444:"We believe that Christ is truly present in the Lord’s Supper; yea, we believe that there is no communion without the presence of Christ. This is the proof: 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them' (Matt. 18:20). How much more is he present where the whole congregation is assembled to his honor! But that his body is literally eaten is far from the truth and the nature of faith. It is contrary to the truth, because he himself says: 'I am no more in the world' (John 17:11), and 'The flesh profiteth nothing' (John 6:63), that is to eat, as the Jews then believed and the Papists still believe. It is contrary to the nature of faith (I mean the holy and true faith), because faith embraces love, fear of God, and reverence, which abhor such carnal and gross eating, as much as any one would shrink from eating his beloved son.… We believe that the true body of Christ is eaten in the communion in a sacramental and spiritual manner by the religious, believing, and pious heart (as also St. Chrysostom taught). And this is in brief the substance of what we maintain in this controversy, and what not we, but the truth itself teaches."
429:
faith is from God, for those whom God has chosen. Zwingli also appealed to several passages of scripture with John 6:63 in particular. He saw Luther's view as denying Christ's humanity and asserted that Christ's body is only at one place and that is at the right hand of God. The
Marburg Colloquy did not produce anything new in the debate between the two reformers. Neither changed his position, but it did produce some further developments in Zwingli's views. For example, he noted that the bread was not mere bread and affirmed terms such as "presence", "true", and "sacramental". However, it was Zwingli's and Luther's differences in their understanding of faith, their
515:(1529), Zwingli noted that there were three kinds of governments: monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. He expressed his preference for aristocracy which is not surprising given his experience with the Zürich council. In the publication, rather than comparing the three forms of government, he gave a defence of aristocracy against a monarchy. He argued that a monarchy would invariably descend to tyranny. A monarchy had inherent weaknesses in that a good ruler could be easily replaced by a bad one or a single ruler could be easily corrupted. An aristocracy with more people involved did not have these disadvantages.
20:
358:(Honius), for first suggesting the "is" in the institution words "This is my body" meant "signifies". Hoen sent a letter to Zwingli in 1524 with this interpretation along with biblical examples to support it. It is impossible to say how the letter affected Zwingli's theology although Zwingli claimed that he already held the symbolic view when he read the letter. He first mentioned the "signifies" interpretation in a letter to
454:
183:. To him, these authorities were based on man and liable to error. He noted that "the fathers must yield to the word of God and not the word of God to the fathers". His insistence of using the word of God did not preclude him from using the councils or the church fathers in his arguments. He gave them no independent authority, but he used them to show that the views he held were not simply his own.
274:
Zwingli responded by noting that kind of argument would imply women should not participate in communion because there were no women at the last supper. Although there was no commandment to baptise children specifically, the need for baptism was clearly stated in scripture. In a separate discussion on original sin, Zwingli denies original guilt. He refers to
409:(1528). They examined Luther's point-of-view rather than systematically presenting Zwingli's own. Some of his comments were sharp and critical, although they were never as harsh and dismissive as some of Luther's on him. However, Zwingli also called Luther "one of the first champions of the Gospel", a David against
131:
Zwingli believed that the state governed with divine sanction. He believed that both the church and the state are placed under the sovereign rule of God. Christians were obliged to obey the government, but civil disobedience was allowed if the authorities acted against the will of God. He described a
507:
As government was ordained by God, Christians were obliged to obey in
Zwingli's view. This requirement applied equally to a good or an evil government because both came from God. However, it is because rulers are to be servants of God and that Christians obey the rulers as they are to obey God, that
482:
where young Swiss citizens were sent to fight in foreign wars for the financial benefit of the state government. His life as a parish priest and an army chaplain helped to develop his concern for morality and justice. He saw his ministry not limited to a private sphere, but to the people as a whole.
273:
and were able to live without sin were the only persons qualified to partake in baptism. At the same time he asserted that rebaptism had no support in scripture. The
Anabaptists raised the objection that Christ did not baptise children, and so Christians, likewise, should not baptise their children.
428:
The main issue for
Zwingli is that Luther puts "the chief point of salvation in the bodily eating of the body of Christ". Luther saw the action as strengthening faith and remitting sins. This, however, conflicted with Zwingli's view of faith. The bodily presence of Christ could not produce faith as
503:
The relationship between preacher and magistrate was demonstrated by two forms of righteousness, human and divine. Human righteousness (or the "outward man") was the domain of the magistrate or government. Government could secure human righteousness, but it could not make man righteous before God.
486:
The Zürich council played an essential role at each stage of the
Reformation. Even before the Reformation, the council operated relatively independently on church matters although the areas of doctrine and worship were left to the authority of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. As Zwingli was convinced
338:
was a key center of controversy in the
Reformation as it not only focused differences between the reformers and the church but also between themselves. For Zwingli it was a matter of attacking a doctrine that imperiled the understanding and reception of God's gift of salvation, while for Luther it
315:
His later writings show no change in his fundamental positions. Other elements in
Zwingli's theology would lead him to deny that baptism is a means of grace or that it is necessary for salvation. His defence of infant baptism was not only a matter of church politics, but was clearly related to the
265:, Zwingli outlined his disagreements with both the Catholic and the Anabaptist positions. He accused the Anabaptists of adding to the word of God and noted that there is no law forbidding infant baptism. He challenged Catholics by denying that the water of baptism can have the power to wash away
499:
from travelling into any other canton. The work of the
Reformation was endangered by the potential outbreak of religious and social disorder. Zwingli saw the need to present the government in a positive light to safeguard the continued preaching of the Gospel. He stated,
339:
was a matter of defending a doctrine that embodied that gift. It is not known what
Zwingli's eucharistic theology was before he became a reformer and there is disagreement among scholars about his views during his first few years as a priest. In the eighteenth article of
269:. Zwingli understood baptism to be a pledge or a promise, but he disputed the Anabaptist position that it is a pledge to live without sin, noting that such a pledge brings back the hypocrisy of legalism. He argued against their view that those that received the
487:
that doctrinal matters had to conform to the word of God rather than the hierarchy, he recognised the role of the council as the only body with power to act if the religious authorities refused to undertake reform. His theocratic views are best expressed in
278:
7:12–14 which states that the children of one
Christian parent are holy and thus they are counted among the sons of God. Infants should be baptised because there is only one church and one baptism, not a partial church and partial baptism.
310:
The children of Christians are no less sons of God than the parents, just as in the Old Testament. Hence, since they are sons of God, who will forbid this baptism? Circumcision among the ancients ... was the same as baptism with us.
461:
For him, the church and state are one under the sovereign rule of God. The development of the complex relationship between church and state in Zwingli's view can only be understood by examining the context of his life, the city of
290:'s position on baptism. The second part where Zwingli defends his own views demonstrates further development in his doctrine of baptism. Rather than baptism being simply a pledge, he describes baptism as a sign of our
508:
the situation could arise when Christians may disobey. When the authorities act against the will of God then Zwingli noted, "We must obey God rather than men." God's commands took precedence over man's.
2270:
190:
is the author, was taken for granted by Zwingli. His view of inspiration was not mechanical and he recognized the human element in his commentaries as he noted the differences in the canonical
325:
495:(1523) in that both preacher and prince were servants under the rule of God. The context surrounding these two publications was a period of considerable tension. Zwingli was banned by the
374:'s understanding of the significance of faith, but rejected Karlstadt's view that the word "this" refers to Christ's body rather than the bread. Using other biblical passages and
1978:
238:. In October 1523, the controversy over the issue broke out during the second Zürich disputation and Zwingli vigorously defended the need for infant baptism and his belief that
386:
liturgy, he laid out the details of his theology where he argues against the view that the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ and that they are eaten bodily.
120:, he agreed that the bread and wine of the institution signify and do not literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ. Zwingli's differences of opinion on this with
389:
The conflict between Zwingli and Luther began in 1525, but it was not until 1527 that Zwingli engaged directly with Luther. The culmination of the controversy was the
2623:
1772:
2836:
826:(1878). The Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical Notes: The History of Creeds (Vol. 1, p. 375). New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers.
359:
160:(1522). He believed that man is a liar and only God is the truth. For him scripture, as God's word, brings light when there is only darkness of error.
1242:
1988:
1735:
1547:
2255:
2719:
2292:
1396:
2919:
1598:
2764:
2714:
2021:
1634:
2026:
2871:
2739:
1983:
1891:
1622:
1542:
1490:
1288:
46:, taking scripture as the inspired word of God and placing its authority higher than what he saw as human sources such as the
1500:
1235:
717:
2277:
343:(1523) which concerns the sacrifice of the mass, he states that it is a memorial of the sacrifice. He expounds on this in
2472:
2070:
1973:
2709:
957:
938:
2487:
2386:
1845:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1228:
152:. Zwingli appealed to scripture constantly in his writings. This is strongly evident in his early writings such as
2572:
2302:
2041:
1998:
1881:
1871:
1681:
1644:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1283:
2886:
2854:
2681:
2600:
2031:
1801:
1717:
1608:
2876:
2866:
2630:
2287:
2085:
2055:
1896:
1747:
1700:
1438:
2065:
1067:
The Latin Works and the Correspondence of Huldreich Zwingli, Together with Selections from his German Works
504:
That was the domain of the preacher where the "inward man" is called to account for divine righteousness.
2429:
2075:
2060:
2046:
1953:
1943:
1433:
1015:
2909:
2080:
1948:
1752:
436:
Near the end of his life Zwingli summarized his understanding of the Eucharist in a confession sent to
67:
54:. He also recognised the human element within the inspiration, noting the differences in the canonical
302:
was the sign of God's covenant with Abraham, baptism was the sign of his covenant with Christians. In
2914:
2859:
2342:
1806:
1696:
425:
most likely influenced Zwingli as they were concerned with reconciliation of the eucharistic views.
206:
highly, and also did not accept a "canon within the canon", but he did accept scripture as a whole.
2881:
2849:
2744:
2424:
2237:
1730:
1666:
2265:
2152:
2092:
1968:
1850:
1649:
1251:
1214:
2812:
2699:
2317:
1938:
1859:
1835:
1267:
554:
534:
422:
355:
117:
383:
2807:
2749:
2640:
2635:
2513:
2507:
2307:
1855:
1820:
1725:
1639:
1421:
539:
467:
227:
370:
6:63, "It is the Spirit who gives life, the flesh is of no avail", as support. He commended
2797:
2754:
2704:
2492:
2444:
2439:
2414:
2250:
2204:
2107:
2097:
1933:
1926:
1777:
1691:
1463:
1453:
1416:
351:
996:
478:(1516), reveal a patriotic love of his land, a longing for liberty, and opposition to the
457:
Statue of Zwingli in Zürich where he holds the Bible in one hand and a sword in the other.
8:
2821:
2802:
2542:
2537:
2464:
2182:
2157:
2036:
2016:
1963:
1864:
1762:
1659:
1627:
1571:
1184:
1138:
1114:
1090:
997:
Analecta Reformatoria: Dokumente und Abhandlungen zur Geschichte Zwinglis und seiner Zeit
544:
437:
291:
94:
47:
1162:
1126:
1035:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
294:
with God. Furthermore, he associates this covenant with the covenant that God made with
2769:
2519:
2449:
2366:
2354:
2331:
2127:
1901:
1742:
1686:
1676:
1478:
1262:
549:
363:
287:
203:
195:
168:
113:
98:
75:
1840:
1046:
985:
2694:
2613:
2608:
2562:
2502:
2371:
2167:
1552:
1473:
1411:
1210:
1098:
1078:
1072:
1054:
953:
934:
713:
479:
433:, their approach and use of scripture that ultimately made any agreement impossible.
371:
63:
16:
Theological view that considered scripture a higher authority than the church fathers
2557:
19:
2454:
2394:
1782:
1767:
1468:
1448:
1443:
1426:
1406:
390:
145:
125:
71:
93:. He defended the baptism of children by describing it as a sign of a Christian's
2827:
2729:
2667:
2409:
2360:
1906:
1561:
705:
164:
109:
2831:
2817:
2792:
2787:
2578:
2552:
2482:
2297:
2199:
2194:
2177:
2117:
2011:
1958:
1787:
1707:
1556:
1150:
367:
223:
172:
90:
51:
38:
1039:
1031:
1027:
927:
2903:
2734:
2671:
2660:
2547:
2434:
2337:
2325:
2189:
2162:
2102:
1581:
1401:
823:
275:
231:
199:
121:
167:
opponents in order to counter their appeal to the church—which included the
2759:
2689:
2567:
2376:
2347:
2214:
1911:
1654:
1613:
977:
Older German / Latin editions of Zwingli's works available online include:
418:
299:
239:
1220:
1062:
See also the following English translations of selected works by Zwingli:
2399:
2260:
2231:
2172:
2147:
2142:
2006:
1921:
1815:
1796:
1505:
1205:
529:
430:
329:
270:
219:
187:
2779:
2529:
2477:
2282:
2112:
1757:
1586:
1530:
1525:
710:
Cornelius Henrici Hoen (Honius) and His Epistle on the Eucharist (1525)
496:
235:
86:
28:
2774:
2724:
2650:
2645:
2419:
2404:
2132:
2122:
1825:
1811:
1535:
524:
375:
335:
316:
whole of his theology and his profound sense of unity of the church.
176:
463:
2618:
2497:
2137:
1916:
1830:
1576:
1566:
1520:
1515:
1510:
414:
149:
326:
The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics
2655:
2585:
2245:
2209:
453:
410:
295:
215:
191:
132:
preference for an aristocracy over monarchic or democratic rule.
102:
82:
55:
24:
1164:
Huldreich Zwingli, the Reformer of German Switzerland, 1484–1531
1047:
Der evangelische Glaube nach den Hauptschriften der Reformatoren
1671:
1591:
1458:
148:'s work as a reformer and is crucial in the development of his
2219:
470:. His earliest writings before he became a reformer, such as
141:
43:
393:
in 1529. He wrote four responses leading up to the meeting:
1000:, vol. 1, ed. Emil Egli. Zürich: Züricher and Furrer, 1899.
180:
1050:, vol. II: Zwingli, ed. Paul Wernle. Tübingen: Mohr, 1918.
186:
The inspiration of scripture, the concept that God or the
1006:, ed. Melchior Schuler and Johannes Schulthess, 1824ff.:
266:
1055:
Von Freiheit der Speisen, eine Reformationsschrift, 1522
378:
sources, he defended the "signifies" interpretation. In
242:
was unnecessary. His major works on the subject include
1128:
Zwingli: or, The Rise of the Reformation in Switzerland
2837:
Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America
1186:
Life of Ulrich Zwingli, the Swiss Patriot and Reformer
819:
817:
771:, Vol. V, 613.12–13, 722.3–5, 723.1–2, as quoted in
128:to bring unity between the two Protestant leaders.
992:vol. 88, ed. Emil Egli. Berlin: Schwetschke, 1905.
926:
222:, a group whose beliefs included the rejection of
1116:Ulrich Zwingli, the Patriotic Reformer: A History
1094:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1901.
814:
2901:
163:Zwingli initially appealed to scripture against
1091:Selected Works of Huldreich Zwingli (1484–1531)
969:Huldreich Zwinglis Sämtliche Werke Vols. I-XIV
703:, pp. 292–293. For more information, see
89:, a movement which criticized the practice of
1236:
1119:, Philadelphia: Presby. Board of Publications
1084:Vol. 3, Philadelphia: Heidelberg Press, 1929.
256:Questions Concerning the Sacrament of Baptism
862:, pp. 81–82. Courvoisier uses the word
218:are largely rooted in his conflict with the
158:The Clarity and Certainty of the Word of God
1250:
1209:(since 1897, since 1993 annually), Zürich,
1124:
914:
883:
859:
732:
648:
1243:
1229:
1058:, ed. Otto Walther. Halle: Niemeyer, 1900.
382:(1525), following the introduction of his
1148:
1112:
933:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
362:, an associate of Luther. Zwingli denies
971:(in German), Zürich: Theologisher Verlag
947:
899:
887:
847:
835:
808:
796:
784:
772:
756:
744:
688:
676:
664:
636:
624:
612:
600:
588:
572:
452:
97:with disciples and God just as God made
18:
2661:Fostering of early experimental science
1182:
1160:
1081:, Philadelphia: Heidelberg Press, 1922.
1075:, New York: G.P. Putnam and Sons, 1912.
2902:
2765:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy
1172:
924:
704:
700:
263:Baptism, Rebaptism, and Infant Baptism
244:Baptism, Rebaptism, and Infant Baptism
42:was based on an interpretation of the
1224:
1102:. Collegeville: Thompson Bros., 1899.
919:, Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press
1136:
1175:Zwingli's Thought: New Perspectives
1152:The Life and Times of Ulric Zwingli
966:
663:, Vol. VI i 48.10–15, as quoted in
13:
1106:
982:Huldreich Zwinglis sämtliche Werke
769:Huldreich Zwinglis Samtliche Werke
661:Huldreich Zwinglis Samtliche Werke
587:, Vol. III, 505–509, as quoted in
585:Huldreich Zwinglis Samtliche Werke
230:and centered on the leadership of
14:
2931:
1195:
2920:Theological views of individuals
1149:Hottinger, Johann Jacob (1856),
1099:The Christian Education of Youth
950:The Theology of Huldrych Zwingli
282:The first part of the document,
1143:, New York: Funk & Wagnalls
893:
877:
853:
841:
829:
802:
790:
778:
762:
750:
738:
726:
694:
682:
124:resulted in the failure of the
2624:Separation of church and state
2293:Formal and material principles
2278:Separation of church and state
1113:Blackburn, William M. (1868),
917:Zwingli, A Reformed Theologian
670:
654:
642:
630:
618:
606:
594:
578:
566:
489:Divine and Human Righteousness
1:
2288:Hymnody of continental Europe
1439:Apostles in the New Testament
1173:Locher, Gottfried W. (1981),
908:
493:An Exposition of the Articles
345:An Exposition of the Articles
202:, Zwingli did not regard the
1189:, New York: Baker and Taylor
1131:, Edinburgh: T & T Clark
915:Courvoisier, Jaques (1963),
407:Two Replies to Luther's Book
319:
135:
7:
1736:Eastern Orthodox opposition
1161:Jackson, Samuel M. (1900),
1155:, Harrisburg: T.F. Scheffer
1125:Christoffel, Raget (1858),
952:, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
518:
350:Zwingli credited the Dutch
194:. He did not recognize the
85:were largely a response to
10:
2936:
1753:Art patronage of Julius II
323:
209:
68:Second Helvetic Confession
2845:
2680:
2599:
2528:
2463:
2385:
2316:
2256:Calvinist–Arminian debate
2230:
1997:
1880:
1716:
1607:
1489:
1387:
1276:
1258:
1167:, New York: G.P. Putnam's
1140:The Life of Ulric Zwingli
1004:Huldreich Zwingli's Werke
417:who slew the Roman boar.
403:Zwingli's Christian Reply
2745:Christian existentialism
1183:Simpson, Samuel (1902),
948:Stephens, W. P. (1986),
560:
448:
341:The Sixty-seven Articles
66:confession based on the
1252:History of Christianity
874:in the original German.
2813:Fourth Great Awakening
2700:Second Great Awakening
1939:Fall of Constantinople
1731:Development of primacy
925:Potter, G. R. (1976),
712:, Leiden: E.J. Brill,
555:Affair of the Sausages
535:Theology of Anabaptism
458:
446:
423:Johannes Oecolampadius
356:Cornelius Henrici Hoen
313:
118:Cornelius Henrici Hoen
32:
2808:Reformed epistemology
2750:Third Great Awakening
2720:Seventh-day Adventist
2641:First Great Awakening
2514:Book of Common Prayer
2308:Protestant work ethic
1851:Independent Catholics
1802:Monastery dissolution
540:Swiss Reformed Church
456:
442:
308:
204:Revelation of St John
22:
2631:Edicts of toleration
2440:Three Forms of Unity
2205:Bohemian Reformation
1778:Catholic Reformation
1635:Roman state religion
1454:Council of Jerusalem
1177:, Leiden: E.J. Brill
513:Commentary on Isaiah
2803:Liberation theology
2710:Jehovah's Witnesses
2543:Radical Reformation
2271:Resistance theories
2158:Christian mysticism
2153:Early Scholasticism
1865:Ecclesial community
1763:Counter-Reformation
1628:Constantinian shift
1137:Grob, Jean (1883),
990:Corpus Reformatorum
967:Zwingli, Huldrych,
545:Consensus Tigurinus
468:Swiss Confederation
395:A Friendly Exegesis
284:A Reply to Hubmaier
248:A Reply to Hubmaier
214:Zwingli's views on
198:as canonical. Like
81:Zwingli's views on
48:ecumenical councils
2877:Oriental Orthodoxy
2520:King James Version
2332:Ninety-five Theses
2128:Apostolic Brethren
1902:Church of the East
1897:Oriental Orthodoxy
1743:Crusading movement
1263:Early Christianity
902:, pp. 308–309
890:, pp. 302–303
886:, pp. 84–85;
850:, pp. 286–298
838:, pp. 282–285
811:, pp. 248–250
799:, pp. 242–248
787:, pp. 241–242
759:, pp. 235–236
747:, pp. 227–235
691:, pp. 218–219
679:, pp. 206–216
667:, pp. 209–210
639:, pp. 199–206
627:, pp. 194–199
550:Helvetic Consensus
459:
364:transubstantiation
288:Balthasar Hubmaier
286:, is an attack on
228:believer's baptism
114:transubstantiation
76:Heinrich Bullinger
33:
23:Huldrych Zwingli,
2910:Biblical exegesis
2895:
2894:
2872:Eastern Orthodoxy
2740:Finnish Awakening
2695:Holiness movement
2636:Congregationalism
2595:
2594:
2455:Metrical psalters
1892:Eastern Orthodoxy
1836:Neo-Scholasticism
1543:Canon development
1444:Jewish Christians
1073:Vol. 1, 1510–1522
719:978-90-04-15464-3
480:mercenary service
399:A Friendly Answer
372:Andreas Karlstadt
2927:
2915:Huldrych Zwingli
2314:
2313:
1701:Non-Chalcedonian
1682:Constantinople I
1474:General epistles
1469:Pauline epistles
1449:Paul the Apostle
1427:Great Commission
1245:
1238:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1203:
1190:
1178:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
972:
962:
943:
932:
920:
903:
897:
891:
884:Courvoisier 1963
881:
875:
860:Courvoisier 1963
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
735:, pp. 67–69
733:Courvoisier 1963
730:
724:
722:
706:Spruyt, Bart Jan
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
658:
652:
651:, pp. 66–67
649:Courvoisier 1963
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
615:, pp. 55–56
610:
604:
603:, pp. 52–53
598:
592:
582:
576:
570:
466:, and the wider
391:Marburg Colloquy
196:apocryphal books
126:Marburg Colloquy
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2841:
2828:Christian right
2730:Oxford Movement
2705:Restorationists
2676:
2591:
2524:
2459:
2410:Presbyterianism
2381:
2361:Book of Concord
2312:
2236:
2234:
2226:
1993:
1883:
1876:
1712:
1611:
1603:
1562:Clement of Rome
1492:
1485:
1389:
1383:
1272:
1254:
1249:
1201:
1198:
1109:
1107:Further reading
960:
941:
911:
906:
898:
894:
882:
878:
858:
854:
846:
842:
834:
830:
822:
815:
807:
803:
795:
791:
783:
779:
767:
763:
755:
751:
743:
739:
731:
727:
720:
699:
695:
687:
683:
675:
671:
659:
655:
647:
643:
635:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
599:
595:
583:
579:
571:
567:
563:
521:
451:
332:
322:
212:
138:
70:promulgated by
17:
12:
11:
5:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2825:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Pentecostalism
2790:
2788:Jesus movement
2785:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2579:Martyrs Mirror
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Martyrs' Synod
2560:
2555:
2553:Swiss Brethren
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Law and Gospel
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Ottoman Empire
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1708:Biblical canon
1705:
1704:
1703:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1617:
1609:Late antiquity
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1557:Church Fathers
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1197:
1196:External links
1194:
1193:
1192:
1180:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1001:
993:
975:
974:
964:
958:
945:
939:
922:
910:
907:
905:
904:
892:
876:
852:
840:
828:
813:
801:
789:
777:
761:
749:
737:
725:
718:
693:
681:
669:
653:
641:
629:
617:
605:
593:
577:
564:
562:
559:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
520:
517:
450:
447:
438:King Francis I
360:Matthäus Alber
321:
318:
224:infant baptism
211:
208:
173:church fathers
144:is central in
137:
134:
116:and following
108:He denied the
91:infant baptism
78:in the 1560s.
52:church fathers
39:Ulrich Zwingli
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2932:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Protestantism
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Azusa Revival
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Laestadianism
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2672:Old Lutherans
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:Diet of Worms
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2238:Protestantism
2233:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1989:North America
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1599:Early African
1597:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Justin Martyr
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:Life of Jesus
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:Apostolic Age
1386:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
987:
983:
980:
979:
978:
970:
965:
961:
959:0-19-826677-4
955:
951:
946:
942:
940:0-521-20939-0
936:
931:
930:
923:
918:
913:
912:
901:
900:Stephens 1986
896:
889:
888:Stephens 1986
885:
880:
873:
872:Gerechtigkeit
869:
868:righteousness
865:
861:
856:
849:
848:Stephens 1986
844:
837:
836:Stephens 1986
832:
825:
820:
818:
810:
809:Stephens 1986
805:
798:
797:Stephens 1986
793:
786:
785:Stephens 1986
781:
775:, p. 242
774:
773:Stephens 1986
770:
765:
758:
757:Stephens 1986
753:
746:
745:Stephens 1986
741:
734:
729:
721:
715:
711:
707:
702:
697:
690:
689:Stephens 1986
685:
678:
677:Stephens 1986
673:
666:
665:Stephens 1986
662:
657:
650:
645:
638:
637:Stephens 1986
633:
626:
625:Stephens 1986
621:
614:
613:Stephens 1986
609:
602:
601:Stephens 1986
597:
590:
589:Stephens 1986
586:
581:
574:
573:Stephens 1986
569:
565:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
516:
514:
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
484:
481:
477:
476:The Labyrinth
473:
469:
465:
455:
445:
441:
439:
434:
432:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
380:The Eucharist
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
337:
331:
327:
317:
312:
307:
306:, he states,
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
277:
276:I Corinthians
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Conrad Grebel
229:
225:
221:
217:
207:
205:
201:
200:Martin Luther
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
133:
129:
127:
123:
122:Martin Luther
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
74:'s successor
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
30:
26:
21:
2897:
2798:Charismatics
2781:
2760:Gospel music
2690:Camp meeting
2682:1789–present
2614:Missionaries
2584:
2577:
2568:Menno Simons
2512:
2508:Church music
2359:
2330:
2215:Conciliarism
2200:Papal Schism
2042:Scandinavian
1934:Great Schism
1912:Nestorianism
1884:Christianity
1816:priest holes
1697:Chalcedonian
1660:Christianity
1614:Great Church
1422:Resurrection
1204:
1185:
1174:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1097:
1089:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1003:
995:
989:
981:
976:
968:
949:
928:
916:
895:
879:
871:
867:
866:rather than
863:
855:
843:
831:
804:
792:
780:
768:
764:
752:
740:
728:
709:
696:
684:
672:
660:
656:
644:
632:
620:
608:
596:
591:, p. 52
584:
580:
575:, p. 51
568:
512:
510:
506:
502:
492:
488:
485:
475:
471:
460:
443:
435:
427:
419:Martin Bucer
406:
405:(1527), and
402:
398:
394:
388:
379:
349:
344:
340:
333:
314:
309:
304:A Refutation
303:
300:circumcision
283:
281:
262:
260:
255:
254:(1527), and
252:A Refutation
251:
247:
243:
226:in favor of
213:
185:
162:
157:
153:
139:
130:
112:doctrine of
107:
80:
60:Zwinglianism
59:
37:theology of
36:
34:
2887:Catholicism
2824:Protestants
2818:Evangelical
2493:39 Articles
2488:Elizabethan
2465:Anglicanism
2445:Westminster
2355:Melanchthon
2318:Lutheranism
2283:Nicodemites
2261:Arminianism
2232:Reformation
2173:Bonaventure
2148:Inquisition
2143:Waldensians
2093:Investiture
2071:Kievan Rus'
2027:Anglo-Saxon
2007:Pelagianism
1999:Middle Ages
1922:Iconodulism
1797:Thomas More
1718:Catholicism
1640:Monasticism
1623:Constantine
1548:Persecution
1506:Adoptionism
1491:Ante-Nicene
1434:Holy Spirit
1417:Crucifixion
1388:Origins and
1289:2nd and 3rd
1202:(in German)
701:Potter 1976
530:Lutheranism
491:(1523) and
474:(1510) and
431:Christology
330:Memorialism
220:Anabaptists
188:Holy Spirit
156:(1522) and
2904:Categories
2609:Revivalism
2530:Anabaptism
2478:Henry VIII
2303:Literature
1927:Iconoclasm
1907:Chrysostom
1860:Vatican II
1826:Jansenists
1812:Mass rocks
1748:Lateran IV
1667:Athanasius
1587:Tertullian
1531:Marcionism
1526:Gnosticism
1479:Revelation
1397:Background
1206:Zwingliana
1032:vol. VI, 2
1028:vol. VI, 1
909:References
824:Schaff, P.
497:Swiss Diet
440:, saying:
324:See also:
320:Eucharist
236:Felix Manz
179:, and the
154:Archeteles
99:a covenant
87:Anabaptism
29:Hans Asper
2775:Ecumenism
2725:Adventism
2715:Mormonism
2651:Millerism
2646:Methodism
2601:1640–1789
2503:Civil War
2450:Orthodoxy
2405:Huguenots
2387:Calvinism
2372:Eucharist
2367:Orthodoxy
2251:Eucharist
2183:Five Ways
2133:Dulcinian
2086:Pomerania
2012:Gregory I
1856:Vatican I
1846:Modernism
1831:Molinists
1821:Guadalupe
1692:Chalcedon
1687:Ephesus I
1677:Augustine
1553:Apostolic
1536:Montanism
1501:Diversity
1277:Centuries
1215:0254-4407
1040:vol. XIII
525:Calvinism
384:communion
376:patristic
336:Eucharist
240:rebaptism
177:schoolmen
136:Scripture
2867:Theology
2855:Missions
2850:Timeline
2822:Mainline
2770:Pacifism
2619:Baptists
2538:Theology
2498:Puritans
2473:Timeline
2415:Scotland
2343:Theology
2190:Wycliffe
2138:Crusades
2113:Bogomils
2066:Bulgaria
2022:Germanic
1974:Ethiopia
1872:Timeline
1650:Nicaea I
1645:Councils
1577:Irenaeus
1572:Ignatius
1567:Polycarp
1521:Donatism
1516:Docetism
1511:Arianism
1412:Ministry
1036:vol. VII
1016:vol. III
708:(2006),
519:See also
415:Hercules
401:(1527),
397:(1527),
352:humanist
347:(1523).
292:covenant
258:(1530).
250:(1525),
246:(1525),
169:councils
165:Catholic
150:theology
110:Catholic
95:covenant
64:Reformed
50:and the
2860:Martyrs
2656:Pietism
2586:Ausbund
2558:Müntzer
2483:Cranmer
2430:Baptism
2395:Zwingli
2246:Erasmus
2195:Avignon
2178:Aquinas
2168:Francis
2163:Dominic
2123:Cathars
2118:Bosnian
2108:Bernard
2103:Abelard
2076:Moravia
2061:Bohemia
2047:Iceland
1969:Serbian
1949:Georgia
1944:Armenia
1882:Eastern
1783:Jesuits
1459:Gospels
1407:Baptism
1020:vol. IV
1012:vol. II
929:Zwingli
864:justice
511:In his
411:Goliath
296:Abraham
216:baptism
210:Baptism
192:gospels
146:Zwingli
103:Abraham
83:baptism
72:Zwingli
62:is the
56:gospels
25:woodcut
2548:Grebel
2400:Calvin
2326:Luther
2220:Synods
2098:Anselm
2081:Poland
2037:Gothic
2032:Franks
2017:Celtic
1984:Russia
1964:Syriac
1954:Greece
1841:Teresa
1788:Xavier
1726:Papacy
1672:Jerome
1592:Origen
1493:period
1268:Spread
1213:
1079:Vol. 2
1024:vol. V
1008:vol. I
986:vol. 1
956:
937:
716:
472:The Ox
464:Zürich
366:using
271:Spirit
175:, the
171:, the
31:, 1531
2782:solae
2780:Five
2573:Smyth
2425:TULIP
2348:Bible
2056:Slavs
1959:Egypt
1917:Icons
1768:Trent
1758:Leo X
1655:Creed
561:Notes
449:State
298:. As
181:popes
142:Bible
101:with
44:Bible
2832:left
2830:and
2820:and
2670:and
2668:Neo-
2435:Dort
2420:Knox
2266:Wars
1858:and
1814:and
1807:Wars
1464:Acts
1379:21st
1374:20th
1369:19th
1364:18th
1359:17th
1354:16th
1349:15th
1344:14th
1339:13th
1334:12th
1329:11th
1324:10th
1211:ISSN
954:ISBN
935:ISBN
870:for
714:ISBN
421:and
413:, a
368:John
334:The
328:and
234:and
140:The
35:The
2377:Art
2235:and
2210:Hus
1773:Art
1319:9th
1314:8th
1309:7th
1304:6th
1299:5th
1294:4th
1284:1st
267:sin
261:In
27:by
2906::
1699:/
1555:/
1069:.
1038:;
1034:;
1030:;
1026:;
1022:;
1018:;
1010:;
988:,
984:,
816:^
354:,
105:.
58:.
1616:)
1612:(
1244:e
1237:t
1230:v
1217:.
1191:.
1179:.
1169:.
1157:.
1145:.
1133:.
1121:.
1042:.
1014:;
973:.
963:.
944:.
921:.
723:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
