500:, where he focused on addressing all biological, social and psychological factors and symptoms pertaining to a patient. Meyer coined the term "ergasiology", which has Greek roots for "working" and "doing", as another way to classify psychobiology. One of his ideas was that mental illnesses were a product of a dysfunctional personality and not from the pathology of the brain. He also stressed the idea that social and biological factors that affect someone throughout their entire life should be heavily considered when diagnosing and treating a patient. Another contribution of Meyer was that he was one of the earlier psychologists that supported occupational therapy. He thought there was an important connection between the activities of an individual and their mental health. Taking this into consideration he looked for community based activities and services to aid people with everyday living skills.
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542:, who ran a psychiatric hospital which regularly extracted the teeth and organs from patients, resulting in about a 45% death rate. Cotton believed that nearly all psychiatric problems could be resolved through the complete removal of teeth and subjected hundreds of patients to this treatment, over their objections and resistance. Although Meyer knew that Cotton's psychiatric hospital was a torture chamber, he actively prevented news of this from reaching the general public and praised Cotton publicly while burying investigations by other doctors. In
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318:'s ideas. While in the New York State Hospital system, Meyer was one of the first importers of Freud's ideas about the importance both of sexuality and of the formative influence of early rearing on the adult personality. Meyer found many of Freud's ideas and therapeutic methods insightful and useful, but he rejected psychoanalysis as a wholesale etiological explanation of mental disorders in favor of his own theory of psychobiology. He never practiced
489:
205:. This brought together all the biological, social and psychological factors and symptoms pertaining to a patient. It considered mental illnesses to be a product of dysfunctional personality not a pathology of the brain. Believing that whole-life social and biological factors should be central to both diagnosis and treatment Meyer was one of the earliest psychologists to support
507:, and advocated repeatedly for a scientific, and, particularly, a biological approach to understanding mental illness. He hoped that the Phipps Clinic would help put mental illness on the same ground as every other human illness. He insisted that patients could best be understood through consideration of their "psychobiological" life situations. He reframed mental disease as
534:
which he helped to create. He served on the advisory council of the
American Eugenics Society for 12 years, from 1923 to 1935. Meyer's views on eugenics have not yet been studied closely and his association with the Eugenics Record Office cannot be equated straightforwardly with the extremism of some
369:
Meyer's work at the Phipps Clinic is arguably the most significant aspect of his career. His model for the Phipps Clinic combined clinical and laboratory work, which was the first time these elements were combined in a mental institute in the United States. Though the Phipps Clinic did not use the
361:
donated 1.5 million dollars to open the clinic. Meyer accepted the offer, which he described as "the most important professorship in the
English-speaking domain." He oversaw the building and development of the clinic and made sure the building was suitable for scientific research, training and
1538:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014); Ruth Leys, "Meyer's Dealings With Jones: A Chapter in the History of the American Response to Psychoanalysis," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 17 (1981): pages 445–465; Ruth Leys, "Meyer, Jung, and the Limits of Association,"
327:: "Those who imagine that all psychiatry and psychopathology and therapy have to resolve themselves into a smattering of claims and hypotheses of psychoanalysis and that they stand or fall with one's feelings about psychoanalysis, are equally misguided". Meyer was Professor of Psychiatry at
370:
clinical model of Emil
Kraepelin, Meyer did incorporate some of Kraepelin's practices into the clinic. These practices include extensive observations of the patients and studying both the presymptomatic and remissive phases of mental illness, along with periods of acute illness.
560:
Meyer never published a textbook. Between 1890 and 1943, he published roughly 400 articles in scientific and academic journals, mostly in
English, but also in his native German and in French. Most were published together after his death in 1950 in four bound volumes called
188:
in 1927–28 and was one of the most influential figures in psychiatry in the first half of the twentieth century. His focus on collecting detailed case histories on patients was one of the most prominent of his contributions. He oversaw the building and development of the
282:, where he was exposed to the ideas of the Chicago functionalists. He was unable to find a paid full-time post at the University of Chicago, so his time at the university was short-lived; serving from 1892 to 1895. From 1893 to 1895, he served as pathologist at the
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322:
and always kept it at arm's length from Johns
Hopkins because of Freud's increasingly dogmatic insistence on the psychical causation of mental illnesses. As he wrote in his presidential address to the 84th Annual Meeting of the
535:
eugenicists, especially in light of the fact that the fundamental premise of
Meyerian psychobiology contradicted the genetic determinism that underpinned scientific racism in the first half of the twentieth century.
193:
at Johns
Hopkins Hospital, opened in April 1913, making sure it was suitable for scientific research, training and treatment. Meyer's work at the Phipps Clinic is possibly the most significant aspect of his career.
257:, on September 15, 1902. They had one daughter, Julia Lathrup Meyer, on February 14, 1916. Meyer died on March 17, 1950, at his home at 4305 Rugby Road in Baltimore, Maryland, of a heart attack. He was buried in
1442:(Utica: State Hospitals Press 1921) is essentially the form Meyer created and used at Manhattan State Hospital in 1905–1906. It provides an excellent view of Meyer's early approach to taking case histories.
1435:, compiled and edited by Eunice E. Winters and Anna Mae Bowers. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, (1957). This posthumous book was based on the first Thomas W. Salmon Lectures, which Meyer gave in 1931.
209:
as an important connection between the activities of an individual and their mental health, and incorporated community based activities and services to develop people's everyday living skills.
1595:
1542:
59 (1985): pages 345–360; Scull, Andrew, and Jay
Schulkin, "Psychobiology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis: The Intersecting Careers of Adolf Meyer, Phyllis Greenacre, and Curt Richter."
1557:, 123(3), pp 320–332 (1966) and C.H. Christiansen "Adolf Meyer Revisited:Connections between Lifestyle, Resilience and Illness". Journal of Occupational Science 14(2),63-76. (2007).
2286:
1883:
1409:; a Guide to the personal papers collection of Adolf Meyer at The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions with a short biography and timeline
1670:
2292:
1736:
1477:
Susan Lamb, "Social, Motivational, and
Symptomatic Diversity: An Analysis of the Patient Population of the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1913 – 1917,"
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2477:
2251:
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249:. His doctorate thesis was published in 1892 and had to do with the reptilian forebrain. Unable to secure an appointment with the university, he emigrated to the
2155:
2038:
2032:
1760:
310:), where in the next few years he shaped much of American psychiatry by emphasizing the importance of keeping detailed patient records and by introducing both
2233:
2191:
2149:
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1847:
1841:
1096:
Susan Lamb, "'The Most
Important Professorship in the English-speaking Domain': Adolf Meyer and the Beginnings of Clinical Psychiatry in the United States,"
2418:
1526:
New York: International Universities Press, 1967); John Gach, "Culture & Complex: On the Early History of Psychoanalysis in America" (pages 135–160) in
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In 1902, he became director of the Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospital system (shortly afterwards given its present name,
1829:
1459:
Susan Lamb, "'My Resisting Getting Well': Neurasthenia and Subconscious Conflict in Patient-Psychiatrist Interactions in Prewar America,"
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385:, a Harvard graduate, both had the opportunity to study under Meyer. Most notably, Richter studied the behavior of rats with Meyer and
718:
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2661:
1398:
1046:
848:
1530:, edited by Edwin R. Wallace IV and Lucius Pressley (Columbia, SC: William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, 1980); Nathan Hale,
1565:
1376:
1151:"Psychobiology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis: The Intersecting Careers of Adolf Meyer, Phyllis Greenacre, and Curt Richter"
749:"Psychobiology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis: The Intersecting Careers of Adolf Meyer, Phyllis Greenacre, and Curt Richter"
377:
from 1910 to 1941. In his beginning years at Johns Hopkins, Meyer helped oversee the work of a few of his aspiring students.
307:
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531:
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190:
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627:
206:
1468:
Susan Lamb, "Social Skills: Adolf Meyer's Revision of Clinical Skill for the New Psychiatry of the Twentieth Century.
2611:
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What Do Histories of Cases of Insanity Teach Us Concerning Preventive Mental Hygiene during the Years of School Life?
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1608:
390:
374:
336:
324:
185:
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879:
450:
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916:
728:
809:
1748:
454:
226:
679:
Christiansen, C.H. (2007). "Adolf Meyer Revisited:Connections between Lifestyle, resilience and illness".
1682:
958:
511:"reaction types" rather than as biologically specifiable natural disease entities. In 1906, he reframed
2507:
1877:
1511:, edited by Ruth Leys and Rand B. Evans. Baltimore/London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, (1990).
648:
480:
founded the first child psychiatry clinic in the United States at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1930.
1573:
1019:
Meyer, Adolf (1928). "Thirty-Five Years of Psychiatry in the United States and Our Present Outlook".
430:
in 1942. In 1942, Meyer was awarded the Thomas Salmon Medal for distinguished service in psychiatry.
241:. During his time at the university, he studied abroad in Paris, London and Edinburgh, working under
987:
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902:
834:
575:
287:
1509:
Defining American Psychology: The Correspondence Between Adolf Meyer and Edward Bradford Titchener
1302:
2656:
2026:
1742:
1688:
1422:, edited by Eunice E. Winters. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1950–1952. 4 vols.
1208:"From a Patient's Perspective: Clifford Whittingham Beers' Work to Reform Mental Health Services"
669:
Meyer, A (1922). The philosophy of occupation therapy. Archives of Occupational Therapy, 1, 1–10.
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283:
202:
1889:
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1943:
1937:
1907:
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445:
Many of Meyer's students went on to make significant contributions to American psychiatry or
279:
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1925:
476:' founding of the Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene in 1908. Under Meyer's direction,
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8:
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328:
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until his retirement in 1941. Meyer also conducted a nine-month study of the brain of
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278:
After moving to the United States, Meyer first practiced neurology and taught at the
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688:
512:
394:
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In 1908, Meyer was asked to become the director of a new psychiatric clinic at the
295:
142:
692:
164:
2334:
2257:
2179:
2002:
1524:
Psychoanalysis and American Medicine, 1894–1917: Medicine, Science, and Culture (
1519:
1470:
1456:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) Reissued in paperback in 2018.
1402:
423:
1318:"Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained a Challenge (Timeline)"
2513:
2340:
2245:
2209:
1712:
1569:
1515:
1461:
1077:"History of The Johns Hopkins Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences"
932:
895:
827:
473:
446:
386:
319:
311:
291:
218:
53:
1532:
Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States
1166:
764:
290:
from 1895 to 1902, all the while publishing papers prolifically in neurology,
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2489:
2304:
2227:
1550:
1231:
1223:
1174:
315:
250:
238:
147:
32:
2203:
1978:
1536:
Pathologist of the Mind: Adolf Meyer and the Origins of American Psychiatry
1502:
1454:
Pathologist of the Mind: Adolf Meyer and the Origins of American Psychiatry
1249:
1192:
1126:
Pathologist of the Mind: Adolf Meyer and the Origins of American Psychiatry
782:
549:
402:
382:
201:(a term he derived from the Greek for "working" and "doing") to describe a
177:
2364:
2280:
1865:
222:
57:
1534:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); and Chapter Six of S. D. Lamb,
569:
1440:
Guides for History Taking and Clinical Examination of Psychiatric Cases
1427:
he Commonsense Psychiatry of Dr. Adolf Meyer: Fifty-two Selected Papers
1032:
504:
477:
135:
1603:
1406:
1264:"Medical Archives – Personal Paper Collections: Leo Kanner Collection"
1919:
1640:
234:
1514:
Meyer's importance to the introduction and development of American
520:
449:, though not necessarily as Meyerians. Most of the founders of the
577:
The Anatomical Facts and Clinical Varieties of Traumatic Insanity
180:
who rose to prominence as the first psychiatrist-in-chief of the
1546:(National Institute of Health, Jan. 2009). Web. 22 Feb. 2015.
723:. Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. p. 284.
516:
488:
1553:, "Adolf Meyer and the Development of American Psychiatry."
1507:
Meyer's influence on American psychology can be explored in
286:, Illinois, after which he worked at the state hospital at
1369:
Madhouse: a tragic tale of megalomania and modern medicine
545:
Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine
1429:, edited by Alfred A. Lief. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948.
515:
as a "reaction type", a discordant bundle of maladaptive
1447:
American Madness: The Rise and Fall of Dementia Praecox
176:(September 13, 1866 – March 17, 1950) was a Swiss-born
197:
Meyer's main theoretical contribution was his idea of
334:
618:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp.
389:, a behavioral psychologist. Adolf Meyer worked at
2652:Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association
373:Meyer also served as a Professor of Psychiatry at
1462:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
1449:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).
1371:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 277.
615:The Inner World of American Psychiatry, 1890-1940
572:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1951)
503:Meyer was a strong believer in the importance of
2593:
530:, which he viewed as a natural extension of the
2627:People associated with the University of Zurich
720:A History of Great Ideas in Abnormal Psychology
672:
435:Rhode Island State Hospital for Mental Diseases
496:Meyer's main contribution was in his ideas of
483:
294:, and psychiatry. He also served as docent at
253:in 1892. Meyer married Mary Potter Brooks, of
212:
1589:
1148:
747:Scull, Andrew; Schulkin, Jay (January 2009).
746:
584:The Nature and Conception of Dementia Praecox
1303:"German Marylanders in Science and Medicine"
678:
519:that arose as a response to biopsychosocial
2667:New York State Psychiatric Institute people
1596:
1582:
1566:"Adolf Meyer: His Achievements and Legacy"
591:Constructive Formulation of Schizophrenia
31:
1338:
1239:
1182:
772:
716:
1292:Lamb, Pathologist of the Mind, Chapter 5
1109:Lamb, Pathologist of the Mind, Chapter 3
1009:Lamb, Pathologist of the Mind, Chapter 6
1000:Lamb, Pathologist of the Mind, Chapter 1
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
487:
433:In 1938, the neuropsychiatric clinic at
341:
2637:American people of Swiss-German descent
1320:. Scientific American Mind (March 2013)
874:
872:
870:
659:from the original on November 12, 2021.
346:The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at
229:pastor. Meyer received his MD from the
16:Swiss-American psychiatrist (1866–1950)
2594:
955:"The Philosophy of Occupation Therapy"
381:, from the University of Chicago, and
1577:
1366:
1205:
1149:Scull, Andrew; Schulkin, Jay (2009).
1119:
1117:
1115:
1098:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1018:
952:
880:"Dr. Meyer, Psychiatrist, Dies At 84"
789:
418:Meyer received honorary degrees from
184:(1910–1941). He was president of the
2632:Swiss emigrants to the United States
1480:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History
1474:Vol. 59 No. 3 (2015): pages 443-64.
1123:
867:
742:
740:
712:
710:
663:
653:Chesney Archives--Johns Hopkins Univ
643:
641:
639:
611:
413:
1540:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
1528:Essays in the History of Psychiatry
1407:http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu
1396:Guide to The Adolf Meyer Collection
570:The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer
563:The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer
422:in 1901, Clark University in 1909,
301:
13:
1555:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1420:he Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer
1413:
1128:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1112:
14:
2678:
2622:Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
1560:
1518:is discussed and interpreted in:
1315:
1212:American Journal of Public Health
737:
707:
636:
526:Meyer was also involved with the
397:, assassin who shot at President
268:
1609:American Psychiatric Association
938:
901:
833:
552:faults Meyer for this decision.
457:, including its chief architect
375:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
325:American Psychiatric Association
186:American Psychiatric Association
163:
1433:Psychobiology: a Science of Man
1360:
1347:
1332:
1309:
1295:
1286:
1256:
1199:
1142:
1103:
1090:
1069:
1039:
1012:
1003:
994:
946:
909:
681:Journal of Occupational Science
555:
472:played an instrumental role in
451:New York Psychoanalytic Society
364:Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic
284:new mental hospital at Kankakee
273:
225:, in 1866. He was the son of a
191:Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic
2662:People from Dielsdorf District
1021:American Journal of Psychiatry
917:"Dr. Meyer's Rites Set Monday"
841:
605:
1:
1483:Vol. 29 No. 2: pages 243–63.
810:"Dr. Meyer, 84, Is Dead Here"
693:10.1080/14427591.2007.9686586
598:
314:'s classificatory system and
1268:www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu
1051:www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu
923:. March 18, 1950. p. 11
886:. March 17, 1950. p. 54
818:. March 18, 1950. p. 14
7:
1465:52/2 (2016): pages 124–45.
484:Contributions to psychology
213:Personal life and education
10:
2683:
2642:Cornell University faculty
1878:Carlos Frederick MacDonald
453:had worked under Meyer at
233:in 1892, where he studied
2434:
2273:
2112:
1953:
1788:
1615:
1494:2, no. 4 (1908): 89–101.
1367:Scull, Andrew T. (2005).
1167:10.1017/s002572730000329x
765:10.1017/s002572730000329x
717:Weckowicz, T. E. (1990).
538:Meyer had oversight over
440:
408:
308:The Psychiatric Institute
162:
157:
153:
141:
131:
124:
114:
106:
98:
83:
64:
39:
30:
23:
2612:American science writers
2252:Perry Clement Talkingten
2097:William Claire Menninger
1389:
1224:10.2105/AJPH.2010.191411
455:Manhattan State Hospital
288:Worcester, Massachusetts
217:Adolf Meyer was born in
2027:Charles Macfie Campbell
1355:Pathologist of the Mind
1339:Dowbiggin, Ian (1997).
849:"Adolf Meyer Biography"
532:mental hygiene movement
528:Eugenics Records Office
463:Charles Macfie Campbell
437:was named after Meyer.
2617:American psychiatrists
2091:Winfred Overholser Sr.
1890:Edward Nathaniel Brush
1653:Thomas Story Kirkbride
1623:Samuel Bayard Woodward
982:Cite journal requires
493:
366:opened in April 1913.
355:Johns Hopkins Hospital
350:
243:John Hughlings Jackson
182:Johns Hopkins Hospital
2647:History of psychiatry
1944:William Alanson White
1938:Thomas William Salmon
1908:Elmer Ernest Southard
1767:Richard Maurice Bucke
1206:Parry, Manon (2010).
953:Meyer, Adolf (1922).
612:Grob, Gerald (1985).
491:
345:
335:The Phipps Clinic at
280:University of Chicago
2442:Daniel B. Borenstein
2264:John Patrick Spiegel
2216:Harvey John Tompkins
2156:Francis J. Braceland
2073:Edward Adam Strecker
2039:Richard H. Hutchings
2033:Ross McClure Chapman
1926:Albert Moore Barrett
1761:Theophilus O. Powell
1492:Psychological Clinic
1401:May 7, 2009, at the
1341:Keeping America Sane
1124:Lamb, S. D. (2014).
263:Pikesville, Maryland
259:Druid Ridge Cemetery
231:University of Zurich
207:occupational therapy
119:University of Zurich
92:Pikesville, Maryland
88:Druid Ridge Cemetery
2234:Raymond W. Waggoner
2192:C. H. Hardin Branch
2150:R. Finley Gayle Jr.
2132:Donald Ewen Cameron
2103:George S. Stevenson
2051:George H. Stevenson
1848:Arthur F. Kilbourne
1842:Charles P. Bancroft
1047:"Adolf Meyer Guide"
649:"Adolf Meyer Guide"
470:William Henry Welch
459:Abraham Arden Brill
331:from 1904 to 1909.
247:Jean-Martin Charcot
76:Baltimore, Maryland
2574:Rebecca W. Brendel
2502:Carol A. Bernstein
2496:Alan F. Schatzberg
2484:Carolyn Robinowitz
2448:Richard K. Harding
2323:H. Keith H. Brodie
2317:Daniel X. Freedman
2311:Donald G. Langsley
2299:Jules H. Masserman
2144:Arthur Percy Noyes
2085:Samuel W. Hamilton
2021:Clarence O. Cheney
1997:William L. Russell
1860:Charles W. Pilgrim
1629:William Maclay Awl
1033:10.1176/ajp.85.1.1
494:
428:Harvard University
420:Glasgow University
399:Franklin Roosevelt
351:
329:Cornell University
255:Newburgh, New York
50:September 13, 1866
2589:
2588:
2556:Bruce J. Schwartz
2520:Jeffrey Lieberman
2472:Steven Sharfstein
2460:Marcia Kraft Goin
2454:Paul S. Appelbaum
2401:Mary Jane England
2383:Joseph T. English
2377:Lawrence Hartmann
2371:Elissa P. Benedek
2353:George H. Pollock
2126:Leo H. Bartemeier
2120:John C. Whitehorn
2067:Arthur H. Ruggles
2057:H. Douglas Singer
1991:Walter M. English
1961:C. Floyd Haviland
1932:Henry W. Mitchell
1896:Charles G. Wagner
1854:William F. Drewry
1802:Robert J. Preston
1378:978-0-300-10729-6
1218:(12): 2356–2357.
1100:200(12), 1061-66.
815:The Baltimore Sun
414:Honors and awards
401:and killed Mayor
379:Phyllis Greenacre
171:
170:
126:Scientific career
2674:
2538:Maria A. Oquendo
2419:Rodrigo A. Muñoz
2413:Herbert S. Sacks
2389:John S. McIntyre
2347:Robert O. Pasnau
2287:Robert W. Gibson
2240:Robert S. Garber
2186:Walter E. Barton
2168:Francis J. Gerty
2162:Harry C. Solomon
2138:Kenneth E. Appel
2045:William C. Sandy
2015:C. Fred Williams
1824:T. J. W. Burgess
1812:G. Adler Bloomer
1808:A. B. Richardson
1779:Joseph G. Rogers
1773:Henry Mills Hurd
1647:Andrew McFarland
1635:Luther Vose Bell
1598:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1344:
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1327:
1325:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1274:on March 4, 2016
1270:. Archived from
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1053:. Archived from
1043:
1037:
1036:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
985:
980:
978:
970:
968:
966:
961:on April 2, 2015
957:. Archived from
950:
944:
943:
942:
936:
930:
928:
913:
907:
906:
905:
899:
893:
891:
876:
865:
864:
862:
860:
851:. Archived from
845:
839:
838:
837:
831:
825:
823:
806:
787:
786:
776:
744:
735:
734:
714:
705:
704:
676:
670:
667:
661:
660:
645:
634:
633:
609:
513:dementia praecox
395:Giuseppe Zangara
359:Henry Phipps Jr.
302:Time in New York
296:Clark University
167:
143:Doctoral advisor
71:
49:
47:
35:
21:
20:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:Petros Levounis
2526:Paul Summergrad
2430:
2395:Jerry M. Wiener
2335:John A. Talbott
2269:
2258:Alfred Freedman
2222:Henry W. Brosin
2180:Robert H. Felix
2174:William Malamud
2108:
2061:James King Hall
2009:George H. Kirby
2003:James Vance May
1967:George M. Kline
1949:
1902:James V. Anglin
1884:Samuel E. Smith
1872:James T. Searcy
1836:Charles G. Hill
1818:A. E. Macdonald
1784:
1677:J. H. Callender
1665:Charles Nichols
1611:
1602:
1563:
1544:Medical History
1520:John C. Burnham
1471:Medical History
1438:George Kirby's
1416:
1414:Further reading
1403:Wayback Machine
1392:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1204:
1200:
1155:Medical History
1147:
1143:
1136:
1122:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
983:
981:
972:
971:
964:
962:
951:
947:
937:
926:
924:
921:The Evening Sun
915:
914:
910:
900:
889:
887:
884:The Evening Sun
878:
877:
868:
858:
856:
847:
846:
842:
832:
821:
819:
808:
807:
790:
753:Medical History
745:
738:
731:
715:
708:
677:
673:
668:
664:
647:
646:
637:
630:
610:
606:
601:
558:
509:biopsychosocial
486:
443:
424:Yale University
416:
411:
362:treatment. The
340:
304:
276:
271:
215:
115:Alma mater
90:
79:
73:
69:
60:
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:Niederweningen
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2562:Jeffery Geller
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2514:Dilip V. Jeste
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2341:Carol Nadelson
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2246:Ewald W. Busse
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2210:Howard P. Rome
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2079:Karl M. Bowman
2076:
2070:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1914:Henry C. Eyman
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1713:John B. Chapin
1710:
1707:Eugene Grissom
1704:
1701:H. A. Buttolph
1698:
1695:Orpheus Everts
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1671:Clement Walker
1668:
1662:
1659:John S. Butler
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1570:Paul R. McHugh
1562:
1561:External links
1559:
1516:psychoanalysis
1486:Adolf Meyer, "
1445:Richard Noll,
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1359:
1346:
1331:
1316:Yuhas, Daisy.
1308:
1294:
1285:
1255:
1198:
1141:
1135:978-1421414843
1134:
1111:
1102:
1089:
1068:
1057:on May 7, 2009
1038:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:|journal=
945:
933:Newspapers.com
908:
896:Newspapers.com
866:
855:on May 7, 2009
840:
828:Newspapers.com
788:
736:
729:
706:
671:
662:
635:
629:978-0813510811
628:
603:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
587:
581:
573:
557:
554:
485:
482:
474:Clifford Beers
447:psychoanalysis
442:
439:
415:
412:
410:
407:
339:
333:
320:psychoanalysis
312:Emil Kraepelin
303:
300:
292:neuropathology
275:
272:
270:
269:Medical career
267:
219:Niederweningen
214:
211:
169:
168:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
85:
81:
80:
74:
72:(aged 83)
68:March 17, 1950
66:
62:
61:
54:Niederweningen
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2679:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:Vivian Pender
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:Altha Stewart
2548:
2545:
2544:Anita Everett
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:Nada Stotland
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:Michelle Riba
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:George Tarjan
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:Alan A. Stone
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:Jack Weinberg
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:Lawrence Kolb
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:Jack R. Ewalt
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:Peter M. Wise
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:Richard Dewey
1753:
1750:
1749:Edward Cowles
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:J. B. Andrews
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:H. P. Stearns
1723:
1720:
1719:W. W. Godding
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:Theodore Lidz
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1343:. p. 53.
1342:
1335:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1078:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1006:
997:
989:
976:
960:
956:
949:
941:
934:
922:
918:
912:
904:
897:
885:
881:
875:
873:
871:
854:
850:
844:
836:
829:
817:
816:
811:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
741:
732:
726:
722:
721:
713:
711:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
666:
658:
654:
650:
644:
642:
640:
631:
625:
621:
617:
616:
608:
604:
594:
592:
588:
585:
582:
580:
578:
574:
571:
568:
567:
566:
564:
553:
551:
547:
546:
541:
536:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
498:psychobiology
490:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
438:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Johns Hopkins
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
367:
365:
360:
356:
349:
348:Johns Hopkins
344:
338:
337:Johns Hopkins
332:
330:
326:
321:
317:
316:Sigmund Freud
313:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:United States
248:
244:
240:
239:Auguste Forel
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
210:
208:
204:
203:psychobiology
200:
195:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
161:
156:
152:
149:
148:Auguste Forel
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
84:Resting place
82:
77:
67:
63:
59:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2532:Renée Binder
2425:Allan Tasman
2359:Paul J. Fink
2204:Daniel Blain
1985:Earl D. Bond
1979:Samuel Orton
1972:
1731:Daniel Clark
1683:John P. Gray
1564:
1554:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1452:S. D. Lamb,
1451:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1311:
1297:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1267:
1258:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1125:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1050:
1041:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1005:
996:
975:cite journal
963:. Retrieved
959:the original
948:
931:– via
927:December 11,
925:. Retrieved
920:
911:
894:– via
890:December 11,
888:. Retrieved
883:
857:. Retrieved
853:the original
843:
826:– via
822:December 11,
820:. Retrieved
813:
756:
752:
719:
687:(2): 63–76.
684:
680:
674:
665:
652:
614:
607:
590:
583:
576:
562:
559:
556:Publications
550:Andrew Scull
543:
540:Henry Cotton
537:
525:
502:
495:
467:
444:
432:
426:in 1934 and
417:
403:Anton Cermak
383:Curt Richter
372:
368:
352:
305:
277:
274:Early career
216:
198:
196:
178:psychiatrist
173:
172:
125:
70:(1950-03-17)
18:
2607:1950 deaths
2602:1866 births
2582:(2023–2024)
2576:(2022–2023)
2570:(2021–2022)
2564:(2020–2021)
2558:(2019–2020)
2552:(2018–2019)
2546:(2017–2018)
2540:(2016–2017)
2534:(2015–2016)
2528:(2014–2015)
2522:(2013–2014)
2516:(2012–2013)
2510:(2011–2012)
2508:John Oldham
2504:(2010–2011)
2498:(2009–2010)
2492:(2008–2009)
2486:(2007–2008)
2480:(2006–2007)
2474:(2005–2006)
2468:(2004–2005)
2462:(2003–2004)
2456:(2002–2003)
2450:(2001–2002)
2444:(2000–2001)
2427:(1999–2000)
2421:(1998–1999)
2415:(1997–1998)
2409:(1996–1997)
2407:Harold Eist
2403:(1995–1996)
2397:(1994–1995)
2391:(1993–1994)
2385:(1992–1993)
2379:(1991–1992)
2373:(1990–1991)
2367:(1989–1990)
2365:Herb Pardes
2361:(1988–1989)
2355:(1987–1988)
2349:(1986–1987)
2343:(1985–1986)
2337:(1984–1985)
2331:(1983–1984)
2325:(1982–1983)
2319:(1981–1982)
2313:(1980–1981)
2307:(1979–1980)
2301:(1978–1979)
2295:(1977–1978)
2289:(1976–1977)
2283:(1975–1976)
2281:Judd Marmor
2266:(1974–1975)
2260:(1973–1974)
2254:(1972–1973)
2248:(1971–1972)
2242:(1970–1971)
2236:(1969–1970)
2230:(1968–1969)
2224:(1967–1968)
2218:(1966–1967)
2212:(1965–1966)
2206:(1964–1965)
2200:(1963–1964)
2194:(1962–1963)
2188:(1961–1962)
2182:(1960–1961)
2176:(1959–1960)
2170:(1958–1959)
2164:(1957–1958)
2158:(1956–1957)
2152:(1955–1956)
2146:(1954–1955)
2140:(1953–1954)
2134:(1952–1953)
2128:(1951–1952)
2122:(1950–1951)
2105:(1949–1950)
2099:(1948–1949)
2093:(1947–1948)
2087:(1946–1947)
2081:(1944–1946)
2075:(1943–1944)
2069:(1942–1943)
2063:(1941–1942)
2053:(1940–1941)
2047:(1939–1940)
2041:(1938–1939)
2035:(1937–1938)
2029:(1936–1937)
2023:(1935–1936)
2017:(1934–1935)
2011:(1933–1934)
2005:(1932–1933)
1999:(1931–1932)
1993:(1930–1931)
1987:(1929–1930)
1981:(1928–1929)
1975:(1927–1928)
1973:Adolf Meyer
1969:(1926–1927)
1963:(1925–1926)
1946:(1924–1925)
1940:(1923–1924)
1934:(1922–1923)
1928:(1921–1922)
1922:(1920–1921)
1916:(1919–1920)
1910:(1918–1919)
1904:(1917–1918)
1898:(1916–1917)
1892:(1915–1916)
1886:(1914–1915)
1880:(1913–1914)
1874:(1912–1913)
1868:(1911–1912)
1866:Hubert Work
1862:(1910–1911)
1856:(1909–1910)
1850:(1908–1909)
1844:(1907–1908)
1838:(1906–1907)
1832:(1905–1906)
1826:(1904–1905)
1820:(1903–1904)
1814:(1902–1903)
1804:(1901–1902)
1798:(1900–1901)
1781:(1899–1900)
1775:(1898–1899)
1769:(1897–1898)
1763:(1896–1897)
1757:(1895–1896)
1751:(1894–1895)
1745:(1893–1894)
1743:John Curwen
1739:(1892–1893)
1733:(1891–1892)
1727:(1890–1891)
1721:(1889–1890)
1715:(1888–1889)
1709:(1887–1888)
1703:(1886–1887)
1697:(1885–1886)
1691:(1884–1885)
1689:Pliny Earle
1685:(1883–1884)
1679:(1882–1883)
1673:(1879–1882)
1667:(1873–1879)
1661:(1870–1873)
1655:(1862–1870)
1649:(1859–1862)
1643:(1855–1859)
1637:(1851–1855)
1631:(1848–1851)
1625:(1844–1848)
1496:PMC 5138873
1357:, Chapter 2
1161:(1): 5–36.
759:(1): 5–36.
492:Adolf Meyer
387:John Watson
223:Switzerland
199:ergasiology
174:Adolf Meyer
107:Citizenship
99:Nationality
58:Switzerland
25:Adolf Meyer
2596:Categories
2478:Pedro Ruiz
1830:C. B. Burr
1605:Presidents
859:January 3,
730:0444883916
599:References
505:empiricism
478:Leo Kanner
468:Meyer and
136:Psychiatry
46:1866-09-13
2274:1975–2000
2113:1950–1975
1954:1925–1950
1920:Owen Copp
1789:1900–1925
1641:Isaac Ray
1616:1844–1900
1549:See also
1232:0090-0036
1175:0025-7273
701:143957625
521:stressors
235:neurology
227:Zwinglian
158:Signature
1503:28909394
1399:Archived
1324:March 2,
1278:April 1,
1250:21068416
1193:19190747
1082:April 7,
1061:April 7,
965:April 1,
783:19190747
657:Archived
110:American
1607:of the
1568:(2016)
1241:2978191
1184:2629172
774:2629172
1501:
1375:
1353:Lamb,
1248:
1238:
1230:
1191:
1181:
1173:
1132:
781:
771:
727:
699:
626:
593:(1922)
586:(1910)
579:(1904)
517:habits
461:, and
441:People
409:Legacy
357:after
237:under
132:Fields
94:, U.S.
78:, U.S.
2435:2000–
1390:Notes
697:S2CID
102:Swiss
1499:PMID
1373:ISBN
1326:2013
1280:2015
1246:PMID
1228:ISSN
1189:PMID
1171:ISSN
1130:ISBN
1084:2015
1063:2015
988:help
967:2015
929:2022
892:2022
861:2007
824:2022
779:PMID
725:ISBN
624:ISBN
245:and
65:Died
40:Born
1490:",
1405:at
1236:PMC
1220:doi
1216:100
1179:PMC
1163:doi
1029:doi
769:PMC
761:doi
689:doi
261:in
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