459:
451:
2774:
Dernis, Emmanuelle; Ruyssen-Witrand, Adeline; Mouterde, Gaël; Maillefert, Jean-Francis; Tebib, Jacques; Cantagrel, Alain; Claudepierre, Pascal; Fautrel, Bruno; Gaudin, Philippe; Pham, Thao; Schaeverbeke, Thierry; Wendling, Daniel; Saraux, Alain; Loët, Xavier Le (October 2010). "Use of glucocorticoids
1066:
To confirm inappropriately low cortisol secretion, testing can include baseline morning cortisol level in the blood or morning cortisol level in the saliva. Cortisol levels typically peak in the morning; thus, low values indicate true adrenal insufficiency. Urinary free cortisol can also be measured,
1062:
If a patient is suspected to be experiencing an acute adrenal crisis, immediate treatment with IV corticosteroids is imperative and should not be delayed for any testing, as the patient's health can deteriorate rapidly and result in death without replacing the corticosteroids. Dexamethasone should be
353:(CRH) production, causing downstream reduction in ACTH production and subsequently decreasing adrenal stimulation. Since the adrenal glands are not directly affected, the effect on mineralocorticoid production is minimal, as ACTH primarily affects glucocorticoid production. Principal causes include:
518:
In adrenal insufficiency, there is a deficiency in cortisol production which may be accompanied by a deficiency in aldosterone production (predominantly in primary adrenal insufficiency). Depending on the cause and type of adrenal insufficiency, the mechanism of the disease differs. Generally, the
1516:
Primary adrenal insufficiency predisposes to higher risk of death, mostly due to infection, cardiovascular disease, and adrenal crisis. Delayed diagnosis can impair quality of life, and lack of treatment brings high mortality. However, with proper diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment, people with
1074:
is the best initial test as it can differentiate between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency. If cortisol levels remain low following ACTH stimulation, then the diagnosis is primary adrenal insufficiency. If cortisol levels increase following ACTH stimulation, then the diagnosis is either
1058:
The first step of diagnosing adrenal insufficiency is confirming inappropriately low cortisol secretion. This is followed by determining the origin of dysfunction (adrenal glands, pituitary gland, or hypothalamus) and therefore the type of adrenal insufficiency (primary, secondary, or tertiary).
996:
suppress release of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). With prolonged suppression, the adrenal glands atrophy (physically shrink), and can take months to recover full function after discontinuation of the exogenous glucocorticoid.
1413:
In general, the treatment of adrenal insufficiency requires replacement of deficient hormones, as well as treatment of any underlying cause. All types of adrenal insufficiency will require glucocorticoid repletion. Many cases (typically, primary adrenal insufficiency) will also require
976:) which can take up space and interfere with the secretion of pituitary hormones such as ACTH, therefore leading to decreased adrenal stimulation (secondary adrenal insufficiency). The same can occur with masses in the hypothalamus (tertiary adrenal insufficiency).
131:
may occur if a person having adrenal insufficiency experiences stresses, such as an accident, injury, surgery, or severe infection; this is a life-threatening medical condition resulting from severe deficiency of cortisol in the body. Death may quickly follow.
299:(ACTH) production and subsequent decreased adrenal stimulation. Since the adrenal glands are not directly affected, the effect on mineralocorticoid production is minimal, as ACTH primarily affects glucocorticoid production. Principal causes include:
2907:
Bornstein, Stefan R.; Allolio, Bruno; Arlt, Wiebke; Barthel, Andreas; Don-Wauchope, Andrew; Hammer, Gary D.; Husebye, Eystein S.; Merke, Deborah P.; Murad, M. Hassan; Stratakis, Constantine A.; Torpy, David J. (February 2016).
934:
649:. Thus, dysfunction of the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus does not affect the production of aldosterone. However, in primary adrenal insufficiency, damage to the adrenal cortex (e.g. autoimmune adrenalitis a.k.a.
514:
loop. The types of adrenal insufficiency thus refer to the level of the axis in which the dysfunction originates: primary, secondary, and tertiary for adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus, respectively.
3002:
2983:
2968:
534:
and disrupt production of androgens, which are precursors to testosterone and estrogen. This leads to a deficiency of sex hormones and can contribute to symptoms of depression and menstrual irregularities.
997:
During this recovery time, the person is vulnerable to adrenal insufficiency during times of stress, such as illness, due to both adrenal atrophy and suppression of CRH and ACTH release. Use of steroids
321:
use: Exogenous corticosteroids suppress the stimulation of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland to secrete CRH and ACTH, respectively. These cases may present with symptoms of cortisol excess (see
309:: Tumors in the pituitary gland can suppress production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). High-dose irradiation (>30 Gy) to the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland can cause ACTH deficiency.
1076:
926:
519:
symptoms manifest through the systemic effects of cortisol and aldosterone. In secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency, there is no effect on the production of aldosterone within the
930:
47:
422:
can present with tanning of the skin that may be patchy or even all over the body. Characteristic sites of tanning are skin creases (e.g. of the hands) and the inside of the cheek (
1079:
can then differentiate between secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency. Additional testing can include basal plasma ACTH, renin, and aldosterone concentrations, as well as a
454:
Diagram detailing the hypothalamusâpituitaryâadrenal axis in the normal state, primary adrenal insufficiency, secondary adrenal insufficiency, and tertiary adrenal insufficiency
922:
151:
do not produce adequate amounts of the hormones that assist in regulating adrenal function. This is called secondary adrenal insufficiency (when caused by lack of production of
668:. This results in the absorption of sodium (with resulting retention of fluid) and the excretion of potassium. Deficiency of aldosterone leads to urinary loss of sodium and
1414:
mineralocorticoid repletion. In rarer cases, repletion of androgens may also be indicated, typically in female patients with mood disturbances and changes in well-being.
708:
99:. These hormones are important in regulating blood pressure, electrolytes, and metabolism as a whole. Deficiency of these hormones leads to symptoms ranging from
2007:
1746:
Nicolaides, Nicolas C.; Chrousos, George P.; Charmandari, Evangelia (2000), Feingold, Kenneth R.; Anawalt, Bradley; Boyce, Alison; Chrousos, George (eds.),
749:
Causes of adrenal insufficiency can be categorized by the mechanism through which they cause the adrenal glands to produce insufficient cortisol. These are
2324:
Arai, Keiko; Papadopoulou-Marketou, Nektaria; Chrousos, George P. (2000), Feingold, Kenneth R.; Anawalt, Bradley; Boyce, Alison; Chrousos, George (eds.),
1993:
613:
Although the production of aldosterone occurs within the adrenal cortex, it is not induced by adrenocorticotropic (ACTH); instead, it is regulated by the
593:
In primary adrenal insufficiency, the lack of negative feedback from cortisol leads to increased production of CRH and ACTH. ACTH is derived from
3080:
510:(ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol. High levels of cortisol inhibit the production of both CRH and ACTH, forming a
2779:] modalities of glucocorticoid therapy: Recommendations for clinical practice based on data from the literature and expert opinion".
499:
1923:
1086:
Depending on the type of adrenal insufficiency, there are many possible causes and therefore many different avenues of testing (see
1063:
used as the corticosteroid of choice in these cases as it is the only corticosteroid that will not affect diagnostic test results.
800:
601:, which regulates production of melanin in the skin. The overproduction of α-MSH leads to the characteristic hyperpigmentation of
2861:
Betterle C, Presotto F, Furmaniak J (December 2019). "Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of
Addison's disease in adults".
2723:
1099:
1094:); therefore, 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies should be checked. Structural abnormalities of the adrenal glands can be detected on
2027:"Hypothalamic-Pituitary and Growth Disorders in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline"
563:
secretion in the pancreas. Overall, these actions cause the body to use fat stores and muscle for energy. Deficiency results in
942:
2688:
3195:
2412:
1023:
938:
867:
772:
is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in the industrialised world, causing 80â90% of cases since 1950.
700:
3073:
907:
827:
may also present with this syndrome. Other diseases that are more common in people with autoimmune adrenalitis include
19:
This article is about medically-recognized chronic adrenal insufficiency. For a term used in alternative medicine, see
2825:
2534:
Winqvist O, Karlsson FA, KĂ€mpe O (June 1992). "21-Hydroxylase, a major autoantigen in idiopathic
Addison's disease".
1102:
can be obtained to detect structural abnormalities such as masses, metastasis, hemorrhage, infarction, or infection.
785:
906:, which is then converted biochemically into steroid hormones. Interruptions in the delivery of cholesterol include
660:
Aldosterone acts on mineralocorticoid receptors on epithelial cells lining the distal convoluted tubule, activating
3333:
247:
40:
adrenocortical insufficiency, hypocorticalism, hypocortisolism, hypoadrenocorticism, hypocorticism, hypoadrenalism
3120:
1945:
503:
498:
to regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance. Adrenal hormone production is controlled by the
350:
156:
312:
Surgery or radiation: Pituitary gland surgery and/or radiation can lead to destruction of ACTH-producing tissue.
3253:
2000:
1537:
918:
598:
197:
140:
3146:
3066:
1526:
135:
Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by dysfunction of the adrenal gland itself, whether by destruction (e.g.
2910:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline"
2641:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline"
1435:(Decadron) may be used if diagnostic studies are necessary, as dexamethasone does not affect testing results
2696:
1558:(hypoadrenia) â a term used in alternative medicine to describe a believed exhaustion of the adrenal glands
669:
614:
524:
735:
507:
296:
193:), which has been identified to be the cause of 80â90% of primary adrenal insufficiency cases since 1950.
152:
83:. The adrenal glandsâalso referred to as the adrenal cortexânormally secrete glucocorticoids (primarily
2075:
820:
630:
3188:
1209:
871:
828:
684:
665:
661:
251:
1540:(CAH) is the most common cause of adrenal insufficiency, with an incidence 1 in 14,200 live births.
3110:
3017:
2025:
Sklar, CA; Antal, Z; Chemaitilly, W; Cohen, LE; Follin, C; Meacham, LR; Murad, MH (1 August 2018).
968:
Adrenal insufficiency can also result when a patient has a brain mass in the pituitary gland (e.g.
804:
626:
2581:"Clinical manifestations and management of patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I"
2402:
1482:
677:
395:
2121:
Jessani, Naureen; Jehangir, Waqas; Behman, Daisy; Yousif, Abdalla; Spiler, Ira J. (April 2015).
3162:
1567:
1533:. The prevalence of Addison's disease ranges from 5 to 221 per million in different countries.
1530:
1498:
1015:
840:
816:
715:
625:
of the kidney is induced by decreased arterial blood pressure, decreased sodium content in the
190:
2977:
2815:
1561:
1440:
Supportive measures and correction of any additional issues such as electrolyte abnormalities
1264:
1080:
1071:
328:
322:
2749:
2431:"Critical Illness-induced Corticosteroid Insufficiency: What It Is Not and What It Could Be"
1090:
above). For primary adrenal insufficiency, the most common cause is autoimmune adrenalitis (
3235:
3181:
3089:
2639:
Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, Barthel A, Don-Wauchope A, Hammer GD, et al. (2016).
1931:
1549:
1310:
1091:
1059:
After narrowing down the source, further testing can elucidate the cause of insufficiency.
1019:
911:
847:
769:
650:
622:
602:
419:
399:
387:
201:
186:
136:
8:
3204:
3006:
2074:
Montgomery ND, Dunphy CH, Mooberry M, Laramore A, Foster MC, Park SI, Fedoriw YD (2013).
1318:
673:
634:
594:
155:(ACTH) in the pituitary gland) or tertiary adrenal insufficiency (when caused by lack of
120:
687:
does not cause a negative sodium balance (in fact a positive sodium balance may occur).
642:
462:
The adrenal cortex produces different hormones in different areas of the organs, called
3312:
3230:
3212:
2934:
2909:
2886:
2844:
2665:
2640:
2561:
2463:
2430:
2283:
2243:
2210:
2147:
2122:
2103:
2056:
887:
638:
334:
167:
There are three major types of adrenal insufficiency, depending on the affected organ.
3011:
2727:
1892:
3297:
3245:
3105:
2939:
2890:
2878:
2821:
2796:
2670:
2602:
2597:
2580:
2553:
2549:
2516:
2468:
2450:
2408:
2379:
2333:
2295:
2287:
2248:
2230:
2186:
2152:
2095:
2048:
1975:
1904:
1896:
1852:
1755:
1035:
973:
969:
946:
511:
485:
375:
306:
302:
179:
88:
59:
2565:
2226:
2209:
Videira, InĂȘs
Ferreira dos Santos; Moura, Daniel Filipe Lima; Magina, Sofia (2013).
2107:
2060:
1599:
3225:
3046:
2929:
2921:
2870:
2788:
2700:
2660:
2652:
2592:
2545:
2506:
2458:
2442:
2369:
2279:
2238:
2222:
2142:
2134:
2087:
2038:
1986:
1965:
1888:
1306:
1010:
704:
583:
494:
480:
2358:"Body Water Homeostasis: Clinical Disorders of Urinary Dilution and Concentration"
784:(a phenomenon first described in 1992). This may be isolated or in the context of
672:, as well as retention of potassium. This can cause hypotension (in severe cases,
3022:
2792:
2403:
Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007).
1555:
1314:
1043:
998:
993:
812:
808:
739:
544:
292:
264:
239:
221:
211:
144:
108:
80:
20:
1876:
1009:
All causes in this category are genetic, and generally very rare. These include
695:
Causes of acute adrenal insufficiency are mainly sudden withdrawal of long-term
139:), failure of development (e.g. adrenal dysgenesis), or enzyme deficiency (e.g.
2874:
2325:
2178:
1875:
Bancos, Irina; Hahner, Stefanie; Tomlinson, Jeremy; Arlt, Wiebke (2015-03-01).
1844:
1747:
1454:
1428:
989:
883:
832:
781:
777:
696:
579:
471:
318:
283:
Acquired: Bilateral
Adrenalectomy to treat recurrent Cushing's Disease/Syndrome
215:
175:
128:
100:
2996:
2992:
2091:
707:
in people with underlying chronic adrenal insufficiency. The latter is termed
3327:
3307:
3279:
2454:
2446:
2291:
2234:
1970:
1953:
1900:
1466:
1432:
1031:
575:
423:
243:
124:
76:
64:
2267:
3302:
3220:
3097:
2943:
2882:
2800:
2674:
2621:
2606:
2520:
2511:
2494:
2472:
2383:
2374:
2357:
2337:
2299:
2252:
2190:
2156:
2099:
2052:
1979:
1908:
1856:
1759:
1325:
950:
949:
mutations. Some medications interfere with steroid synthesis enzymes (e.g.
879:
824:
773:
757:(the gland is present but is biochemically unable to produce cortisol), or
719:
564:
439:
435:
371:
346:
207:
148:
2557:
2043:
2026:
1322:
458:
3274:
3138:
2925:
2753:
2656:
1213:
903:
891:
859:
743:
731:
590:, though this effect is most pronounced in mineralocorticoid deficiency.
587:
571:
552:
489:
391:
383:
379:
272:
268:
116:
92:
2960:
2138:
788:(APS type 1 or 2), in which other hormone-producing organs, such as the
390:. Additional signs and symptoms include weakness, tiredness, dizziness,
3269:
3058:
2773:
2536:
1460:
1205:
958:
863:
851:
850:(ALD). Destruction also occurs when the adrenal glands are involved in
727:
277:
233:
229:
2123:"Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Overlooked Cause of Hyponatremia"
3041:
2849:
2579:
Husebye, E. S.; Perheentupa, J.; Rautemaa, R.; KĂ€mpe, O. (May 2009).
2008:"Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency - Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"
962:
875:
836:
548:
315:
225:
46:
730:
disease. Minor causes of chronic adrenal insufficiency are systemic
450:
988:
for more than a week begins to produce suppression of the person's
985:
953:), while others accelerate the normal breakdown of hormones by the
793:
645:, in which angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone production in the
556:
475:
431:
415:
411:
174:
is due to impairment of the adrenal glands, resulting in a lack of
104:
96:
84:
1924:"Adrenal Insufficiency (Secondary Addison's or Addison's Disease)"
1843:
Huecker, Martin R.; Bhutta, Beenish S.; Dominique, Elvita (2022),
1570:â another test used to identify sub-types of adrenal insufficiency
2323:
2266:
Nieman, Lynnette K.; Chanco Turner, Maria L. (JulyâAugust 2006).
1255:
1095:
789:
560:
403:
257:
112:
16:
Insufficient production of steroid hormones by the adrenal glands
2073:
1342:
Automatically includes diagnosis of secondary (hypopituitarism)
331:: Loss of blood flow to the pituitary gland following childbirth
2987:
2972:
2578:
2429:
TĂ©blick, Arno; Gunst, Jan; Van den Berghe, Greet (2022-06-16).
855:
427:
407:
1001:
may also result in adrenal suppression after discontinuation.
714:
For chronic adrenal insufficiency, the major contributors are
1745:
954:
618:
178:
production. Since the adrenal glands are directly affected,
2906:
2817:
Injection
Procedures: Osteoarthritis and Related Conditions
2638:
2120:
1333:
1109:
723:
567:, with associated nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weakness.
2428:
2024:
761:(the gland has not formed adequately during development).
337:: Bleeding or impaired blood supply to the pituitary gland
2860:
2177:
Thau, Lauren; Gandhi, Jayashree; Sharma, Sandeep (2022),
1874:
1476:
Mineralocorticoid deficiency (low aldosterone) treatment
633:. Renin initiates the downstream sequence of cleavage of
3173:
418:. These problems may develop gradually and insidiously.
2493:
Ten, Svetlana; New, Maria; Maclaren, Noel (July 2001).
1098:. For secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency, an
506:(CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce
2914:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
2499:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1842:
1597:
470:
When functioning normally, the adrenal glands secrete
356:
Sudden withdrawal from long-term exogenous steroid use
182:
production is also reduced. Principal causes include:
2820:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 47.
2689:"Adrenoleukodystrophy: What is Adrenoleukodystrophy?"
2533:
1352:
Only if CRH production in the hypothalamus is intact
709:
critical illnessârelated corticosteroid insufficiency
2950:
2632:
2435:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2031:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1915:
2715:
2619:
2265:
1994:"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:adrenal insufficiency"
1877:"Diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency"
1392:Usually because of very large tumor (macroadenoma)
780:is caused by an immune reaction against the enzyme
2208:
1921:
1382:Most common, does not include all possible causes
1050:is deleted together with a number of other genes.
123:, mood and personality changes (in mild cases) to
2748:Kaminstein, David S. William C. Shiel Jr. (ed.).
1075:secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency. The
753:(disease processes leading to glandular damage),
143:). Adrenal insufficiency can also occur when the
3325:
2176:
1951:
1046:deficiency with a number of other symptoms when
657:and therefore a loss of aldosterone production.
2185:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2080:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
1851:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
683:Differently from mineralocorticoid deficiency,
2726:. The Doctors' Medical Library. Archived from
2681:
2492:
2397:
2395:
2393:
597:(POMC), which is cleaved into ACTH as well as
555:(muscle breakdown) in muscle while increasing
3189:
3074:
2362:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
902:To form cortisol, the adrenal gland requires
858:cells from elsewhere in the body, especially
754:
2854:
2775:in rheumatoid arthritis â Pratical [
2067:
1070:To determine the origin of dysfunction, the
979:
890:), or the deposition of abnormal protein in
2741:
2613:
2390:
897:
543:Cortisol increases blood sugar by inducing
3196:
3182:
3081:
3067:
2332:, South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.,
1954:"JAMA patient page. Adrenal insufficiency"
1754:, South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.,
1580:
770:Autoimmune adrenalitis (Addison's disease)
716:autoimmune adrenalitis (Addison's Disease)
570:Cortisol potentiates the effectiveness of
530:Adrenal insufficiency can also affect the
45:
2933:
2664:
2596:
2510:
2462:
2373:
2242:
2146:
2076:"Diagnostic complexities of eosinophilia"
2042:
1969:
1517:adrenal insufficiency can live normally.
1448:Glucocorticoid deficiency (low cortisol)
1042:mutations may cluster in a syndrome with
608:
3088:
1445:Chronic adrenal insufficiency treatment
1258:), antibodies, environment, head injury,
878:which can spread to the adrenal cortex (
801:type 2 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome
750:
457:
449:
2355:
2326:"Aldosterone Deficiency and Resistance"
1881:The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
1372:Value less than doubles in stimulation
1034:gene (or related genes, such as in the
758:
586:. Thus, a deficiency can contribute to
551:(fat breakdown) in adipose tissue, and
3326:
2813:
2747:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
1552:â primary adrenocortical insufficiency
1492:Sex hormone deficiency (low androgen)
921:is the most common (in various forms:
799:Autoimmune adrenalitis may be part of
764:
538:
442:is a sign of secondary insufficiency.
3177:
3062:
2839:
2837:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2211:"Mechanisms regulating melanogenesis"
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2127:Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1362:Value doubles or more in stimulation
1204:tumor of the hypothalamus (adenoma),
1083:to check for electrolyte imbalances.
1067:but are not necessary for diagnosis.
1004:
502:, in which the hypothalamus produces
365:
1952:Brender E, Lynm C, Glass RM (2005).
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1077:corticotropin-releasing hormone test
1030:gene mutations and mutations to the
846:Adrenal destruction is a feature of
615:reninâangiotensinâaldosterone system
525:reninâangiotensinâaldosterone system
523:as this process is regulated by the
2721:
2479:
547:(glucose production) in the liver,
500:hypothalamicâpituitaryâadrenal axis
79:do not produce adequate amounts of
13:
2900:
2834:
2306:
2284:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.04.006
2163:
2012:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
680:), dehydration, and salt craving.
445:
394:that falls further when standing (
14:
3345:
2215:Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
1771:
1610:
1418:Adrenal crisis (acute) treatment
786:autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
653:) can lead to destruction of the
2699:. 11 March 1999 . Archived from
2598:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02090.x
1305:tumor of the adrenal (adenoma),
868:WaterhouseâFriderichsen syndrome
701:WaterhouseâFriderichsen syndrome
248:heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
2807:
2767:
2572:
2527:
2422:
2349:
2259:
2227:10.1590/S0365-05962013000100009
2202:
2114:
1598:Ashley B. Grossman, MD (2007).
1529:(Addison's disease) overall is
1520:
935:3ÎČ-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
504:corticotropin-releasing hormone
351:corticotropin-releasing hormone
345:is caused by impairment of the
291:is caused by impairment of the
289:Secondary adrenal insufficiency
238:Vascular: e.g. hemorrhage from
157:corticotropin-releasing hormone
3254:Abdominal compartment syndrome
3129:Tertiary adrenal insufficiency
2647:(Practice Guideline. Review).
2018:
1868:
1538:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
919:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
343:Tertiary adrenal insufficiency
198:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
141:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
1:
3147:Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
1893:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70142-1
1574:
1527:primary adrenal insufficiency
1024:congenital adrenal hypoplasia
172:Primary adrenal insufficiency
127:and shock (in severe cases).
2793:10.1016/j.jbspin.2009.12.010
2697:Medical College of Wisconsin
2620:Thomas A Wilson, MD (2007).
2585:Journal of Internal Medicine
2550:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91829-W
1564:â overproduction of cortisol
1511:
1424:Intravenous glucocorticoids
1408:
1053:
823:, and Hashimoto's disease).
670:effective circulating volume
370:Signs and symptoms include:
260:(tumor) of the adrenal gland
159:(CRH) in the hypothalamus).
75:is a condition in which the
7:
1928:NIH Publication No. 90-3054
1922:Eileen K. Corrigan (2007).
1543:
1463:(brand name: Deltasone), or
1402:Includes Addison's disease
1309:, antibodies, environment,
1087:
917:Of the synthesis problems,
508:adrenocorticotropic hormone
297:adrenocorticotropic hormone
242:, adrenal vein thrombosis,
153:adrenocorticotropic hormone
10:
3350:
2875:10.1007/s40618-019-01079-6
2407:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
1105:
908:SmithâLemliâOpitz syndrome
662:epithelial sodium channels
18:
3290:
3262:
3244:
3211:
3203:
3155:
3137:
3119:
3096:
3032:
2954:
2750:"Steroid Drug Withdrawal"
2092:10.5858/arpa.2011-0597-RA
1525:The most common cause of
980:Corticosteroid withdrawal
872:antiphospholipid syndrome
829:premature ovarian failure
690:
685:glucocorticoid deficiency
559:secretion and decreasing
349:, resulting in a lack of
295:, resulting in a lack of
263:Deposition disease: e.g.
252:antiphospholipid syndrome
58:
53:
44:
36:
31:
3111:Adiposogenital dystrophy
2814:Stitik, Todd P. (2010).
2495:"Addison's Disease 2001"
1971:10.1001/jama.294.19.2528
1479:Oral mineralocorticoids
1457:(brand name: Cortef), or
1254:tumor of the pituitary (
898:Impaired steroidogenesis
796:, may also be affected.
755:impaired steroidogenesis
627:distal convoluted tubule
162:
3334:Adrenal gland disorders
2645:J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2626:Adrenal Gland Disorders
2622:"Adrenal Insufficiency"
2405:Robbins Basic Pathology
2356:Schrier, R. W. (2006).
1845:"Adrenal Insufficiency"
1748:"Adrenal Insufficiency"
1604:Adrenal Gland Disorders
1038:or Allgrove syndrome).
821:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
678:orthostatic hypotension
400:cardiovascular collapse
396:orthostatic hypotension
3163:Hypothalamic hamartoma
2845:Addison Disease~workup
2512:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7636
2447:10.1210/clinem/dgac201
2375:10.1681/ASN.2006030240
2272:Clinics in Dermatology
2179:"Physiology, Cortisol"
1568:Insulin tolerance test
1531:autoimmune adrenalitis
1499:Dehydroepiandrosterone
1485:(brand name: Florinef)
1469:(brand name: Decadron)
992:because the exogenous
817:autoimmune thyroiditis
609:Aldosterone deficiency
467:
455:
244:hypercoagulable states
191:autoimmune adrenalitis
2044:10.1210/jc.2018-01175
1451:Oral glucocorticoids
1081:blood chemistry panel
1072:ACTH stimulation test
941:due to deficiency of
623:juxtaglomerular cells
461:
453:
434:may also be present.
73:Adrenal insufficiency
32:Adrenal insufficiency
3236:Toxic shock syndrome
3090:Hypothalamic disease
2926:10.1210/jc.2015-1710
2657:10.1210/jc.2015-1710
1317:, surgical removal (
1020:transcription factor
912:abetalipoproteinemia
848:adrenoleukodystrophy
803:, which can include
595:pro-opiomelanocortin
280:: undetermined cause
202:adrenoleukodystrophy
2863:J Endocrinol Invest
2724:"Addison's Disease"
2268:"Addison's disease"
2139:10.14740/jocmr2041w
1600:"Addison's Disease"
1114:Source of pathology
776:destruction of the
765:Adrenal destruction
751:adrenal destruction
676:), dizziness (from
539:Cortisol deficiency
3313:Vasodilatory shock
3231:Anaphylactic shock
3033:External resources
1562:Cushing's syndrome
1421:Intravenous fluids
1265:Sheehan's syndrome
1005:Adrenal dysgenesis
888:coccidioidomycosis
759:adrenal dysgenesis
666:Naâș/Kâș-ATPase pump
621:production in the
527:(RAAS), not ACTH.
486:mineralocorticoids
468:
456:
392:low blood pressure
366:Signs and symptoms
335:Pituitary apoplexy
329:Sheehan's syndrome
323:Cushing's syndrome
117:low blood pressure
89:mineralocorticoids
3321:
3320:
3171:
3170:
3106:Kallmann syndrome
3056:
3055:
2869:(12): 1407â1433.
2703:on 9 January 2000
2544:(8809): 1559â62.
2414:978-1-4160-2973-1
1550:Addison's disease
1406:
1405:
1332:
1331:
1311:Addison's disease
1092:Addison's disease
984:Use of high-dose
974:craniopharyngioma
970:pituitary adenoma
947:mitochondrial DNA
841:pernicious anemia
835:, and autoimmune
811:, and autoimmune
736:fungal infections
651:Addison's disease
603:Addison's disease
512:negative feedback
420:Addison's disease
376:hyperpigmentation
307:craniopharyngioma
303:Pituitary adenoma
196:Congenital: e.g.
187:Addison's disease
185:Autoimmune: e.g.
180:mineralocorticoid
137:Addison's disease
70:
69:
26:Medical condition
3341:
3226:Neurogenic shock
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3059:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2895:
2894:
2858:
2852:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2781:Joint Bone Spine
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2505:(7): 2909â2922.
2490:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2441:(7): 2057â2064.
2426:
2420:
2418:
2399:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2321:
2304:
2303:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2046:
2037:(8): 2761â2784.
2022:
2016:
2015:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1930:. Archived from
1919:
1913:
1912:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1840:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1743:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1334:
1261:surgical removal
1110:
1100:MRI of the brain
999:joint injections
655:zona glomerulosa
647:zona glomerulosa
631:sympathetic tone
629:, and increased
584:vasoconstriction
532:zona reticularis
521:zona glomerulosa
495:zona glomerulosa
481:zona fasciculata
438:may also occur.
256:Neoplasia: e.g.
206:Infection: e.g.
81:steroid hormones
49:
29:
28:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3286:
3258:
3240:
3207:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3151:
3133:
3115:
3092:
3087:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3028:
3027:
2963:
2903:
2901:Further reading
2898:
2859:
2855:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2746:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2637:
2633:
2618:
2614:
2577:
2573:
2532:
2528:
2491:
2480:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2401:Table 20-7 in:
2400:
2391:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2322:
2307:
2264:
2260:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2175:
2164:
2119:
2115:
2072:
2068:
2023:
2019:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1920:
1916:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1841:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1744:
1611:
1596:
1581:
1577:
1556:Adrenal fatigue
1546:
1523:
1514:
1495:Oral androgens
1483:Fludrocortisone
1411:
1328:of the adrenal
1274:
1259:
1223:
1212:(i.e. toxins),
1173:
1108:
1056:
1044:glycerol kinase
1007:
994:glucocorticoids
982:
931:11ÎČ-hydroxylase
927:17α-hydroxylase
900:
815:(also known as
813:thyroid disease
809:hyperthyroidism
805:type 1 diabetes
767:
740:hemochromatosis
693:
664:(ENaC) and the
635:angiotensinogen
611:
545:gluconeogenesis
541:
472:glucocorticoids
448:
446:Pathophysiology
368:
293:pituitary gland
265:hemochromatosis
222:anticonvulsants
165:
145:pituitary gland
109:muscle weakness
27:
24:
21:Adrenal fatigue
17:
12:
11:
5:
3347:
3337:
3336:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3014:
2999:
2980:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:Classification
2949:
2948:
2920:(2): 364â389.
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2853:
2833:
2826:
2806:
2787:(5): 451â457.
2766:
2740:
2722:Kennedy, Ron.
2714:
2693:MCW HealthLink
2680:
2631:
2612:
2591:(5): 514â529.
2571:
2526:
2478:
2421:
2413:
2389:
2368:(7): 1820â32.
2348:
2305:
2278:(4): 276â280.
2258:
2201:
2162:
2133:(4): 286â288.
2113:
2066:
2017:
1999:
1985:
1944:
1914:
1887:(3): 216â226.
1867:
1770:
1609:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1455:Hydrocortisone
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1429:hydrocortisone
1422:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:adrenal glands
1268:
1267:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1055:
1052:
1006:
1003:
990:adrenal glands
981:
978:
923:21-hydroxylase
899:
896:
884:histoplasmosis
874:), particular
833:celiac disease
782:21-hydroxylase
778:adrenal cortex
766:
763:
697:corticosteroid
692:
689:
643:angiotensin II
610:
607:
580:norepinephrine
576:catecholamines
572:angiotensin II
540:
537:
447:
444:
388:disorientation
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
360:
357:
340:
339:
338:
332:
326:
319:corticosteroid
313:
310:
286:
285:
284:
281:
275:
261:
254:
236:
218:
216:histoplasmosis
204:
194:
176:glucocorticoid
164:
161:
129:Adrenal crisis
101:abdominal pain
77:adrenal glands
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3346:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Cryptic shock
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3280:Osmotic shock
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2829:
2827:9780387765952
2823:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2730:on 2013-04-12
2729:
2725:
2718:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:(2): 364â89.
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:(2): 259â69.
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1934:on 2008-09-15
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1536:In children,
1534:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1468:
1467:Dexamethasone
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1433:dexamethasone
1431:(Cortef) but
1430:
1426:
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1423:
1420:
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1417:
1416:
1415:
1401:
1399:
1396:
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1127:
1125:
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1120:
1117:
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1103:
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1097:
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1084:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:ACTH receptor
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1002:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
977:
975:
971:
966:
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948:
944:
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936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
762:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
688:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:angiotensin I
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
606:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
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558:
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546:
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533:
528:
526:
522:
516:
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497:
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491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
465:
460:
452:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:buccal mucosa
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
358:
355:
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237:
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231:
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219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
192:
189:(also called
188:
184:
183:
181:
177:
173:
170:
169:
168:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
125:organ failure
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
65:Endocrinology
63:
61:
57:
54:Adrenal gland
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
3303:Spinal shock
3221:Septic shock
3213:Distributive
3128:
3098:Gonadotropin
3040:
3016:
3001:
2982:
2967:
2917:
2913:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2843:
2816:
2809:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2743:
2732:. Retrieved
2728:the original
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2701:the original
2692:
2683:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2625:
2615:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2502:
2498:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2419:8th edition.
2404:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2341:, retrieved
2329:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2221:(1): 76â83.
2218:
2214:
2204:
2194:, retrieved
2182:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1988:
1964:(19): 2528.
1961:
1957:
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1927:
1917:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1860:, retrieved
1848:
1763:, retrieved
1751:
1603:
1535:
1524:
1521:Epidemiology
1515:
1412:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1326:tuberculosis
1271:
1260:
1220:
1171:hypothalamus
1170:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1085:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1039:
1027:
1014:
1008:
983:
967:
951:ketoconazole
916:
901:
880:tuberculosis
854:(seeding of
845:
825:Hypogonadism
798:
768:
748:
720:tuberculosis
713:
694:
682:
659:
654:
646:
612:
592:
569:
565:hypoglycemia
542:
531:
529:
520:
517:
493:
488:(primarily,
479:
474:(primarily,
469:
463:
440:Hyponatremia
436:Eosinophilia
404:muscle aches
372:hypoglycemia
369:
359:Brain tumors
347:hypothalamus
342:
288:
220:Drugs: e.g.
208:tuberculosis
171:
166:
149:hypothalamus
134:
72:
71:
3298:Cardiogenic
3275:Hypovolemia
3246:Obstructive
3139:Vasopressin
2754:MedicineNet
1224:(secondary)
1214:head injury
1210:environment
1144:aldosterone
904:cholesterol
892:amyloidosis
744:sarcoidosis
732:amyloidosis
588:hypotension
553:proteolysis
490:aldosterone
384:weight loss
380:dehydration
273:sarcoidosis
269:amyloidosis
93:aldosterone
91:(primarily
37:Other names
3270:Hemorrhage
3263:Low-volume
2734:2015-07-29
2537:The Lancet
2343:2022-11-08
2196:2022-11-08
2183:StatPearls
1938:2008-08-22
1862:2022-11-02
1849:StatPearls
1765:2022-11-02
1575:References
1461:Prednisone
1427:typically
1206:antibodies
1174:(tertiary)
1096:CT imaging
959:rifampicin
939:lipoid CAH
876:infections
864:hemorrhage
852:metastasis
774:Autoimmune
728:metastatic
278:Idiopathic
234:rifampicin
230:metyrapone
121:depression
3042:eMedicine
2891:197663861
2850:eMedicine
2455:1945-7197
2292:0738-081X
2235:0365-0596
1901:2213-8587
1512:Prognosis
1409:Treatment
1319:resection
1275:(primary)
1221:pituitary
1054:Diagnosis
1011:mutations
963:phenytoin
866:(e.g. in
837:gastritis
699:therapy,
549:lipolysis
492:) in the
478:) in the
316:Exogenous
226:etomidate
97:androgens
60:Specialty
3328:Category
3047:emerg/16
2944:26760044
2883:31321757
2801:20471886
2759:10 April
2675:26760044
2607:19382991
2566:19666235
2521:11443143
2473:35358303
2384:16738014
2338:25905305
2330:Endotext
2300:16828409
2253:23539007
2191:30855827
2157:25699130
2108:17918640
2100:23368869
2061:51601915
2053:29982476
1980:16287965
1909:25098712
1857:28722862
1760:25905309
1752:Endotext
1544:See also
1139:cortisol
1036:Triple A
986:steroids
794:pancreas
617:(RAAS).
578:such as
557:glucagon
476:cortisol
432:vitiligo
416:diarrhea
412:vomiting
246:such as
105:vomiting
85:cortisol
3156:General
3023:D000309
2935:4880116
2707:5 April
2666:4880116
2558:1351548
2464:9202732
2244:3699939
2148:4330026
1323:miliary
1256:adenoma
1106:Effects
1026:due to
1013:to the
790:thyroid
561:insulin
258:adenoma
147:or the
113:fatigue
95:), and
2942:
2932:
2889:
2881:
2824:
2799:
2673:
2663:
2605:
2564:
2556:
2519:
2471:
2461:
2453:
2411:
2382:
2336:
2298:
2290:
2251:
2241:
2233:
2189:
2155:
2145:
2106:
2098:
2059:
2051:
1978:
1907:
1899:
1855:
1758:
1501:(DHEA)
1315:trauma
1307:stress
1251:normal
1242:normal
1192:normal
1164:Causes
1134:DHEA-S
1088:Causes
957:(e.g.
856:cancer
742:, and
726:, and
705:stress
703:, and
691:Causes
428:Goitre
414:, and
408:nausea
386:, and
240:sepsis
3291:Other
3205:Shock
3012:255.4
2997:E27.4
2993:E27.1
2887:S2CID
2562:S2CID
2104:S2CID
2057:S2CID
1149:renin
1048:DAX-1
1040:DAX-1
1028:DAX-1
955:liver
839:with
674:shock
619:Renin
599:α-MSH
464:zonas
163:Types
3018:MeSH
3007:9-CM
2978:5A74
2940:PMID
2879:PMID
2822:ISBN
2797:PMID
2761:2013
2709:2024
2671:PMID
2603:PMID
2554:PMID
2517:PMID
2469:PMID
2451:ISSN
2409:ISBN
2380:PMID
2334:PMID
2296:PMID
2288:ISSN
2249:PMID
2231:ISSN
2187:PMID
2153:PMID
2096:PMID
2049:PMID
1976:PMID
1958:JAMA
1905:PMID
1897:ISSN
1853:PMID
1756:PMID
1302:high
1296:high
1287:high
1284:high
1281:high
1278:high
1227:high
1129:DHEA
1124:ACTH
945:and
943:StAR
933:and
910:and
860:lung
792:and
724:AIDS
574:and
484:and
430:and
250:and
111:and
3121:CRH
3003:ICD
2984:ICD
2969:ICD
2930:PMC
2922:doi
2918:101
2871:doi
2848:at
2789:doi
2777:sic
2661:PMC
2653:doi
2649:101
2593:doi
2589:265
2546:doi
2542:339
2507:doi
2459:PMC
2443:doi
2439:107
2370:doi
2280:doi
2239:PMC
2223:doi
2143:PMC
2135:doi
2088:doi
2084:137
2039:doi
2035:103
1966:doi
1962:294
1889:doi
1321:),
1299:low
1293:low
1290:low
1248:low
1245:low
1239:low
1236:low
1233:low
1230:low
1201:low
1198:low
1195:low
1189:low
1186:low
1183:low
1180:low
1177:low
1119:CRH
1016:SF1
965:).
937:),
870:or
862:),
641:to
637:to
582:in
426:).
398:),
305:or
212:CMV
87:),
3330::
3045::
3021::
3010::
2991::
2988:10
2976::
2973:11
2938:.
2928:.
2916:.
2912:.
2885:.
2877:.
2867:42
2865:.
2836:^
2795:.
2785:77
2783:.
2752:.
2695:.
2691:.
2669:.
2659:.
2643:.
2624:.
2601:.
2587:.
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2503:86
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2481:^
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2392:^
2378:.
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2308:^
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2286:.
2276:24
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2270:.
2247:.
2237:.
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2219:88
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2213:.
2181:,
2165:^
2151:.
2141:.
2129:.
2125:.
2102:.
2094:.
2082:.
2078:.
2055:.
2047:.
2033:.
2029:.
2010:.
1974:.
1960:.
1956:.
1926:.
1903:.
1895:.
1883:.
1879:.
1847:,
1773:^
1750:,
1612:^
1602:.
1582:^
1313:,
1263:,
1208:,
1154:Na
1022:,
972:,
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929:,
925:,
914:.
894:.
886:,
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843:.
831:,
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605:.
466:.
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107:,
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3197:e
3190:t
3183:v
3082:e
3075:t
3068:v
3005:-
2995:-
2986:-
2971:-
2961:D
2946:.
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2893:.
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2110:.
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2063:.
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2014:.
1996:.
1982:.
1968::
1941:.
1911:.
1891::
1885:3
1606:.
1398:7
1388:6
1378:5
1368:4
1358:3
1348:2
1338:1
1159:K
23:.
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