underwater diving environment 17351:Reduced gradient bubble model 17346:Haldane's decompression model 15730:Underwater Society of America 15310:Diving Science and Technology 15216:Scuba Educators International 14410:Professional Diver's Handbook 13718:Advanced SEAL Delivery System 13408:Pearling in Western Australia 13403:Timeline of diving technology 13208:Aerospace Medical Association 13108:Guybon Chesney Castell Damant 13034:Psychological fitness to dive 12907:Instinctive drowning response 12309:Gas blending for scuba diving 11818:Woodville Karst Plain Project 11107:Underwater Demolition Command 11102:Underwater Construction Teams 10992:Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) 10952:Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine 10882:Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) 10848:United States military divers 9808:Continental Shelf Station Two 9583:Gas blending for scuba diving 5493:"The sounds of seas in space" 5340:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1732 4062:"Basic Sonar System (Active)" 3390:foraging ecology, individual 3361:Some marine animals, such as 2699:Electrical resistance heating 1380: 814:The pulse may be at constant 583:Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 490:for their systems, coined by 312:, while the French physicist 240:a month after the sinking of 207:In the late 19th century, an 18540:Persistent organic pollutant 18094:Nautical Archaeology Society 18089:Nautical Archaeology Program 17917:NATO Submarine Rescue System 17198:Science of underwater diving 16936:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 16841:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 15695:British Octopush Association 15012:Divers Academy International 14941:Nautical Archaeology Society 14619:Public safety diver training 14605:Occupational diver training 13497:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 13362:History of underwater diving 12598:Standard operating procedure 12389:Hierarchy of hazard controls 11422:Helix Energy Solutions Group 11072:Special Service Group (Navy) 11037:Special Air Service Regiment 10997:Naval Service Diving Section 10823:Canadian Armed Forces Divers 10202:Constant weight without fins 8788:Through-water communications 8026:Conservation-restoration of 7793:Codex on the Flight of Birds 7726:Drapery of the Virgin's Legs 7352:The Madonna of the Carnation 7197:Mark 8 Fire Control Computer 7192:Mark I Fire Control Computer 7177:Comprehensive Display System 6930:Ship gun fire-control system 6348:16#1 (January 1986) 83–110. 5968:10.1371/journal.pone.0060953 5598:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.008 4162:Applied Underwater Acoustics 4117:Applied underwater acoustics 4092:Applied Underwater Acoustics 3952:Sonar Transducers: A History 3786:Hydrographic Office Bulletin 3488: 2409:Persistent organic pollutant 2333:Air pollution from a factory 1879: 1802:Sonar can be used to detect 1590: 700:Principle of an active sonar 466:, dipping/dunking sonar and 211:was used as an ancillary to 104:sonic navigation and ranging 100:sound navigation and ranging 7: 19550:Least polluted cities by PM 18169:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 17615:Underwater domain awareness 17383:Physiology of decompression 16571:Michael Barratt (astronaut) 15389:Global Underwater Explorers 15228:Scuba Schools International 15132:Global Underwater Explorers 15055:Scuba Schools International 14988:Health and Safety Executive 14631:Recreational diver training 13738:Motorised Submersible Canoe 13128:Robert William Hamilton Jr. 12993:Diving Medical Practitioner 12942:Demand valve oxygen therapy 11959:Underwater diving emergency 11565:Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun 11165:Recreational diver training 10660:Scuba Schools International 9759:Combat rubber raiding craft 9265:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 8156:Atmospheric pressure diving 7952:Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis 7907:Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio 7612:Portrait of Isabella d'Este 6469:"Radar of the Deep - SONAR" 5286:10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.02.008 4411:. U.S. Fleet Forces Command 3449: 3419:Frequencies and resolutions 2050:is a UUV for MCM purposes. 1680: 1391:When active sonar is used, 1154:are mounted without proper 581:Rochelle salt reliability. 352:In 1916, under the British 106:) is a technique that uses 10: 19693: 19492:Pollution haven hypothesis 19415:Brain health and pollution 18653:Ecological light pollution 18483:Internal combustion engine 18184:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator 17366:Varying Permeability Model 17256:Underwater computer vision 15563:Underwater target shooting 15210:Scuba Diving International 14570:Competence and assessment 14093:Peter Henry Michael Holmes 12084:Uncontrolled decompression 11668:List of wreck diving sites 11150:Commercial offshore diving 11112:Underwater Demolition Team 11042:Special Actions Detachment 10214:Dynamic apnea without fins 10161:Underwater target shooting 9706:Launch and recovery system 9476:Launch and recovery system 8654:Submersible pressure gauge 7978:Museo leonardiano di Vinci 7515:The Holy Infants Embracing 7181: 7172:Naval Tactical Data System 6877:NATO naval weapons systems 6745:Acoustic survey in fishing 5116:Archaeological Prospection 4510:10.1357/002224091784995765 4465:10.1038/s41598-018-25818-6 3974:"Japanese Sonar and Asdic" 3936:Horton, J. Warren (1957). 3373:systems, sometimes called 3327: 2116:Water velocity measurement 2090: 2002: 1978:Companies such as eSonar, 1795: 1656: 1622:mobile submarine simulator 1384: 948:(sometimes referred to as 748: 295:British H-class submarines 187: 29: 19571: 19525: 19474: 19423: 19390: 19295:Nonpoint source pollution 19223: 19215:War and environmental law 19162: 19124: 19106: 18906: 18841: 18778: 18704: 18673: 18638: 18622: 18587: 18574:Volatile organic compound 18380: 18371: 18241: 18202: 18157: 18084:Karst Underwater Research 18042: 17977: 17831: 17628: 17583: 17577: 17572: 17539: 17422: 17395: 17293:Equivalent narcotic depth 17266: 17217: 17204: 17191: 17167: 17136: 17105: 17044: 16536: 16423: 16190: 16130: 16082: 15875: 15797: 15793: 15780: 15741: 15649: 15633: 15597: 15571: 15511: 15495: 15491: 15478: 15452: 15424: 15280: 15272:CMAS Scientific Committee 15254: 15240:United Diving Instructors 15156:Israeli Diving Federation 15064: 15025: 15002: 14960: 14890: 14865: 14830: 14782:Advanced Open Water Diver 14774: 14759: 14624:Scientific diver training 14609:Commercial diver training 14574:Competency-based learning 14559: 14555: 14550:Training and registration 14544: 14521: 14505: 14459: 14426: 14352: 14348: 14337: 14158: 14098:Johnson Sea Link accident 14055: 13983: 13944: 13918: 13897: 13875: 13868: 13860:Women Divers Hall of Fame 13832: 13811: 13795:Raid on Alexandria (1941) 13785: 13640: 13487: 13464: 13421: 13368: 13355: 13313: 13302: 13196: 13049: 13042: 13011: 12998:Diving Medical Technician 12980: 12972:Therapeutic recompression 12934: 12877: 12865:Carbon monoxide poisoning 12855: 12834: 12804:Isobaric counterdiffusion 12776: 12745: 12670: 12635: 12631: 12618: 12534: 12487: 12464:Diving systems technician 12429: 12342: 12187: 11977: 11929: 11916: 11885: 11877:Underwater diving on Guam 11827: 11752: 11681: 11653: 11640: 11513: 11460:In-water surface cleaning 11435: 11405: 11249:Archaeology of shipwrecks 11138: 10736:Commercial offshore diver 10718: 10714: 10701: 10647: 10621: 10573: 10317: 10259: 10169: 10096: 10092: 10079: 10021: 9970: 9840: 9741: 9728:Recreational Dive Planner 9676:Built-in breathing system 9659: 9632:Pressure swing adsorption 9494: 9428: 9424: 9411: 9238: 9179: 9061: 8992: 8902: 8729: 8662: 8604: 8552:Lightweight demand helmet 8527: 8458: 8393: 8331: 8258: 8232: 8214: 8201: 8141: 8082:✻✻ Possible collaboration 8075: 8003: 7970: 7927:Giovanni Agostino da Lodi 7897: 7813: 7760: 7691: 7670: 7635: 7575: 7542: 7373:The Adoration of the Magi 7328: 7305: 7247: 7221: 7144: 7108: 7078: 7035: 6979: 6938: 6910:Combat information center 6882: 6798: 6735: 6682:Ocean acoustic tomography 6637: 6626: 6535: 6242:. Naval Institute Press. 6236:Friedman, Norman (1997). 5792:10.1007/s11038-012-9399-6 5087:"Weightless in the Water" 4994:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4958:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3727:Seitz, Frederick (1999). 3383:Southern California Bight 2954:War and environmental law 2574:Health effects from noise 2424:Volatile organic compound 1716:Underwater communications 1585:Thales Underwater Systems 1134:Identifying sound sources 1044:, and floats such as the 371:Oxford English Dictionary 244:, and a German physicist 236:by English meteorologist 18754:Marine mammals and sonar 18665:Radio spectrum pollution 18189:Space Systems Laboratory 15959:Fernando Garfella Palmer 15807:Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro 15358:Technical Extended Range 15352:Trimix Scuba Association 14663:Stress exposure training 14230:Fernando Garfella Palmer 13512:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 13378:History of Diving Museum 12449:Diver medical technician 12199:Ascending and descending 12175:Non-freezing cold injury 11017:Russian commando frogmen 10798:Underwater archaeologist 9418:Diving support equipment 8839:Emergency locator beacon 8672:Diver propulsion vehicle 7210:USN early guided weapons 6785:Marine mammals and sonar 6610:Synthetic aperture sonar 5772:Earth, Moon, and Planets 5310:: Copyright 2016 IEAGHG. 5225:(11): Published online. 3584:A Dictionary of Aviation 3582:Wragg, David W. (1973). 3562:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3330:Marine mammals and sonar 3324:Effect on marine mammals 2579:Marine mammals and sonar 2262:synthetic aperture sonar 2256:Synthetic aperture sonar 1631: 975:SL − 2PL + TS = RL + DT, 596:submarine discharged an 532:carbon button microphone 494:to be the equivalent of 477: 339: 38:Not to be confused with 19672:20th-century inventions 19600:WikiProject Environment 19558:Most polluted countries 19502:Polluter pays principle 19233:Agricultural wastewater 18124:Save Ontario Shipwrecks 17935:Russian submarine AS-34 17655:American submarine NR-1 17521:Recreational dive sites 17298:Maximum operating depth 17045:Writers and journalists 16566:Serena Auñón-Chancellor 16009:Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova 15974:Swietenia Puspa Lestari 15620:Underwater orienteering 14614:Military diver training 14591:Diver training standard 14368:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 14287:Chris and Chrissy Rouse 14110:Gerard Anthony Prangley 13612:Willard Franklyn Searle 13577:Christian J. Lambertsen 13383:History of scuba diving 13307: 13178:Charles Wesley Shilling 13153:Christian J. Lambertsen 13133:Henry Valence Hempleman 12988:Diving Medical Examiner 12573:Emergency response plan 12512:Sustained load cracking 12474:Life support technician 12049:Single point of failure 11954:Scuba diving fatalities 11658:Recreational dive sites 11613:ASM-DT amphibious rifle 11593:AAI underwater revolver 11583:SPP-1 underwater pistol 11192:Underwater construction 10907:Frogman Corps (Denmark) 10420:Elisabeth Kristoffersen 10196:Constant weight bi-fins 9627:Membrane gas separation 9536:Carbon dioxide scrubber 9456:Diving platform (scuba) 9071:Carbon dioxide scrubber 8916:Atmospheric diving suit 8468:Atmospheric diving suit 8363:Diving weighting system 8186:Surface-supplied diving 8181:Surface oriented diving 6667:Acoustical oceanography 6449:"Canada: Stable Sonics" 6342:(subscription required) 6310:(January 2018): 37–57. 5784:2012EM&P..109...91L 5661:Leighton, T.G. (2009). 3394:and population health. 3054:Freshwater salinization 2974:Agricultural wastewater 2082:Scientific applications 1758:time–frequency analysis 1238:plan position indicator 1090:more precise citations. 771:Active sonar creates a 618:lead zirconate titanate 430:German acoustic torpedo 192:Although some animals ( 84:, formerly the Latvian 27:Acoustic sensing method 19657:Anti-submarine warfare 19618:Environment portal 18851:Agricultural pollution 17526:Underwater environment 17407:Underwater exploration 17337:Decompression models: 16410:John Ernest Williamson 15989:Anna Marguerite McCann 15822:Amelia Behrens-Furniss 15641:Underwater photography 15625:Underwater photography 15512:Snorkeling/breath-hold 15222:Scottish Sub Aqua Club 15017:Norwegian diver school 14641:ISO training standards 13910:Tham Luang cave rescue 13728:Dry Combat Submersible 13627:Pierre-Marie Touboulic 13567:Karl Heinrich Klingert 13113:Kenneth William Donald 12962:In-water recompression 12794:Dysbaric osteonecrosis 12789:Decompression sickness 12727:Compression arthralgia 12240:Decompression practice 12216:Canoe and kayak diving 12145:Decompression sickness 11969:Water surface searches 11949:Safety-critical system 11847:Diving in the Maldives 11739:Underwater photography 11578:Heckler & Koch P11 11300:Underwater videography 11283:Underwater photography 11271:Nondestructive testing 11244:Underwater archaeology 10977:Marine Raider Regiment 10843:Royal Navy ships diver 10601:Shallow-water blackout 9754:Canoe and kayak diving 9541:Cascade filling system 9014:Decompression cylinder 8739:Alternative air source 8572:Standard diving helmet 8415:Decompression cylinder 7804:A Treatise on Painting 7522:The Battle of Anghiari 7483:Saint John the Baptist 7402:Portrait of a Musician 7315:Science and inventions 7121:RIM-67 Standard (SM-2) 6966:Close-in weapon system 6585:Scientific echosounder 6089:10.1098/rspb.2018.2533 6040:10.1098/rspb.2013.0657 5910:10.1098/rspb.2013.0657 5858:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0223 5188:10.1098/rspa.2011.0221 4658:10.1098/rspa.2012.0247 4607:10.1098/rspa.2010.0154 4136:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov 3682:M. A. Ainslie (2010), 3400:decompression sickness 3342: 3273:Environment portal 2248: 2177:multibeam echosounders 2158: 2124:Bottom type assessment 1975: 1822: 1777: 1696: 1568: 1559:Anti-submarine warfare 1424:Target characteristics 1416: 1404: 1261:of a passive sonar is 1244:Performance prediction 1214:has a distinct sound. 909:Performance prediction 711: 701: 625:Imperial Japanese Navy 349: 334:lead magnesium niobate 251:The Canadian engineer 176:, with an operational 92: 67: 33:Sonar (disambiguation) 19273:Industrial wastewater 19139:Clutter (advertising) 19047:Municipal solid waste 18893:Soil guideline values 18737:Sustainable transport 18630:Information pollution 18430:Open burning of waste 18174:Neutral buoyancy pool 17856:Submarine rescue ship 17851:McCann Rescue Chamber 17610:Rugged compact camera 17598:Diver detection sonar 17445:Confined water diving 17159:James Joseph Magennis 16796:Michael López-Alegría 16526:Aristotelis Zervoudis 16265:John Christopher Fine 15939:John Christopher Fine 15605:Immersion finswimming 15434:Defence Diving School 15298:British Sub-Aqua Club 15096:British Sub-Aqua Club 14083:Francis P. Hammerberg 13763:Siluro San Bartolomeo 13753:SEAL Delivery Vehicle 13686:Standard diving dress 13532:Charles Anthony Deane 13517:Joseph-Martin Cabirol 13479:Jason deCaires Taylor 13398:Man in the Sea Museum 13393:Lyons Maritime Museum 12732:Decompression illness 12715:Middle ear barotrauma 12583:Diving superintendent 12578:Diving safety officer 12497:Breathing gas quality 12102:Overconfidence effect 11764:British Sub-Aqua Club 11589:Underwater revolvers 11266:Underwater inspection 11261:Underwater demolition 11187:Offshore construction 11082:Tactical Divers Group 10972:Marinejegerkommandoen 10902:Decima Flottiglia MAS 10858:U.S.Navy master diver 10763:Diving superintendent 10758:Diving safety officer 10370:Mandy-Rae Cruickshank 10243:Variable weight apnea 9776:Diving support vessel 9551:Diving air compressor 9226:Standard diving dress 9201:Diving air compressor 8984:Full-face diving mask 8972:Single-hose regulator 8960:Regulator malfunction 8863:Navigation equipment 8805:Diving safety harness 8420:Decompression trapeze 8410:Decompression chamber 8021:Portraits of Leonardo 7696:Child with Saint Anne 7344:The Baptism of Christ 7229:Ground-based systems: 7162:Torpedo Data Computer 7152:Radar in World War II 6765:Deep scattering layer 6575:Multibeam echosounder 6570:GLORIA sidescan sonar 6423:(for fish assessment) 6359:Urick, R. J. (1983). 6304:Warship International 6270:Ships from the Depths 5219:Nature Climate Change 3938:Fundamentals of Sonar 3899:Howeth: Chapter XXXIX 3862:(HMSO, London, 1984). 3701:Physical Oceanography 3337: 3328:Further information: 3014:Industrial wastewater 2782:Municipal solid waste 2704:Soil guideline values 2246: 2144: 1973: 1875:Civilian applications 1820: 1775: 1736:(AT&T), with its 1688: 1566: 1532:acoustic intelligence 1484:Military applications 1414: 1402: 1387:Deep scattering layer 766:multistatic operation 710: 699: 554:Fundamentals of Sonar 516:Nahant, Massachusetts 356:, Canadian physicist 347: 153:) to extremely high ( 118:, measure distances ( 73: 55: 19545:Most polluted cities 19238:Biological pollution 19149:Overhead power lines 18220:Scuba diving therapy 18210:Nautilus Productions 18134:Sea Research Society 18069:Divers Alert Network 17502:Torricellian chamber 17412:Deep-sea exploration 17373:Equivalent air depth 17244:Modulated ultrasound 17239:Underwater acoustics 16706:Christopher E. Gerty 16701:Michael L. Gernhardt 16591:Timothy J. Broderick 16466:William Hogarth Main 16157:Jean-Michel Cousteau 16122:Krzysztof Starnawski 15204:Sub-Aqua Association 14468:The Darkness Beckons 13999:diving bell accident 13926:John Day (carpenter) 13448:Queen Anne's Revenge 13213:Divers Alert Network 13138:Leonard Erskine Hill 13019:Atrial septal defect 12720:Pulmonary barotrauma 12680:Alternobaric vertigo 12324:Scuba gas management 12284:Diver communications 11900:Underwater Bike Race 11857:Scuba diving tourism 11842:Diving in East Timor 11608:APS underwater rifle 11603:ADS amphibious rifle 11219:Public safety diving 11214:Potable water diving 11047:Special Boat Service 11022:Sappers Divers Group 10982:Minedykkerkommandoen 10380:Leonardo D'Imporzano 10238:Skandalopetra diving 9998:Hyperbaric stretcher 9957:T1200 Trenching Unit 9932:Sea Dragon-class ROV 9781:HMS Challenger (K07) 9681:Decompression tables 9651:Oxygen compatibility 9086:Cryogenic rebreather 8931:Scuba cylinder valve 8832:Screw gate carabiner 8810:Emergency gas supply 8771:Diver's cutting tool 8637:Helium release valve 8567:Shallow water helmet 8495:Standard diving suit 8341:Buoyancy compensator 8288:Emergency gas supply 7917:Bernardino de' Conti 7417:La Belle Ferronnière 6717:Underwater acoustics 6707:Sound velocity probe 6702:Sound speed gradient 6620:Upward looking sonar 6565:Fessenden oscillator 6337:Hackmann, Willem D. 6296:General bibliography 5239:10.1038/nclimate2381 5034:. 23 February 2013. 4559:10.1029/2009GL039191 3713:W. Hackmann (1984), 3699:Hill, M. N. (1962). 3637:Fahy, Frank (1998). 3462:Gordon Eugene Martin 3223:Most polluted cities 2875:Overhead power lines 2227:Sub-bottom profiling 1912:improve this section 1659:Submarine navigation 1653:Submarine navigation 1644:Mine countermeasures 1158:insulation from the 1026:Upward looking sonar 840:searching platform. 758:monostatic operation 638:iron-aluminium alloy 453:transferred for free 425:Frederic John Walker 358:Robert William Boyle 277:Fessenden oscillator 238:Lewis Fry Richardson 159:underwater acoustics 112:submarine navigation 31:For other uses, see 19608:WikiProject Ecology 19305:Ocean acidification 19210:Unexploded ordnance 19081:Post-consumer waste 18941:Foam food container 18919:Biodegradable waste 18493:Global distillation 18064:Coral Reef Alliance 17440:Benign water diving 17283:Cold shock response 17052:Michael C. Barnette 17006:Douglas H. Wheelock 16911:David Saint-Jacques 16696:Ronald J. Garan Jr. 16405:Michele Westmorland 15705:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 15524:Underwater football 15102:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 14802:Introductory diving 14747:Underwater searches 14733:Diamond Reef System 14636:Introductory diving 14460:General non-fiction 14382:Underwater Handbook 14282:François de Roubaix 14135:Lothar Michael Ward 14078:Victor F. Guiel Jr. 13905:Alpazat cave rescue 13812:Scientific projects 13691:Sub Marine Explorer 13597:Joseph Salim Peress 13592:Ernest William Moir 12952:Hyperbaric medicine 12753:Freediving blackout 12421:Situation awareness 12367:Job safety analysis 12250:Ratio decompression 12059:Cold shock response 12009:Entanglement hazard 11944:Life-support system 11782:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 11647:Recreational diving 11574:Underwater pistols 11468:Cavitation cleaning 11293:Underwater searches 11182:Marine construction 11032:Special Air Service 10818:Army engineer diver 10788:Public safety diver 10708:Professional diving 10596:Deep-water blackout 10591:Freediving blackout 10415:Mehgan Heaney-Grier 10146:Underwater football 9993:Hyperbaric lifeboat 9887:Goldfish-class ROUV 9882:Global Explorer ROV 9844:underwater vehicles 9380:Shearwater Research 9041:Scuba configuration 9024:Manifolded twin set 9019:Independent doubles 8977:Twin-hose regulator 8887:Surface marker buoy 8067:(Galleria Borghese) 8052:Mathematics and art 8011:Cultural references 7874:Rapid fire crossbow 7864:Self-propelled cart 7638:Virgin of the Rocks 7410:Lady with an Ermine 7395:Virgin of the Rocks 7187:Specific equipment: 7027:List of radar types 7007:Historical systems: 6987:Aegis Combat System 6905:Director (military) 6895:Fire-control system 6826:Hydrographic survey 6775:Fisheries acoustics 6755:Animal echolocation 6550:Baffles (submarine) 6200:2013ASAJ..134L.205H 6153:2007ASAJ..122..623P 5959:2013PLoSO...860953J 5734:2009ASAJ..126.2163A 5682:2009ASAJ..125L.214L 5632:2011ASAJ..130..695J 5590:2008Icar..193..649L 5538:2016ASAJ..140.1400A 5443:2016ASAJ..140.1397L 5375:2011ASAJ..130.3184A 5278:2015IJGGC..38...64B 5231:2014NatCC...4.1011B 5179:2012RSPSA.468..485L 5128:2021ArchP..28..527P 4837:1994ASAJ...96.2330M 4701:2011ASAJ..130.3431L 4649:2012RSPSA.468.3517L 4643:(2147): 3517–3532. 4599:2010RSPSA.466.3453L 4593:(2124): 3453–3478. 4550:2009GeoRL..3615608W 4457:2018NatSR...8.8301L 4376:"Blue-sea thinking" 4336:2008JOO.....1....9F 4024:2008ASAJ..124.1385S 3916:. 23 February 2015. 3902:. Washington. 1963. 3840:on 12 December 2013 3812:"The rotary bowcap" 3456:Baffles (submarine) 3039:Ocean acidification 2949:Unexploded ordnance 2870:Advertising clutter 2802:Post-consumer waste 2747:Foam food container 2732:Biodegradable waste 2389:Global distillation 2147:hydrographic survey 2137:Bathymetric mapping 1792:Underwater security 1522:ambient noise level 1449:continuous spectrum 1270:Performance factors 1144:alternating current 981:reverberation level 966:detection threshold 919:orders of magnitude 751:animal echolocation 407:By the outbreak of 304:the need to detect 74:Sonar image of the 19662:British inventions 19628:Ecology portal 19512:Waste minimisation 19487:Industrial ecology 19482:Cleaner production 19300:Nutrient pollution 19177:Herbicidal warfare 18971:Construction waste 18607:Introduced species 18478:Indoor air quality 18405:Chlorofluorocarbon 18162:Astronaut training 18119:Rubicon Foundation 17965:URF (Swedish Navy) 17750:Russian submarine 17738:-class submersible 17708:Deepsea Challenger 17693:-class bathyscaphe 17620:Underwater vehicle 17492:Penetration diving 17480:Black-water diving 17356:Thalmann algorithm 17168:Commercial salvors 16801:Joseph B. MacInnis 16310:Joseph B. MacInnis 16147:David Attenborough 16069:Peter Throckmorton 16029:Andreas Rechnitzer 16019:Mendel L. Peterson 15880:archaeologists and 15664:AIDA International 15615:Underwater cycling 15598:Open Circuit Scuba 15584:Apnoea finswimming 15496:Surface snorkeling 15246:YMCA SCUBA Program 15037:AIDA International 14812:Master Scuba Diver 14797:CMAS** scuba diver 14775:Core diving skills 14713:Finning techniques 14579:Refresher training 14361:NOAA Diving Manual 14175:Ricardo Armbruster 14103:Edwin Clayton Link 13975:Natalia Molchanova 13723:Cosmos CE2F series 13681:Porpoise regulator 13547:Auguste Denayrouze 13323:Diving regulations 13258:Rubicon Foundation 13183:Edward D. Thalmann 13148:Felix Hoppe-Seyler 13143:Brian Andrew Hills 13123:John Scott Haldane 13098:Albert A. Bühlmann 13063:Arthur J. Bachrach 13003:Hyperbaric nursing 12902:Immersion diuresis 12784:Avascular necrosis 12568:Diving regulations 12277:Scuba gas planning 11599:Underwater rifles 11278:Underwater logging 11239:Submarine pipeline 11177:Hyperbaric welding 10912:Fuerzas Especiales 10655:AIDA International 10545:Devrim Cenk Ulusoy 10470:Natalia Molchanova 10400:Francisco Ferreras 10287:Snorkel (swimming) 10109:Apnoea finswimming 10013:Reserve gas supply 9988:ENOS Rescue-System 9803:Aquarius Reef Base 9595:Gas reclaim system 9390:Submarine Products 9063:Diving rebreathers 8405:Decompression buoy 8373:Integrated weights 7827:Divina proportione 7783:Codex Trivulzianus 7747:Head of the Virgin 7740:Head of Saint Anne 7239:Kerrison Predictor 6900:Fire-control radar 6821:Geophysical MASINT 6806:Acoustic signature 6408:2017-09-16 at the 6402:Acoustics Unpacked 6322:Hackmann, Willem. 6194:(2): EL205–EL210. 6083:(1895): 20182533. 6005:2017-12-09 at the 4908:"Origins of SOSUS" 4445:Scientific Reports 4405:"Science of Sound" 3957:2015-04-18 at the 3834:USS Abbot (DD-629) 3797:2010-05-10 at the 3665:, Elsevier, 2017, 3343: 3285:Ecology portal 2910:Herbicidal warfare 2454:Introduced species 2394:Indoor air quality 2364:Chlorofluorocarbon 2249: 2206:. You can help by 2159: 2145:Graphic depicting 2087:Biomass estimation 2072:ultrasonic sensors 1976: 1823: 1778: 1724:Ocean surveillance 1697: 1569: 1417: 1405: 1353:deep sound channel 1146:power systems. If 924:inverse-square law 893:Mission Capistrano 829:digital processing 762:bistatic operation 712: 702: 645:carbon microphones 446:acoustic torpedoes 350: 253:Reginald Fessenden 93: 68: 19667:French inventions 19652:Submarine warfare 19634: 19633: 19507:Pollution control 19187:Nuclear holocaust 19096:Thermal treatment 19064:Plastic pollution 18981:Mercury poisoning 18934:Battery recycling 18833:Radioactive waste 18602:Genetic pollution 18597:Biological hazard 18395:Air quality index 18331: 18330: 18237: 18236: 18233: 18232: 18038: 18037: 17973: 17972: 17685:class bathyscaphe 17568: 17567: 17564: 17563: 17560: 17559: 17552:Low impact diving 17485:Blue-water diving 17475:Open-water diving 17391: 17390: 17318:Work of breathing 17313:Underwater vision 17251:Underwater vision 17187: 17186: 17183: 17182: 17149:Ian Edward Fraser 16996:John Morgan Wells 16976:Mark T. Vande Hei 16821:K. Megan McArthur 16791:Kjell N. Lindgren 16726:José M. Hernández 16681:Andrew J. Feustel 16641:Philippe Cousteau 16621:Catherine Coleman 16611:Gregory Chamitoff 16581:Robert L. Behnken 16561:Richard R. Arnold 16546:Andrew Abercromby 16521:Valerie van Heest 16451:Jochen Hasenmayer 16375:Philippe Tailliez 16300:Henry Way Kendall 16250:Bernard Delemotte 16049:Stephanie Schwabe 16014:John Peter Oleson 15944:George R. Fischer 15889:Michael Arbuthnot 15882:environmentalists 15787:Underwater divers 15776: 15775: 15772: 15771: 15529:Underwater hockey 15485:Underwater sports 15474: 15473: 15470: 15469: 15420: 15419: 15416: 15415: 15383:Cave Diving Group 15003:Commercial diving 14886: 14885: 14866:Specialist skills 14855:Master Instructor 14850:Diving instructor 14831:Leadership skills 14792:CMAS* scuba diver 14755: 14754: 14728:Low impact diving 14706:Valsalva maneuver 14681:Combat sidestroke 14596:Diving instructor 14540: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14429:Codes of Practice 14333: 14332: 14329: 14328: 14325: 14324: 14257:Henry Way Kendall 14130:Richard A. Walker 14120:Robert John Smyth 13833:Awards and events 13788:covert operations 13781: 13780: 13351: 13350: 13298: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13290: 13289: 13118:William Paul Fife 13053:diving physiology 12930: 12929: 12873: 12872: 12826:Nitrogen narcosis 12821:Hydrogen narcosis 12710:Dental barotrauma 12614: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12593:Operations manual 12588:Diving supervisor 12459:Diving supervisor 12454:Diver's attendant 12416:Safety data sheet 12319:Rebreather diving 12183: 12182: 12122:Willful violation 12069:Nitrogen narcosis 11912: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11776:Cave Diving Group 11719:Rebreather diving 11714:Open-water diving 11636: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11445:Abrasive waterjet 11401: 11400: 11305:Underwater survey 11224:Scientific diving 11134: 11133: 11130: 11129: 10768:Diving supervisor 10753:Diving instructor 10697: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10634:Octopus wrestling 10565:Nataliia Zharkova 10540:William Trubridge 10495:Umberto Pelizzari 10151:Underwater hockey 10075: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10039:Saturation spread 9862:Atlantis ROV Team 9842:Remotely operated 9836: 9835: 9813:Helgoland Habitat 9733:Saturation system 9622:Nitrox production 9556:Diving air filter 9407: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9370:Oceanic Worldwide 9260:Aqua Lung America 9234: 9233: 9216:Scuba replacement 9196:Diver's umbilical 9161:Siebe Gorman CDBA 9146:Mark IV Amphibian 8783:Diver's telephone 8744:Octopus regulator 8283:Decompression gas 8166:Saturation diving 8146:Diving activities 8135:Underwater diving 8101: 8100: 8065:Leda and the Swan 8058:The Lost Leonardo 7869:Octant projection 7839:Harpsichord-viola 7756: 7755: 7654:Head of the Angel 7538: 7537: 7529:Leda and the Swan 7454:Lansdowne Madonna 7438:Buccleuch Madonna 7359:Ginevra de' Benci 7299:Leonardo da Vinci 7265: 7264: 7234:Gun data computer 7104: 7103: 6844: 6843: 6615:Towed array sonar 6595:Sonar beamforming 6580:Passive acoustics 6436:978-0-632-05994-2 6209:10.1121/1.4812818 6161:10.1121/1.2735115 6034:(765): 20130657. 5904:(765): 20130657. 5742:10.1121/1.3180130 5691:10.1121/1.3104628 5640:10.1121/1.3598463 5547:10.1121/1.4960786 5452:10.1121/1.4961539 5383:10.1121/1.3628321 5173:(2138): 485–510. 4737:. 13 October 2017 4709:10.1121/1.3626131 4409:www.usff.navy.mil 4382:. 10 March 2018. 4171:978-0-12-811240-3 4119:. Pergamon Press. 4101:978-0-12-811240-3 4033:10.1121/1.2956476 3883:978-1-84415-439-5 3738:978-0-87169-896-4 3686:, Springer, p. 10 3648:978-0-419-24180-5 3620:978-3-642-14039-6 3469:Explanatory notes 3321: 3320: 3256: 3255: 2922:Nuclear holocaust 2845:Urban heat island 2659:Radioactive waste 2444:Biological hazard 2354:Air quality index 2304:Ecological impact 2224: 2223: 1993:graphical display 1948: 1947: 1940: 1869:-class submarines 1738:Bell Laboratories 1610:device while the 1527:Fourier transform 1279:Sound propagation 1230:waterfall display 1186:Noise limitations 1124:passive acoustics 1116: 1115: 1108: 950:transmission loss 824:pulse compression 809:signal processing 727: 472:nuclear submarine 174:submarine warfare 170:Leonardo da Vinci 135:acoustic location 58:F70 type frigates 16:(Redirected from 19684: 19626: 19625: 19624: 19616: 19615: 19606: 19605: 19598: 19597: 19590: 19589: 19577: 19576: 19451:Legacy pollution 19310:Oil exploitation 19172:Chemical warfare 19086:Waste management 18993:Industrial waste 18961:Biomedical waste 18929:Electronic waste 18914:Advertising mail 18898:Phytoremediation 18873:Land degradation 18658:Overillumination 18612:Invasive species 18358: 18351: 18344: 18335: 18334: 18319: 18307: 18306: 18273: 18272: 18261: 18260: 18249: 18248: 18158:Neutral buoyancy 18114:Reef Life Survey 18003: 18002: 17979:Submarine escape 17866:Deep-submergence 17862: 17861: 17833:Submarine rescue 17630:Deep-submergence 17626: 17625: 17574: 17573: 17420: 17419: 17324: 17323: 17234:Neutral buoyancy 17215: 17214: 17193: 17192: 17021:Jeffrey Williams 16871:Nicholas Patrick 16846:Andreas Mogensen 16811:Thomas Marshburn 16781:Dominic Landucci 16771:Karen Kohanowich 16691:Satoshi Furukawa 16586:Randolph Bresnik 16556:Clayton Anderson 16491:Arthur C. Clarke 16461:Jarrod Jablonski 16365:Wesley C. Skiles 16350:Leni Riefenstahl 16235:Jacques Cousteau 16117:Claudia Serpieri 16034:William R. Royal 15999:Charles T. Meide 15929:James P. Delgado 15867:Arne Zetterström 15832:Jacques Cousteau 15795: 15794: 15782: 15781: 15650:Sports governing 15546:Underwater rugby 15493: 15492: 15480: 15479: 15455:training courses 15427:training centres 15365: 15364: 15255:Scientific diver 14961:Commercial diver 14958: 14957: 14896:and registration 14822:Supervised diver 14817:Open Water Diver 14807:Low Impact Diver 14787:Autonomous diver 14772: 14771: 14701:Frenzel maneuver 14686:Diver navigation 14671: 14670: 14584:Skill assessment 14557: 14556: 14546: 14545: 14350: 14349: 14339: 14338: 14312:Esbjörn Svensson 14297:Wesley C. Skiles 14200:Cláudio Coutinho 14150:Arne Zetterström 14125:Albert D. Stover 14088:Craig M. Hoffman 13931:Charles Spalding 13873: 13872: 13702: 13701: 13542:Louis de Corlieu 13527:Jacques Cousteau 13419: 13418: 13357: 13356: 13304: 13303: 13073:Peter B. Bennett 13068:Albert R. Behnke 13047: 13046: 12743: 12742: 12668: 12667: 12633: 12632: 12620: 12619: 12563:Contingency plan 12558:Code of practice 12519:Diving regulator 12507:Hydrostatic test 12444:Chamber operator 12427: 12426: 12204:Emergency ascent 12130: 12129: 11975: 11974: 11918: 11917: 11734:Technical diving 11724:Sidemount diving 11679: 11678: 11642: 11641: 11546: 11545: 11473:Pressure washing 11311: 11310: 10967:Marine Commandos 10866: 10865: 10804: 10803: 10793:Scientific diver 10731:Commercial diver 10716: 10715: 10703: 10702: 10560:Alessia Zecchini 10465:Alexey Molchanov 10375:Yasemin Dalkılıç 10156:Underwater rugby 10094: 10093: 10081: 10080: 10046:Hot water system 9971:Safety equipment 9789: 9788: 9610:Gas storage tube 9605:Gas storage quad 9600:Gas storage bank 9509:Activated carbon 9436:Boarding stirrup 9429:Access equipment 9426: 9425: 9413: 9412: 9350:Johnson Outdoors 9345:HeinrichsWeikamp 9183:diving equipment 9181:Surface-supplied 9106:Halcyon PVR-BASC 8990: 8989: 8965:Regulator freeze 8950:Diving regulator 8854:Shark-proof cage 8649:Pneumofathometer 8547:Free-flow helmet 8230: 8229: 8208:Diving equipment 8203: 8202: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8105: 8104: 8091: 8090: 8047:High Renaissance 7990:Leonardo3 Museum 7932:Bernardino Luini 7854:Fighting vehicle 7768:Codex Atlanticus 7708:(London cartoon) 7692:Relating to the 7671:Studies for the 7636:Studies for the 7633: 7632: 7490: 7489: 7337:The Annunciation 7292: 7285: 7278: 7269: 7268: 7214: 7208: 7126:MIM-104F (PAC-3) 7040: 7039: 6980:Specific systems 6871: 6864: 6857: 6848: 6847: 6737:Acoustic ecology 6652:Acoustic release 6647:Acoustic network 6632: 6545:Active acoustics 6522: 6515: 6508: 6499: 6498: 6354:10.2307/27757558 6343: 6319: 6289: 6288: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6233: 6222: 6221: 6211: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6100: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6051: 6016: 6010: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5980: 5970: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5921: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5769: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5719: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5667: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5617: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5575: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5532:(2): 1400–1419. 5523: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5497: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5454: 5437:(2): 1397–1399. 5428: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5369:(5): 3184–3208. 5360: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5216: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5164: 5155: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137:10.1002/arp.1823 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4993: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4957: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4933:Lent, K (2002). 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4914:on 7 August 2020 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4845:10.1121/1.410105 4822: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4791: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4770:on 24 March 2020 4764:Undersea Warfare 4755: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4686: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4660: 4634: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4584: 4575: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4535: 4525: 4514: 4513: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4476: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4347: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4198: 4191: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4035: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3985: 3979:. Archived from 3978: 3970: 3961: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3869: 3863: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3836:. Archived from 3826: 3820: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3789: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3634: 3625: 3624: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3554: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3499: 3482: 3479: 3313: 3306: 3299: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3271: 3270: 3202: 3201: 2905:Chemical warfare 2807:Waste management 2767:Industrial waste 2742:Electronic waste 2727:Advertising mail 2709:Phytoremediation 2684:Land degradation 2624:Depleted uranium 2509:Overillumination 2459:Invasive species 2331: 2308: 2307: 2291:hydrocarbon seas 2275:Parametric array 2268:Parametric sonar 2219: 2216: 2198: 2191: 2162:Side-scan sonars 2157:sonar operations 2149:ship conducting 2107:Wave measurement 2054:Vehicle location 1943: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1892: 1884: 1840:clearance divers 1742:Western Electric 1675:-class submarine 1668:-class submarine 1192:nuclear reactors 1111: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1086:this section by 1077:inline citations 1064: 1063: 1056: 1002:clearance divers 979:where RL is the 946:propagation loss 940:where SL is the 874:parametric array 729: 728: 709: 570:magnetostrictive 508:J. Warren Horton 322:magnetostrictive 288: 287: 283: 63:La Motte-Picquet 47: 36: 21: 19692: 19691: 19687: 19686: 19685: 19683: 19682: 19681: 19637: 19636: 19635: 19630: 19622: 19620: 19610: 19567: 19553: 19521: 19470: 19419: 19386: 19325:Pharmaceuticals 19315:Oil exploration 19219: 19191:Nuclear fallout 19158: 19120: 19102: 19076:Packaging waste 19030:Deep sea mining 18956:Hazardous waste 18902: 18883:Open defecation 18837: 18803:Nuclear fallout 18798:Nuclear fission 18774: 18700: 18669: 18640:Electromagnetic 18634: 18618: 18583: 18503:Ozone depletion 18376: 18367: 18362: 18332: 18327: 18229: 18198: 18161: 18159: 18153: 18046: 18044: 18034: 18001: 17969: 17867: 17860: 17827: 17744:Limiting Factor 17631: 17624: 17605:Offshore survey 17579: 17556: 17535: 17435:Altitude diving 17418: 17398: 17387: 17329: 17322: 17269: 17262: 17229:Metre sea water 17220: 17213: 17200: 17179: 17163: 17132: 17101: 17040: 17026:Sunita Williams 17016:Dafydd Williams 17001:Joachim Wendler 16896:Kathleen Rubins 16891:Garrett Reisman 16836:Simone Melchior 16816:Matthias Maurer 16756:Norishige Kanai 16741:Akihiko Hoshide 16731:John Herrington 16646:Timothy Creamer 16636:Fabien Cousteau 16631:Craig B. Cooper 16606:Scott Carpenter 16601:Berry L. Cannon 16576:Robert A. Barth 16551:Joseph M. Acaba 16532: 16506:John Chatterton 16436:Graham Balcombe 16425: 16419: 16415:J. Lamar Worzel 16230:Neville Coleman 16210:Georges Beuchat 16192: 16186: 16134: 16132: 16126: 16084: 16078: 16074:Cristina Zenato 15994:Innes McCartney 15881: 15879: 15877: 15871: 15827:James F. Cahill 15799: 15789: 15768: 15737: 15654:and federations 15653: 15651: 15645: 15629: 15593: 15567: 15507: 15487: 15466: 15454: 15448: 15426: 15412: 15369: 15363: 15284: 15282: 15281:Technical diver 15276: 15258: 15256: 15250: 15070: 15068: 15066: 15060: 15029: 15027: 15021: 15004: 14998: 14964: 14962: 14956: 14897: 14895: 14893: 14882: 14861: 14826: 14766: 14764: 14762: 14751: 14723:Buddy breathing 14669: 14648:Teaching method 14562: 14551: 14532: 14517: 14501: 14455: 14428: 14422: 14344: 14321: 14262:Artur Kozłowski 14225:Maurice Fargues 14190:Berry L. Cannon 14161: 14154: 14145:Bradley Westell 14140:Joachim Wendler 14058: 14051: 14047:diving accident 14039:diving accident 14031:diving accident 14023:diving accident 14021:Stena Seaspread 14015:diving accident 14007:diving accident 13986: 13979: 13970:Nicholas Mevoli 13940: 13936:Ebenezer Watson 13914: 13893: 13864: 13840:Hans Hass Award 13828: 13807: 13802:Rainbow Warrior 13800:Sinking of the 13787: 13777: 13709: 13707: 13700: 13671:Magnesium torch 13642: 13636: 13602:Auguste Piccard 13587:John Lethbridge 13507:Georges Beuchat 13489: 13483: 13466: 13460: 13423: 13417: 13364: 13347: 13309: 13286: 13200: 13198: 13192: 13168:Neal W. Pollock 13054: 13052: 13038: 13029:Fitness to dive 13007: 12976: 12926: 12879: 12869: 12857: 12851: 12830: 12772: 12768:Oxygen toxicity 12741: 12672: 12666: 12657:Motion sickness 12638: 12627: 12625:Diving medicine 12602: 12539: 12537: 12530: 12489: 12483: 12425: 12372:Risk assessment 12362:Hazard analysis 12345: 12338: 12190: 12179: 12128: 12074:Oxygen toxicity 11980: 11973: 11925: 11904: 11887: 11881: 11829: 11823: 11755: 11748: 11689:Altitude diving 11677: 11649: 11624: 11551: 11544: 11515: 11509: 11437: 11431: 11408: 11397: 11309: 11229:Ships husbandry 11141: 11126: 11012:Royal Engineers 10927:Grup Gerak Khas 10887:Commando Hubert 10873: 10871: 10864: 10853:U.S. Navy diver 10828:Clearance diver 10809: 10802: 10710: 10689: 10643: 10617: 10569: 10525:Martin Štěpánek 10520:Aharon Solomons 10510:Stig Severinsen 10460:Stéphane Mifsud 10410:Flavia Eberhard 10385:Flavia Eberhard 10350:Derya Can Göçen 10335:Peppo Biscarini 10330:Simone Arrigoni 10325:Deborah Andollo 10313: 10255: 10226:No-limits apnea 10190:Constant weight 10165: 10088: 10067: 10017: 9978:Diver down flag 9966: 9843: 9832: 9828:Tektite habitat 9794: 9787: 9737: 9662: 9655: 9639:Oxygen analyser 9617:Helium analyzer 9561:Water separator 9519:Molecular sieve 9496: 9490: 9420: 9399: 9242: 9240: 9230: 9182: 9175: 9121:Interspiro DCSC 9057: 8995: 8988: 8921:Diving cylinder 8907: 8905: 8898: 8731: 8725: 8664: 8658: 8605:Instrumentation 8600: 8529: 8523: 8454: 8396: 8389: 8333: 8327: 8254: 8233:Basic equipment 8228: 8210: 8197: 8191:Unmanned diving 8137: 8132: 8102: 8097: 8079:✻ Collaboration 8071: 8028:The Last Supper 7999: 7966: 7947:Francesco Melzi 7942:Marco d'Oggiono 7912:Cesare da Sesto 7893: 7884:Viola organista 7830:(illustrations) 7809: 7798:Codex Leicester 7752: 7695: 7687: 7666: 7631: 7571: 7558:Horse and Rider 7534: 7488: 7431:Sala delle Asse 7424:The Last Supper 7324: 7301: 7296: 7266: 7261: 7243: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7140: 7116:Harpoon missile 7100: 7074: 7031: 6975: 6951:Guided missiles 6946:Naval artillery 6934: 6878: 6875: 6845: 6840: 6794: 6731: 6639:Ocean acoustics 6633: 6624: 6590:Side-scan sonar 6531: 6526: 6482: 6473:Popular Science 6445: 6443:Further reading 6410:Wayback Machine 6386: 6341: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6250: 6234: 6225: 6180: 6176: 6137: 6133: 6126:The Independent 6118: 6114: 6069: 6065: 6017: 6013: 6007:Wayback Machine 5998: 5994: 5939: 5935: 5887: 5883: 5852:(4): 20130223. 5846:Biology Letters 5837: 5833: 5814: 5807: 5778:(1–4): 99–116. 5767: 5761: 5757: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5521: 5515: 5511: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5327:Energy Procedia 5319: 5315: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5258: 5254: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5162: 5156: 5145: 5108: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5083: 5079: 5070: 5068: 5058: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4987: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4879: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4756: 4749: 4740: 4738: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4582: 4576: 4567: 4533: 4526: 4517: 4494: 4490: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4389: 4387: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4265: 4263: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4158: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4128: 4124: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4088: 4084: 4075: 4073: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4044: 4002: 3998: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3959:Wayback Machine 3949: 3945: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3870: 3866: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3799:Wayback Machine 3783: 3782: 3778: 3769: 3767: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3725: 3721: 3715:Seek and Strike 3712: 3708: 3697: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3556: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3535: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3452: 3421: 3409: 3332: 3326: 3317: 3279: 3277: 3265: 3258: 3257: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3122: 3114: 3113: 3049:Pharmaceuticals 3029:Nonpoint source 2969: 2959: 2958: 2927:Nuclear fallout 2900: 2890: 2889: 2860: 2850: 2849: 2840: 2830: 2829: 2820: 2812: 2811: 2797:Packaging waste 2762:Hazardous waste 2722: 2714: 2713: 2674: 2664: 2663: 2634:Nuclear fallout 2629:Nuclear fission 2609: 2599: 2598: 2564: 2554: 2553: 2529: 2521: 2520: 2494: 2492:Electromagnetic 2484: 2483: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2439: 2429: 2428: 2399:Ozone depletion 2344: 2334: 2306: 2283: 2270: 2258: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2204:needs expansion 2186: 2139: 2126: 2118: 2109: 2095: 2089: 2084: 2076:haptic feedback 2068: 2056: 2043: 2020: 2007: 2001: 1944: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1909: 1893: 1882: 1877: 1862: 1860:Intercept sonar 1828: 1826:Hand-held sonar 1800: 1794: 1756:representing a 1726: 1718: 1683: 1661: 1655: 1646: 1634: 1618:AN/SLQ-25 Nixie 1601:Mark 37 torpedo 1593: 1561: 1486: 1457: 1455:Countermeasures 1434:target strength 1426: 1389: 1383: 1281: 1272: 1259:figure of merit 1246: 1188: 1179:computer system 1136: 1112: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1082:Please help to 1081: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1028: 989: 954:target strength 911: 902: 886:Project Artemis 883: 881:Project Artemis 754: 747: 746: 738: 736: 735: 734: 733: 730: 723: 720: 713: 707: 694: 653: 614:barium titanate 566: 504: 480: 396:and a training 342: 285: 281: 280: 209:underwater bell 190: 90:Gulf of Finland 48: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19690: 19680: 19679: 19674: 19669: 19664: 19659: 19654: 19649: 19632: 19631: 19572: 19569: 19568: 19566: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19551: 19547: 19542: 19540:Law by country 19537: 19531: 19529: 19523: 19522: 19520: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19478: 19476: 19472: 19471: 19469: 19468: 19463: 19458: 19453: 19448: 19443: 19438: 19433: 19427: 19425: 19421: 19420: 19418: 19417: 19412: 19411: 19410: 19405: 19394: 19392: 19388: 19387: 19385: 19384: 19379: 19374: 19369: 19364: 19362:Surface runoff 19359: 19354: 19349: 19344: 19343: 19342: 19337: 19327: 19322: 19317: 19312: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19286: 19285: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19248:Eutrophication 19245: 19240: 19235: 19229: 19227: 19221: 19220: 19218: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19205:Scorched earth 19202: 19199:nuclear winter 19195:nuclear famine 19184: 19174: 19168: 19166: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19130: 19128: 19122: 19121: 19119: 19118: 19112: 19110: 19104: 19103: 19101: 19100: 19099: 19098: 19093: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19072: 19071: 19061: 19056: 19055: 19054: 19044: 19043: 19042: 19040:Uranium mining 19037: 19032: 19027: 19025:Surface mining 19022: 19017: 19007: 19002: 19001: 19000: 18990: 18989: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18976:Lead poisoning 18973: 18968: 18966:Chemical waste 18963: 18953: 18948: 18943: 18938: 18937: 18936: 18926: 18921: 18916: 18910: 18908: 18904: 18903: 18901: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18878:Bioremediation 18875: 18870: 18869: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18847: 18845: 18839: 18838: 18836: 18835: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18793:Bioremediation 18790: 18784: 18782: 18776: 18775: 18773: 18772: 18767: 18764: 18761: 18758: 18757: 18756: 18746: 18741: 18740: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714:Transportation 18710: 18708: 18702: 18701: 18699: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18677: 18675: 18671: 18670: 18668: 18667: 18662: 18661: 18660: 18655: 18644: 18642: 18636: 18635: 18633: 18632: 18626: 18624: 18620: 18619: 18617: 18616: 18615: 18614: 18604: 18599: 18593: 18591: 18585: 18584: 18582: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18570: 18569: 18559: 18558: 18557: 18547: 18542: 18537: 18536: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18488:Global dimming 18485: 18480: 18475: 18474: 18473: 18463: 18462: 18461: 18459:Diesel exhaust 18451: 18446: 18445: 18444: 18434: 18433: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18386: 18384: 18378: 18377: 18372: 18369: 18368: 18361: 18360: 18353: 18346: 18338: 18329: 18328: 18326: 18325: 18313: 18301: 18294: 18287: 18279: 18267: 18255: 18242: 18239: 18238: 18235: 18234: 18231: 18230: 18228: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18206: 18204: 18200: 18199: 18197: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18165: 18163: 18160:facilities for 18155: 18154: 18152: 18151: 18146: 18141: 18136: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18050: 18048: 18040: 18039: 18036: 18035: 18033: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18011: 18009: 18000: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17983: 17981: 17975: 17974: 17971: 17970: 17968: 17967: 17962: 17960:Type 7103 DSRV 17957: 17952: 17947: 17939: 17938: 17937: 17932: 17919: 17914: 17913: 17912: 17904: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17872: 17870: 17868:rescue vehicle 17859: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17837: 17835: 17829: 17828: 17826: 17825: 17817: 17809: 17801: 17793: 17785: 17777: 17769: 17762: 17755: 17747: 17740: 17732: 17725: 17718: 17711: 17704: 17703: 17702: 17695: 17687: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17657: 17652: 17644: 17636: 17634: 17623: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17601: 17600: 17590: 17584: 17581: 17580: 17570: 17569: 17566: 17565: 17562: 17561: 17558: 17557: 17555: 17554: 17549: 17543: 17541: 17537: 17536: 17534: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17517: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17505: 17504: 17489: 17488: 17487: 17482: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17460:Inshore diving 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17426: 17424: 17423:Classification 17417: 17416: 17415: 17414: 17403: 17401: 17393: 17392: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17369: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17334: 17332: 17321: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17274: 17272: 17264: 17263: 17261: 17260: 17259: 17258: 17248: 17247: 17246: 17236: 17231: 17225: 17223: 17212: 17211: 17205: 17202: 17201: 17189: 17188: 17185: 17184: 17181: 17180: 17178: 17177: 17171: 17169: 17165: 17164: 17162: 17161: 17156: 17154:Sydney Knowles 17151: 17146: 17140: 17138: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17130: 17128:John Volanthen 17125: 17120: 17118:Richard Harris 17115: 17109: 17107: 17103: 17102: 17100: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17087:Trevor Jackson 17084: 17082:Hillary Hauser 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17062:Philippe Diolé 17059: 17054: 17048: 17046: 17042: 17041: 17039: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16991:Shannon Walker 16988: 16986:Rex J. Walheim 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16961:Daniel M. Tani 16958: 16953: 16948: 16946:Hervé Stevenin 16943: 16941:Robert Sténuit 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16901:Dick Rutkowski 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16881:Thomas Pesquet 16878: 16873: 16868: 16866:Luca Parmitano 16863: 16858: 16856:John D. Olivas 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16826:Craig McKinley 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16716:Chris Hadfield 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16686:Michael Fincke 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16616:Steve Chappell 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16542: 16540: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16495: 16494: 16493: 16485: 16484: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16429: 16427: 16421: 16420: 16418: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16390:Albert Tillman 16387: 16385:Valerie Taylor 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16260:Candice Farmer 16257: 16255:David Doubilet 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16205:Tamara Benitez 16202: 16196: 16194: 16188: 16187: 16185: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16142:Samir Alhafith 16138: 16136: 16135:and presenters 16128: 16127: 16125: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16092:Pascal Bernabé 16088: 16086: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16064:Robert Sténuit 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16044:Gunter Schöbel 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16004:Mark M. Newell 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15984:Robert F. Marx 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15949:Anders Franzén 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15894:Robert Ballard 15891: 15885: 15883: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15857:Dick Rutkowski 15854: 15849: 15847:Trevor Hampton 15844: 15842:Dottie Frazier 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15803: 15801: 15791: 15790: 15778: 15777: 15774: 15773: 15770: 15769: 15767: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15745: 15743: 15739: 15738: 15736: 15735: 15734: 15733: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15674: 15673: 15672: 15666: 15660:International 15657: 15655: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15643: 15637: 15635: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15601: 15599: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15575: 15573: 15569: 15568: 15566: 15565: 15560: 15559: 15558: 15553: 15543: 15542: 15541: 15536: 15526: 15521: 15515: 15513: 15509: 15508: 15506: 15505: 15499: 15497: 15489: 15488: 15476: 15475: 15472: 15471: 15468: 15467: 15465: 15464: 15458: 15456: 15453:Military diver 15450: 15449: 15447: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15430: 15428: 15425:Military diver 15422: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15410: 15404: 15398: 15392: 15386: 15380: 15373: 15371: 15362: 15361: 15355: 15349: 15343: 15337: 15331: 15325: 15319: 15313: 15307: 15301: 15295: 15288: 15286: 15278: 15277: 15275: 15274: 15269: 15262: 15260: 15252: 15251: 15249: 15248: 15243: 15237: 15231: 15225: 15219: 15213: 15207: 15201: 15195: 15189: 15183: 15177: 15171: 15165: 15159: 15153: 15147: 15141: 15135: 15129: 15123: 15117: 15111: 15105: 15099: 15093: 15087: 15081: 15074: 15072: 15062: 15061: 15059: 15058: 15052: 15046: 15040: 15033: 15031: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15019: 15014: 15008: 15006: 15000: 14999: 14997: 14996: 14991: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14968: 14966: 14955: 14954: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14932: 14927: 14921: 14915: 14909: 14902: 14900: 14892:Diver training 14888: 14887: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14880: 14875: 14869: 14867: 14863: 14862: 14860: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14834: 14832: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14778: 14776: 14769: 14757: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14750: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14738: 14737: 14736: 14735: 14725: 14715: 14710: 14709: 14708: 14703: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14677: 14675: 14668: 14667: 14666: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14645: 14644: 14643: 14638: 14628: 14627: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14587: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14567: 14565: 14553: 14552: 14542: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14515: 14509: 14507: 14503: 14502: 14500: 14499: 14492: 14485: 14478: 14471: 14463: 14461: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14432: 14430: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14420: 14413: 14406: 14399: 14392: 14385: 14378: 14371: 14364: 14356: 14354: 14346: 14345: 14335: 14334: 14331: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14323: 14322: 14320: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14272:Kirsty MacColl 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14248: 14247: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14205:E. Yale Dawson 14202: 14197: 14195:Cotton Coulson 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14166: 14164: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14064: 14062: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14049: 14041: 14037:Waage Drill II 14033: 14025: 14017: 14009: 14001: 13997:Byford Dolphin 13992: 13990: 13981: 13980: 13978: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13955:Stephen Keenan 13951: 13949: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13912: 13907: 13901: 13899: 13895: 13894: 13892: 13891: 13886:Sinking of MV 13882: 13880: 13870: 13866: 13865: 13863: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13836: 13834: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13826: 13821: 13815: 13813: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13805: 13797: 13791: 13789: 13783: 13782: 13779: 13778: 13776: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13714: 13712: 13699: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13660: 13652: 13646: 13644: 13638: 13637: 13635: 13634: 13632:Jacques Triger 13629: 13624: 13622:Augustus Siebe 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13582:Yves Le Prieur 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13522:John R. Clarke 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13493: 13491: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13481: 13476: 13470: 13468: 13465:Underwater art 13462: 13461: 13459: 13458: 13451: 13444: 13436: 13427: 13425: 13416: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13353: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13314: 13311: 13310: 13300: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13285: 13284: 13278: 13272: 13266: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13234: 13228: 13222: 13216: 13210: 13204: 13202: 13197:Diving medical 13194: 13193: 13191: 13190: 13188:Jacques Triger 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13163:Charles Momsen 13160: 13158:Simon Mitchell 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13103:John R. Clarke 13100: 13095: 13093:Alf O. Brubakk 13090: 13085: 13083:George F. Bond 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13059: 13057: 13051:Researchers in 13044: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13015: 13013: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12984: 12982: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12974: 12969: 12967:Oxygen therapy 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12938: 12936: 12932: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12883: 12881: 12875: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12867: 12861: 12859: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12849: 12844: 12838: 12836: 12835:Carbon dioxide 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12812: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12786: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12749: 12747: 12740: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12687: 12682: 12676: 12674: 12665: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12643: 12641: 12629: 12628: 12616: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12544: 12542: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12509: 12499: 12493: 12491: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12481: 12479:Stand-by diver 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12435: 12433: 12424: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12406:Permit To Work 12403: 12401:Lockout–tagout 12398: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12381: 12376: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12356: 12350: 12348: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12299:Doing It Right 12296: 12294:Diver training 12291: 12286: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12274: 12272:Rule of thirds 12264: 12259: 12254: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12220: 12219: 12218: 12208: 12207: 12206: 12195: 12193: 12185: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12136: 12134: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12055:Physiological 12053: 12052: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11991: 11985: 11983: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11914: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11891: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11833: 11831: 11828:Diving tourism 11825: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11815: 11809: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11779: 11773: 11767: 11760: 11758: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11685: 11683: 11676: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11638: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11630: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11587: 11586: 11585: 11580: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11556: 11554: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11540: 11535: 11533:Hawaiian sling 11525: 11519: 11517: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11441: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11413: 11411: 11403: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11395: 11388: 11380: 11372: 11365: 11358: 11350: 11342: 11335: 11328: 11319: 11317: 11315:Salvage diving 11308: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11296: 11295: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11274: 11273: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11189: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11160:Diver training 11157: 11152: 11146: 11144: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10878: 10876: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10860: 10855: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10814: 10812: 10801: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10744: 10743: 10738: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10712: 10711: 10699: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10651: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10598: 10588: 10583: 10577: 10575: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10535:Tanya Streeter 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10490:Herbert Nitsch 10487: 10485:Guillaume Néry 10482: 10480:Patrick Musimu 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10455:Kate Middleton 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10390:Şahika Ercümen 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10311: 10309:Water polo cap 10306: 10305: 10304: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10277:Hawaiian sling 10274: 10269: 10263: 10261: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10240: 10235: 10229: 10223: 10220:Free immersion 10217: 10211: 10205: 10199: 10193: 10184: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10100: 10098: 10090: 10089: 10077: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10048: 10043: 10042: 10041: 10036: 10025: 10023: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9964: 9962:VideoRay UROVs 9959: 9954: 9952:SJT-class ROUV 9949: 9944: 9939: 9937:Seabed tractor 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9907:Mini Rover ROV 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9852:8A4-class ROUV 9848: 9846: 9838: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9799: 9797: 9786: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9718:Diving chamber 9715: 9714: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9667: 9665: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9619: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9607: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9575: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9504:Air filtration 9500: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9481:Messenger line 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9432: 9430: 9422: 9421: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9325:Maurice Fernez 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9246: 9244: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9187: 9185: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9051:Sling cylinder 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9029:Scuba manifold 9021: 9016: 9011: 9009:Bailout bottle 9000: 8998: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8957: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8943:Reclaim helmet 8935: 8934: 8933: 8928: 8918: 8912: 8910: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8872:Diving compass 8869: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8820:Bailout bottle 8817: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8785: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8735: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8696: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8684: 8674: 8668: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8589:Full-face mask 8586: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8562:Reclaim helmet 8559: 8554: 8549: 8539: 8533: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8517:Hot-water suit 8514: 8504: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8464: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8401: 8399: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8346:Power inflator 8337: 8335: 8334:trim equipment 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8148: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8131: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8108: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8061: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8031: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8007: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7974: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7823: 7817: 7815: 7814:Other projects 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7712:Second cartoon 7709: 7700: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7682:Head of Christ 7677: 7675: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7642: 7640: 7630: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7591:Head of a Bear 7587: 7579: 7577: 7576:Works on paper 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7561: 7554: 7551:Budapest Horse 7546: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7496: 7494: 7493:Lost paintings 7487: 7486: 7479: 7476:La Scapigliata 7472: 7465: 7458: 7450: 7446:Salvator Mundi 7442: 7434: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7398: 7391: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7366:Benois Madonna 7362: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7295: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7272: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7112: 7110: 7109:Naval missiles 7106: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7022:List of radars 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6802: 6800: 6799:Related topics 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6741: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6555:Bistatic sonar 6552: 6547: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6529:Hydroacoustics 6525: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6489: 6481: 6480:External links 6478: 6477: 6476: 6466: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6424: 6418: 6413: 6398: 6393: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6357: 6335: 6320: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6279: 6259: 6248: 6223: 6174: 6147:(1): 623–635. 6131: 6112: 6063: 6011: 5992: 5933: 5881: 5831: 5805: 5755: 5728:(5): 2163–75. 5705: 5676:(5): EL214–9. 5653: 5626:(2): 695–706. 5603: 5584:(2): 649–652. 5561: 5509: 5483: 5474: 5414: 5405: 5396: 5346: 5313: 5291: 5252: 5202: 5143: 5122:(4): 527–542. 5102: 5077: 5049: 5019: 5001: 4965: 4925: 4899: 4877: 4857: 4808: 4781: 4747: 4722: 4672: 4620: 4565: 4544:(15): L15608. 4515: 4504:(3): 435–466. 4488: 4431: 4422: 4396: 4367: 4310: 4284: 4272: 4243: 4210: 4177: 4170: 4152: 4122: 4107: 4100: 4082: 4053: 4042: 3996: 3962: 3943: 3928: 3919: 3905: 3889: 3882: 3864: 3851: 3821: 3803: 3776: 3744: 3737: 3719: 3706: 3688: 3675: 3654: 3647: 3626: 3619: 3599: 3592: 3574: 3544: 3521: 3514: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3459: 3451: 3448: 3420: 3417: 3415:of some fish. 3408: 3407:Effect on fish 3405: 3347:marine mammals 3340:humpback whale 3325: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3275: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3218:Law by country 3215: 3207: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3089:Surface runoff 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2989:Eutrophication 2986: 2981: 2976: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2944:Scorched earth 2941: 2940: 2939: 2937:Nuclear winter 2934: 2932:Nuclear famine 2929: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2907: 2901: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2689:Bioremediation 2686: 2681: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2619:Bioremediation 2616: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2569:Transportation 2565: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2516:Radio spectrum 2513: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2384:Global dimming 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2305: 2302: 2282: 2279: 2269: 2266: 2257: 2254: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2201: 2199: 2185: 2182: 2138: 2135: 2125: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2091:Main article: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2067: 2064: 2055: 2052: 2042: 2039: 2019: 2016: 2003:Main article: 2000: 1997: 1989:analog signals 1956:sustainability 1946: 1945: 1896: 1894: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1861: 1858: 1842:) to look for 1827: 1824: 1796:Main article: 1793: 1790: 1783:Project Caesar 1725: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1682: 1679: 1657:Main article: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1592: 1589: 1560: 1557: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1477:anechoic tiles 1473: 1456: 1453: 1425: 1422: 1382: 1379: 1324: 1323: 1316:speed of sound 1280: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1255: 1254: 1245: 1242: 1187: 1184: 1135: 1132: 1114: 1113: 1068: 1066: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1004:) to look for 988: 985: 977: 976: 938: 937: 910: 907: 901: 898: 882: 879: 837:Doppler effect 737: 731: 721: 716: 715: 714: 705: 704: 703: 693: 690: 652: 649: 590:acoustic mines 565: 562: 503: 500: 492:Frederick Hunt 479: 476: 341: 338: 246:Alexander Behm 189: 186: 163:hydroacoustics 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19689: 19678: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19668: 19665: 19663: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19653: 19650: 19648: 19645: 19644: 19642: 19629: 19619: 19614: 19609: 19601: 19593: 19584: 19580: 19570: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19532: 19530: 19528: 19524: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19479: 19477: 19473: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19428: 19426: 19422: 19416: 19413: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19400: 19399: 19396: 19395: 19393: 19389: 19383: 19382:Water quality 19380: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19368: 19365: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19355: 19353: 19350: 19348: 19345: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19332: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19284: 19281: 19280: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19230: 19228: 19226: 19222: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19200: 19196: 19192: 19188: 19185: 19182: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19169: 19167: 19165: 19161: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19144:Traffic signs 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19131: 19129: 19127: 19123: 19117: 19114: 19113: 19111: 19109: 19105: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19088: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19070: 19069:Microplastics 19067: 19066: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19059:Nanomaterials 19057: 19053: 19050: 19049: 19048: 19045: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19012: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 18999: 18998:Lead smelting 18996: 18995: 18994: 18991: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18958: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18935: 18932: 18931: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18911: 18909: 18905: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18853: 18852: 18849: 18848: 18846: 18844: 18840: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18818:Radioactivity 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18785: 18783: 18781: 18777: 18771: 18770:Noise control 18768: 18765: 18762: 18759: 18755: 18752: 18751: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18717: 18716: 18715: 18712: 18711: 18709: 18707: 18703: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18678: 18676: 18672: 18666: 18663: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18650: 18649: 18646: 18645: 18643: 18641: 18637: 18631: 18628: 18627: 18625: 18621: 18613: 18610: 18609: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18594: 18592: 18590: 18586: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18568: 18565: 18564: 18563: 18560: 18556: 18553: 18552: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18518:Metal working 18516: 18514: 18511: 18510: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18472: 18469: 18468: 18467: 18464: 18460: 18457: 18456: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18443: 18440: 18439: 18438: 18435: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18412: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18387: 18385: 18383: 18379: 18375: 18370: 18366: 18359: 18354: 18352: 18347: 18345: 18340: 18339: 18336: 18324: 18323: 18318: 18314: 18312: 18311: 18302: 18300: 18299: 18295: 18293: 18292: 18288: 18286: 18285: 18280: 18278: 18277: 18268: 18266: 18265: 18256: 18254: 18253: 18244: 18243: 18240: 18226: 18225:Seabed mining 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18207: 18205: 18201: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18166: 18164: 18156: 18150: 18147: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18051: 18049: 18041: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18012: 18010: 18008: 18004: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17984: 17982: 17980: 17976: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17945: 17940: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17927: 17926: 17924: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17911: 17910: 17905: 17903: 17902: 17897: 17896: 17895: 17893: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17873: 17871: 17869: 17863: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17838: 17836: 17834: 17830: 17824: 17823: 17818: 17816: 17815: 17810: 17808: 17807: 17802: 17800: 17799: 17794: 17792: 17791: 17786: 17784: 17783: 17778: 17776: 17774: 17770: 17768: 17767: 17763: 17761: 17760: 17756: 17754: 17753: 17748: 17746: 17745: 17741: 17739: 17737: 17733: 17731: 17730: 17726: 17724: 17723: 17719: 17717: 17716: 17712: 17710: 17709: 17705: 17701: 17700: 17696: 17694: 17692: 17688: 17686: 17684: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17667: 17663: 17662: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17650: 17645: 17643: 17642: 17638: 17637: 17635: 17633: 17627: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17599: 17596: 17595: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17585: 17582: 17575: 17571: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17544: 17542: 17538: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17503: 17500: 17499: 17498: 17495: 17494: 17493: 17490: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17477: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17455:Inland diving 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17427: 17425: 17421: 17413: 17410: 17409: 17408: 17405: 17404: 17402: 17400: 17394: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17378:Oxygen window 17376: 17374: 17371: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17338: 17336: 17335: 17333: 17331: 17328:Decompression 17325: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17288:Diving reflex 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17275: 17273: 17271: 17265: 17257: 17254: 17253: 17252: 17249: 17245: 17242: 17241: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17226: 17224: 17222: 17216: 17210: 17207: 17206: 17203: 17199: 17194: 17190: 17176: 17173: 17172: 17170: 17166: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17141: 17139: 17135: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17113:Craig Challen 17111: 17110: 17108: 17104: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17049: 17047: 17043: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17011:Peggy Whitson 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16981:Koichi Wakata 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16966:Robert Thirsk 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16956:James Talacek 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16931:Steve Squyres 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16921:Robert Sheats 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16861:Takuya Onishi 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16806:Sandra Magnus 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16786:Jon Lindbergh 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16776:Timothy Kopra 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16746:Mark Hulsbeck 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16721:Jeremy Hansen 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16666:Jeanette Epps 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16651:Jonathan Dory 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16543: 16541: 16539: 16535: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16511:Clive Cussler 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16498: 16496: 16492: 16489: 16488: 16486: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16476:Jack Sheppard 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16456:Jill Heinerth 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16433: 16431: 16430: 16428: 16422: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16400:Stan Waterman 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16370:E. Lee Spence 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16355:Peter Scoones 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16320:Agnes Milowka 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16280:Stephen Frink 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16240:John D. Craig 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16220:Jonathan Bird 16218: 16216: 16215:Adrian Biddle 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16197: 16195: 16193:photographers 16189: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16162:Richie Kohler 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16139: 16137: 16129: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16089: 16087: 16081: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16059:E. Lee Spence 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16039:Margaret Rule 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15969:Graham Jessop 15967: 15965: 15964:David Gibbins 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15924:Eugenie Clark 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15886: 15884: 15874: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15804: 15802: 15796: 15792: 15788: 15783: 15779: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15746: 15744: 15740: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15677: 15675: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15661: 15659: 15658: 15656: 15652:organisations 15648: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15632: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15602: 15600: 15596: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15570: 15564: 15561: 15557: 15556:United States 15554: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15547: 15544: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15516: 15514: 15510: 15504: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15486: 15481: 15477: 15463: 15460: 15459: 15457: 15451: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15431: 15429: 15423: 15408: 15405: 15402: 15399: 15396: 15393: 15390: 15387: 15384: 15381: 15378: 15375: 15374: 15372: 15366: 15359: 15356: 15353: 15350: 15347: 15344: 15341: 15338: 15335: 15332: 15329: 15326: 15323: 15320: 15317: 15314: 15311: 15308: 15305: 15302: 15299: 15296: 15293: 15290: 15289: 15287: 15283:certification 15279: 15273: 15270: 15267: 15264: 15263: 15261: 15257:certification 15253: 15247: 15244: 15241: 15238: 15235: 15232: 15229: 15226: 15223: 15220: 15217: 15214: 15211: 15208: 15205: 15202: 15199: 15196: 15193: 15190: 15187: 15184: 15181: 15178: 15175: 15172: 15169: 15166: 15163: 15160: 15157: 15154: 15151: 15148: 15145: 15142: 15139: 15136: 15133: 15130: 15127: 15124: 15121: 15118: 15115: 15112: 15109: 15106: 15103: 15100: 15097: 15094: 15091: 15088: 15085: 15082: 15079: 15076: 15075: 15073: 15069:certification 15063: 15056: 15053: 15050: 15047: 15044: 15041: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15032: 15028:certification 15024: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15009: 15007: 15001: 14995: 14992: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14973: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14963:certification 14959: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14925: 14922: 14919: 14916: 14913: 14910: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14901: 14899: 14898:organisations 14894:certification 14889: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14870: 14868: 14864: 14856: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14848: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14829: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765:certification 14758: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14734: 14731: 14730: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14720: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14698: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14676: 14672: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14653:Muscle memory 14651: 14650: 14649: 14646: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14632: 14629: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14606: 14604: 14602: 14601:Diving school 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14571: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14564: 14558: 14554: 14547: 14543: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14524: 14520: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14508: 14504: 14498: 14497: 14493: 14491: 14490: 14489:Shadow Divers 14486: 14484: 14483: 14482:The Last Dive 14479: 14477: 14476: 14472: 14470: 14469: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14458: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14427:Standards and 14425: 14419: 14418: 14414: 14412: 14411: 14407: 14405: 14404: 14400: 14398: 14397: 14393: 14391: 14390: 14386: 14384: 14383: 14379: 14377: 14376: 14372: 14370: 14369: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14358: 14357: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14340: 14336: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14277:Agnes Milowka 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14246: 14243: 14242: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14165: 14163: 14157: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14068:Roger Baldwin 14066: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14054: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14034: 14032: 14030: 14026: 14024: 14022: 14018: 14016: 14014: 14010: 14008: 14006: 14002: 14000: 13998: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13982: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13965:Audrey Mestre 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13943: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13917: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13898:Diver rescues 13896: 13890: 13889: 13884: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13867: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13831: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13816: 13814: 13810: 13804: 13803: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13792: 13790: 13784: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13733:Human torpedo 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13715: 13713: 13711: 13703: 13697: 13696:Vintage scuba 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13666: 13661: 13659: 13658: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13645: 13639: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13502:William Beebe 13500: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13490:and inventors 13486: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13463: 13457: 13456: 13452: 13450: 13449: 13445: 13443: 13442: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13422:Archeological 13420: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13370: 13367: 13363: 13358: 13354: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13315: 13312: 13305: 13301: 13282: 13279: 13276: 13273: 13270: 13267: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13238: 13235: 13232: 13229: 13226: 13223: 13220: 13217: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201:organisations 13195: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13056: 13048: 13045: 13041: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13010: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12979: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12933: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12876: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12856:Breathing gas 12854: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12781: 12779: 12775: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12744: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12705:Barodontalgia 12703: 12701: 12700:Aerosinusitis 12698: 12696: 12693: 12692: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12685:Barostriction 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12669: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12621: 12617: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12533: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12486: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12428: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12351: 12349: 12347: 12341: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12267:Dive planning 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12257:Dive briefing 12255: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12235:Decompression 12233: 12229: 12226: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12212: 12209: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12186: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12131: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12117:Trait anxiety 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12064:Decompression 12062: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11994:Environmental 11992: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11982: 11976: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11928: 11924: 11923:Diving safety 11919: 11915: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11888:and festivals 11886:Diving events 11884: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11867:Shark tourism 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11826: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11810: 11807: 11804: 11801: 11798: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11786: 11783: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11756:organisations 11751: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11680: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11652: 11648: 11643: 11639: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11547: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11512: 11506: 11505:Water jetting 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11495:Thermal lance 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11434: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11404: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11366: 11364: 11363: 11359: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11294: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11234:Sponge diving 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11209:Police diving 11207: 11205: 11204:Pearl hunting 11202: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11172:Hazmat diving 11170: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11137: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11097:US Navy SEALs 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10947:JW Komandosów 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10867: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10805: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10704: 10700: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648:Organisations 10646: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10572: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10555:Danai Varveri 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10505:Annelie Pompe 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10445:Audrey Mestre 10443: 10441: 10440:Jacques Mayol 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10405:Pierre Frolla 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10345:Sara Campbell 10343: 10341: 10340:Michael Board 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10250: 10247: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10233: 10230: 10227: 10224: 10221: 10218: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10208:Dynamic apnea 10206: 10203: 10200: 10197: 10194: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10182:Vertical Blue 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10168: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10124:Pearl hunting 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10082: 10078: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10030: 10029:Diving spread 10027: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9917:ROV KIEL 6000 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9839: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9790: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9661:Decompression 9658: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9495:Breathing gas 9493: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9451:Diving ladder 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9414: 9410: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9275:René Cavalero 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243:manufacturers 9237: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9076:Carleton CDBA 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8938:Diving helmet 8936: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8901: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8867:Distance line 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8849:Safety helmet 8847: 8845: 8844:Rescue tether 8842: 8840: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8815:Bailout block 8813: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8776:Diver's knife 8774: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8622:Dive computer 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8557:Orinasal mask 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8542:Diving helmet 8540: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8526: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8445:Jersey upline 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8425:Dive computer 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8395:Decompression 8392: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8368:Ankle weights 8366: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8278:Breathing air 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8260:Breathing gas 8257: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8124: 8122: 8117: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8094: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8074: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7962:Andrea Solari 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7822: 7821:Architonnerre 7819: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7778:Codex Arundel 7776: 7774: 7773:Codex Windsor 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7605:Vitruvian Man 7602: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7387:Madonna Litta 7384: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7320:Personal life 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7310:List of works 7308: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7167:Ship systems: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6961:Depth charges 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6890:Naval warfare 6888: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6872: 6867: 6865: 6860: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760:Beached whale 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6697:SOFAR channel 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6560:Echo sounding 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6500: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6369:9780932146625 6366: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6332:0-11-290423-8 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6286: 6282: 6280:9781603442183 6276: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6249:9781557502681 6245: 6241: 6240: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6015: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5953:(4): e60953. 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5341: 5336: 5333:: 5967–5980. 5332: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5054: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4997: 4991: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4955: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4752: 4736: 4735:Foxtrot Alpha 4732: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4695:(5): 3431–7. 4694: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4426: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4279: 4277: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4111: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4043:9780387331393 4039: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3986:on 2015-09-24 3982: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3950:Frank Massa. 3947: 3939: 3932: 3923: 3915: 3909: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3858:W. Hackmann, 3855: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3788:. 1914-05-13. 3787: 3780: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3710: 3702: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3679: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3631: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3603: 3595: 3593:9780850451634 3589: 3585: 3578: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3515:9780714648958 3511: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3478: 3474: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3416: 3414: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3351:Beaked whales 3348: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3104:Water quality 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2880:Traffic signs 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787:Nanomaterials 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2649:Radioactivity 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2594:Soundproofing 2592: 2590: 2589:Noise control 2587: 2585: 2584:Noise barrier 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2278: 2276: 2265: 2263: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2218: 2209: 2205: 2202:This section 2200: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2184:Sonar imaging 2181: 2178: 2175:Hull-mounted 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2134: 2132: 2121: 2113: 2104: 2101: 2094: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2005:Echo sounding 1999:Echo sounding 1996: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1942: 1939: 1931: 1928:December 2018 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1897:This section 1895: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:SOFAR channel 1743: 1740:research and 1739: 1735: 1731: 1721: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1705:dipping sonar 1702: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1660: 1650: 1641: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:naval warfare 1478: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1276: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1128:passive radar 1125: 1121: 1110: 1107: 1099: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1072: 1067: 1058: 1057: 1052:Passive sonar 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990: 984: 982: 974: 973: 972: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 952:), TS is the 951: 947: 943: 935: 934: 933: 930: 927: 925: 920: 916: 906: 897: 895: 894: 887: 878: 876: 875: 868: 864: 860: 858: 857:echo sounding 853: 851: 847: 841: 838: 833: 830: 825: 821: 817: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 752: 745: 743: 719: 698: 689: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 648: 646: 641: 639: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 609: 607: 602: 599: 593: 591: 586: 584: 579: 578:piezoelectric 575: 574:Rochelle salt 571: 561: 559: 555: 550: 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 475: 473: 469: 465: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 434: 431: 426: 421: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 394: 388: 387: 380: 377: 373: 372: 367: 363: 359: 355: 346: 337: 335: 331: 327: 326:electrostatic 323: 319: 318:piezoelectric 315: 314:Paul Langevin 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 234:Patent Office 231: 227: 226: 220: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 185: 183: 179: 178:passive sonar 175: 171: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 123: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 91: 87: 83: 82: 77: 72: 65: 64: 59: 54: 50: 45: 41: 34: 19: 19461:Point source 19403:Heavy metals 19377:Urban runoff 19357:Sulfur water 19335:Septic tanks 19181:Agent Orange 19035:Mining waste 18861:Manure waste 18748: 18691:Volcanic ash 18567:Black carbon 18523:Oil refining 18508:Particulates 18437:Construction 18320: 18308: 18296: 18289: 18281: 18274: 18262: 18250: 18025:Steinke hood 17987:Escape trunk 17943: 17922: 17908: 17900: 17891: 17821: 17813: 17806:Shinkai 6500 17805: 17798:Shinkai 2000 17797: 17789: 17781: 17772: 17765: 17758: 17751: 17743: 17735: 17728: 17721: 17714: 17707: 17698: 17690: 17682: 17665: 17648: 17640: 17514:Wreck diving 17470:Night diving 17399:environments 17175:Keith Jessop 17144:Lionel Crabb 17123:Rick Stanton 17097:John Mattera 17077:Bob Halstead 17072:Bret Gilliam 17067:Gary Gentile 17057:Victor Berge 17031:Reid Wiseman 16951:Nicole Stott 16916:Josef Schmid 16906:Tara Ruttley 16851:Karen Nyberg 16831:Jessica Meir 16711:David Gruber 16676:Albert Falco 16661:Sylvia Earle 16596:Justin Brown 16501:Leigh Bishop 16360:Brian Skerry 16345:Pierre Petit 16335:Steve Parish 16325:Noel Monkman 16305:Rudie Kuiter 16285:Peter Gimbel 16182:Andrew Wight 16102:Mark Ellyatt 16083:Scuba record 16024:Richard Pyle 15934:Sylvia Earle 15919:Cathy Church 15914:Hugh Bradner 15909:Louis Boutan 15904:Mensun Bound 15742:Competitions 15610:Sport diving 15519:Spearfishing 15065:Recreational 14873:Rescue Diver 14761:Recreational 14718:Scuba skills 14696:Ear clearing 14658:Overlearning 14494: 14487: 14480: 14473: 14466: 14415: 14408: 14401: 14394: 14387: 14380: 14373: 14366: 14359: 14343:Publications 14185:David Bright 14180:Allan Bridge 14160:Scuba diving 14073:John Bennett 14057:Professional 14044: 14036: 14028: 14020: 14013:Star Canopus 14012: 14005:Drill Master 14004: 13996: 13960:Loïc Leferme 13919:Early diving 13887: 13801: 13786:Military and 13768:Welfreighter 13743:Necker Nymph 13664: 13656: 13617:Gordon Smith 13572:Peter Kreeft 13562:Émile Gagnan 13557:Henry Fleuss 13455:Whydah Gally 13453: 13446: 13440: 13432: 13328:Duty of care 13173:John Rawlins 13088:Robert Boyle 13055:and medicine 12912:Laryngospasm 12858:contaminants 12695:Air embolism 12662:Surfer's ear 12536:Occupational 12396:Incident pit 12384:Risk control 12314:Night diving 12304:Drift diving 12289:Diver rescue 12223:Buddy diving 12170:Hyperthermia 12133:Consequences 12112:Task loading 11964:Water safety 11744:Wreck diving 11391: 11385:Royal George 11384: 11376: 11368: 11361: 11354: 11346: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11199:Media diving 10932:Jagdkommando 10838:Minentaucher 10783:Police diver 10741:Hazmat diver 10530:Walter Steyn 10475:Dave Mullins 10435:Enzo Maiorca 10430:Loïc Leferme 10395:Emma Farrell 10365:Robert Croft 10360:Carlos Coste 10232:Static apnea 10186:Disciplines 10170:Competitions 10141:Spearfishing 10050: 9942:Seafox drone 9723:Diving stage 9701:Clump weight 9578:Gas blending 9546:Diver's pump 9531:Booster pump 9461:Diving stage 9385:Siebe Gorman 9360:Morse Diving 9111:Halcyon RB80 8994:Open-circuit 8694:Diving stage 8632:Diving watch 8612:Bottom timer 8440:Diving stage 8378:Trim weights 8332:Buoyancy and 8171:Scuba diving 8151:Diving modes 8064: 8056: 8034: 8027: 7937:Cesare Magni 7922:Giampietrino 7899:Leonardeschi 7878: 7844:Aerial screw 7825: 7802: 7788:Codex Madrid 7745: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7719:Christ Child 7717: 7703: 7693: 7680: 7672: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7637: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7568:(unexecuted) 7565:Sforza Horse 7563: 7556: 7549: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7452: 7444: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7400: 7393: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7335: 7257:Naval combat 7228: 7213:}} 7207:{{ 7201: 7186: 7166: 7016: 7006: 6924: 6914: 6811:Bioacoustics 6750:Acoustic tag 6536: 6472: 6453: 6427: 6401: 6360: 6345: 6323: 6307: 6303: 6269: 6262: 6238: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6125: 6115: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6031: 6025: 6014: 5995: 5950: 5946: 5936: 5901: 5895: 5884: 5849: 5845: 5834: 5822:The Guardian 5821: 5775: 5771: 5758: 5725: 5721: 5708: 5673: 5669: 5656: 5623: 5619: 5606: 5581: 5577: 5564: 5529: 5525: 5512: 5503: 5499: 5486: 5477: 5434: 5430: 5417: 5408: 5399: 5366: 5362: 5349: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5307: 5294: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5222: 5218: 5205: 5170: 5166: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5094:. Retrieved 5090: 5080: 5069:. Retrieved 5065: 5040:. Retrieved 5031: 5022: 5004: 4979:. Retrieved 4968: 4954:cite journal 4943:. Retrieved 4938: 4928: 4916:. Retrieved 4912:the original 4902: 4890:. Retrieved 4867: 4860: 4850:26 September 4848:. Retrieved 4828: 4824: 4811: 4799:. Retrieved 4772:. Retrieved 4768:the original 4763: 4739:. Retrieved 4734: 4725: 4692: 4688: 4675: 4640: 4636: 4623: 4590: 4586: 4541: 4537: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4425: 4413:. Retrieved 4408: 4399: 4388:. Retrieved 4379: 4370: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4301:. Retrieved 4297: 4287: 4264:. Retrieved 4255: 4246: 4234:. Retrieved 4213: 4201:. Retrieved 4180: 4164:. Elsevier. 4161: 4155: 4144:. Retrieved 4135: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4094:. Elsevier. 4091: 4085: 4074:. Retrieved 4065: 4056: 4015: 4009: 3999: 3988:. Retrieved 3981:the original 3946: 3937: 3931: 3922: 3908: 3898: 3892: 3873: 3867: 3859: 3854: 3842:. Retrieved 3838:the original 3833: 3824: 3806: 3785: 3779: 3768:. Retrieved 3766:(2): 431–434 3763: 3757: 3747: 3728: 3722: 3714: 3709: 3700: 3683: 3678: 3662: 3657: 3638: 3609: 3602: 3583: 3577: 3565:. Retrieved 3561: 3536:. Retrieved 3530: 3524: 3504: 3497: 3477: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3410: 3396: 3388:baleen whale 3374: 3371:echolocation 3360: 3344: 3192:Point source 3137:Heavy metals 3099:Urban runoff 3084:Sulfur water 3059:Septic tanks 2915:Agent Orange 2825:Space debris 2679:Agricultural 2544:Volcanic ash 2404:Particulates 2299: 2295:methanefalls 2284: 2271: 2259: 2250: 2239: 2230: 2212: 2208:adding to it 2203: 2187: 2174: 2160: 2131:echosounders 2127: 2119: 2110: 2100:swim bladder 2096: 2093:Bioacoustics 2069: 2057: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2021: 2018:Net location 2012: 2008: 1977: 1964:swim bladder 1961: 1949: 1934: 1925: 1910:Please help 1898: 1866: 1863: 1855: 1852: 1844:limpet mines 1829: 1808:scuba divers 1801: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1765: 1727: 1719: 1698: 1694:H-3 Sea King 1672: 1665: 1662: 1647: 1635: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1594: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1554: 1543: 1536: 1531: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1502:Soviet Union 1494:World War II 1487: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1447:comprises a 1440: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1418: 1406: 1390: 1368: 1360: 1357: 1350: 1325: 1297:bulk modulus 1282: 1273: 1256: 1247: 1227: 1216: 1189: 1172: 1148:transformers 1137: 1119: 1117: 1102: 1096:October 2023 1093: 1074: 1029: 1006:limpet mines 978: 970: 960:, AG is the 956:, NL is the 944:, PL is the 942:source level 939: 931: 928: 912: 903: 892: 884: 872: 869: 865: 861: 854: 842: 834: 813: 790: 770: 755: 739: 692:Active sonar 686: 666:eddy current 658:prestressing 654: 642: 622: 610: 603: 598:effervescent 594: 587: 567: 553: 551: 544: 505: 487: 484:thermoclines 481: 463: 450: 435: 422: 417:depth charge 409:World War II 406: 392: 385: 381: 369: 365: 351: 299: 269:Newfoundland 260: 250: 241: 224: 221: 206: 191: 167: 146: 130: 126: 124: 103: 99: 95: 94: 85: 79: 78:minesweeper 62: 49: 18:Active sonar 19431:Area source 19340:Pit latrine 19263:Groundwater 19020:Gold mining 19015:Coal mining 18986:Toxic waste 18951:Green waste 18924:Brown waste 18907:Solid waste 18454:Exhaust gas 18059:CMAS Europe 18020:Momsen lung 17660:Bathyscaphe 17588:Bathysphere 17497:Cave diving 17465:Muck diving 17450:Deep diving 17278:Blood shift 17092:Steve Lewis 16926:Dewey Smith 16886:Marc Reagan 16766:Scott Kelly 16761:Les Kaufman 16671:Sheck Exley 16656:Pedro Duque 16446:Martyn Farr 16441:Sheck Exley 16395:John Veltri 16330:Pete Oxford 16315:Luis Marden 16290:Monty Halls 16275:Ric Frazier 16172:Andy Torbet 16152:Ramón Bravo 16107:Sheck Exley 16054:Myriam Seco 15954:Honor Frost 15899:George Bass 15862:Teseo Tesei 15837:Billy Deans 15817:Mary Bonnin 15680:AIDA Hellas 15572:Breath-hold 15503:Finswimming 15259:authorities 15026:Free-diving 14965:authorities 14838:Dive leader 14523:Dive guides 14417:Basic Scuba 14317:Josef Velek 14307:Rob Stewart 14302:Dewey Smith 14267:Yuri Lipski 14240:Steve Irwin 14220:Sheck Exley 14215:Milan Dufek 14210:Deon Dreyer 14115:Per Skipnes 14029:Venture One 13855:NOGI Awards 13467:and artists 12897:Hypothermia 12842:Hypercapnia 12777:Inert gases 12431:Diving team 12334:Wall diving 12329:Solo diving 12228:buddy check 12211:Boat diving 12165:Hypercapnia 12155:Hypothermia 12079:Seasickness 12024:Wave action 11895:Diversnight 11837:Dive center 11729:Solo diving 11709:Muck diving 11699:Deep diving 11694:Cave diving 11682:Specialties 11523:Limpet mine 11485:Lifting bag 11409:contractors 11155:Dive leader 11027:Shayetet 13 10778:Media diver 10719:Occupations 10613:Hypothermia 10608:Hypercapnia 10450:Karol Meyer 10355:Goran Čolak 10272:Diving suit 10267:Diving mask 10177:Nordic Deep 9983:Diving shot 9927:Scorpio ROV 9696:Closed bell 9691:Bell cursor 9686:Diving bell 9446:Diving bell 9335:Oscar Gugen 9036:Pony bottle 8882:Line marker 8859:Snoopy loop 8800:Diving bell 8749:Pony bottle 8682:Closed bell 8677:Diving bell 8617:Depth gauge 8579:Diving mask 8490:Sladen suit 8460:Diving suit 8435:Diving shot 8430:Diving bell 8383:Weight belt 8268:Bailout gas 8240:Diving mask 7761:Manuscripts 7673:Last Supper 7157:Rangekeeper 6971:Naval mines 6925:Historical: 4538:J. Mar. Res 4498:J. Mar. Res 4451:(1): 8301. 4330:(1): 9–18. 4018:(3): 1385. 3844:12 November 3790:(quoted in 3379:blue whales 3162:Area source 3004:Groundwater 2757:Green waste 2737:Brown waste 2721:Solid waste 2479:Information 2374:Exhaust gas 2041:ROV and UUV 1754:spectrogram 1638:CAPTOR mine 1597:wake homing 1346:Snell's law 1333:thermocline 1328:empirically 1289:fresh water 1285:sound speed 1223:thermocline 1219:hydrophones 1088:introducing 958:noise level 900:Transponder 801:beamforming 797:hydrophones 777:reflections 718:Sonar pings 674:rare earths 540:towed sonar 528:electronics 524:vacuum tube 448:were used. 310:hydrophones 302:World War I 265:Grand Banks 213:lighthouses 76:Soviet Navy 19641:Categories 19583:by country 19579:Categories 19517:Zero waste 19398:Pollutants 19352:Stagnation 19290:Monitoring 19258:Freshwater 19134:Air travel 18946:Food waste 18866:Pesticides 18856:Herbicides 18760:Industrial 18589:Biological 18449:Demolition 18442:Renovation 18425:Joss paper 18410:Combustion 18284:Dive sites 18109:Reef Check 18104:PADI AWARE 18074:Green Fins 18007:Escape set 17699:Trieste II 17509:Ice diving 17270:physiology 17036:Kimiya Yui 16751:Emma Hwang 16626:Robin Cook 16516:Bill Nagle 16481:Bill Stone 16424:Underwater 16380:Ron Taylor 16340:Zale Parry 16270:Rodney Fox 16225:Eric Cheng 16200:Doug Allan 16191:Underwater 16133:filmmakers 16131:Underwater 16112:Nuno Gomes 16097:Jim Bowden 15979:Pilar Luna 15878:scientists 15876:Underwater 15634:Rebreather 15589:Freediving 14878:Solo diver 14843:Divemaster 14691:Diver trim 14475:Goldfinder 14235:Guy Garman 14162:fatalities 14061:fatalities 13948:fatalities 13946:Freediving 13888:Conception 13824:Mission 31 13773:Wet Nellie 13708:propulsion 13641:Historical 13607:Joe Savoie 13552:Ted Eldred 13537:John Deane 12847:Hypocapnia 12690:Barotrauma 12538:safety and 12411:Redundancy 12346:management 12191:procedures 12140:Barotrauma 12097:competence 12030:Equipment 11704:Ice diving 11550:Underwater 11514:Underwater 11464:Brush cart 11140:Underwater 10937:JW Formoza 10748:Divemaster 10622:Historical 10581:Barotrauma 10550:Fatma Uruk 10515:Tom Sietas 10500:Liv Philip 10318:Freedivers 10136:Snorkeling 10114:Freediving 10097:Activities 10086:Freediving 10034:Air spread 9897:Kaşif ROUV 9872:Deep Drone 9793:Underwater 9769:Subskimmer 9764:Liveaboard 9524:Silica gel 9441:Diver lift 9315:Drägerwerk 9300:Dive Xtras 9285:Cressi-Sub 8926:Burst disc 8904:Underwater 8892:Silt screw 8766:Dive light 8761:Buddy line 8627:Dive timer 8512:Dive skins 8351:Dump valve 8318:Travel gas 8273:Bottom gas 8176:Snorkeling 8161:Freediving 7834:Great Kite 7694:Virgin and 7543:Sculptures 7145:Historical 6836:Soundscape 6790:Whale song 6770:Fishfinder 6692:Sofar bomb 6672:Hydrophone 6377:1132503817 5506:: 833–840. 5096:2023-07-29 5071:2023-07-29 4981:2009-01-21 4945:2008-08-11 4878:0521308666 4741:2020-01-15 4415:30 October 4390:2020-11-16 4303:19 October 4266:2020-06-23 4146:2020-06-22 4076:2020-06-22 3990:2015-05-08 3770:2009-08-04 3671:0128112476 3567:18 January 3538:2022-11-02 3355:blue whale 3249:By country 3241:Categories 3132:Pollutants 3109:Wastewater 3079:Stagnation 3024:Monitoring 2999:Freshwater 2865:Air travel 2752:Food waste 2694:Defecation 2504:Ecological 2437:Biological 2369:Combustion 2311:Part of a 2166:bathymetry 2028:transducer 1848:visibility 1806:and other 1620:while the 1581:Sonar 2087 1550:submarines 1539:trajectory 1534:or ACINT. 1430:reflection 1428:The sound 1393:scattering 1385:See also: 1381:Scattering 1363:absorption 1240:displays. 1217:The sonar 1212:cavitation 1208:propellers 1200:fuel cells 1196:convection 1152:generators 1071:references 1038:submarines 1010:visibility 962:array gain 891:USNS 846:fishfinder 795:, several 742:media help 678:Terfenol-D 606:castor oil 536:hydrophone 440:and later 413:Royal Navy 362:A. B. Wood 330:Terfenol-D 306:submarines 273:Morse code 217:lightships 182:transducer 155:ultrasonic 151:infrasonic 19677:Listening 19475:Responses 19446:Garbology 19372:Turbidity 19320:Oil spill 19253:Firewater 19154:Vandalism 19116:Satellite 18813:Poisoning 18808:Plutonium 18788:Actinides 18780:Radiation 18528:Wood dust 18390:Acid rain 18365:Pollution 18282:Indexes: 17782:Sea Cliff 17715:Ictineu 3 17666:Archimède 17641:Aluminaut 16971:Bill Todd 16876:Tim Peake 16736:Paul Hill 16538:Aquanauts 16471:Tom Mount 16426:explorers 16295:Hans Hass 16245:Ben Cropp 16177:Ivan Tors 16167:Paul Rose 15852:Hans Hass 15800:of diving 15676:National 15579:Aquathlon 15534:Australia 15224:(ScotSAC) 14292:Dave Shaw 14252:Jim Jones 13989:incidents 13879:incidents 13877:Dive boat 13869:Incidents 13650:Aqua-Lung 13643:equipment 13488:Engineers 13474:The Diver 13433:Commodore 13078:Paul Bert 13012:Screening 12981:Personnel 12947:First aid 12935:Treatment 12878:Immersion 12758:Hyperoxia 12737:Dysbarism 12639:disorders 12488:Equipment 12354:Checklist 12245:Pyle stop 11570:Powerhead 11538:Polespear 11438:equipment 11436:Tools and 11369:Mary Rose 11355:Lusitania 11347:Laurentic 10282:Polespear 10260:Equipment 10104:Aquathlon 9922:ROV PHOCA 9892:Kaikō ROV 9749:Dive boat 9742:Platforms 9663:equipment 9590:Gas panel 9514:Hopcalite 9486:Moon pool 9330:Technisub 9280:Cis-Lunar 9250:AP Diving 9241:equipment 9206:Gas panel 9046:Sidemount 9004:Scuba set 8908:apparatus 8906:breathing 8877:Dive reel 8756:Bolt snap 8732:equipment 8709:PowerSwim 8665:equipment 8594:Half mask 8584:Band mask 8530:and masks 8502:Rash vest 8397:equipment 8298:Hydreliox 8042:Clos Lucé 8035:Mona Lisa 8016:Namesakes 7889:World Map 7469:Mona Lisa 7329:Paintings 7202:Navboxes: 7012:Nike Zeus 6956:Torpedoes 6831:Noise map 6459:Casa Loma 6316:0043-0374 5800:120569869 5461:0001-4966 5272:: 64–79. 5197:108841954 4774:5 January 4667:109255100 4615:111066936 4362:125961523 4354:1755-876X 4256:Sonardyne 3489:Citations 3177:Garbology 3094:Turbidity 3044:Oil spill 2994:Firewater 2979:Biosolids 2885:Vandalism 2644:Poisoning 2639:Plutonium 2614:Actinides 2607:Radiation 2349:Acid rain 2321:Pollution 2215:July 2024 2155:side-scan 2151:multibeam 1980:Raymarine 1899:does not 1880:Fisheries 1750:waveguide 1690:AN/AQS-13 1673:Swiftsure 1608:Sieglinde 1591:Torpedoes 1546:high-tech 1514:sonobuoys 1337:refracted 1293:sea water 1204:batteries 1175:databases 1164:submarine 1156:vibration 816:frequency 805:multibeam 633:cast iron 547:Irish Sea 542:systems. 512:Bell Labs 457:sonobuoys 438:Hedgehogs 404:in 1924. 384:HMS 376:Admiralty 86:Virsaitis 19563:Treaties 19535:Diseases 19347:Shipping 19243:Diseases 19091:Landfill 18766:Abstract 18763:Military 18696:Wildfire 18545:Smelting 18513:Asbestos 18276:Glossary 18252:Category 18045:interest 17752:Losharik 17729:Jiaolong 17691:Sea Pole 17106:Rescuers 15812:Aquanaut 15798:Pioneers 15551:Colombia 15342:(ProTec) 15285:agencies 15194:(ProTec) 15122:(FFESSM) 15071:agencies 15030:agencies 14563:training 14506:Research 14441:DIN 7876 14045:Wildrake 13985:Offshore 13710:vehicles 13271:(SAUHMA) 13199:research 13043:Research 12892:Drowning 12887:Asphyxia 12809:Taravana 12671:Pressure 12262:Dive log 12150:Drowning 12095:Lack of 12034:Freeflow 12019:Silt out 12014:Overhead 11830:industry 11802:(FFESSM) 11528:Speargun 11339:La Belle 10870:Military 10808:Military 10586:Drowning 10297:Swimfins 10292:Speargun 10003:Jackstay 9947:SeaPerch 9877:Épaulard 9711:Wet bell 9671:Air-lock 9497:handling 9471:Jackstay 9466:Downline 9375:Porpoise 9191:Air line 9151:Porpoise 8827:Lifeline 8716:Towboard 8687:Wet bell 8663:Mobility 8537:Anti-fog 8485:Dry suit 8478:Newtsuit 8473:JIM suit 8093:Category 7849:Crossbow 7060:AN/SPY-3 7055:AN/SPY-1 6816:Biophony 6600:Sonobuoy 6406:Archived 6285:Archived 6254:Archived 6218:23927226 6169:17614519 6107:30963955 6058:23825206 6003:Archived 5987:23646103 5947:PLOS ONE 5928:23825206 5876:23825085 5826:Archived 5750:19894796 5700:19425625 5648:21877784 5556:27586766 5469:27586765 5391:22087992 5247:54825193 5042:12 March 5036:Archived 5014:Archived 4990:cite web 4887:87013187 4717:22088017 4483:29844316 4384:Archived 4260:Archived 4236:19 April 4227:Archived 4203:19 April 4194:Archived 4140:Archived 4070:Archived 4048:Archived 3955:Archived 3816:Archived 3795:Archived 3673:, page 8 3450:See also 3375:biosonar 3367:dolphins 3233:Treaties 3213:Diseases 3069:Shipping 3034:Nutrient 2984:Diseases 2549:Wildfire 1984:deep sea 1867:Vanguard 1814:system. 1812:Cerberus 1681:Aircraft 1628:system. 1583:made by 1445:spectrum 1441:radiated 1375:shipping 1341:pressure 1312:pressure 1308:salinity 1291:than in 682:Galfenol 668:losses, 662:ferrites 464:High Tea 461:codename 402:Portland 398:flotilla 291:Montreal 194:dolphins 116:navigate 19592:Commons 19367:Thermal 19268:Hypoxia 19052:Garbage 18823:Uranium 18674:Natural 18623:Digital 18555:Aerosol 18533:Welding 18420:Biomass 18415:Biofuel 18374:History 18310:Outline 18264:Commons 18129:SeaKeys 18043:Special 17950:SRV-300 17907:DSRV-2 17899:DSRV-1 17790:Shinkai 17766:Nautile 17683:Harmony 17632:vehicle 17221:physics 17137:Frogmen 16497:Wrecks 16085:holders 15324:(IANTD) 15146:(IANTD) 15116:(FEDAS) 15005:schools 14953:(WRSTC) 14914:(IDRCF) 14353:Manuals 13676:Nikonos 13663:SP-350 13657:Calypso 13441:Monitor 13265:(SPUMS) 12880:related 12763:Hypoxia 12673:related 12469:Gas man 12439:Bellman 12160:Hypoxia 12004:Delta-P 11999:Current 11981:hazards 11796:(FEDAS) 11560:Gyrojet 11552:firearm 11516:weapons 11478:Pigging 11450:Airlift 11377:Monitor 11122:UNGERIN 10957:KOPASKA 10942:JW GROM 10917:Fukuryu 10833:Frogman 10773:Haenyeo 10574:Hazards 10302:Monofin 10119:Haenyeo 10022:General 10008:Jonline 9912:OpenROV 9795:habitat 9270:Beuchat 9101:Dolphin 8721:Wet sub 8704:Monofin 8699:Swimfin 8528:Helmets 8507:Wetsuit 8450:Jonline 8250:Swimfin 8245:Snorkel 8004:Related 7971:Museums 7222:Related 7079:Optical 7036:Sensors 6939:Weapons 6883:General 6463:Toronto 6196:Bibcode 6149:Bibcode 6098:6364578 6049:3712439 5978:3640001 5955:Bibcode 5919:3712439 5867:3730631 5780:Bibcode 5730:Bibcode 5678:Bibcode 5628:Bibcode 5586:Bibcode 5534:Bibcode 5439:Bibcode 5371:Bibcode 5274:Bibcode 5227:Bibcode 5175:Bibcode 5124:Bibcode 4833:Bibcode 4697:Bibcode 4645:Bibcode 4595:Bibcode 4546:Bibcode 4474:5974314 4453:Bibcode 4332:Bibcode 4066:fas.org 4020:Bibcode 3558:"Sonar" 3392:fitness 3381:in the 3127:History 3009:Hypoxia 2838:Thermal 2792:Plastic 2654:Uranium 2528:Natural 2473:Digital 2449:Genetic 1951:Fishing 1920:removed 1905:sources 1850:water. 1846:in low 1836:frogmen 1804:frogmen 1766:Jezebel 1710:AQS-20A 1666:Oyashio 1498:Toshiba 1488:Modern 1466:Passive 1310:), and 1304:density 1084:improve 1048:float. 1033:sea ice 1008:in low 998:frogmen 793:bearing 785:Tonpilz 670:Metglas 300:During 293:-built 284:⁄ 263:on the 242:Titanic 225:Titanic 200:, some 188:History 127:passive 120:ranging 60:(here, 56:French 19456:Midden 19436:Debris 19391:Topics 19330:Sewage 19283:debris 19278:Marine 19126:Visual 19010:Mining 19005:Litter 18498:Mining 18322:Portal 18298:Diving 18291:Divers 18047:groups 17944:Remora 17909:Avalon 17901:Mystic 17892:Mystic 17820:DSV-5 17814:Turtle 17773:Pisces 17736:Konsul 17677:FNRS-3 17672:FNRS-2 17540:Impact 17397:Diving 17330:theory 17268:Diving 17219:Diving 16487:Reefs 16432:Caves 15539:Turkey 15403:(NAUI) 15379:(CDAA) 15370:diving 15348:(RAID) 15336:(PDIC) 15330:(PADI) 15318:(FIAS) 15312:(DSAT) 15306:(CMAS) 15300:(BSAC) 15294:(ANDI) 15268:(AAUS) 15236:(TSSF) 15200:(RAID) 15188:(PDIC) 15182:(PADI) 15170:(NAUI) 15164:(NASE) 15158:(TIDF) 15140:(IAHD) 15128:(FIAS) 15110:(CMAS) 15098:(BSAC) 15092:(ANMP) 15086:(ANDI) 15080:(ACUC) 15045:(CMAS) 15039:(AIDA) 14974:(ADAS) 14937:(NOAA) 14926:(IMCA) 14920:(IDSA) 14767:levels 14674:Skills 14059:diving 13987:diving 13665:Denise 13283:(NEDU) 13277:(UHMS) 13239:(EUBS) 13233:(EDTC) 13227:(DMAC) 13221:(DDRC) 12746:Oxygen 12637:Diving 12540:health 12490:safety 12189:Diving 11979:Diving 11820:(WKPP) 11814:(QRSS) 11808:(IAHD) 11790:(CMAS) 11772:(CDAA) 11766:(BSAC) 11618:QBS-06 11500:Tremie 11407:Diving 11332:Kronan 10962:MARCOS 10922:GRUMEC 10872:diving 10810:diving 10198:(CWTB) 9857:ABISMO 9823:SEALAB 9395:Suunto 9365:Nemrod 9340:Heinke 9239:Diving 9211:Hookah 9166:Salvus 8730:Safety 8323:Trimix 8313:Oxygen 8308:Nitrox 8303:Hydrox 8293:Heliox 7714:(lost) 7501:Medusa 7050:OPS-24 7017:Lists: 6434: 6375: 6367: 6330: 6314: 6277: 6246: 6216: 6167: 6105: 6095: 6056: 6046: 5985: 5975: 5926: 5916: 5874: 5864: 5798: 5748: 5698: 5646: 5578:Icarus 5554: 5467: 5459: 5389: 5245: 5195: 5032:Forbes 4918:22 May 4892:22 May 4885: 4875: 4801:22 May 4715: 4665: 4613: 4481: 4471: 4360: 4352: 4168: 4098: 4040: 3880: 3735: 3669: 3645: 3617: 3590: 3512: 3369:, use 3363:whales 3187:Midden 3182:Legacy 3167:Debris 3121:Topics 3074:Sludge 3064:Sewage 3019:Marine 2858:Visual 2777:Mining 2772:Litter 2313:series 2170:GLORIA 1701:AQS-13 1460:Active 1236:-type 1168:wrench 1073:, but 1012:water. 915:sphere 850:shoals 629:quartz 520:London 442:Squids 411:, the 393:Osprey 386:Antrim 374:, the 257:Boston 230:patent 202:shrews 131:active 44:Sonnar 19647:Sonar 19527:Lists 19466:Waste 19408:Paint 19225:Water 19108:Space 18749:Sonar 18744:Urban 18722:Water 18706:Noise 18681:Ozone 18648:Light 18579:Waste 18471:Smoke 18203:Other 17942:ASRV 17886:MSM-1 17649:Alvin 17578:Other 15409:(TDI) 15397:(CDG) 15391:(GUE) 15385:(CDG) 15360:(TXR) 15354:(TSA) 15242:(UDI) 15230:(SSI) 15218:(SEI) 15212:(SDI) 15206:(SAA) 15176:(NOB) 15152:(ILS) 15134:(GUE) 15104:(CFT) 15067:scuba 15057:(SSI) 14990:(HSE) 14908:(EUF) 14763:scuba 14561:Diver 14245:death 13706:Diver 13424:sites 13215:(DAN) 12652:Cramp 12107:Panic 11784:(CFT) 11778:(CDG) 11754:Diver 11417:COMEX 11325:Egypt 10874:units 10245:(VWT) 10234:(STA) 10228:(NLT) 10222:(FIM) 10216:(DNF) 10210:(DYN) 10204:(CNF) 10192:(CWT) 10051:Sonar 9355:Mares 9320:Fenzy 9305:Divex 9295:DESCO 9290:Dacor 9255:Apeks 9221:Snuba 9136:LAR-V 9131:LAR-6 9126:LAR-5 9116:IDA71 8996:scuba 7957:Salaì 7879:Sonar 7859:Robot 7182:ASDIC 7043:Radar 6920:Radar 6915:Sonar 6537:Sonar 5796:S2CID 5768:(PDF) 5718:(PDF) 5666:(PDF) 5616:(PDF) 5574:(PDF) 5522:(PDF) 5496:(PDF) 5427:(PDF) 5359:(PDF) 5304:(PDF) 5243:S2CID 5215:(PDF) 5193:S2CID 5163:(PDF) 4821:(PDF) 4685:(PDF) 4663:S2CID 4633:(PDF) 4611:S2CID 4583:(PDF) 4534:(PDF) 4358:S2CID 4298:Stoat 4230:(PDF) 4223:(PDF) 4197:(PDF) 4190:(PDF) 3984:(PDF) 3977:(PDF) 3205:Lists 3197:Waste 3142:Paint 2967:Water 2819:Space 2562:Noise 2534:Ozone 2499:Light 2287:Titan 1732:with 1632:Mines 1371:waves 1326:This 1234:radar 1198:, or 1142:(Hz) 1140:Hertz 820:chirp 818:or a 773:pulse 496:RADAR 488:SONAR 478:SONAR 366:ASDIC 340:ASDIC 261:Miami 147:sonar 143:sodar 139:radar 114:) to 108:sound 96:Sonar 81:T-297 40:Sodar 19441:Dust 19424:Misc 18843:Soil 18732:Rail 18718:Land 18562:Soot 18550:Smog 18466:Haze 17923:Priz 17822:Nemo 17812:DSV 17804:DSV 17796:DSV 17788:DSV 17780:DSV 17722:JAGO 17647:DSV 15368:Cave 15051:(PI) 13439:USS 12344:Risk 11392:Vasa 11383:HMS 11375:USS 11362:Mars 11353:RMS 11142:work 9867:CURV 9171:Siva 9141:LARU 9096:DSEA 9091:CUMA 7252:Navy 6454:Time 6432:ISBN 6373:OCLC 6365:ISBN 6328:ISBN 6312:ISSN 6275:ISBN 6244:ISBN 6214:PMID 6165:PMID 6103:PMID 6054:PMID 5983:PMID 5924:PMID 5872:PMID 5746:PMID 5696:PMID 5644:PMID 5552:PMID 5465:PMID 5457:ISSN 5387:PMID 5066:NOAA 5044:2013 4996:link 4960:link 4920:2020 4894:2020 4883:LCCN 4873:ISBN 4852:2020 4803:2020 4776:2020 4713:PMID 4479:PMID 4417:2023 4350:ISSN 4305:2017 4238:2020 4205:2020 4166:ISBN 4096:ISBN 4038:ISBN 3878:ISBN 3846:2019 3764:XLIV 3733:ISBN 3717:, pn 3667:ISBN 3643:ISBN 3615:ISBN 3588:ISBN 3569:2019 3510:ISBN 3365:and 3172:Dust 3156:Misc 2672:Soil 2419:Soot 2414:Smog 2379:Haze 2273:see 2153:and 2074:and 1903:any 1901:cite 1670:and 1613:Bold 1373:and 1301:mass 1299:and 1160:hull 1126:and 1120:e.g. 1046:Argo 1042:AUVs 781:echo 623:The 468:mine 391:HMS 332:and 320:and 267:off 198:bats 19552:2.5 19164:War 18727:Air 18382:Air 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