744:
released into the blood stream by three different types of excretion. Cellular damage with passive release (necrosis, inflammation), active secretion in the form of extracellular vesicles (EV) (microvesicles, exosomes and apoptotic bodies) or in association with high density lipoproteins (HDL) and
Argonaute (AGO) proteins. The majority of miRNAs found in blood are in complexes with AGO. Despite the promising results, the sensitivity of potential circulating miRNA markers for adrenocortical tumors appears to be variable. An increase in sensitivity could possibly be achieved by targeting only EV-associated miRNAs as the release of miRNAs into EVs are hypothesized to be a controlled process. EV-associated miRNAs could thereby act as more specific markers of malignancy. However, as there were significant differences in the results of the studies performed, methodological differences and low patient numbers could contribute to this discrepancy. This calls for further studies on larger cohorts with uniform methodological requirements to clarify the applicability of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of prognosis and malignancy in patients diagnosed with adrenocortical tumors.
32:
128:
56:
734:
in different types of adrenal tumors. Laparoscopic retroperotenial adrenalectomy appeared to reduce late morbility, time to oral fluid or food intake and time to ambulation, when compared to laparoscopic transperitoenal adrenalectomy. However there was uncertainty in these findings due to low-quality
298:
Most of the adrenocortical adenomas are less than 2 cm in greatest dimension and less than 50 gram in weight. However, size and weight of the adrenal cortical tumors are no longer considered to be a reliable sign of benignity or malignancy. Grossly, adrenocortical adenomas are encapsulated,
250:
are benign tumors of the adrenal cortex that are extremely common (present in 1-10% of persons at autopsy). They should not be confused with adrenocortical "nodules", which are not true neoplasms. Adrenocortical adenomas are uncommon in patients younger than 30 years old, and have equal incidence in
743:
Blood circulating microRNAs (miRNA) has been investigated in the recent years for the potential as a less-invasive biomarker for adrenal diseases. Nine studies have so far investigated the occurrence of circulating miRNAs in blood from patients diagnosed with adrenocortical tumors. MiRNAs can be
435:
cancers, with a median age at diagnosis of two years. Adrenal neuroblastoma typically presents with a rapidly enlarging abdominal mass. Although the tumor has often spread to distant parts of the body at the time of diagnosis, this cancer is unusual in that many cases are highly curable when the
662:
Adrenal-dedicated CT and MRI imaging can be performed to distinguish benign adenomas from potentially malignant lesions. Online calculators assist radiologists in calculating the washout of contrast in adrenal nodules on CT and chemical shift on MRI.
659:(50% or more of the contrast medium washes out at 10 minutes). If the hormonal evaluation is negative and imaging suggests benign, follow-up should be considered with imaging at 6, 12, and 24 months and repeat hormonal evaluation yearly for 4 years.
608:
is an adrenal tumor found by coincidence without clinical symptoms or suspicion. It is one of the more common unexpected findings revealed by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasonography.
1797:
735:
evidence, as well as inconclusive findings about effects of either surgery on all-cause mortality, early morbidity, socioeconomic effects, duration of surgery, operative blood loss, conversion to open surgery.
146:
to one or both adrenal glands is the most common form of malignant adrenal lesion, and the second most common adrenal tumor after benign adenomas. Primary tumors in such cases are most commonly from
594:. Most pheochromocytomas are initially treated with anti-adrenergic drugs to protect against catecholamine overload, with surgery employed to remove the tumor once the patient is medically stable.
1669:
Valadi H, Ekström K, Bossios A, Sjöstrand M, Lee JJ, Lötvall JO (June 2007). "Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells".
1004:
Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, Campbell KK, Carney JA, Godley PA, et al. (March 2003). "Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma")".
761:
1851:
263:
in a variety of medical settings. This can result in expensive additional testing and invasive procedures to rule out the slight possibility of an early
1263:
Arezzo A, Bullano A, Cochetti G, Cirocchi R, Randolph J, Mearini E, et al. (Cochrane
Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (December 2018).
1163:
Adam, Sharon Z.; Nikolaidis, Paul; Horowitz, Jeanne M.; Gabriel, Helena; Hammond, Nancy A.; Patel, Tanvi; Yaghmai, Vahid; Miller, Frank H. (2016).
401:
are the two most important tumors which arise from the adrenal medulla. Both tumors may also arise from extra-adrenal sites, specifically, in the
774:
385:
is located anatomically at the center of each adrenal gland, and is composed of neuroendocrine (chromaffin) cells which produce and release
798:
329:, most adrenocortical carcinomas are not diagnosed until they have grown quite large. They frequently invade large vessels, such as the
1954:
514:
of the mature adrenal medulla. Pheochromocytomas occur in patients of all ages, and may be sporadic, or associated with a hereditary
1844:
1764:
1745:
1726:
896:
2185:
299:
well-circumscribed, solitary tumors with solid, homogeneous yellow-cut surface. Necrosis and hemorrhage are rare findings.
1515:
Zen K, Zhang CY (March 2012). "Circulating microRNAs: a novel class of biomarkers to diagnose and monitor human cancers".
2180:
2175:
1837:
1234:
632:. Tumors under 3 cm are generally considered benign and are only treated if there are grounds for a diagnosis of
325:
dysfunction similar to that seen in many adrenocortical adenomas, but many are not. Due to their location deep in the
885:
Saab ST, MacLennan GT (2015). "Adrenal
Cortical Neoplasms: Perspectives in Pediatric Patients". In Santulli G (ed.).
2211:
2034:
1881:
1210:
613:
538:. The most clinically important feature of pheochromocytomas is their tendency to produce large amounts of the
527:
473:
159:
2206:
2167:
519:
1560:"Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma"
1116:
Nandra, Gurinder; Duxbury, Oliver; Patel, Pawan; Patel, Jaymin H.; Patel, Nirav; Vlahos, Ioannis (2020).
720:
370:
267:. Second, a minority (about 15%) of adrenocortical adenomas are "functional", meaning that they produce
390:
260:
251:
both sexes. The clinical significance of these neoplasms is twofold. First, they have been detected as
317:
of adrenal cortical cells, which may occur in children or adults. ACCs may be "functional", producing
2024:
2001:
846:
55:
2077:
2017:
1996:
1860:
1812:
308:
264:
104:
1987:
1265:"Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumours in adults"
233:
tumors of the adrenal cortex may produce steroid hormones, with important clinical consequences.
112:
2072:
292:
242:
448:(stage IVS). Related, but less aggressive tumors composed of more mature neural cells include
2129:
1558:
Arroyo JD, Chevillet JR, Kroh EM, Ruf IK, Pritchard CC, Gibson DF, et al. (March 2011).
633:
587:
461:
280:
119:
or invade nearby tissues, but may cause significant health problems by unbalancing hormones.
31:
1017:
2119:
1949:
1571:
8:
2124:
2012:
1081:
Young WF (February 2007). "Clinical practice. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass".
673:
24-hour urinary specimen for measurement of fractionated metanephrines and catecholamines
655:
typically are of low radiographic density (due to fat content) and show rapid washout of
551:
1575:
1165:"Chemical Shift MR Imaging of the Adrenal Gland: Principles, Pitfalls, and Applications"
912:
Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Mannelli M, Pacak K (20–26 August 2005). "Phaeochromocytoma".
1932:
1694:
1643:
1618:
1594:
1559:
1540:
1492:
1467:
1448:
1394:
1367:
1366:
Vetrivel S, Zhang R, Engel M, Altieri B, Braun L, Osswald A, et al. (2021-02-22).
1343:
1316:
1289:
1264:
1029:
981:
956:
937:
834:
334:
284:
252:
155:
131:
Main sites of metastases for some common cancer types. Primary cancers are denoted by "
925:
127:
2111:
1959:
1940:
1876:
1760:
1741:
1722:
1686:
1648:
1599:
1532:
1497:
1483:
1440:
1399:
1348:
1294:
1192:
1184:
1145:
1137:
1098:
1060:
1021:
986:
941:
929:
892:
822:
716:
523:
481:
465:
406:
366:
203:
44:
1544:
1033:
2089:
2029:
1974:
1698:
1678:
1638:
1630:
1589:
1579:
1524:
1487:
1479:
1452:
1430:
1389:
1379:
1338:
1328:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1176:
1129:
1090:
1013:
976:
972:
968:
921:
860:
645:
637:
501:
398:
272:
207:
108:
582:. Diagnosis is most easily confirmed through urinary measurement of catecholamine
2152:
2084:
2042:
1908:
1817:
886:
656:
515:
511:
382:
326:
318:
187:
163:
814:
797:
List of included entries and references is found on main image page in
Commons:
2067:
1982:
1564:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1048:
567:
547:
268:
214:
191:
179:
1829:
1384:
139:". Lung cancer metastasis to the adrenal glands are mentioned with red arrows.
2200:
2101:
2094:
2047:
1188:
1141:
731:
727:
625:
604:
539:
457:
418:
394:
199:
151:
100:
85:
1806:
1584:
1333:
1164:
1117:
2139:
2005:
1944:
1690:
1652:
1603:
1536:
1501:
1444:
1403:
1352:
1298:
1196:
1149:
1102:
1064:
1025:
990:
933:
826:
726:
A 2018 Cochrane
Systematic review compared two different types of surgery:
712:
676:
641:
621:
591:
535:
485:
362:
288:
167:
1435:
1418:
1317:"Non-Coding RNAs in Adrenocortical Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis"
1180:
1133:
2157:
1964:
1890:
1634:
1094:
679:
575:
563:
543:
445:
402:
386:
276:
222:
210:
195:
147:
1789:
255:
with increasing frequency in recent years, due to the increasing use of
16:
Tumors of the adrenal gland, usually resulting in hormone overproduction
1917:
1904:
1899:
1886:
583:
555:
489:
432:
342:
338:
330:
143:
116:
1528:
2147:
1895:
708:
507:
358:
322:
295:
of males. Functional adrenocortical adenomas are surgically curable.
183:
89:
81:
1682:
644:
gives a clue in estimating malignancy risk, wherein a tumor with 10
1868:
1617:
Turchinovich A, Weiz L, Langheinz A, Burwinkel B (September 2011).
707:, although this is not feasible for many patients, and the overall
617:
559:
469:
389:(adrenaline) into the bloodstream in response to activation of the
357:, although this is not feasible for many patients, and the overall
49:
1616:
1049:"Radiologic evaluation of incidentally discovered adrenal masses"
704:
652:
629:
477:
354:
256:
92:
88:, several of which are notable for their tendency to overproduce
1315:
Decmann A, Perge P, Turai PI, PatĂłcs A, Igaz P (February 2020).
1003:
1922:
1913:
1801:
1468:"Cell-to-cell miRNA transfer: from body homeostasis to therapy"
579:
531:
428:
424:
314:
230:
226:
218:
78:
74:
911:
648:
or less on an unenhanced CT is probably a lipid-rich adenoma.
1668:
1466:
Redis RS, Calin S, Yang Y, You MJ, Calin GA (November 2012).
1262:
1162:
683:
571:
437:
346:
313:
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, highly aggressive
441:
350:
957:"Evaluation and management of the incidental adrenal mass"
99:
is the presence of malignant adrenal tumors, and includes
1719:
1365:
888:
666:
Hormonal evaluation can also be helpful, which includes:
1619:"Characterization of extracellular circulating microRNA"
1118:"Technical and Interpretive Pitfalls in Adrenal Imaging"
703:
For adrenal carcinomas, the most effective treatment is
1368:"Circulating microRNA Expression in Cushing's Syndrome"
1314:
1115:
723:
may also be employed in the treatment of this disease.
456:. Neuroblastic tumors often produce elevated levels of
373:
may also be employed in the treatment of this disease.
1755:
Cote R, Suster S, Weiss L (2003). Noel
Weidner (ed.).
1557:
1779:
1735:
353:and other organs. The most effective treatment is
135:" and their main metastasis sites are denoted by "
1664:
1662:
1465:
1416:
775:"Doctors remove 'world's largest adrenal tumour'"
760:Data and references for pie chart are located at
2198:
550:. This may lead to potentially life-threatening
376:
1859:
1754:
1076:
1074:
173:
1659:
1417:Perge P, Nagy Z, Igaz I, Igaz P (April 2015).
1310:
1308:
1046:
954:
812:
427:of immature neuroblastic cells (precursors of
1845:
884:
670:1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test
122:
1071:
799:File:Metastasis sites for common cancers.svg
530:. Only 10% of adrenal pheochromocytomas are
1305:
1269:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
997:
955:Arnold DT, Reed JB, Burt K (January 2003).
762:file description page in Wikimedia Commons.
302:
279:, resulting in endocrine disorders such as
39:Incidences and prognoses of adrenal tumors.
1852:
1838:
808:
806:
738:
732:laporoscopic transperitoenal adrenelectomy
728:laparoscopic retroperotenial adrenalectomy
54:
30:
1642:
1593:
1583:
1491:
1434:
1393:
1383:
1342:
1332:
1288:
980:
236:
111:. Most adrenal pheochromocytomas and all
1757:Modern Surgical Pathology (2 Volume Set)
1716:
1514:
1419:"Suggested roles for microRNA in tumors"
182:is composed of three distinct layers of
126:
1235:"Adrenal Chemical Shift MRI Calculator"
1018:10.7326/0003-4819-138-5-200303040-00013
803:
202:, as well as response to physiological
194:, which are critical for regulation of
2199:
772:
476:. Treatment of neuroblastoma includes
1833:
1736:Cotran R, Kumar V, Collins T (1999).
1258:
1256:
1254:
1080:
1047:Willatt JM, Francis IR (June 2010).
865:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1738:Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease
1211:"Adrenal Washout Calculator for CT"
1083:The New England Journal of Medicine
495:
13:
1709:
1251:
14:
2223:
1775:
1740:(Sixth ed.). W.B. Saunders.
597:
510:composed of cells similar to the
431:), and is one of the most common
1950:ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
1484:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.003
558:, and numerous symptoms such as
468:, and may produce severe watery
412:
115:are benign tumors, which do not
1882:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
1610:
1551:
1508:
1472:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1459:
1410:
1359:
1227:
1203:
1156:
1109:
1040:
423:Neuroblastoma is an aggressive
1955:GH-secreting pituitary adenoma
1721:. New York, NY: Nova Science.
1281:10.1002/14651858.CD011668.pub2
973:10.1080/08998280.2003.11927882
948:
905:
878:
853:
813:Cingam SR, Karanchi H (2022).
791:
766:
754:
614:dexamethasone suppression test
1:
926:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67139-5
747:
474:vasoactive intestinal peptide
460:hormone metabolites, such as
377:Tumors of the adrenal medulla
186:cells which produce critical
160:gastrointestinal tract cancer
693:
520:multiple endocrine neoplasia
174:Tumors of the adrenal cortex
7:
1861:Tumours of endocrine glands
1006:Annals of Internal Medicine
484:for localized disease, and
10:
2228:
1517:Medicinal Research Reviews
1372:Frontiers in Endocrinology
819:Cancer, Adrenal Metastasis
688:if hypertension is present
528:von Hippel–Lindau syndrome
499:
416:
391:sympathetic nervous system
306:
261:magnetic resonance imaging
240:
123:Metastasis to the adrenals
2166:
2138:
2110:
2058:
1973:
1931:
1867:
1783:
1385:10.3389/fendo.2021.620012
1053:American Family Physician
682:concentration and plasma
522:(MEN) types IIA and IIB,
436:spread is limited to the
43:
38:
29:
24:
2078:Adrenocortical carcinoma
1759:. London: W B Saunders.
1717:Santulli G, ed. (2015).
711:of the disease is poor.
616:is often used to detect
361:of the disease is poor.
309:Adrenocortical carcinoma
303:Adrenocortical carcinoma
265:adrenocortical carcinoma
105:adrenocortical carcinoma
2212:Adrenal gland disorders
2035:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1585:10.1073/pnas.1019055108
1334:10.3390/cancers12020461
739:Future diagnostic tools
248:Adrenocortical adenomas
113:adrenocortical adenomas
2073:Adrenocortical adenoma
1623:Nucleic Acids Research
506:Pheochromocytoma is a
472:through production of
287:(hyperaldosteronism),
243:Adrenocortical adenoma
237:Adrenocortical adenoma
221:function; and certain
140:
1436:10.1515/bmc-2015-0002
1423:Biomolecular Concepts
1181:10.1148/rg.2016150139
1134:10.1148/rg.2020190080
534:, while the rest are
462:vanillylmandelic acid
130:
2120:Parathyroid neoplasm
1095:10.1056/NEJMcp065470
815:"Adrenal Metastasis"
628:for excess of these
450:ganglioneuroblastoma
190:. These include the
2207:Endocrine neoplasia
2013:Parafollicular cell
1671:Nature Cell Biology
1576:2011PNAS..108.5003A
651:On CT scan, benign
552:high blood pressure
253:incidental findings
1635:10.1093/nar/gkr254
634:Cushing's syndrome
612:In these cases, a
335:inferior vena cava
281:Cushing's syndrome
213:, which regulates
156:malignant melanoma
141:
2194:
2193:
1960:Craniopharyngioma
1941:Pituitary adenoma
1877:Pancreatic cancer
1827:
1826:
1766:978-0-7216-7253-3
1747:978-0-7216-7335-6
1728:978-1-63483-570-1
1629:(16): 7223–7233.
1570:(12): 5003–5008.
1529:10.1002/med.20215
1059:(11): 1361–1366.
920:(9486): 665–675.
898:978-1-63483-550-3
717:radiation therapy
546:(adrenaline) and
524:neurofibromatosis
482:radiation therapy
466:homovanillic acid
407:sympathetic chain
367:radiation therapy
273:mineralcorticoids
109:pheochromocytomas
107:and some adrenal
63:
62:
19:Medical condition
2219:
2090:Pheochromocytoma
1854:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1751:
1732:
1703:
1702:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1587:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1438:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1275:(12): CD011668.
1260:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1128:(4): 1041–1060.
1113:
1107:
1106:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1001:
995:
994:
984:
952:
946:
945:
909:
903:
902:
891:. Nova Science.
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
857:
851:
850:
844:
840:
838:
830:
810:
801:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
770:
764:
758:
721:hormonal therapy
646:Hounsfield units
638:pheochromocytoma
512:chromaffin cells
502:Pheochromocytoma
496:Pheochromocytoma
399:pheochromocytoma
371:hormonal therapy
345:and through the
319:steroid hormones
208:mineralcorticoid
188:steroid hormones
59:
58:
34:
22:
21:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2162:
2153:Pinealoblastoma
2134:
2106:
2054:
2043:Thyroid adenoma
1988:epithelial-cell
1969:
1927:
1909:Somatostatinoma
1863:
1858:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1792:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1748:
1729:
1712:
1710:Further reading
1707:
1706:
1683:10.1038/ncb1596
1667:
1660:
1615:
1611:
1556:
1552:
1513:
1509:
1464:
1460:
1415:
1411:
1364:
1360:
1313:
1306:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1161:
1157:
1114:
1110:
1079:
1072:
1045:
1041:
1002:
998:
953:
949:
910:
906:
899:
883:
879:
869:
867:
861:"Neuroblastoma"
859:
858:
854:
842:
841:
832:
831:
811:
804:
796:
792:
783:
781:
773:Perappadan BS.
771:
767:
759:
755:
750:
741:
696:
657:contrast medium
600:
568:anxiety attacks
516:cancer syndrome
504:
498:
421:
415:
383:adrenal medulla
379:
327:retroperitoneum
321:and consequent
311:
305:
291:of females, or
285:Conn's syndrome
269:glucocorticoids
245:
239:
192:glucocorticoids
176:
164:pancreas cancer
125:
53:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2225:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1999:
1983:Thyroid cancer
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:Classification
1777:
1776:External links
1774:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1752:
1746:
1733:
1727:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1677:(6): 654–659.
1658:
1609:
1550:
1523:(2): 326–348.
1507:
1478:(2): 169–174.
1458:
1429:(2): 149–155.
1409:
1358:
1304:
1250:
1226:
1202:
1175:(2): 414–432.
1155:
1108:
1089:(6): 601–610.
1070:
1039:
1012:(5): 424–429.
996:
947:
904:
897:
877:
852:
843:|website=
821:. StatPearls.
802:
790:
765:
752:
751:
749:
746:
740:
737:
695:
692:
691:
690:
674:
671:
626:catecholamines
599:
598:Incidentalomas
596:
548:norepinephrine
500:Main article:
497:
494:
454:ganglioneuroma
417:Main article:
414:
411:
378:
375:
307:Main article:
304:
301:
241:Main article:
238:
235:
215:blood pressure
180:adrenal cortex
175:
172:
124:
121:
97:Adrenal cancer
61:
60:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2224:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2102:Paraganglioma
2100:
2096:
2095:Neuroblastoma
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2060:Adrenal tumor
2057:
2049:
2048:Struma ovarii
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:(malignant):
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:Radiographics
1166:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:Radiographics
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
992:
988:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
900:
894:
890:
889:
881:
866:
862:
856:
848:
836:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
807:
800:
794:
780:
776:
769:
763:
757:
753:
745:
736:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
700:
689:
685:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:metanephrines
619:
615:
610:
607:
606:
605:incidentaloma
595:
593:
592:metanephrines
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:, or cardiac
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:catecholamine
537:
536:benign tumors
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
503:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:catecholamine
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
430:
426:
420:
419:Neuroblastoma
413:Neuroblastoma
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:Neuroblastoma
392:
388:
384:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:metastasizing
337:, as well as
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
310:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
200:immune system
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:breast cancer
149:
145:
138:
137:...metastases
134:
129:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:neuroblastoma
98:
94:
91:
87:
86:adrenal gland
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:adrenal tumor
57:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
25:Adrenal tumor
23:
2140:Pineal gland
2059:
2006:Hurthle cell
1991:
1986:
1945:Prolactinoma
1811:
1796:
1756:
1737:
1718:
1674:
1670:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1324:
1320:
1272:
1268:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1086:
1082:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1009:
1005:
999:
964:
960:
950:
917:
913:
907:
887:
880:
868:. Retrieved
864:
855:
818:
793:
782:. Retrieved
778:
768:
756:
742:
725:
713:Chemotherapy
702:
698:
697:
687:
677:Blood plasma
665:
661:
650:
642:Radiodensity
620:excess, and
611:
603:
601:
564:palpitations
505:
486:chemotherapy
453:
449:
422:
380:
363:Chemotherapy
312:
297:
293:feminization
289:virilization
277:sex steroids
247:
246:
223:sex hormones
177:
168:renal cancer
142:
136:
132:
96:
71:adrenal mass
70:
66:
64:
2158:Pineocytoma
2112:Parathyroid
1965:Pituicytoma
1891:Glucagonoma
1239:Rad At Hand
1215:Rad At Hand
967:(1): 7–12.
961:Proceedings
680:aldosterone
602:An adrenal
584:metabolites
576:weight loss
556:arrhythmias
544:epinephrine
526:type I, or
446:bone marrow
403:paraganglia
387:epinephrine
211:aldosterone
196:blood sugar
148:lung cancer
117:metastasize
2201:Categories
2025:Anaplastic
2002:Follicular
1918:Gastrinoma
1900:Insulinoma
1378:: 620012.
1327:(2): 461.
1244:2024-07-09
1220:2024-07-09
784:2017-02-23
748:References
686:activity,
518:, such as
490:metastatic
464:(VMA) and
343:lymphatics
331:renal vein
144:Metastasis
2148:Pinealoma
2130:Carcinoma
2018:Medullary
1997:Papillary
1992:carcinoma
1933:Pituitary
1189:1527-1323
1142:1527-1323
942:208788653
870:11 August
845:ignored (
835:cite book
779:The Hindu
709:prognosis
694:Treatment
542:hormones
532:malignant
492:disease.
444:, and/or
433:pediatric
359:prognosis
323:endocrine
275:, and/or
231:malignant
184:endocrine
133:...cancer
90:endocrine
82:neoplasms
79:malignant
45:Specialty
2030:Lymphoma
1869:Pancreas
1691:17486113
1653:21609964
1604:21383194
1545:13429401
1537:22383180
1502:22903157
1445:25870972
1404:33692756
1353:32079166
1299:30595004
1197:26849154
1150:32609593
1103:17287480
1065:20521756
1034:23454526
1026:12614096
991:16278716
934:16112304
827:28722909
699:Surgical
653:adenomas
630:hormones
618:cortisol
586:such as
572:sweating
560:headache
508:neoplasm
470:diarrhea
341:via the
257:CT scans
198:and the
93:hormones
50:Oncology
2125:Adenoma
2085:Medulla
2039:Benign
1975:Thyroid
1818:D000310
1699:8599814
1644:3167594
1595:3064324
1572:Bibcode
1493:3855335
1453:8376269
1395:7937959
1344:7072220
1321:Cancers
1290:6517116
982:1200803
705:surgery
478:surgery
429:neurons
405:of the
355:surgery
349:to the
225:. Both
154:(35%),
150:(39%),
84:of the
73:is any
2068:Cortex
1923:VIPoma
1763:
1744:
1725:
1697:
1689:
1651:
1641:
1602:
1592:
1543:
1535:
1500:
1490:
1451:
1443:
1402:
1392:
1351:
1341:
1297:
1287:
1195:
1187:
1148:
1140:
1101:
1063:
1032:
1024:
989:
979:
940:
932:
914:Lancet
895:
825:
719:, and
580:tremor
578:, and
425:cancer
369:, and
315:cancer
227:benign
219:kidney
206:; the
204:stress
166:, and
75:benign
52:
1695:S2CID
1541:S2CID
1449:S2CID
1030:S2CID
938:S2CID
684:renin
438:liver
351:lungs
347:blood
1813:MeSH
1761:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1687:PMID
1649:PMID
1600:PMID
1533:PMID
1498:PMID
1441:PMID
1400:PMID
1349:PMID
1295:PMID
1273:2018
1193:PMID
1185:ISSN
1146:PMID
1138:ISSN
1099:PMID
1061:PMID
1022:PMID
987:PMID
930:PMID
893:ISBN
872:2021
847:help
823:PMID
730:and
590:and
488:for
480:and
452:and
442:skin
397:and
381:The
333:and
259:and
229:and
217:and
178:The
2168:MEN
1807:C74
1798:ICD
1679:doi
1639:PMC
1631:doi
1590:PMC
1580:doi
1568:108
1525:doi
1488:PMC
1480:doi
1476:136
1431:doi
1390:PMC
1380:doi
1339:PMC
1329:doi
1285:PMC
1277:doi
1177:doi
1130:doi
1091:doi
1087:356
1014:doi
1010:138
977:PMC
969:doi
922:doi
918:366
636:or
624:or
588:VMA
77:or
69:or
65:An
2203::
2186:2B
2181:2A
1943::
1916::
1907::
1898::
1889::
1816::
1805::
1802:10
1693:.
1685:.
1673:.
1661:^
1647:.
1637:.
1627:39
1625:.
1621:.
1598:.
1588:.
1578:.
1566:.
1562:.
1539:.
1531:.
1521:32
1519:.
1496:.
1486:.
1474:.
1470:.
1447:.
1439:.
1425:.
1421:.
1398:.
1388:.
1376:12
1374:.
1370:.
1347:.
1337:.
1325:12
1323:.
1319:.
1307:^
1293:.
1283:.
1271:.
1267:.
1253:^
1237:.
1213:.
1191:.
1183:.
1173:36
1171:.
1167:.
1144:.
1136:.
1126:40
1124:.
1120:.
1097:.
1085:.
1073:^
1057:81
1055:.
1051:.
1028:.
1020:.
1008:.
985:.
975:.
965:16
963:.
959:.
936:.
928:.
916:.
863:.
839::
837:}}
833:{{
817:.
805:^
777:.
715:,
640:.
574:,
570:,
566:,
562:,
440:,
409:.
393:.
365:,
283:,
271:,
170:.
162:,
158:,
103:,
95:.
2176:1
2004:/
1914:G
1905:δ
1896:β
1887:α
1853:e
1846:t
1839:v
1800:-
1790:D
1769:.
1750:.
1731:.
1701:.
1681::
1675:9
1655:.
1633::
1606:.
1582::
1574::
1547:.
1527::
1504:.
1482::
1455:.
1433::
1427:6
1406:.
1382::
1355:.
1331::
1301:.
1279::
1247:.
1223:.
1199:.
1179::
1152:.
1132::
1105:.
1093::
1067:.
1036:.
1016::
993:.
971::
944:.
924::
901:.
874:.
849:)
829:.
787:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
