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as an informed search. In target approximation, on the other hand, the location of the destination is known to the navigator but a further distinction is made based on whether the navigator knows how to arrive or not to the destination. Path following means that the environment, the path, and the destination are all known which means that the navigator simply follows the path they already know and arrive at the destination without much thought. For example, when you are in your city and walking on the same path as you normally take from your house to your job or university. However, path finding means that the navigator knows where the destination is but does not know the route they have to take to arrive at the destination: you know where a specific store is but you do not know how to arrive there or what path to take. If the navigator does not know the environment, it is called path search which means that only the destination is known while neither the path nor the environment is: you are in a new city and need to arrive at the train station but do not know how to get there. Path planning, on the other hand, means that the navigator knows both where the destination is and is familiar with the environment so they only need to plan the route or path that they should take to arrive at their target. For example, if you are in your city and need to get to a specific store that you know the destination of but do not know the specific path you need to take to get there.
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triangular structure with a pivot at the top and a graduated segment of a circle, referred to as the "arc", at the bottom. The second component is the index arm, which is attached to the pivot at the top of the frame. At the bottom is an endless vernier which clamps into teeth on the bottom of the "arc". The optical system consists of two mirrors and, generally, a low power telescope. One mirror, referred to as the "index mirror" is fixed to the top of the index arm, over the pivot. As the index arm is moved, this mirror rotates, and the graduated scale on the arc indicates the measured angle ("altitude").
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and angular bearings to charted objects and use these to establish arcs of position and lines of position on a chart. A fix consisting of only radar information is called a radar fix. Types of radar fixes include "range and bearing to a single object," "two or more bearings," "tangent bearings," and "two or more ranges." Radar can also be used with
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position themselves, typically with the aid of electronic position fixing. While the military navigator will have a bearing book and someone to record entries for each fix, the civilian navigator will simply pilot the bearings on the chart as they are taken and not record them at all. If the ship is equipped with an
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Directed wayfinding, instead, can be further subdivided into search vs. target approximation. Search means that a person does not know where the destination is located and must find it either in an unfamiliar environment, which is labeled as an uninformed search, or in a familiar environment, labeled
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Navigation can be distinguished into two sptial components: locomotion and wayfinding. Locomotion is the process of movement from one place to another, both in humans and in animals. Locomotion helps you understand an environment by moving through a space in order to create a mental representation of
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The chronometer is designed to operate for a minimum of one year on a single set of batteries. Observations may be timed and ship's clocks set with a comparing watch, which is set to chronometer time and taken to the bridge wing for recording sight times. In practice, a wrist watch coordinated to the
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A military navigation team will nearly always consist of several people. A military navigator might have bearing takers stationed at the gyro repeaters on the bridge wings for taking simultaneous bearings, while the civilian navigator on a merchant ship or leisure craft must often take and plot their
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information on the route. In the next stage, the written plan is created. The third stage is the execution of the finalised voyage plan, taking into account any special circumstances which may arise such as changes in the weather, which may require the plan to be reviewed or altered. The final stage
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Other techniques that are less used in general navigation have been developed for special situations. One, known as the "contour method," involves marking a transparent plastic template on the radar screen and moving it to the chart to fix a position. Another special technique, known as the
Franklin
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The first inertial system is considered to be the V-2 guidance system deployed by the
Germans in 1942. However, inertial sensors are traced to the early 19th century. The advantages INSs led their use in aircraft, missiles, surface ships and submarines. For example, the U.S. Navy developed the Ships
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Advantages over other navigation systems are that, once aligned, an INS does not require outside information. An INS is not affected by adverse weather conditions and it cannot be detected or jammed. Its disadvantage is that since the current position is calculated solely from previous positions and
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In navigation, a rhumb line (or loxodrome) is a line crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, i.e. a path derived from a defined initial bearing. That is, upon taking an initial bearing, one proceeds along the same bearing, without changing the direction as measured relative to true or
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Electronic integrated bridge concepts are driving future navigation system planning. Integrated systems take inputs from various ship sensors, electronically display positioning information, and provide control signals required to maintain a vessel on a preset course. The navigator becomes a system
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is used to measure the body's angular height above the horizon. That height can then be used to compute distance from the subpoint to create a circular line of position. A navigator shoots a number of stars in succession to give a series of overlapping lines of position. Where they intersect is the
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Piloting (also called pilotage) involves navigating an aircraft by visual reference to landmarks, or a water vessel in restricted waters and fixing its position as precisely as possible at frequent intervals. More so than in other phases of navigation, proper preparation and attention to detail are
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Radar is an effective aid to navigation because it provides ranges and bearings to objects within range of the radar scanner. When a vessel (ship or boat) is within radar range of land or fixed objects (such as special radar aids to navigation and navigation marks) the navigator can take distances
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The second critical component of celestial navigation is to measure the angle formed at the observer's eye between the celestial body and the sensible horizon. The sextant, an optical instrument, is used to perform this function. The sextant consists of two primary assemblies. The frame is a rigid
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In order to accurately measure longitude, the precise time of a sextant sighting (down to the second, if possible) must be recorded. Each second of error is equivalent to 15 seconds of longitude error, which at the equator is a position error of .25 of a nautical mile, about the accuracy limit of
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The second mirror, referred to as the "horizon glass", is fixed to the front of the frame. One half of the horizon glass is silvered and the other half is clear. Light from the celestial body strikes the index mirror and is reflected to the silvered portion of the horizon glass, then back to the
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were unavailable until the late 18th century and not affordable until the 19th century. For about a hundred years, from about 1767 until about 1850, mariners lacking a chronometer used the method of lunar distances to determine
Greenwich time to find their longitude. A mariner with a chronometer
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The spring-driven marine chronometer is a precision timepiece used aboard ship to provide accurate time for celestial observations. A chronometer differs from a spring-driven watch principally in that it contains a variable lever device to maintain even pressure on the mainspring, and a special
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is defined as an active process of following or deciding upon a path between one place to another through mental representations. It involves processes such as representation, planning and decision which help to avoid obstacles, to stay on course or to regulate pace when approaching particular
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Adjustment of the sextant consists of checking and aligning all the optical elements to eliminate "index correction". Index correction should be checked, using the horizon or more preferably a star, each time the sextant is used. The practice of taking celestial observations from the deck of a
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A spring-driven chronometer is set approximately to
Greenwich mean time (GMT) and is not reset until the instrument is overhauled and cleaned, usually at three-year intervals. The difference between GMT and chronometer time is carefully determined and applied as a correction to all chronometer
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in cooperation with six partner nations. OMEGA was developed by the United States Navy for military aviation users. It was approved for development in 1968 and promised a true worldwide oceanic coverage capability with only eight transmitters and the ability to achieve a four-mile (6 km)
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type of navigation system that computes its position based on motion sensors. Before actually navigating, the initial latitude and longitude and the INS's physical orientation relative to the Earth (e.g., north and level) are established. After alignment, an INS receives impulses from motion
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have replaced spring-driven chronometers aboard many ships because of their greater accuracy. They are maintained on GMT directly from radio time signals. This eliminates chronometer error and watch error corrections. Should the second hand be in error by a readable amount, it can be reset
1263:, its primary use was for ship navigation in coastal waters. Fishing vessels were major post-war users, but it was also used on aircraft, including a very early (1949) application of moving-map displays. The system was deployed in the North Sea and was used by helicopters operating to
1140:, an Inertial navigation system, and via celestial inputs entered by astronauts which were recorded by sextant and telescope. Space rated navigational computers, like those found on Apollo and later missions, are designed to be hardened against possible data corruption from radiation.
988:. Such systems are in use as well for terrestrial navigating as for interstellar navigating. By knowing which point on the rotating Earth a celestial object is above and measuring its height above the observer's horizon, the navigator can determine his distance from that subpoint. A
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A line of position can refer to two different things, either a line on a chart or a line between the observer and an object in real life. A bearing is a measure of the direction to an object. If the navigator measures the direction in real life, the angle can then be drawn on a
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navigators for civilians who own them. Overuse of these devices, whether in the vehicle or on foot, can lead to a relative inability to learn about navigated environments, resulting in sub-optimal navigation abilities when and if these devices become unavailable. Typically a
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Continuous Radar Plot
Technique, involves drawing the path a radar object should follow on the radar display if the ship stays on its planned course. During the transit, the navigator can check that the ship is on track by checking that the pip lies on the drawn line.
1370:. The line on the radar screen is set to a specific distance and angle, then the ship's position relative to the parallel line is observed. This can provide an immediate reference to the navigator as to whether the ship is on or off its intended course for navigation.
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motion sensors, its errors are cumulative, increasing at a rate roughly proportional to the time since the initial position was input. Inertial navigation systems must therefore be frequently corrected with a location 'fix' from some other type of navigation system.
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with charitable status, aimed at furthering the development of navigation on land and sea, in the air and in space. It was founded in 1947 as a forum for mariners, pilots, engineers and academics to compare their experiences and exchange information. In the US, the
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Methods of navigation have changed through history. Each new method has enhanced the mariner's ability to complete his voyage. One of the most important judgments the navigator must make is the best method to use. Some types of navigation are depicted in the table.
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detectors that measure (a) the acceleration along three axes (accelerometers), and (b) rate of rotation about three orthogonal axes (gyroscopes). These enable an INS to continually and accurately calculate its current latitude and longitude (and often velocity).
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The basic element for time generation is a quartz crystal oscillator. The quartz crystal is temperature compensated and is hermetically sealed in an evacuated envelope. A calibrated adjustment capability is provided to adjust for the aging of the crystal.
1968:, there are four levels of space with the third being the environmental space. The environmental space represents a very large space, like a city, and can only be fully explored through movement since all objects and space are not directly visible. Also
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is aboard, as is often the case in the most restricted of waters, his judgement can generally be relied upon, further easing the workload. But should the ECDIS fail, the navigator will have to rely on his skill in the manual and time-tested procedures.
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Passage planning or voyage planning is a procedure to develop a complete description of vessel's voyage from start to finish. The plan includes leaving the dock and harbor area, the en route portion of a voyage, approaching the destination, and
2001:, etc., in their navigation process which generally involves low spatial reasoning and is less cognitively demanding. Unaided wayfinding involves no such devices for the person who is navigating. Unaided wayfinding can be subdivided into a
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series of letters, which the RDF can tune in to see if the beacon is "on the air". Most modern detectors can also tune in any commercial radio stations, which is particularly useful due to their high power and location near major cities.
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of the human body and its extensions: above/below, front/back and left/right. Tversky ultimately proposed a fourfold classification of navigable space: space of the body, space around the body, space of navigation and space of graphics.
945:, it is reasonable for the navigator to simply monitor the progress of the ship along the chosen track, visually ensuring that the ship is proceeding as desired, checking the compass, sounder and other indicators only occasionally. If a
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The appraisal stage deals with the collection of information relevant to the proposed voyage as well as ascertaining risks and assessing the key features of the voyage. This will involve considering the type of navigation required e.g.
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is a factor in 80 percent of navigational accidents and that in many cases the human making the error had access to information that could have prevented the accident. The practice of voyage planning has evolved from penciling lines on
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A stop watch, either spring wound or digital, may also be used for celestial observations. In this case, the watch is started at a known GMT by chronometer, and the elapsed time of each sight added to this to obtain GMT of the sight.
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or DR, in which one advances a prior position using the ship's course and speed. The new position is called a DR position. It is generally accepted that only course and speed determine the DR position. Correcting the DR position for
112:. Early Pacific Polynesians used the motion of stars, weather, the position of certain wildlife species, or the size of waves to find the path from one island to another. Maritime navigation using scientific instruments such as the
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radio transmitters that use the time interval between radio signals received from three or more stations to determine the position of a ship or aircraft. The current version of LORAN in common use is LORAN-C, which operates in the
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In addition to bearings, navigators also often measure distances to objects. On the chart, a distance produces a circle or arc of position. Circles, arcs, and hyperbolae of positions are often referred to as lines of position.
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In land navigation, courses and training is often provided to young persons as part of general or extra-curricular education. Land navigation is also an essential part of army training. Additionally, organisations such as the
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The day's work in navigation is a minimal set of tasks consistent with prudent navigation. The definition will vary on military and civilian vessels, and from ship to ship, but the traditional method takes a form resembling:
1366:. This technique involves creating a line on the screen that is parallel to the ship's course, but offset to the left or right by some distance. This parallel line allows the navigator to maintain a given distance away from
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observer's eye through the telescope. The observer manipulates the index arm so the reflected image of the body in the horizon glass is just resting on the visual horizon, seen through the clear side of the horizon glass.
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being the primary replacement. However, there are attempts to enhance and re-popularize LORAN. LORAN signals are less susceptible to interference and can penetrate better into foliage and buildings than GPS signals.
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The
Handbook Of The SAS And Elite Forces. How The Professionals Fight And Win. Edited by Jon E. Lewis. p.363-Tactics And Techniques, Personal Skills And Techniques. Robinson Publishing Ltd 1997. ISBN 1-85487-675-9
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Navigation is an essential everyday activity that involves a series of abilities that help humans and animals to locate, track, and follow paths in order to arrive at different destinations. Navigation, in
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Not to be confused with satellite navigation, which depends upon satellites to function, space navigation refers to the navigation of spacecraft themselves. This has historically been achieved (during the
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of tasks depending on whether it is undirected or directed, which basically makes the distinction of whether there is a precise destination or not: undirected wayfinding means that a person is simply
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the use of Omega declined during the 1990s, to a point where the cost of operating Omega could no longer be justified. Omega was terminated on
September 30, 1997, and all stations ceased operation.
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source. Due to radio's ability to travel very long distances "over the horizon", it makes a particularly good navigation system for ships and aircraft that might be flying at a distance from land.
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and using sight reduction tables to correct for height of eye and atmospheric refraction. The height of
Polaris in degrees above the horizon is the latitude of the observer, within a degree or so.
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is the discipline of following a route through terrain on foot or by vehicle, using maps with reference to terrain, a compass, and other basic navigational tools and/or using landmarks and signs.
2413:...what I have stated, will serve to show the absolute necessity of having firstrate chronometers, or the lunar observations carefully attended to; and never omitted to be taken when practicable.
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and listening for the direction in which the signal from a known station comes through most strongly. This sort of system was widely used in the 1930s and 1940s. RDF antennas are easy to spot on
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organisations are a type of sports that require navigational skills using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain whilst moving at speed.
1147:, which compares the X-ray bursts from a collection of known pulsars in order to determine the position of a spacecraft. This method has been tested by multiple space agencies, such as
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celestial fix. The Moon and Sun may also be used. The Sun can also be used by itself to shoot a succession of lines of position (best done around local noon) to determine a position.
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accuracy when fixing a position. Initially, the system was to be used for navigating nuclear bombers across the North Pole to Russia. Later, it was found useful for submarines.
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systems (GPS) became available. INSs are still in common use on submarines (since GPS reception or other fix sources are not possible while submerged) and long-range missiles.
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relies primarily on positions determined electronically by receivers collecting information from satellites. Most other modern techniques rely on finding intersecting
553:. For most of history, mariners struggled to determine longitude. Longitude can be calculated if the precise time of a sighting is known. Lacking that, one can use a
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uses radar to determine the distance from or bearing of objects whose position is known. This process is separate from radar's use as a collision avoidance system.
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All chronometers and watches should be checked regularly with a radio time signal. Times and frequencies of radio time signals are listed in publications such as
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with varying curvature in this projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a
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1707:), and a number of professional books or publications. There are some fifty elements of a comprehensive passage plan depending on the size and type of vessel.
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By mental navigation checks, a pilot or a navigator estimates tracks, distances, and altitudes which will then help the pilot avoid gross navigation errors.
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Since the first experimental satellite was launched in 1978, GPS has become an indispensable aid to navigation around the world, and an important tool for
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led by Elcano sailed across the Indian Ocean and north along the coast of Africa, to finally arrive in Spain in 1522, three years after its departure. The
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Global
Navigation Satellite System or GNSS is the term for satellite navigation systems that provide positioning with global coverage. A GNSS allow small
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750 million per year, including the replacement of aging satellites, and research and development. Despite this fact, GPS is free for civilian use as a
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program to ensure a reliable and accurate navigation system to initial its missile guidance systems. Inertial navigation systems were in wide use until
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of passage planning consists of monitoring the vessel's progress in relation to the plan and responding to deviations and unforeseen circumstances.
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involves navigating in restricted/coastal waters with frequent determination of position relative to geographic and hydrographic features.
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is probably the earliest form of open-ocean navigation; it was based on memory and observation recorded on scientific instruments like the
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1420:. Receivers on the ground with a fixed position can also be used to calculate the precise time as a reference for scientific experiments.
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Professional organisations also assist to encourage improvements in navigation or bring together navigators in learned environments. The
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important. Procedures vary from vessel to vessel, and between military, commercial, and private vessels. As pilotage takes place in
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Noontime meridian or ex-meridian observation of the Sun for noon latitude line. Running fix or cross with Venus line for noon fix.
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There are some methods seldom used today such as "dipping a light" to calculate the geographic range from observer to lighthouse.
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Embassy to the
Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat: in the U.S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832–3–4
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There are two types of wayfinding in navigation: aided and unaided. Aided wayfinding requires a person to use various types of
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with varying curvature in this projection, but are actually halves of great ellipses, with identical radii at a given latitude.
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rolling ship, often through cloud cover and with a hazy horizon, is by far the most challenging part of celestial navigation.
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2509:. Edited by Jon E. Lewis. p. 370 "Tactics And Techniques, Personal Skills And Techniques". Robinson Publishing Ltd 1997.
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Computation of the interval to noon, watch time of local apparent noon, and constants for meridian or ex-meridian sights.
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1872:(ION) is a non-profit professional organisation advancing the art and science of positioning, navigation and timing.
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Professional standards for navigation depend on the type of navigation and vary by country. For marine navigation,
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and these guidelines are reflected in the local laws of IMO signatory countries (for example, Title 33 of the U.S.
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Gardony, Aaron L. (June 2015). "Navigational Aids and Spatial Memory Impairment: The Role of Divided Attention".
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Passage planning consists of four stages: appraisal, planning, execution, and monitoring, which are specified in
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is legally responsible for passage planning, however on larger vessels, the task will be delegated to the ship's
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Navigation, in a broader sense, can refer to any skill or study that involves the determination of position and
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1495:, GPS is officially named NAVSTAR GPS (NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System). The
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Gardony, Aaron L (April 2013). "How Navigational Aids Impair Spatial Memory: Evidence for Divided Attention".
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when the Allied forces needed a system which could be used to achieve accurate landings. As was the case with
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systematized the space, but this time taking into consideration the three dimensions that correspond to the
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are available on navigation, which are published by professional sources all over the world. In the UK, the
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terrestrial range (natural or man made) when two charted points are observed to be in line with each other,
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started during the Age of Discovery in the 15th century. The Portuguese began systematically exploring the
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Take two or more star observations at evening twilight for a celestial fix (prudent to observe six stars).
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Take two or more star observations at morning twilight for a celestial fix (prudent to observe six stars).
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provide numerous navigational publications, including the comprehensive Admiralty Manual of Navigation.
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1315:, and several European countries. Russia uses a nearly exact system in the same frequency range, called
152:. The earliest known description of how to make and use a sea astrolabe comes from Spanish cosmographer
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1829:. Leisure and amateur mariners may undertake lessons in navigation at local/regional training schools.
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from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation,
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Poor passage planning and deviation from the plan can lead to groundings, ship damage and cargo loss.
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An Analysis Of Navigational Instruments In The Age Of Exploration: 15th Century To Mid-17th century
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Similar to latitude, the longitude of a place on Earth is the angular distance east or west of the
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An illustration showing a compass used for navigation from Bowditch's American Practical Navigator
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Process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another
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If the navigator draws two lines of position, and they intersect he must be at that position. A
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1642:. It may also take place in adjacent space, where chart tables and publications are available.
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manager, choosing system presets, interpreting system output, and monitoring vessel response.
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in 1519, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and after several stopovers rounded the southern tip of
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to perform navigation tasks. All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's
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is a next generation GNSS in the final deployment phase, and became operational in 2016.
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2705:"NASA's Got a Plan for a 'Galactic Positioning System' to Save Astronauts Lost in Space"
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as a means of position fixing with the radar image or distance/bearing overlaid onto an
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Roughly, the latitude of a place on Earth is its angular distance north or south of the
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and the Philippines. By then, only two galleons were left from the original seven. The
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The practice of navigation usually involves a combination of these different methods.
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readings. Spring-driven chronometers must be wound at about the same time each day.
5407:
5114:
5074:
4908:
4739:
4607:
4415:
4358:
4327:
4267:
4157:
4083:
4073:
4005:
3990:
3563:
3507:
3466:
3420:
3324:
3278:
3223:
2921:
2898:
2886:
2857:
2038:
2030:
1804:
1651:
1333:
1291:
1271:
1248:
1176:
989:
852:
818:
791:
780:
606:
566:
433:
392:
295:
149:
100:
2925:
1940:. Humans navigate by transitioning between different spaces and coordinating both
1728:
491:
is 90° S. Mariners calculated latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by sighting the
40:
is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the
4744:
4671:
4078:
4048:
3842:
3727:
3328:
2890:
2864:
2389:
2171:
1969:
1864:
1826:
1822:
1788:
1690:
1503:
1485:
1252:
1163:
1116:
803:
750:
286:, but was unsuccessful. The eastward route across the Pacific, also known as the
192:
5009:
712:, current effects, and steering error result in an estimated position or EP. An
140:
dating from 1295. The perfecting of this navigation instrument is attributed to
5170:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5069:
5064:
4453:
4145:
4053:
4025:
4020:
4015:
3838:
3282:
1973:
1924:, allows for acquiring information about the environment by using the body and
1853:
1769:
1712:
1686:
1628:
At least one afternoon Sun line, in case the stars are not visible at twilight.
1610:
1439:
1133:
1103:
704:
632:
625:
614:
534:
530:
526:
518:
476:
290:(return trip) was only discovered forty years later, when Spanish cosmographer
228:
133:
3567:
3190:
972:
Celestial navigation systems are based on observation of the positions of the
98:
In the European medieval period, navigation was considered part of the set of
5396:
5366:
5119:
4446:
4363:
4068:
4030:
3861:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 703–704.
3852:
3833:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–298.
3824:
3786:(7th ed.). Bethesda, MD: U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from
3575:
3519:
3511:
3432:
3235:
2660:"An historical perspective on inertial navigation systems", Daniel Tazartes,
2507:
The Handbook of the SAS and Elite Forces. How the Professionals Fight and Win
1937:
1819:
1761:", short for satellite navigation), as well as any means available on water.
1477:
1424:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1275:
1245:
1204:
946:
864:
697:
663:
631:
If only one line of position is available, this may be evaluated against the
546:
282:
sailed east from the Philippines, trying to find a maritime path back to the
263:
216:
165:
1911:
is a free available encyclopedia of navigation issued by the US Government.
1362:
Parallel indexing is a technique defined by William Burger in the 1957 book
1280:
775:
involves reducing celestial measurements to lines of position using tables,
5059:
4881:
4436:
4368:
4212:
3787:
3725:
3440:
3290:
3243:
2357:
Chronometers were not regularly supplied to the Royal Navy until about 1825
1846:
1784:
1264:
1256:
1200:
1185:
A radio direction finder or RDF is a device for finding the direction to a
926:
922:
196:
71:
3470:
3211:
3064:
Standards of Training and Certification of Watchkeeping' (STCW) Convention
1461:, transmitting signals allowing GPS receivers to determine the receiver's
996:
are used to compute the subpoint on Earth a celestial body is over, and a
4119:
3983:
3973:
3893:
2006:
1716:
1681:
1518:
1469:
1405:
1389:
638:
Lines (or circles) of position can be derived from a variety of sources:
405:
294:
sailed from the Philippines, north to parallel 39°, and hit the eastward
251:
137:
5256:
3683:
3357:
1552:
1203:
aircraft, as loops under the rear section of the fuselage, whereas most
1143:
Another possibility that has been explored for deep space navigation is
873:
uses a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to determine position.
812:
5159:
5046:
4769:
4634:
4373:
4114:
1949:
1792:
1481:
1223:
1215:
1066:
is used to measure the elevation of celestial bodies above the horizon.
754:
725:
659:
617:
and the navigator will be somewhere on that bearing line on the chart.
587:
578:
could check its reading using a lunar determination of Greenwich time.
488:
484:
238:
The first circumnavigation of the earth was completed in 1522 with the
75:
31:
3125:
1833:
officers receive navigation training as part of their naval training.
1210:
In navigational applications, RDF signals are provided in the form of
55:
It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by
4774:
4342:
4299:
4104:
4000:
3550:
Wiener, Jan M.; Büchner, Simon J.; Hölscher, Christoph (2009-05-20).
3424:
3315:
Montello, Daniel R. (2005-07-18), Shah, Priti; Miyake, Akira (eds.),
1773:
1674:
1473:
1417:
1393:
1242:
512:
492:
366:
266:. Some ships were lost, but the remaining fleet continued across the
117:
116:
first occurred in the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. Although
56:
3227:
2662:
2014 International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (ISISS)
5266:
5129:
5124:
4876:
4749:
4639:
3776:
2638:"How Did Aviators "Shoot" the Sun and Stars? | Time and Navigation"
2002:
1925:
1838:
1750:
1401:
1397:
968:
A celestial fix will be at the intersection of two or more circles.
899:
840:
Availability has declined due to the development of accurate GNSS.
744:
732:
466:
383:
299:
283:
180:
5299:
2332:
1207:
aircraft enclosed the antenna in a small teardrop-shaped fairing.
5376:
5230:
5149:
5079:
4886:
4759:
4661:
4656:
4489:
4458:
4431:
4124:
4109:
3938:
3818:
1527:
1435:
1260:
1238:
1197:
1071:
1063:
1058:
997:
834:
554:
500:
496:
480:
472:
413:
349:
267:
176:
45:
3552:"Taxonomy of Human Wayfinding Tasks: A Knowledge-Based Approach"
1732:
Integrated Bridge System, integrated on an Offshore Service Ship
964:
766:
5215:
5154:
4754:
4666:
4651:
4646:
4181:
3783:
Publication 1310: Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual
1758:
1745:
Navigation for cars and other land-based travel typically uses
1432:
1316:
981:
917:, it typically involves following courses to ensure sufficient
846:
709:
538:
208:
184:
41:
3846:
1346:
Radar ranges and bearings can be used to determine a position.
104:, none of which were used for long voyages across open ocean.
5381:
2043:
1625:
Noontime determination the day's run and day's set and drift.
1539:
1447:
1413:
1352:
1312:
1304:
1241:
are three similar hyperbolic navigation systems. Decca was a
1186:
942:
930:
358:
311:
259:
232:
220:
3462:
Space and Spatial Cognition: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
3323:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 257–294,
904:
783:. It is primarily used at sea but can also be used on land.
5144:
5134:
4088:
3652:
3496:"Structures Of Mental Spaces: How People Think About Space"
2141:
1830:
1825:
are trained and internationally certified according to the
1148:
1020:
balance designed to compensate for temperature variations.
977:
569:, can be used to calculate the time at zero longitude (see
271:
242:, a Spanish voyage of discovery led by Portuguese explorer
224:
3907:
2951:. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Berlin. pp. 238–254.
1631:
Determine compass error by azimuth observation of the Sun.
1616:
Determine compass error by azimuth observation of the Sun.
4602:
3802:(4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press.
3383:"Cognitive Maps, Spatial Abilities, and Human Wayfinding"
2559:
2557:
2009:
an environment for pleasure without any set destination.
1990:
1765:
1746:
1656:
1530:
is also provided to determine direction when not moving.
1522:
973:
483:
to 90° at the North and South poles. The latitude of the
354:
298:
which took its galleon across the Pacific. He arrived in
3797:
3726:
Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof; K. Legat; M. Wieser (2003).
3106:"The Royal Institute of Navigation - Aims and Objects".
2394:(Digital ed.). Harper & brothers. p. 373.
1813:
1480:
used in many applications including scientific study of
929:. It may also involve navigating a ship within a river,
3638:(15th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
1638:
Navigation on ships is usually always conducted on the
1270:
The OMEGA Navigation System was the first truly global
227:. Soon, the Portuguese sailed further eastward, to the
223:
by sailing around Africa, opening up direct trade with
3872:, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group,
3762:(64th ed.). New York: Hearst Communications Inc.
3084:. The Canadian Orienteering Federation. Archived from
2554:
1715:, the region the ship will be passing through and the
1506:. The cost of maintaining the system is approximately
1307:. Many nations are users of the system, including the
1039:
nearest second with the chronometer will be adequate.
3549:
3161:
2851:
1701:
Resolution A.893(21), Guidelines For Voyage Planning,
1613:
for longitude, or at any time for a line of position.
3139:
3043:
IMO RESOLUTION A.893(21) adopted on 25 November 1999
3018:
IMO RESOLUTION A.893(21) adopted on 25 November 1999
2986:
IMO RESOLUTION A.893(21) adopted on 25 November 1999
2279:
2277:
2209:, MA Thesis, Texas A&M University, December 2005
2020:
329:"to sail, sail over, go by sea, steer a ship," from
3039:"ANNEX 25 – MCA Guidance Notes for Voyage Planning"
3014:"ANNEX 24 – MCA Guidance Notes for Voyage Planning"
2082:
Navigation: Principles of Positioning and Guidances
2079:
1956:Navigation and wayfinding can be approached in the
164:) published in 1551, based on the principle of the
3755:
3729:Navigation: principles of positioning and guidance
2858:GPS Overview from the NAVSTAR Joint Program Office
2305:
1914:
132:, the oldest record of a sea astrolabe is that of
5372:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
5039:
3684:Great Britain Ministry of Defence (Navy) (1995).
2274:
2246:
1609:Morning Sun observation. Can be taken on or near
921:, ensuring a sufficient depth of water below the
821:uses radio waves to determine position by either
175:Open-seas navigation using the astrolabe and the
5394:
5200:
3707:Gilardoni, Eduardo O.; Presedo, Juan P. (2017).
3706:
2810:Parallel Index Techniques in Restricted Waters -
2564:Gilardoni, Eduardo O.; Presedo, Juan P. (2017).
2563:
2287:New and Complete Epitome of Practical Navigation
2256:New and Complete Epitome of Practical Navigation
2116:
215:. In 1498, a Portuguese expedition commanded by
211:by crossing the Atlantic, which resulted in the
3902:How to navigate with less than a compass or GPS
3321:The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking
2315:An Epitome of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy
1593:
52:, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation.
3837:
3798:Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980).
3601:
3264:
2848:National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2001:182.
2836:National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2001:164.
2798:National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2001:169.
2784:National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2001:163.
1942:egocentric and allocentric frames of reference
642:celestial observation (a short segment of the
254:in 1521. The fleet of seven ships sailed from
5186:
5025:
4197:
3923:
3665:. Department of the Air Force. Archived from
3267:"What determines our navigational abilities?"
3265:Wolbers, Thomas; Hegarty, Mary (March 2010).
2342:Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work
2160:
1669:. According to international law, a vessel's
1115:Inertial Navigation System (SINS) during the
658:on certain coastlines, a depth sounding from
635:position to establish an estimated position.
441:
110:Marshall Islands Stick Charts of Ocean Swells
2702:
2345:. New York: Spon & Chamberlain. p.
1723:
1588:
2726:
2724:
1764:Computerized navigation commonly relies on
885:
858:Primarily when within radar range of land.
5193:
5179:
5032:
5018:
4204:
4190:
3930:
3916:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2844:
2842:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2220:"Etymonline - Online Etymology Dictionary"
2123:The Ty Pros Companion to Ships and the Sea
1603:Maintain a continuous dead reckoning plot.
1457:More than two dozen GPS satellites are in
1438:are fully globally operational GNSSs. The
1303:portion of the EM spectrum from 90 to 110
448:
434:
3865:
3613:Navigation Advanced for Mates and Masters
3358:"APA Dictionary of Psychology/Locomotion"
3183:
2733:Navigation Advanced for Mates and Masters
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
1450:has indicated it may expand its regional
628:is the intersection of two or more LOPs.
270:making a number of discoveries including
63:compared to known locations or patterns.
3380:
3314:
2965:
2721:
2654:
2525:Federal Aviation Regulations Part 1 §1.1
2493:
2491:
2386:"Chapter XXIV―departure from Mozambique"
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
1879:
1798:
1772:of roads and navigable routes, and uses
1727:
1655:
1341:
1162:
1158:
1057:
963:
908:Manual navigation through Dutch airspace
903:
691:Traditional navigation methods include:
596:
541:, for example, has a longitude of about
207:'s expedition to sail west to reach the
25:
3753:
3493:
3381:GOLLEDGE, Reginald G. (December 2000).
3031:
2999:
2911:
2876:
2839:
2830:
2787:
2771:
2753:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2380:
2374:
2338:
1909:Bowditch's American Practical Navigator
1583:
1392:receivers to determine their location (
1377:
953:
646:, but generally represented as a line),
479:(marked with °) ranging from 0° at the
5395:
3816:
3633:
3606:(2002) by the United States government
3406:
2946:
2807:
2801:
2762:
2582:
2528:
2519:
2459:
2450:
2436:
2418:
2318:(Ninth ed.). Taylor. p. 295f
2311:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2199:
2191:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2080:Rell Pros-Wellenhof, Bernhard (2007).
1533:
1319:. LORAN use is in steep decline, with
1088:
5174:
5013:
4690:International Orienteering Federation
4185:
3911:
3869:Mobile Intelligent Autonomous Systems
3866:Raol, Jitendra; Gopal, Ajith (2013),
3610:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3310:
3308:
2974:
2730:
2290:. London. p. 221. Archived from
2283:
2259:. London. p. 222. Archived from
2252:
2098:
2066:
2049:Collision avoidance in transportation
1856:training as part of learning to fly.
1814:Standards, training and organisations
1783:Pedestrian navigation is involved in
1274:system for aircraft, operated by the
1192:RDFs works by rotating a directional
1053:
1004:
565:, or "lunar" for short) that, with a
70:. In this sense, navigation includes
4305:Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area
4164:
3754:Maloney, Elbert S. (December 2003).
3147:"The Admiralty Manual of Navigation"
3056:
2468:
2142:Comandante Estácio dos Reis (2002).
1936:of our environment, also known as a
1845:teach navigation to their students.
1768:for current location information, a
1547:
652:compass bearing to a charted object,
525:. Longitude is usually expressed in
310:The term stems from the 1530s, from
187:from 1418, under the sponsorship of
4994:
3778:National Imagery and Mapping Agency
3711:. Livingston, Scotland: Witherbys.
3634:Cutler, Thomas J. (December 2003).
3556:Spatial Cognition & Computation
3118:
3068:International Maritime Organization
2914:Spatial Cognition & Computation
2879:Spatial Cognition & Computation
2568:. Livingston, Scotland: Witherbys.
2230:
1699:International Maritime Organization
1645:
1493:United States Department of Defense
1327:
1218:. The signal is typically a simple
1170:
1126:
806:using electronic means, including:
716:develops an extremely accurate EP.
475:. Latitude is usually expressed in
246:and completed by Spanish navigator
13:
3800:Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook
3534:
3447:
3305:
3191:"The American Practical Navigator"
1894:United Kingdom Hydrographic Office
1740:
1028:Quartz crystal marine chronometers
487:is 90° N, and the latitude of the
404:
14:
5419:
3887:
3604:The American Practical Navigator,
3494:Tversky, Barbara (January 2003).
2982:"Regulation 34 – Safe Navigation"
2339:Britten, Frederick James (1894).
1255:) that was first deployed during
340:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4211:
4163:
4152:
4151:
4139:
3409:"Cognitive maps in rats and men"
2370:Wrinkles in Practical Navigation
2023:
1551:
1488:of telecommunications networks.
863:
845:
811:
765:
743:
724:
696:
655:radar range to a charted object,
348:
250:after the former's death in the
4295:Amateur radio direction finding
3817:Martin, William Robert (1911).
3758:Chapman Piloting and Seamanship
3487:
3400:
3374:
3350:
3258:
3204:
3099:
3074:
2940:
2905:
2870:
2696:
2667:
2630:
2500:
2362:
1915:Navigation in spatial cognition
1875:
1338:Doppler radar § navigation
925:as well as a consideration for
825:or hyperbolic systems, such as
823:radio direction finding systems
3686:Admiralty Manual of Seamanship
2212:
2135:
2107:
1852:In aviation, pilots undertake
1476:. GPS also provides a precise
786:Used primarily as a backup to
1:
5040:Seamanship (seafaring) topics
3594:
3126:"The Institute of Navigation"
2971:Turpin and McEwen, 1980:6–18.
2926:10.1080/13875868.2015.1059432
2867:. Accessed December 15, 2006.
1980:
1861:Royal Institute of Navigation
1423:As of October 2011, only the
1364:The Radar Observer's Handbook
1016:manual celestial navigation.
533:at the Greenwich meridian to
529:(marked with °) ranging from
5202:Satellite navigation systems
4869:North American Championships
3709:Navigation in Shallow Waters
3636:Dutton's Nautical Navigation
3459:Denis, Michel (2017-11-13).
3390:Geographical Review of Japan
3329:10.1017/cbo9780511610448.008
3271:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3212:"Focus on spatial cognition"
2891:10.1080/13875868.2013.792821
2566:Navigation in Shallow Waters
2054:Spatial cognition#Navigation
1780:to identify optimal routes.
1594:One day's work in navigation
1404:) within a few meters using
937:in close proximity to land.
581:
506:
305:
7:
5105:Ship-to-ship cargo transfer
4229:List of orienteering events
4084:Precession of the equinoxes
3937:
3654:Department of the Air Force
3615:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh:
3222:(11): 1431. November 2017.
3171:. Witherby Publishing Group
2812:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh:
2735:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh:
2703:Rafi Letzter (2018-04-16).
2327:Nautical Almanac 1849-1851.
2016:
1705:Code of Federal Regulations
893:
738:When within sight of land.
460:
425:, and has a latitude of 0°.
199:by this route. In 1492 the
21:Navigation (disambiguation)
10:
5424:
4941:Mountain bike orienteering
4587:WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica
4263:Mountain bike orienteering
3904:(archived 8 December 2012)
3898:by Ernest Gallaudet Draper
3407:Tolman, Edward C. (1948).
3283:10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.001
2949:Spatial Information Theory
2084:. Springer. pp. 5–6.
1802:
1789:land navigation (military)
1649:
1537:
1444:Galileo positioning system
1381:
1331:
1283:Due to the success of the
1174:
1100:Inertial navigation system
1095:Inertial navigation system
1092:
1069:
1008:
957:
897:
861:
843:
809:
797:
763:
741:
722:
694:
689:
585:
510:
464:
417:divides the planet into a
374:Lines of longitude appear
240:Magellan-Elcano expedition
91:
85:
81:
30:A navigation system on an
18:
5354:
5280:
5249:
5208:
5140:Man overboard rescue turn
5045:
4979:
4957:
4939:
4907:
4804:
4797:
4732:
4682:
4595:
4567:
4537:
4511:
4502:
4472:
4424:
4398:
4391:
4351:
4315:
4281:
4244:
4237:
4219:
4133:
4097:
4039:
3966:
3945:
3617:Witherby Publishing Group
3568:10.1080/13875860902906496
3465:(1 ed.). Routledge.
3169:"Navigation Publications"
2814:Witherby Publishing Group
2737:Witherby Publishing Group
1898:Witherby Publishing Group
1770:navigational map database
1724:Integrated bridge systems
1589:Ships and similar vessels
1429:Global Positioning System
1357:Electronic nautical chart
1285:Global Positioning System
1214:, the radio version of a
798:
690:
391:Lines of latitude appear
213:Discovery of the Americas
168:used in constructing the
4892:Kainuu Orienteering Week
3843:Beazley, Charles Raymond
3512:10.1177/0013916502238865
3500:Environment and Behavior
3149:. The Nautical Institute
2947:Winter, Stephen (2007).
2642:timeandnavigation.si.edu
2059:
1452:Beidou navigation system
886:Mental navigation checks
876:Used in all situations.
757:is the more basic form.
644:circle of equal altitude
154:Martín Cortés de Albacar
144:navigators during early
4897:Jan Kjellström Festival
4782:Scoutcraft orienteering
4545:OpenOrienteering Mapper
4224:History of orienteering
3858:Encyclopædia Britannica
3839:Bunbury, Edward Herbert
3830:Encyclopædia Britannica
2675:"GSP Executive Summary"
2125:, Peter Kemp ed., 1976
1870:Institute of Navigation
1501:United States Air Force
1497:satellite constellation
1465:, speed and direction.
1290:LORAN is a terrestrial
1048:Radio Navigational Aids
333:"ship" and the root of
4852:European Championships
4582:Suunnistussimulaattori
3895:Lectures in Navigation
3611:Anwar, Nadeem (2015).
2808:Victor, Alain (2020).
2731:Anwar, Nadeem (2015).
2312:Taylor, Janet (1851).
1934:mental representations
1928:of the environment as
1885:
1753:, and in recent times
1733:
1661:
1454:into a global system.
1347:
1251:system (also known as
1181:Radio direction finder
1167:
1067:
969:
909:
777:spherical trigonometry
731:In marine navigation,
703:In marine navigation,
409:
146:Portuguese discoveries
34:
4683:Organisations / lists
4064:Earth's gravity field
4059:Earth's energy budget
3690:The Stationery Office
3471:10.4324/9781315103808
3108:Journal of Navigation
1890:nautical publications
1883:
1799:Underwater navigation
1778:shortest path problem
1731:
1659:
1382:Further information:
1345:
1332:Further information:
1166:
1159:Electronic navigation
1138:navigational computer
1093:Further information:
1070:Further information:
1061:
967:
907:
898:Further information:
802:covers any method of
800:Electronic navigation
597:Methods of navigation
586:Further information:
563:the lunar observation
511:Further information:
465:Further information:
408:
256:Sanlúcar de Barrameda
248:Juan Sebastián Elcano
162:The Art of Navigation
120:were invented in the
106:Polynesian navigation
101:seven mechanical arts
88:History of navigation
86:Further information:
29:
4485:Satellite navigation
4338:Mounted orienteering
3979:Computer cartography
3602:Nathaniel Bowditch,
3413:Psychological Review
3082:"About Orienteering"
2739:. pp. 133–139.
2284:Norie, J.W. (1828).
2253:Norie, J.W. (1828).
2144:Astrolábios Náuticos
1966:space classification
1930:frames of references
1809:Submarine navigation
1584:Navigation processes
1408:transmitted along a
1384:Satellite navigation
1378:Satellite navigation
1121:satellite navigation
960:Celestial navigation
954:Celestial navigation
919:under keel clearance
871:Satellite navigation
773:Celestial navigation
302:on October 8, 1565.
231:in 1512, landing in
205:Christopher Columbus
19:For other uses, see
4967:World Championships
4949:World Championships
4917:World Championships
4814:World Championships
4765:Location-based game
4379:Transmitter hunting
4098:Related disciplines
3216:Nature Neuroscience
2768:Bowditch, 2002:816.
2664:, Laguna Beach, CA
2627:Bowditch, 2002:269.
2551:Bowditch, 2002:105.
2205:Swanick, Lois Ann.
2104:Bowditch, 2003:799.
1999:directional signage
1958:environmental space
1755:computer navigation
1534:Acoustic navigation
1089:Inertial navigation
794:in the open ocean.
760:Used at all times.
719:Used at all times.
575:marine chronometers
571:Greenwich Mean Time
549:has a longitude of
423:Southern Hemisphere
419:Northern Hemisphere
126:classical antiquity
114:mariner's astrolabe
5362:GNSS reflectometry
5090:Naval architecture
4959:Trail orienteering
4707:List of orienteers
4620:cardinal direction
4323:Canoe orienteering
4273:Trail orienteering
4146:Geodesy portal
3996:Geodetic astronomy
3820:"Navigation"
3362:dictionary.apa.org
3114:(66): b1–b2. 2016.
2863:2006-09-28 at the
2759:Maloney, 2003:744.
2465:Maloney, 2003:622.
2456:Maloney, 2003:618.
2433:Maloney, 2003:615.
2224:www.etymonline.com
1902:Nautical Institute
1886:
1734:
1680:Studies show that
1662:
1563:. You can help by
1499:is managed by the
1459:medium Earth orbit
1348:
1168:
1068:
1054:The marine sextant
1011:Marine chronometer
1005:Marine chronometer
994:marine chronometer
986:navigational stars
970:
910:
792:electronic systems
714:inertial navigator
523:Greenwich meridian
410:
397:circle of latitude
292:Andrés de Urdaneta
244:Ferdinand Magellan
130:Islamic Golden Age
122:Hellenistic period
94:History of geodesy
35:
5390:
5389:
5282:GNSS augmentation
5168:
5167:
5007:
5006:
4975:
4974:
4925:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4806:Foot orienteering
4733:Non-sport related
4577:Catching Features
4563:
4562:
4498:
4497:
4387:
4386:
4333:Mountain marathon
4258:Foot orienteering
4238:Sport disciplines
4179:
4178:
3879:978-1-4398-6300-8
3809:978-0-87033-056-8
3769:978-1-58816-089-8
3739:978-3-211-00828-7
3718:978-1-85609-667-6
3699:978-0-11-772696-3
3645:978-1-55750-248-3
3626:978-1-85609-627-0
3480:978-1-315-10380-8
3338:978-0-511-61044-8
2746:978-1-85609-627-0
2575:978-1-85609-667-6
2497:Bowditch, 2002:1.
2447:Maloney, 2003:614
2243:Bowditch, 2003:4.
2153:978-972-797-037-7
2091:978-3-211-00828-7
1922:spatial cognition
1581:
1580:
1544:Acoustic location
1491:Developed by the
1145:Pulsar navigation
880:
879:
607:lines of position
603:modern navigation
458:
457:
170:Egyptian pyramids
50:marine navigation
5415:
5326:QZSS / Michibiki
5195:
5188:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5115:Passage planning
5075:Maritime studies
5034:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5010:
4997:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4921:
4909:Ski orienteering
4832:
4825:
4818:
4802:
4801:
4740:Adventure travel
4608:orienteering map
4509:
4508:
4396:
4395:
4359:Adventure racing
4328:Car orienteering
4268:Ski orienteering
4242:
4241:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4167:
4166:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4074:Gravity of Earth
4006:Gravity of Earth
3932:
3925:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3882:
3862:
3850:
3834:
3822:
3813:
3794:
3792:
3773:
3761:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3722:
3703:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3664:
3649:
3630:
3588:
3587:
3547:
3532:
3531:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3456:
3445:
3444:
3425:10.1037/h0061626
3404:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2874:
2868:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2785:
2782:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2681:. Archived from
2671:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2552:
2549:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2434:
2431:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2170:. Archived from
2164:
2158:
2157:
2139:
2133:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2077:
2039:Robot navigation
2033:
2031:Geography portal
2028:
2027:
2026:
1805:Diver navigation
1689:to a process of
1652:Passage planning
1646:Passage planning
1576:
1573:
1555:
1548:
1521:act as personal
1334:Radar navigation
1328:Radar navigation
1272:radio navigation
1249:radio navigation
1177:Radio navigation
1171:Radio navigation
1127:Space navigation
990:nautical almanac
867:
853:Radar navigation
849:
819:Radio navigation
815:
769:
747:
728:
700:
677:
676:
593:magnetic north.
567:nautical almanac
450:
443:
436:
352:
345:
344:
296:Kuroshio Current
235:one year later.
201:Spanish monarchs
150:Age of Discovery
5423:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5350:
5276:
5245:
5204:
5199:
5169:
5164:
5041:
5038:
5008:
5003:
4971:
4953:
4935:
4903:
4793:
4745:Bicycle touring
4728:
4678:
4672:mountain biking
4591:
4559:
4533:
4494:
4468:
4420:
4383:
4347:
4311:
4277:
4233:
4215:
4210:
4180:
4175:
4140:
4138:
4129:
4093:
4079:Plate tectonics
4054:Coriolis effect
4049:Chandler wobble
4041:
4035:
3962:
3941:
3936:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3848:"Pytheas"
3810:
3790:
3770:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3719:
3700:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3646:
3627:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3548:
3535:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3457:
3448:
3405:
3401:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3313:
3306:
3263:
3259:
3228:10.1038/nn.4666
3210:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2945:
2941:
2910:
2906:
2875:
2871:
2865:Wayback Machine
2856:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2788:
2783:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2709:livescience.com
2701:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2583:
2576:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2437:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2382:Roberts, Edmund
2379:
2375:
2368:Lecky, Squire,
2367:
2363:
2351:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2168:"Archived copy"
2166:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2140:
2136:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2078:
2067:
2062:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2019:
1983:
1970:Barbara Tversky
1960:. According to
1917:
1878:
1865:learned society
1827:STCW Convention
1816:
1811:
1803:Main articles:
1801:
1776:related to the
1743:
1741:Land navigation
1726:
1691:risk management
1687:nautical charts
1654:
1648:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1561:needs expansion
1546:
1538:Main articles:
1536:
1504:50th Space Wing
1486:synchronization
1386:
1380:
1340:
1330:
1253:multilateration
1222:broadcast of a
1183:
1175:Main articles:
1173:
1161:
1129:
1117:Polaris missile
1097:
1091:
1074:
1056:
1013:
1007:
962:
956:
902:
896:
888:
804:position fixing
751:Land navigation
599:
590:
584:
537:east and west.
515:
509:
469:
463:
454:
361:
343:
308:
193:Bartolomeu Dias
158:Arte de Navegar
124:and existed in
118:land astrolabes
96:
90:
84:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5421:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5355:Related topics
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5257:BDS / BeiDou-1
5253:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5110:Propeller walk
5107:
5102:
5097:
5095:Ship stability
5092:
5087:
5085:Nautical terms
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5065:Ice navigation
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4991:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4913:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4724:List of events
4721:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4454:Eye protectors
4451:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4291:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4161:
4149:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4026:Geopositioning
4023:
4021:Remote Sensing
4018:
4016:Photogrammetry
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3889:
3888:External links
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3863:
3853:Chisholm, Hugh
3835:
3825:Chisholm, Hugh
3814:
3808:
3795:
3793:on 2007-03-07.
3774:
3768:
3751:
3738:
3723:
3717:
3704:
3698:
3681:
3659:Air Navigation
3656:(March 2001).
3650:
3644:
3631:
3625:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3562:(2): 152–165.
3533:
3486:
3479:
3446:
3419:(4): 189–208.
3399:
3373:
3349:
3337:
3304:
3277:(3): 138–146.
3257:
3203:
3182:
3160:
3138:
3117:
3098:
3073:
3055:
3030:
2998:
2973:
2964:
2958:978-3540747888
2957:
2939:
2920:(4): 246–284.
2904:
2885:(4): 319–350.
2869:
2850:
2838:
2829:
2822:
2800:
2786:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2745:
2720:
2695:
2666:
2653:
2629:
2581:
2574:
2553:
2527:
2518:
2499:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2435:
2417:
2400:
2373:
2361:
2331:
2304:
2273:
2245:
2229:
2211:
2198:
2159:
2152:
2134:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2090:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2018:
2015:
1982:
1979:
1916:
1913:
1877:
1874:
1854:air navigation
1815:
1812:
1800:
1797:
1742:
1739:
1725:
1722:
1713:Ice navigation
1650:Main article:
1647:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:prime vertical
1607:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1558:
1556:
1535:
1532:
1478:time reference
1474:land surveying
1440:European Union
1431:(GPS) and the
1379:
1376:
1329:
1326:
1172:
1169:
1160:
1157:
1134:Apollo program
1128:
1125:
1104:dead reckoning
1090:
1087:
1055:
1052:
1031:electrically.
1009:Main article:
1006:
1003:
958:Main article:
955:
952:
915:shallow waters
895:
892:
887:
884:
878:
877:
874:
868:
860:
859:
856:
850:
842:
841:
838:
816:
808:
807:
796:
795:
784:
770:
762:
761:
758:
748:
740:
739:
736:
729:
721:
720:
717:
705:dead reckoning
701:
693:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
668:
667:
656:
653:
650:
647:
633:dead reckoning
615:nautical chart
598:
595:
583:
580:
559:lunar distance
519:prime meridian
508:
505:
462:
459:
456:
455:
453:
452:
445:
438:
430:
427:
426:
401:
400:
388:
387:
380:
379:
371:
370:
363:
362:
353:
342:
341:Basic concepts
339:
307:
304:
83:
80:
44:of a craft or
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5420:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Kalman filter
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5241:IRNSS / NAVIC
5239:
5237:
5236:GPS / NavStar
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Hydrodynamics
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5035:
5030:
5028:
5023:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5000:
4992:
4990:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:List of clubs
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4529:SportSoftware
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4406:Control point
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:Alleycat race
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4172:
4171:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4031:Virtual globe
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Earth's orbit
3989:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3672:on 2007-03-25
3668:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3192:
3186:
3170:
3164:
3148:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3088:on 2008-10-02
3087:
3083:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2825:
2823:9781856099165
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2756:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2685:on 2017-03-16
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2403:
2401:9780608404066
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2294:on 2007-09-27
2293:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2278:
2263:on 2007-09-27
2262:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2174:on 2012-11-22
2173:
2169:
2163:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2131:0-586-08308-1
2128:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:cognitive map
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:DoE programme
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:deck officers
1821:
1820:Merchant Navy
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1730:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1559:This section
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:United States
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:line of sight
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:United States
1306:
1302:
1301:low frequency
1297:
1296:low frequency
1294:system using
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:United States
1273:
1268:
1266:
1265:oil platforms
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:low frequency
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:radio beacons
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
966:
961:
951:
948:
944:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
906:
901:
891:
883:
875:
872:
869:
866:
862:
857:
854:
851:
848:
844:
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
814:
810:
805:
801:
793:
789:
785:
782:
778:
774:
771:
768:
764:
759:
756:
752:
749:
746:
742:
737:
734:
730:
727:
723:
718:
715:
711:
706:
702:
699:
695:
685:
682:
679:
678:
675:
671:
665:
661:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
641:
640:
639:
636:
634:
629:
627:
622:
618:
616:
610:
608:
604:
594:
589:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:(also called
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:New York City
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
514:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
468:
451:
446:
444:
439:
437:
432:
431:
429:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:
407:
403:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
385:
382:
381:
377:
373:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
356:
351:
347:
346:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:South America
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
229:Spice Islands
226:
222:
218:
217:Vasco da Gama
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
166:archipendulum
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:
95:
89:
79:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
28:
22:
5120:Maritime law
5060:Watchkeeping
5054:
4873:Open events
4798:Competitions
4630:route choice
4614:
4596:Fundamentals
4369:Fell running
4316:Other sports
4213:Orienteering
4168:
4156:
4137:
4010:
3894:
3868:
3856:
3828:
3799:
3788:the original
3782:
3757:
3743:. Retrieved
3732:. Springer.
3728:
3708:
3685:
3674:. Retrieved
3667:the original
3658:
3635:
3612:
3603:
3559:
3555:
3506:(1): 66–80.
3503:
3499:
3489:
3461:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3393:
3389:
3376:
3365:. Retrieved
3361:
3352:
3342:, retrieved
3320:
3317:"Navigation"
3274:
3270:
3260:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3194:. Retrieved
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3120:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:the original
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2641:
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2261:the original
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2172:the original
2162:
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2137:
2122:
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2109:
2100:
2081:
2011:
1984:
1962:Dan Montello
1955:
1946:
1918:
1906:
1887:
1876:Publications
1858:
1851:
1847:Orienteering
1835:
1817:
1785:orienteering
1782:
1763:
1744:
1735:
1717:hydrographic
1709:
1697:
1695:
1679:
1663:
1637:
1597:
1569:
1565:adding to it
1560:
1516:
1490:
1467:
1456:
1422:
1406:time signals
1387:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1349:
1289:
1269:
1257:World War II
1229:
1211:
1209:
1201:World War II
1191:
1184:
1142:
1130:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1083:
1079:
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1041:
1037:
1033:
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1022:
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971:
939:
911:
889:
881:
686:Application
680:Illustration
672:
669:
660:echo sounder
637:
630:
623:
619:
611:
600:
591:
573:). Reliable
562:
516:
470:
412:
337:"to drive".
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:navigationem
314:
309:
287:
279:
275:
258:in Southern
237:
197:Indian Ocean
195:reached the
189:Prince Henry
174:
161:
157:
99:
97:
78:navigation.
72:orienteering
65:
54:
37:
36:
5209:Operational
5125:Dry-docking
4999:WikiProject
4847:World Games
4569:Video games
4538:Open-source
4512:Proprietary
4480:Backpacking
4120:Mathematics
3984:Web mapping
3974:Cartography
3196:February 6,
3175:February 6,
3153:February 6,
3131:February 6,
3048:January 28,
2679:gsp.esa.int
1907:In the US,
1863:(RIN) is a
1682:human error
1519:smartphones
1512:public good
1482:earthquakes
1102:(INS) is a
1062:The marine
683:Description
252:Philippines
138:Ramon Llull
136:astronomer
5403:Navigation
5397:Categories
5250:Historical
5160:Sea anchor
5055:Navigation
5047:Seamanship
4862:University
4834:University
4787:wilderness
4770:geocaching
4717:innovators
4712:by country
4635:wayfinding
4615:Navigation
4550:Purple Pen
4473:Exceptions
4442:protractor
4374:Relay race
4115:Geophysics
4011:Navigation
3958:Geodesists
3745:7 February
3676:2007-04-17
3595:References
3367:2022-05-06
3344:2022-05-06
3092:2008-08-11
2714:2022-12-07
2689:2022-12-07
2647:2023-06-12
2515:1854876759
2352:2007-08-08
2322:2007-08-02
2298:2007-08-02
2267:2007-08-02
2178:2013-04-02
1989:, such as
1981:Wayfinding
1950:Wayfinding
1932:to create
1793:wayfinding
1774:algorithms
1572:March 2020
1470:map-making
1418:satellites
1390:electronic
1292:navigation
1243:hyperbolic
1224:morse code
1216:lighthouse
790:and other
755:Wayfinding
588:Rhumb line
557:to take a
489:South Pole
485:North Pole
393:horizontal
288:tornaviaje
191:. In 1488
142:Portuguese
92:See also:
76:pedestrian
57:navigators
38:Navigation
32:oil tanker
5302:(retired)
5155:Anchoring
4931:World Cup
4842:World Cup
4775:poker run
4625:resection
4392:Equipment
4343:Rogaining
4300:Fox Oring
4105:Astronomy
4069:Geodynamo
4042:phenomena
4040:Physical
4001:Geomatics
3967:Subfields
3576:1387-5868
3520:0013-9165
3433:1939-1471
3396:: 93–104.
3252:205441391
3236:1546-1726
3023:March 26,
2991:March 26,
2407:April 25,
2146:. INAPA.
2007:exploring
1953:objects.
1926:landmarks
1888:Numerous
1751:landmarks
1675:navigator
1394:longitude
788:satellite
664:lead line
582:Loxodrome
543:151° east
513:Longitude
507:Longitude
499:) with a
493:pole star
367:Longitude
325:, pp. of
323:navigatus
319:navigatio
306:Etymology
183:coast of
68:direction
5336:StarFire
5331:SouthPAN
5267:Timation
5130:Ropework
5070:Pilotage
4989:Category
4877:O-Ringen
4750:Climbing
4640:waypoint
4504:Software
4464:Headlamp
4425:Personal
4287:governed
4250:governed
4158:Category
3946:Overview
3845:(1911).
3780:(2001).
3584:16529538
3528:16647328
3441:18870876
3299:15142890
3291:20138795
3244:29073640
2934:42070277
2861:Archived
2384:(1837).
2187:cite web
2017:See also
2003:taxonomy
1900:and the
1463:location
1427:NAVSTAR
1402:altitude
1398:latitude
1136:) via a
900:Pilotage
894:Piloting
781:almanacs
733:pilotage
662:or hand
609:or LOP.
551:74° west
467:Latitude
461:Latitude
384:Latitude
376:vertical
327:navigare
321:), from
300:Acapulco
284:Americas
280:Trinidad
276:Victoria
219:reached
181:Atlantic
128:and the
61:position
42:movement
5408:Geodesy
5377:Wavelet
5272:Tsiklon
5262:Transit
5231:GLONASS
5226:Galileo
5150:Mooring
5145:Buoyage
5080:Sailing
4887:Tiomila
4827:Masters
4760:Hunting
4695:members
4662:walking
4657:running
4490:Whistle
4459:Gaiters
4432:Compass
4352:Related
4170:Commons
4125:Physics
4110:Geology
3953:History
3939:Geodesy
3855:(ed.).
3827:(ed.).
3070:. 2010.
2899:7905481
1671:captain
1667:mooring
1528:compass
1517:Modern
1436:GLONASS
1433:Russian
1368:hazards
1261:Loran C
1239:LORAN-C
1194:antenna
1072:Sextant
1064:sextant
998:sextant
982:planets
935:channel
835:LORAN-C
555:sextant
527:degrees
501:sextant
497:Polaris
481:Equator
477:degrees
473:equator
414:equator
268:Pacific
203:funded
177:compass
148:in the
134:Spanish
82:History
46:vehicle
5216:BeiDou
4923:Junior
4882:Jukola
4820:Junior
4755:Hiking
4667:skiing
4652:hiking
4647:Racing
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4411:Course
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1839:Scouts
1791:, and
1759:satnav
1640:bridge
1484:, and
1400:, and
1317:CHAYKA
1237:, and
1198:German
992:and a
779:, and
710:leeway
539:Sydney
421:and a
317:(nom.
209:Indies
185:Africa
5382:RINEX
5321:NTRIP
5306:JPALS
5300:GPS·C
5295:GAGAN
5290:EGNOS
5221:DORIS
5135:Knots
4857:Youth
4447:thumb
4399:Event
3851:. In
3823:. In
3791:(PDF)
3670:(PDF)
3663:(PDF)
3580:S2CID
3524:S2CID
3386:(PDF)
3295:S2CID
3248:S2CID
2930:S2CID
2895:S2CID
2060:Notes
2044:TVMDC
1987:media
1831:Naval
1540:Sonar
1448:China
1416:from
1414:radio
1353:ECDIS
1313:Japan
1281:Omega
1235:OMEGA
1231:Decca
1187:radio
947:pilot
943:ECDIS
931:canal
927:squat
831:Omega
827:Decca
601:Most
359:Earth
335:agere
331:navis
312:Latin
260:Spain
233:China
221:India
5346:SDCM
5341:WAAS
5316:MSAS
5311:LAAS
4555:MeOS
4519:OCAD
4437:hand
4283:IARU
4089:Tide
3874:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3764:ISBN
3747:2012
3734:ISBN
3713:ISBN
3694:ISBN
3640:ISBN
3621:ISBN
3572:ISSN
3516:ISSN
3475:ISBN
3437:PMID
3429:ISSN
3333:ISBN
3287:PMID
3240:PMID
3232:ISSN
3198:2020
3177:2020
3155:2020
3133:2020
3050:2011
3025:2007
2993:2007
2953:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2409:2012
2396:ISBN
2193:link
2148:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2086:ISBN
1991:maps
1974:axes
1948:it.
1841:and
1807:and
1747:maps
1542:and
1508:US$
1472:and
1336:and
1179:and
1151:and
1149:NASA
984:and
978:Moon
923:hull
833:and
535:180°
411:The
272:Guam
225:Asia
74:and
4603:Map
4416:Map
4246:IOF
3564:doi
3508:doi
3467:doi
3421:doi
3325:doi
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2922:doi
2887:doi
2347:230
1995:GPS
1964:’s
1766:GPS
1567:.
1523:GPS
1442:'s
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1321:GPS
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1153:ESA
974:Sun
933:or
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