965:. In the UK eligibility for NHS funded genetic testing is determined by criteria set by NHS England Genomics service. The criteria in 2023 included all patients with paraganglioma and all patients with unilateral pheochromocytoma aged under 60. The most recent data indicates that there are 25 pheochromocytoma susceptibility genes; however, just 12 are recognized as part of a well-known syndrome. Determining the genetic status of a pheochromocytoma patient is crucial – each gene is inherited in a different pattern, associated with specific disease characteristics, and may respond more favorably to certain treatment options. Furthermore, early identification can guide physicians on screening recommendations for first degree relatives of patients with pheochromocytoma. There is no current consensus for how and when
260:
3374:
2163:, and treatment planning – they are not used to discern tumor location or help the surgical team prepare for excision. For most pheochromocytoma patients, functional imaging will follow a CT or MR. If anatomic imaging only demonstrates an adrenal tumor without evidence of disease anywhere else in the body and the metanephrine levels are overtly elevated, functional imaging can be foregone in favor of prompt surgical excision. Over the last decade, there have been five functional techniques used to evaluate the pheochromocytoma patient (1) 18F-
2717:
3423:
2104:(MR) scans. These imaging modalities serve to initially locate the tumor and provide detailed information about size, morphology, and structural relation to adjacent internal structures. Traditionally, a patient presents to their physician for symptoms concerning for a pheochromocytoma, which prompts a biochemical evaluation. If the results are positive, the patient is referred for anatomic imaging with a CT or MR scan. However, as anatomic imaging becomes more readily available, patients are referred to an
3035:
1987:
2312:(SDHx) mutations. While FDOPA inconsistently detected metastatic disease, Ga-DOTA analogues have demonstrated superior localization of metastatic pheochromocytoma. When directly compared in one head-to-head study in 2019, Ga-DOTA analogues outperformed FDOPA, particularly in the detection of metastatic bone lesions. An additional benefit of the DOTA analogues is the ability for treatment with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, which will be discussed in the treatment section below.
603:
2861:) oral supplementation may be required to ensure they do not develop adrenal insufficiency. When the body is stressed (during surgery), the adrenal glands naturally produce more steroids; however, if the glands have been removed, they are unable to do so. Therefore, "stress-dosing" steroids are required and should be started intraopertively to mimic the natural physiology of the adrenal glands. The typical regimen when post-operative adrenal insufficiency is thought to be likely:
1936:
615:
2187:
526:(fast heart rate), sweating, and headaches. Some PGLs may secrete little to no catecholamines, or only secrete paroxysmally (episodically), and other than secretions, PGLs can still become clinically relevant through other secretions or mass effect (most common with head and neck PGL). PGLs of the head and neck are typically parasympathetic and their sympathetic counterparts are predominantly located in the abdomen and pelvis, particularly concentrated at the
1899:, and generalized weakness) limit compliance and have vastly diminished prescriptions. While the adverse side-effects with clonidine are inconvenient, the most dangerous aspect of clonidine is withdrawal rebound hypertension – that is, when the medicine is abruptly discontinued, blood pressure may rapidly return or surpass the original value. However, a one-time, weight-based dose can be utilized in limited settings to help determine disease status. After
3213:
1871:. In comparison to the specificity of elevated catecholamines in the pheochromocytoma patient, chromogranin A is a non-specific polypeptide that is high in a variety of neuroendocrine tumors. However, a 2006 report from Italy found that over 90% of studied pheochromocytoma patients demonstrated elevated chromogranin A levels. If metanephrine values are equivocal, chromogranin A can be used as an adjunct marker to predict the presence of a tumor.
2240:
120:
25:
212:
1826:. As the majority of these medications are commonly prescribed for psychiatric conditions, a conversation with the prescriber may be necessary to facilitate alternative therapeutic options while the patient is undergoing evaluation for a pheochromocytoma. After any possible prescription medications have been held, it is important to review any over-the-counter medications/supplements as well as the commonly used
2036:
829:. As with the other cardiovascular-related complications, excess catecholamines are responsible for the increased myocardial burden and significant physiologic stress. Current literature indicates that most of the catecholamine-induced damage is reversible, thereby strengthening the argument for early and accurate diagnosis in order to allow for cardiac remodeling and prevent further destruction.
3533:
66:
752:: Pheochromocytoma-related hypertensive emergencies are one of the most feared clinical manifestations. Attacks are random and may occur secondary to a trigger (see Signs and Symptoms above) or spontaneously after a catecholamine surge. The prevailing symptom is elevated systolic blood pressure (> 200 mmHg) that is unresponsive to traditional treatment regimens and threatens
969:(individual who has a genetic variant associated with pheochromocytoma, but no current evidence of disease) should be evaluated. Conversations should occur at an individual level with the patient and their provider to develop a personalized screening plan that alternates between a biochemical (blood work) evaluation and whole-body imaging to monitor disease progression.
1802:, and illicit substances can interfere with the proper collection of plasma metanephrines and lead to false-positive results. Providers should review a patient's medication list in-detail and have a discussion if temporarily discontinuing any of the interfering medications is possible. The most reported medications to result in falsely elevated metanephrines include:
2224:. Furthermore, if a patient was found to be positive on an MIBG scan, they were eligible for MIBG treatment, offering additional avenues for those with widespread metastatic disease. However, further investigation revealed that while MIBG excelled with adrenal lesions, it was far less superior in patients with extra-adrenal paragangliomas, particularly with specific
1923:. Paragangliomas of the head and neck commonly secrete dopamine, but are referred to as "biochemically silent" because they do not cause the characteristic symptoms associated with a pheochromocytoma. However, methoxytyramine can be utilized to detect the tumors of the head and neck. Further research indicates that the biomarker is also a useful indicator of
1792:(flat on their back) for 30 minutes before collection. Specific supine reference values should be used in this scenario. Ensuring these conditions is difficult and may be cost-prohibitive at most institutions. In these cases, a rested, supine draw can be repeated following a positive result in a seated position to eliminate false-positive results.
941:> 40 degrees Celsius, neurologic manifestations, and cardiovascular instability resulting in either hypo or hypertension. In contrast to a hypertensive crisis, pheochromocytoma-associated MODS may not respond to traditional alpha-receptor agents and may require emergent surgical excision if clinical stability is not achieved.
2262:(Image Left). In 2012, over 200 patients participated in a trial that compared the current gold standard of the time (MIBG/CT/MRI) to the novel FDG PET. Compared to its functional counterpart, FDG outperformed MIBG in detecting soft-tissue and bone metastases with higher specificity in patients with biochemically active tumors.
3243:(no progression) in the remaining 20 patients. Overall toxicity was low, with no high-grade haematological (blood) or kidney damage reported. At the end of that same year, a systemic review looked at all published articles (12) where metastatic pheochromocytoma patients underwent PRRT and found that treatment-related
3616:
and his team are tasked with diagnosing and treating an inmate on death row. Although the patient has a violent history of homicide, Dr. House suspects that his episodic rage and aggression may be caused by an adrenaline secreting tumor. Dr. House is able to locate the tumor and diagnoses the patient
3540:
In the medical community, students are often taught "when you hear hoofbeats, think horses, not zebras." In other words, common diagnoses are common, so healthcare professionals should first rule out what is most expected (the horses) before diving into the rare etiologies that are far less likely to
2406:
related disease, which has a higher chance of bilateral pheochromocytomas. The risk of leaving adrenal tissue is recurrent disease (tumor comes back). A 2019 cohort study reported that despite a 13% recurrent rate in patients who underwent a cortical-sparing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma, there
1852:
As with most lab work, the patient should refrain from eating (fasting) after midnight the night prior to their collection. However, there are further recommendations specific to a metanephrines collection, including abstaining from nicotine, alcohol, and exercise for at least 12 hours prior to their
773:
vessels. Patients with pheochromocytoma present with myocardial infarctions despite an overall lack of plaque build-up, indicating a different mechanism for the myocardial infarction. Current research hypothesizes that the tumor secretes massive amounts of catecholamines, which directly interact with
3451:
and discovered a six-inch oblong tumor composed of an unknown "yellow-ish coloured substance" coming from the capsula renalis (what is now known as the adrenal gland). This would become the first known clinical description of a pheochromocytoma, but as no features of the tumor itself were described,
3242:
first demonstrated success in patients with undifferentiated neuroendocrine tumors and then trials began with metastatic pheochromocytoma patients. In 2019, Vyakaranam et al. published favourable results for their 22 patients who underwent PRRT, with partial response in 2 patients and stable disease
1907:
for (3) hours and a repeat blood draw will be taken. A positive result (indicating a pheochromocytoma) will occur if the plasma metanephrine levels remain elevated after clonidine is given. If the results are the same or fall, the test is negative and the patient does not have a pheochromocytoma. It
879:
Headaches are one of the core clinical manifestations of a pheochromocytoma and can result in debilitating pain. The majority of studied patients report their pain began and ended abruptly without warning and described the pain as a severe, bilateral throbbing (although the scale of severity was not
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was met with mixed opinions from the rare disease community. The executive director of the VHL Alliance was happy with the portrayal of a VHL patient in mainstream media, but pointed out that of the four scripts she knew of with a VHL patient, three involved a pheochromocytoma, which occurs in less
2644:
and found no difference in complications between the two groups. The following year, a group from France published a similar article with a warning against waiting an entire week to begin alpha-blockade. The French researchers called for immediate surgical intervention and consideration of steps to
2150:
is not a preferred imaging modality and should be avoided in the pheochromocytoma patient. However, in specific patient populations where avoid ionizing radiation is the top priority (children, pregnant women), ultrasound can be used as an adjunct method when MR may be unavailable or the patient is
3026:
In contrast to an operation for non-metastatic disease, an open procedure may be preferred over a minimally invasive technique in order to circumvent potential tumor spread. This also aids surgical visualization and offers the best opportunity to identify and remove metastatic lymph nodes. Reports
3365:
population point to the advent of modern imaging evaluation and the ability to detect these tumors prior to death. While each of the above studies reported varying incidence and prevalence values, all have indicated that the average age at initial diagnosis is between the third to fifth decade of
3297:
Recent literature has detailed several factors that predict accelerated progression of disease and higher mortality rates, including patients who choose to forego surgical resection of their primary tumor, larger tumors at initial presentation, older age at initial diagnosis, and a shortened time
3160:
As was mentioned in the functional imaging section above, MIBG is not only useful in locating the presence of metastatic disease, but also as an available treatment modality. In 2019, a multi-center phase 2 trial looked at the safety and efficacy of MIBG therapy in metastatic or unresectable (not
1874:
Borderline elevated metanephrines present a diagnostic challenge to the physician – the first step is to repeat the labs, taking extra precautions to follow the gold standard diagnosis described above, including the conditions of collection, pharmaceutical interference, and any potential diet and
3284:
is defined as the likely outcome of a disease OR, the chance of recovery or a recurrence. This is an extremely difficult question when it comes to pheochromocytoma, and the answer depends on the patients genetic status, presence of metastatic disease, and the location of their primary tumor. An
3113:
between patients whose tumors shrunk versus those without a response (no reduction in tumor burden via imaging), even in non-responders, patients reported feeling better, blood pressure was lower, and some patients were even able to undergo surgery following disease stabilization with CVD. When
3165:
was 36.7 months and 92% of patients had at least a partial positive response (tumor shrinkage) or stable disease without progression within the first year of the study. Furthermore, over a fourth of the patients were able to decrease their anti-hypertensive medications and reported symptomatic
2635:
While the pre-operative alpha and beta blockade discussed above is overwhelmingly recognized as the standard of care, particularly in the United States, there has been discussion at the international level if alpha-blockade is necessary. In 2017, a team of researchers from
Germany published an
1543:
All patients with phaeochromocytomas are currently considered to have a lifelong risk of metastases and therefore conceptually they are all considered 'malignant'. The risk of metastasis ranges from ~5 to 15%. There is no single histological finding or biomarker to reliably predict metastatic
2363:
appears to reduce late morbidity, time to oral fluid or food intake and time to ambulation when compared to laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy, however there is uncertainty about these effects due to very low-quality evidence. For outcomes such as all-cause mortality, early morbidity,
2265:
Following the development of FDG-PET, neuroendocrine-specific PET scans began to emerge. One of the first favorable imaging modalities was F-FDOPA, which demonstrated a high sensitivity in detecting head and neck paragangliomas as well as non-metastatic disease outside of the head and neck.
574:
nature of catecholamine synthesis and release, patients may experience "attacks" or "spells" where they are suddenly overwhelmed with signs and symptoms of their tumor. Attacks can occur spontaneously (without warning) or may be triggered by a variety of pharmaceutical agents (including
3507:
for a pheochromocytoma ranged from 30 to 45%. Retrospective series have postulated that these alarmingly high death rates were due to the lack of a pre-operative blockade with alpha and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist and the need for modern anesthesia practices. From this point forward,
1787:
Unlike many routine laboratory tests that can be drawn at a moments notice, there are several recommendations that should be followed to ensure the ideal conditions and an accurate sample. Current research indicates that blood work should only be drawn after a patient has been resting
2684:(having the patient take in plenty of fluids prior to surgery). However, after reviewing their patient data, over 60% of the same physicians failed to discuss salt-loading and adequate hydration. When the patients were stratified by age, those that were younger received the advice to
2151:
unable to complete the scan. Furthermore, if an acute adrenal hemorrhage is suspected in a pheochromocytoma patient, ultrasound is a quick, painless, radiation-less, and cheap modality for a "first-pass" before the above imaging modalities or surgery is used to confirm the diagnosis.
3334:
reviewed 54 pheochromocytoma cases between 1928–1977 and discovered that just 24% of the patients were correctly diagnosed prior to their death. Outside of the United States, several countries have documented their own epidemiological studies and compared them to what is known in
706:(episodic/sporadic), patients may not immediately seek treatment as the problem "disappears on its own." Furthermore, when pictured in the ideal clinical scenario (an older woman in her mid-50s), the spontaneous attacks of flushing, sweating, and a racing heart may be mistaken for
3251:
DOTATATE with the traditionally studied Lu analog and the various possibilities and novel treatment options these combinations will bring to the field. While the overall reported side-effects have been promising, it is important to note that a collaborative effort between the
3114:
patients are studied by various categories, research has suggested that females are less likely to have extended survival with CVD chemotherapy compared to their male counterparts. Genetic status has been shown to greatly impact response to CVD. A team of researchers from the
2770:: There are several reasons a patient may have low blood pressure in the post-operative period. First and foremost, the tumor (and its abundance of catecholamines causing high blood pressure) has been removed. Furthermore, the patient may still experience the effects of their
1526:
The typical primary symptom is hypertension, which may be either episodic or continual. A diagnosis of pheochromocytoma should be suspected when the patient simultaneously presents with hypertension and the classic triad of heart palpitations, headaches, and profuse sweating.
3556:
is a United States–based advocacy parent organization with the goal of promoting awareness and research opportunities to cure rare diseases. Groups such as these encourage patients to become their own advocates and change agents in their healthcare decision-making processes.
2947:. There have been several studied risk factors associated with the development of metastatic disease – while the patients genetic background plays an important role, the initial age of presentation and size of the tumor lead to negative outcomes. Of all the genetic variants,
3061:
from 1973 to 2015 and reported that 94% of patients acknowledged symptomatic improvement and over 80% of patients showed no evidence of recurrent disease five years post-therapy. Another report from the same institution looked at almost two decades of patients who underwent
2958:
associated with male sex and synchronous metastases. Metastases are divided into synchronous and metachronous; those that are synchronous have developed within several months of the primary tumor, while metachronous metastases do not appear for a significant period of time.
5275:
Whitelaw BC, Prague JK, Mustafa OG, Schulte KM, Hopkins PA, Gilbert JA, McGregor AM, Aylwin SJ. Phaeochromocytoma crisis. Clin
Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Jan;80(1):13-22. doi: 10.1111/cen.12324. Epub 2013 Oct 17. Erratum in: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Mar;80(3):468. PMID:
3289:(no known genetic mutation), which commonly have low malignant potential. In 2019, a consortium of almost twenty European medical centers looked at the prognosis of malignant pheochromocytoma and the data starkly varies from the report of sporadic, single tumors, with a
3752:
Oyasu R, Yang XJ, Yoshida O, eds. (2008). "What is the difference between pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma? What are the familial syndromes that have pheochromocytoma as a component? What are the pathologic features of pheochromocytoma indicating malignancy?".
3140:(TMZ) and had progression free survival of 13 and 27 months, indicating that TMZ can be considered as an alternative treatment regimen in those who have progressed on CVD. Several studies have since reported successful responses with TMZ, particularly in the
869:
or strokes in patients with a pheochromocytoma. In a study of 130 patients with pheochromocytoma, 7 patients were diagnosed with a transient ischemic attack (the neurologic deficit completely resolved) and 3 patients experienced a stroke with persistent
3503:) became the first physician to successfully excise a pheochromocytoma. However, Mayo was likely unaware of the diagnosis prior to the operation. Not until 1929 was a pheochromocytoma recognized preoperatively. Throughout the early 1900s, the operative
2764:, with additional 5.0 mg dose every ten minutes until the blood pressure falls within an acceptable range. If the blood pressure is only minimally elevated, the patient can resume their alpha and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist from prior to surgery.
936:
Caused by an elevated inflammatory response, multiple organ dysfunction is a severe, life-threatening emergency with increasing mortality based on the number of systems involved. Pheochromocytoma-related MODS is associated with multiple organ failure,
3356:
also conducted a study using a nationwide registry and reported incidence results of 0.57 per 100,000 person-years from 2011 to 2015, which was a significant increase from their 0.37 cases per 100,000 person-years reported from 1995 to 1999. Current
3405:
imaging has become a major player in the diagnosis of patients with pheochromocytoma, with current estimates that 10–49% of all cases diagnosed after imaging was obtained for another reason. When an adrenal nodule (potential tumor) is discovered on
2372:
procedure (traditional surgical technique) is currently preferred for extra-adrenal disease, unless the tumor is small, non-invasive, and in an easy to maneuver location. While previous data indicated the need for a minimally invasive approach with
9787:
Roman-Gonzalez A, Zhou S, Ayala-Ramirez M, Shen C, Waguespack SG, Habra MA, et al. (July 2018). "Impact of
Surgical Resection of the Primary Tumor on Overall Survival in Patients With Metastatic Pheochromocytoma or Sympathetic Paraganglioma".
8541:
Brunaud L, Boutami M, Nguyen-Thi PL, Finnerty B, Germain A, Weryha G, et al. (December 2014). "Both preoperative alpha and calcium channel blockade impact intraoperative hemodynamic stability similarly in the management of pheochromocytoma".
8847:
Lentschener C, Baillard C, Dousset B, Gaujoux S (February 2019). "Dogma is Made to be Broken. Why Are We
Postponing Curative Surgery to Administer Ineffective Alpha Adrenoreceptor Blockade in Most Patients Undergoing Pheochromocytoma Removal?".
3434:
physician (Charles Sugrue) penned a case report to the London
Medical and Physical Journal describing the peculiar case of an 8-year-old male patient who had had seemingly random fits of pain concentrated in the abdomen accompanied by "a hectic
2559:) combined alpha-beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. These agents should be avoided whenever possible as there is upwards of seven times more beta-adrenoceptor antagonism than alpha, which can worsen hypertension and lead to a catecholamine crisis.
697:
While the symptoms of a pheochromocytoma are quite common, the disease has been referred to as "the great mimic". It is estimated that approximately 0.1% of patients with hypertension have a pheochromocytoma, and it is often misdiagnosed as
2570:
should not be given alone in a pheochromocytoma patient – this can lead to severe consequences. In 1995, a team of physicians from London described the death of a person who had been recently diagnosed pheochromocytoma after initiation of
740:, often perscribed for hypertension, can lead to unopposed alpha in the context of pheochromocytoma. Most mortality associated with diagnosed pheochromocytoma came from surgery and hypertensive crisis, but mortality has greatly improved.
3293:
of 6.7 years. Overall survival improved if the patient had (1) disease of the head and neck compared to abdomen, (2) less than 40 years of age, (3) and if their biochemistry was less than five times the upper reference limit of normal.
3108:
of unstratified pheochromocytoma patients who underwent CVD therapy showed that 37% of patients had a significant reduction in tumor volume, while 40% of patients experienced lower catecholamine burden. While there was no difference in
2299:
type two receptor imaging with Ga-DOTA analogues. Over the last decade, further research continues to indicate the superiority of this functional imaging modality in a wide range of clinical scenarios, even surpassing anatomic imaging
924:
in the undiagnosed pheochromocytoma patient as their primary presenting symptom. Kidney failure is brought about by catecholamine-induced muscle injury. Norepinephrine causes vessels to narrow, thereby limiting blood flow and inducing
2741:: In the pheochromocytoma patient, postoperative hypertension could indicate incomplete tumor resection or another tumor of unknown location. However, the traditional, non-specific causes of postoperative hypertension including pain,
2143:) cannot often tolerate an MR as the machine is close-ended compared to the open-ended design of a CT. When patients become anxious and begin to move in the machine, this causes motion artifact, which occurs less in CT-based images.
1857:
While the above (3) conditions are likely to contribute to false-positive results if not controlled for, any value greater than 3 to 4 times the upper reference limit of normal should be considered diagnostic for a pheochromocytoma.
9030:
Lentschener C, Gaujoux S, Thillois JM, Duboc D, Bertherat J, Ozier Y, Dousset B (April 2009). "Increased arterial pressure is not predictive of haemodynamic instability in patients undergoing adrenalectomy for phaeochromocytoma".
8759:
Chruscinski A, Brede ME, Meinel L, Lohse MJ, Kobilka BK, Hein L (November 2001). "Differential distribution of beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in blood vessels of knockout mice lacking beta(1)- or beta(2)-adrenergic receptors".
6127:"The triad of paragangliomas, gastric stromal tumours and pulmonary chondromas (Carney triad), and the dyad of paragangliomas and gastric stromal sarcomas (Carney-Stratakis syndrome): molecular genetics and clinical implications"
5550:
Lahlou-Laforêt K, Consoli SM, Jeunemaitre X, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP (May 2012). "Presymptomatic genetic testing in minors at risk of paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma: our experience of oncogenetic multidisciplinary consultation".
2874:
Repeat administration of 25–50 mg intravenous hydrocortisone every eight hours for a maximum of 72 hours (3 days) after the operation. Convert to oral replacement therapy as soon as the patient is able to take medication by
2381:
disease, current research indicates a successful operation is feasible and results in a shorter hospital stay. Literature within the last decade has also demonstrated that the robotic technique may be successfully utilized for
3018:
or radionuclide therapy, or simply decrease the size of the tumor. Unfortunately, the intended relief from the procedure is often short-lived, especially if the patient has disease outside the abdomen. A 2013 study from the
11373:
Ebbehoj AL, Sondergaard E, Trolle C, Stochholm K, Poulsen PL (2017-05-03). "The epidemiology of pheochromocytoma: increasing incidence and changing clinical presentation. A population-based retrospective study 1977–2015".
11324:
11151:
Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Ahlman H, Bornstein SR, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grossman AB, et al. (February 2007). "Pheochromocytoma: recommendations for clinical practice from the First
International Symposium. October 2005".
1512:
Several additional gene variants have been described, but the provided information is inconsistent and a consensus has not been reached in the community if these mutations are truly pheochromocytoma susceptibility genes.
3260:
reported two unfortunate cases of rapid disease progression following a remarkable, almost complete response to PRRT. While the etiology of their recurrence is unknown, the team speculated that an elevated tumor marker
2805:(sugar). Blood glucose levels should be checked frequently in the perioperative period and insulin should be given as needed if levels are elevated. Following resection, tumor-related hyperglycemia is likely to resolve.
3347:
National Health
Insurance Service data, the prevalence of a pheochromocytoma was reported at 2.13 per 100,000 persons with an incidence of 0.18 per 100,000 person-years. This is lower than the occurrence reported from
10209:
Averbuch SD, Steakley CS, Young RC, Gelmann EP, Goldstein DS, Stull R, Keiser HR (August 1988). "Malignant pheochromocytoma: effective treatment with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine".
2367:
It is important to note that larger tumors even for those larger than 6.0 cm can be attempted with a minimally invasive approach, but the team should be prepared to convert to an open procedure if necessary. An
2246:
PET – the tumor is appreciated as the dark structure in the patient's left chest. Darkened structure at head of patient is the brain, posterior to the abdomen are the kidneys, in the pelvis is the bladder. These are
1972:
When plasma metanephrine levels were elevated to greater than 15% of the combined levels of normetanephrine and metanephrine, an adrenal tumor or a recurrence of an adrenal tumor that had already been excised can be
1866:
Twenty-four hour urinary metanephrines are an acceptable alternative if the plasma test is unavailable. Other additional biomarkers can be helpful to aid in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma as well, most notable is
2661:
during the operation. Therefore, a high-sodium diet with adequate fluid intake should be encouraged prior to surgery. Some institutions in the United States will even admit patients the night prior to surgery for
12229:
12210:
8183:
Goffredo P, Adam MA, Thomas SM, Scheri RP, Sosa JA, Roman SA (August 2015). "Patterns of Use and Short-Term
Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Surgery for Malignant Pheochromocytoma: A Population-Level Study".
3902:
Williams MD. Paragangliomas of the Head and Neck: An
Overview from Diagnosis to Genetics. Head Neck Pathol. 2017 Sep;11(3):278-287. doi: 10.1007/s12105-017-0803-4. Epub 2017 Mar 20. PMID: 28321772; PMCID:
2878:
Patients should be transitioned to a normal maintenance (regular, daily) dose of steroids prior to discharge and referred to endocrinology for proper titration and management. Depending on the patient's
7674:"European Association of Nuclear Medicine Practice Guideline/Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Procedure Standard 2019 for radionuclide imaging of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma"
3322:
of pheochromocytoma is between 1:2,500 and 1:6,500, meaning that for every 2,500–6,500 people, there is (on average) one person with pheochromocytoma. In the United States, this equates to an annual
3023:
reported that a majority of patients with recurrent biochemical evidence of disease within one year of the operation and less than 30% continued to be biochemically free of disease after five years.
2931:) where they are not normally found. Patients with a paraganglioma are more likely to develop metastases than those with a pheochromocytoma. The most common extra-adrenal sites of metastases are the
7621:
Taïeb D, Tessonnier L, Sebag F, Niccoli-Sire P, Morange I, Colavolpe C, et al. (2008). "The role of 18F-FDOPA and 18F-FDG-PET in the management of malignant and multifocal phaeochromocytomas".
4515:
Prejbisz A, Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Januszewicz A. Mortality associated with phaeochromocytoma. Horm Metab Res. 2013 Feb;45(2):154-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1331217. Epub 2013 Jan 15. PMID: 23322516.
10881:
Satapathy S, Mittal BR, Bhansali A (December 2019). "Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in the management of advanced pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
3414:
imaging, there is a 5–10% chance the lesion is a pheochromocytoma. The incidence of adrenal tumors is found in the infographic above, with pheochromocytoma noted in yellow in the top right corner.
2968:
Despite all of the below potential treatment options, recent literature highlights that (for most patients) metastatic pheochromocytoma is slow-growing. In patients with minimal disease burden, a "
2700:) where excess fluid is dangerous. While there is still no recognized consensus or gold standard, providers should individualize the decision based on the patient's perceived nutritional standing,
2539:
is then prescribed to control the heart rate. Just as with the alpha antagonists, there are selective (beta-1) and non-selective (beta-1 and beta-2) adrenoceptor antagonists. The selective agents (
2471:. These effects will decrease with time, but providers can try to avoid them by starting at a low-dose and slowly increasing until they reach their desired amount. In patient's with uncontrolled
1853:
lab draw. Patients should also avoid catecholamine-containing foods (fruits, fruit drinks, chocolate, caffeine, tomatoes, beans, nuts, and potatoes) for a minimum of 24 hours prior to collection.
3664:
Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Robledo M, Dahia PLM. Update on the genetics of paragangliomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2023 Mar 8;30(4):e220373. doi: 10.1530/ERC-22-0373. PMID: 36748842; PMCID: PMC10029328.
2389:
Typically, complete or total adrenalectomy is performed; however, a technique referred to as "cortical-sparing" can leave a remnant (piece) of the adrenal gland in hopes of avoiding life-long
6657:
Grossrubatscher E, Dalino P, Vignati F, Gambacorta M, Pugliese R, Boniardi M, et al. (September 2006). "The role of chromogranin A in the management of patients with phaeochromocytoma".
2423:
and direct tumor manipulation, making surgery one of the most dangerous times for a pheochromocytoma patient if not properly prepared. In order to help circumvent a catecholamine-crisis, the
11200:"The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and medullary thyroid cancer"
2083:
Across both an adrenergic and a noradrenergic phenotype, the greater the sum of plasma or urinary concentrations of metanephrine and normetanephrine, the larger the expected tumor diameter.
3074:
for metastatic pheochromocytoma and reported that local control was achieved in over 85% of targeted lesions and that 92% of procedures were associated with reduced pain and/or symptoms of
3617:
with pheochromocytoma. Dr. Foreman, one of the doctors, attempts to appeal the inmate's death penalty on the basis that he was unable to control his actions due to his tumor. This kind of
2419:
have been described as a dormant volcano, ready to erupt at any time, wreaking catastrophic havoc on the body. While an eruption can occur at any time, two of the most common triggers are
1776:
results in the correct clinical scenario. When interpreting a biochemical analysis for pheochromocytoma, the provider must pay close attention to the (1) conditions of the collection, (2)
2116:
is found on a scan ordered for another reason. For example, "Patient M" presents to his local emergency room for abdominal pain and a CT is ordered to rule-out appendicitis; however, the
8987:
Jiang M, Ding H, Liang Y, Tang J, Lin Y, Xiang K, et al. (March 2018). "Preoperative risk factors for haemodynamic instability during pheochromocytoma surgery in
Chinese patients".
2645:
mitigate any intraoperative catecholamine crisis. These articles resulted in rebuttals from research teams in the United States, but an international consensus has not yet been reached.
9885:
Jimenez C, Rohren E, Habra MA, Rich T, Jimenez P, Ayala-Ramirez M, Baudin E (August 2013). "Current and future treatments for malignant pheochromocytoma and sympathetic paraganglioma".
9701:
Ferrer-Inaebnit E, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Alfonso-García M, González-Argente X, Morales-Soriano R (January 2021). "Cytoreductive surgery in functioning peritoneal pheochromocytomatosis".
2479:) should be utilized. Unfortunately, compared to the selective agents listed above, phenoxybenzamine is much more expensive and may not be readily available to some patients. Common
2431:
blockade a minimum of seven days prior to surgery. There are several medication options depending on the clinical scenario, each with their own associated strengths and weaknesses.
3426:
Professor Ludwig Pick, the German physician who first coined the term "pheochromocytoma" in 1912 after recognizing the color-change associated with the addition of chromium salts
8267:"Comparison of Pheochromocytoma-Specific Morbidity and Mortality Among Adults With Bilateral Pheochromocytomas Undergoing Total Adrenalectomy vs Cortical-Sparing Adrenalectomy"
3014:
procedure is performed (removing as much of the cancerous tissue as possible) in order to reduce patient symptoms by removing the source of catecholamines, improve response to
5136:
Takabatake T, Kawabata M, Ohta H, Yamamoto Y, Ishida Y, Hara H, Hattori N (July 1985). "Acute renal failure and transient, massive proteinuria in a case of pheochromocytoma".
7780:"PET/CT comparing (68)Ga-DOTATATE and other radiopharmaceuticals and in comparison with CT/MRI for the localization of sporadic metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma"
2640:
that called into question the current recommendations for alpha-blockade. The study examined the intraoperative maximal systolic arterial pressure in people with and without
12007:
4758:
Cohen JK, Cisco RM, Scholten A, Mitmaker E, Duh QY (April 2014). "Pheochromocytoma crisis resulting in acute heart failure and cardioembolic stroke in a 37-year-old man".
3487:" after they discovered extra-adrenal tissue that reacted to chromium salts, which mimicked the reaction of the adrenal medulla. Just four years later, German pathologist
4901:
Luiz HV, da Silva TN, Pereira BD, Santos JG, Gonçalves D, Manita I, Portugal J (December 2013). "Malignant paraganglioma presenting with hemorrhagic stroke in a child".
2599:. Despite attempts at resuscitation, the person died several days later. This complication is related to the impact that alpha and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists have on
3398:
Despite the prominence in many respected textbooks, these guidelines have since been established as inaccurate and are not used in current epidemiological discussions.
2139:
damage and should therefore be avoided in patients with pre-existing damage. However, patients who struggle with being in confined spaces for extended periods of time (
2911:) following tumor resection. However, the above are more likely to be encountered, which is why their management has been specifically outlined here in this article.
2315:
Also, HED-PET has shown to be an accurate tool to diagnose and rule out pheochromocytoma in complex clinical scenarios and to characterise equivocal adrenal tumours.
5093:
Celik H, Celik O, Guldiken S, Inal V, Puyan FO, Tugrul A (February 2014). "Pheochromocytoma presenting with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure: a case report".
2127:
on if CT or MR is the preferred imaging modality in pheochromocytoma, each method has its associated strengths and weaknesses. As CT expose the patient to ionizing
1530:
If a patient has the characteristic signs and symptoms of a pheochromocytoma and the decision is made to pursue additional biochemical (blood work) evaluation, the
10247:"Treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine: recommendation from a 22-year follow-up of 18 patients"
2193:– the pheochromocytoma is appreciated in the left panel on the right side of the screen (right panel; left side of the screen) as the darkened circle towards the
1834:
cause false elevations in metanephrine levels. Finally, it is important to have open, non-judgemental discussions about the patient's recreational substance use.
7731:"18F-FDG and anatomic imaging in the detection of succinate dehydrogenase mutation (SDHx)–related pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in the pediatric population"
714:. Unmanaged pheochromocytoma is dangerous and can lead to serious, potentially fatal, complications, including stroke and hypertension-induced organ damage. The
3536:
The zebra has become a powerful symbol in the pheochromocytoma advocacy community and represents the rare medical cases that are more likely to be misdiagnosed.
1875:
lifestyle habits that could alter the results. If the offending medications cannot be discontinued or repeated labs remained the same, consider administering a
9928:
Pappachan JM, Raskauskiene D, Sriraman R, Edavalath M, Hanna FW (July 2014). "Diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma: a practical guide to clinicians".
8614:"Are patients with hormonally functional phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma initially receiving a proper adrenoceptor blockade? A retrospective cohort study"
4971:
Anderson NE, Chung K, Willoughby E, Croxson MS (April 2013). "Neurological manifestations of phaeochromocytomas and secretory paragangliomas: a reappraisal".
3265:) could be an indication of a poor response to PRRT and called for pre-PRRT assessments to include Ki-67 values to help individualize patient treatment plans.
3247:
are minimal, with only 5 out of 102 patients choosing to voluntarily initiate treatment discontinuation. Newer reports have detailed the utility of combining
12252:
11624:"Ein Fall von doppelseitigem, völlig latent verlaufenen Nebennierentumor und gleichzeitiger Nephritis mit Veränderungen am Circulationsapparat und Retinitis"
3524:
that works to connect patients with rare diseases and allows them to meet other individuals who are experiencing similar diagnoses and treatment strategies.
2183:),(5) 11C-Hydroxy ephedrine(HED-PET). From this point forward, these imaging modalities will be referred to in their abbreviated names found in parentheses.
5241:
Newell KA, Prinz RA, Pickleman J, Braithwaite S, Brooks M, Karson TH, Glisson S (August 1988). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency".
3100:, collectively known as CVD. Response to therapy is measured by a reduction in total tumor volume as well as symptomatic relief, reported by the patient. A
2499:. While uncommon, patients may have a hormonally-active pheochromocytoma and a normal blood pressure. One comparison from 2014 found that a small dose of a
5328:
12387:
10345:"Continued Tumor Reduction of Metastatic Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma Harboring Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit B Mutations with Cyclical Chemotherapy"
3456:
Felix Fraenkel, who provided a clinical and morphologic picture of this tumor. While various physicians were recognizing symptoms and treating patients,
3326:(new cases per year) of 500 to 1,600 cases. However, approximations in the early 2000s reported that upwards of 50% of pheochromocytoma diagnoses are at
2277:
mutations, F-FDOPA fell inferior to the traditional FDG-PET. However, for patients with genetic variants in other pheochromocytoma-susceptibility genes (
808:(a catecholamine) is hypothesized to result in damaged cardiac tissue by inhibiting coronary blood flow and depriving cells of oxygen, thus resulting in
5435:
5424:
3132:
However, CVD is not the only proven chemotherapeutic regimen in the pheochromocytoma patient. A 2018 report demonstrated the remarkable response of two
2344:
intraoperatively. Without frequent and adequate communication between all of the above-mentioned teams, a favorable outcome is much more difficult. The
10162:"Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and dacarbazine for malignant paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma: systematic review and meta-analysis"
8410:"Why Take the Risk? We Only Live Once: The Dangers Associated with Neglecting a Pre-Operative Alpha Adrenoceptor Blockade in Pheochromocytoma Patients"
11950:
11069:"Prognosis of Malignant Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma (MAPP-Prono Study): A European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors Retrospective Study"
10304:"Survival of patients with metastatic malignant pheochromocytoma and efficacy of combined cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy"
3038:
Patient receiving radiation therapy to the region of the head and neck. Full facial mold is in place to protect areas where they do not want exposure.
2364:
socioeconomic effects, and operative and postoperative parameter, the evidence is uncertain about the effects of either interventions over the other.
841:
is the most common abnormal heart rhythm associated with a pheochromocytoma and is experienced by patients as the feeling of a "fluttering heart" or
130:
8036:
Arezzo A, Bullano A, Cochetti G, Cirocchi R, Randolph J, Mearini E, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (December 2018).
7480:
Rufini V, Treglia G, Perotti G, Giordano A (January 2013). "The evolution in the use of MIBG scintigraphy in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas".
10443:"Temozolomide Is a Potential Therapeutic Tool for Patients With Metastatic Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma-Case Report and Review of the Literature"
3285:
article about prognosis published in 2000 reported a 91% 5-year survival rate in their patient population; however, over 86% of their patients had
3166:
improvement. There are several patients who are not eligible for MIBG treatment, including pregnant women (exposure to radiation is harmful to the
2843:
found that some beta blocker use may cause people to more prone to hypoglycemia and not experience these symptoms, which could delay the diagnosis.
3508:
physician-scientists have been recognizing patterns in patients with pheochromocytoma and identifying genetic associations and various syndromes.
1943:
While diagnostic, laboratory values can also provide physician's with important information about the type, location, size, and associated tumor
1819:
11982:
4528:
Zhang R, Gupta D, Albert SG (December 2017). "Pheochromocytoma as a reversible cause of cardiomyopathy: Analysis and review of the literature".
3679:
Beard CM, Sheps SG, Kurland LT, Carney JA, Lie JT (December 1983). "Occurrence of pheochromocytoma in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950 through 1979".
1003:
A negative result may be upsetting to a child if their sibling was positive; an opportunity to ask questions and process results may be helpful.
1000:
Testing one pediatric sibling at a time allows the family to narrow their focus when results are returned and support each sibling individually.
11461:"Pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma: recent updates in genetics, biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, metabolomics, imaging and therapeutic options"
9971:
Buhl T, Mortensen J, Kjaer A (March 2002). "I-123 MIBG imaging and intraoperative localization of metastatic pheochromocytoma: a case report".
3031:(I-MIBG) prior to surgery and then scanning the patient intraoperatively with a probe to detect disease that may be missed with the naked eye.
1903:
overnight, patient's will present to their testing site for a baseline metanephrines blood draw and clonidine administration. They will remain
7394:
Leung K, Stamm M, Raja A, Low G (February 2013). "Pheochromocytoma: the range of appearances on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and functional imaging".
12057:
977:
Additional practices may help maintain the emotional and psychological well-being of the minor. Screening includes a multidisciplinary team (
5165:"Multiple organ failure and coma as initial presentation of pheochromocytoma in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type II A"
997:
A positive result from testing during family-observed days of celebration may mask the happiness associated with these events in the future.
10014:
De Filpo G, Maggi M, Mannelli M, Canu L (June 2020). "Management and outcome of metastatic pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas: an overview".
9838:"Response after surgical resection of metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: can postoperative biochemical remission be predicted?"
11276:"Epidemiology and Prognosis of Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma in Korea: A Nationwide Study Based on the National Health Insurance Service"
12490:
11247:
Sutton MG, Sheps SG, Lie JT (June 1981). "Prevalence of clinically unsuspected pheochromocytoma. Review of a 50-year autopsy series".
10998:
5645:
Favier J, Amar L, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP (February 2015). "Paraganglioma and phaeochromocytoma: from genetics to personalized medicine".
10645:
Carrasquillo JA, Pandit-Taskar N, Chen CC (May 2016). "I-131 Metaiodobenzylguanidine Therapy of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma".
3545:
has become increasingly powerful to the rare disease community and resulted in several organizations, societies, and special events (
3495:. Many surgeons attempted to remove these tumors over the next decade, but their patients died intraoperatively from shock. In 1926,
2972:" approach with frequent imaging to monitor disease is favorable, withholding treatment until evidence of progression is visualized.
1675:
5017:
Shemin D, Cohn PS, Zipin SB (November 1990). "Pheochromocytoma presenting as rhabdomyolysis and acute myoglobinuric renal failure".
3565:
In July 2012, an actual pheochromocytoma patient, Tannis Brown, former vice-president of the PheoPara Troopers, was featured on the
3516:
While a rare disease, there have been several references to pheochromocytoma in popular culture and the media, specifically medical
12158:
8227:
Berber E, Mitchell J, Milas M, Siperstein A (August 2010). "Robotic posterior retroperitoneal adrenalectomy: operative technique".
3553:
812:
tissue. Fortunately, following tumor excision and the subsequent quelling of catecholamines, the damage has been proven reversible.
514:(PGL) family of tumors, being defined as an intra-adrenal PGL . These neuroendocrine tumors can be sympathetic, where they release
12033:
2811:: After the tumor is removed, insulin is no longer inhibited, which can bring the blood glucose dangerously low. Symptoms include
12380:
3637:
2965:
approach to the original disease, especially in big tumors, has been appointed as an important risk factor for tumoral seeding.
1947:. There are (3) major, well-recognized biochemical phenotypes that can be used by health care providers to direct patient care.
3366:
life. When younger patients are diagnosed with a pheochromocytoma, there should be a high suspicion for hereditary disease, as
3010:; leave no remnant of disease. However, with widespread metastatic disease, this is not always feasible. Therefore, a surgical
2883:, the total typical daily dose of hydrocortisone is between 15 and 25 mg daily (divided into morning and afternoon pills).
2401:
2283:
1082:
191:
12149:
11686:
9077:
Wong C, Yu R (July 2010). "Preoperative preparation for pheochromocytoma resection: physician survey and clinical practice".
6101:
5225:
3927:
3770:
3228:
880:
published). While 71% of the studied patients reported headaches, just over 20% of the affected patients endorsed associated
163:
7883:"Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy as a Novel Treatment for Metastatic and Invasive Phaeochromocytoma and Paraganglioma"
6622:
d'Herbomez M, Do Cao C, Vezzosi D, Borzon-Chasot F, Baudin E (September 2010). "Chromogranin A assay in clinical practice".
4087:
Manger WM (August 2006). "An overview of pheochromocytoma: history, current concepts, vagaries, and diagnostic challenges".
2355:(minimally invasive technique) for most adrenal tumors, unless they are invasive or are larger than 6.0 centimeters. A 2018
12721:
10494:"SDHB mutations are associated with response to temozolomide in patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma"
9649:"Synchronous and metachronous liver metastases in patients with colorectal cancer-towards a clinically relevant definition"
4617:
Van YH, Wang HS, Lai CH, Lin JN, Lo FS (November 2002). "Pheochromocytoma presenting as stroke in two Taiwanese children".
4284:
Prejbisz A, Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Januszewicz A (November 2011). "Cardiovascular manifestations of phaeochromocytoma".
11325:"Incidence of pheochromocytoma and sympathetic paraganglioma in the Netherlands: A nationwide study and systematic review"
7031:"Precision Medicine: An Update on Genotype/Biochemical Phenotype Relationships in Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma Patients"
5788:"First report of bilateral pheochromocytoma in the clinical spectrum of HIF2A-related polycythemia-paraganglioma syndrome"
3045:– With regard to pheochromocytoma, radiation techniques are primarily used for pain control, specifically with regards to
2607:. The normal blood vessel is open, allowing for adequate blood flow. When catecholamines activate the alpha receptor, the
2258:
is the most common and readily available functional imaging technique at most hospital systems, but the least-specific to
961:
recommends that all patients diagnosed with a pheochromocytoma undergo an evaluation with a genetic counselor to consider
12716:
12711:
12263:
10108:"Efficacy and Safety of Ablative Therapy in the Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma"
7085:"Pheochromocytoma catecholamine phenotypes and prediction of tumor size and location by use of plasma free metanephrines"
2395:
1773:
1045:
929:
12136:
8134:
Zhang, Liang; Chen, Danlei; Pang, Yingxian; Guan, Xiao; Xu, Xiaowen; Wang, Cikui; Xiao, Qiao; Liu, Longfei (July 2022).
3573:
The show highlighted her personal struggle with misdiagnosed disease as many physicians felt her episodic headaches and
2507:) may be used pre-operatively in some people. This will not drastically lower the patients blood pressure and make them
170:
12373:
10394:"Successful Second-Line Metronomic Temozolomide in Metastatic Paraganglioma: Case Reports and Review of the Literature"
5596:"65 YEARS OF THE DOUBLE HELIX: Genetics informs precision practice in the diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma"
3186:) are started prior to treatment and need to be continued for at least three weeks after therapy concludes. Associated
1012:
The following table(s) detail the clinical characteristics of the well-known hereditary pheochromocytoma gene variants
6470:"Dietary influences on plasma and urinary metanephrines: implications for diagnosis of catecholamine-producing tumors"
3377:
Likelihood of diagnosis when an adrenal-nodule is identified; pheochromocytoma is in yellow near the top-right corner.
3298:
from primary tumor to presence of metastases. The actual location of the metastases can also indicate prognosis, with
9744:
Corssmit EP, Snel M, Kapiteijn E (January 2020). "Malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: management options".
5436:
https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Rare-and-inherited-disease-eligibility-criteria-version-5.2.pdf
5425:
https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Rare-and-inherited-disease-eligibility-criteria-version-5.2.pdf
3468:
system, which would later become crucial to the diagnosis of these tumors. Furthermore, he also introduced the term "
3257:
226:
101:
52:
38:
11108:
Hamidi O (June 2019). "Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: recent advances in prognosis and management".
2415:
Arguably, the most important part of a pheochromocytoma surgical plan is an adequate pre-operative blockade. Excess
149:
12742:
12186:
11720:
Kiernan CM, Solórzano CC (January 2016). "Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Diagnosis, Genetics, and Treatment".
4376:
Liao WB, Liu CF, Chiang CW, Kung CT, Lee CW (September 2000). "Cardiovascular manifestations of pheochromocytoma".
2439:
If the patient's blood pressure is moderately elevated, a selective, short-acting alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist (
11323:
Berends AM, Buitenwerf E, de Krijger RR, Veeger NJ, van der Horst-Schrivers AN, Links TP, Kerstens MN (May 2018).
6285:"Evaluating the optimum rest period prior to blood collection for fractionated plasma free metanephrines analysis"
2849:
Following a bilateral adrenalectomy (left and right), the patient is no longer capable of secreting the necessary
177:
12570:
12417:
9557:"Outcomes of patients with metastatic phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
6921:"Plasma methoxytyramine: clinical utility with metanephrines for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma"
4043:
Hosseinnezhad A, Black RM, Aeddula NR, Adhikari D, Trivedi N (2011). "Glucagon-induced pheochromocytoma crisis".
3125:
mutations are not only more likely to initially respond to CVD, but that they also experienced over 30 months of
2669:
starting at midnight until the time of the operation. However, a small trial from 2009 reported no difference in
2619:(gets larger) and allows for increased blood flow, reducing the blood pressure. If a pheochromocytoma patient is
1102:
10682:"Efficacy of Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy for Functional Metastatic Paraganglioma and Pheochromocytoma"
6033:"Recurrent Mutations of Chromatin-Remodeling Genes and Kinase Receptors in Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas"
2692:
that the providers chose to forego volume repletion in the older patient population for fear of their potential
1414:
There have been several published case reports of other, rare pheochromocytoma-associated susceptibility genes:
11803:"Anaesthetic management of a case of adrenal and extra-adrenal phaeochromocytoma for preoperative embolisation"
3491:
coined the term "pheochromocytoma" after he observed the consistent color change in tumors associated with the
3239:
3071:
2828:
1501:
1485:
1229:
821:
Pheochromocytomas have been implicated in various types of cardiomyopathy, including (myocarditis, see above),
4944:
Potapova G, Chazova I, Kuznetsov N, Sitina V, Popov E, Gavrilov I (June 2011). "Pheochromocytoma and Stroke".
2451:) is the preferred agent. However, the patient should be warned about the potential side-effect known as "the
2393:
if the left and right adrenal glands need to be removed. The issue is particularly important in patients with
5837:"Novel HIF2A mutations disrupt oxygen sensing, leading to polycythemia, paragangliomas, and somatostatinomas"
3588:
3253:
3115:
3020:
3000:. There are several treatment options available to patients depending on the amount and location of disease:
2908:
2022:
159:
7835:
Kroiss AS, Uprimny C, Shulkin BL, Gruber L, Frech A, Jazbec T, et al. (March 2019). "18F-DOPA PET/CT".
7525:"(131)I-MIBG therapy for malignant paraganglioma and phaeochromocytoma: systematic review and meta-analysis"
538:
1920s: from phaeochrome (another term for chromaffin), from Greek phaios 'dusky' + khrōma 'color', + -cyte.
12747:
12703:
8893:"A Necessity, Not a Second Thought: Pre-Operative Alpha-Adrenoceptor Blockade in Pheochromocytoma Patients"
2328:
Surgical resection is the only curative option for pheochromocytoma as of 2019. A successful excision is a
2255:
2233:
2168:
756:. Patients require immediate, life-saving treatment to prevent further damage to other organs and/or death.
10680:
Kong G, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Hofman MS, Callahan J, Meirovitz A, Maimon O, et al. (September 2017).
4236:
Riester A, Weismann D, Quinkler M, Lichtenauer UD, Sommerey S, Halbritter R, et al. (December 2015).
12145:
9270:
6743:
Kosman ME (July 1975). "Evaluation of clonidine hydrochloride (Catapres). A new antihypertensive agent".
3136:
patients who failed CVD chemotherapy (disease progressed despite medication), but were then treated with
2701:
2677:
1815:
1769:
1765:
1714:
588:
10059:"External beam radiation therapy for advanced/unresectable malignant paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma"
9313:"Effect of beta blocker use and type on hypoglycemia risk among hospitalized insulin requiring patients"
4330:
Young WF (December 2007). "Adrenal causes of hypertension: pheochromocytoma and primary aldosteronism".
2954:
mutations have the highest rates of developing metastatic disease. Another study has reported increased
1764:
is considered the gold standard diagnosis for pheochromocytoma. Over 10 studies have confirmed that the
7221:"Current and future anatomical and functional imaging approaches to pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma"
3411:
3402:
3058:
2993:
2305:
2109:
2101:
547:
10492:
Hadoux J, Favier J, Scoazec JY, Leboulleux S, Al Ghuzlan A, Caramella C, et al. (December 2014).
7355:"15 YEARS OF PARAGANGLIOMA: Imaging and imaging-based treatment of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma"
6429:"Elevated urinary free and deconjugated catecholamines after consumption of a catecholamine-rich diet"
6244:"Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: how to distinguish true- from false-positive test results"
5984:"Vascular Changes in the Retina and Choroid of Patients With EPAS1 Gain-of-Function Mutation Syndrome"
5289:
Fishbein L (February 2016). "Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Genetics, Diagnosis, and Treatment".
2774:, which causes lower blood pressure. First-line treatment for postoperative hypotension is aggressive
2427:
recommends that all patients with functional (hormonally active) tumors be started on a pre-operative
1879:
suppression test. In the 1970s, the drug clonidine hydrocloride swept the market as a novel agent for
12560:
12537:
12140:
11510:
Conzo G, Pasquali D, Colantuoni V, Circelli L, Tartaglia E, Gambardella C, et al. (2014-05-01).
11067:
Hescot S, Curras-Freixes M, Deutschbein T, van Berkel A, Vezzosi D, Amar L, et al. (June 2019).
8315:
7268:
McCullough PA, Choi JP, Feghali GA, Schussler JM, Stoler RM, Vallabahn RC, Mehta A (September 2016).
3566:
3330:; therefore, the above estimations may be lower than expected. In a 50-year autopsy case series, the
3277:
3126:
2124:
1418:
866:
138:
76:
10830:
Vyakaranam AR, Crona J, Norlén O, Granberg D, Garske-Román U, Sandström M, et al. (June 2019).
6700:
Därr R, Lenders JW, Stange K, Kindel B, Hofbauer LC, Bornstein SR, Eisenhofer G (January 2013). "".
5384:
Lenders JW, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grebe SK, Murad MH, et al. (June 2014).
4502:
3792:
3381:
Classically, the pheochromocytoma "rules of 10" have been taught, particularly to medical students:
2778:, which is why ensuring the patient is well-hydrated (see above) prior to surgery is so imperative.
733:, mainly due to hypertensive crisis in the mother and intrauterine growth restriction in the fetus.
12613:
12553:
12532:
12396:
12274:
7083:
Eisenhofer G, Lenders JW, Goldstein DS, Mannelli M, Csako G, Walther MM, et al. (April 2005).
3323:
3178:, and those are who not expected to live longer than three months. As MIBG therapy can destroy the
2243:
2010:
Patients are more likely to present with continuous, persistent pheochromocytoma-related symptoms (
1811:
1667:
1459:
1066:
949:
Current estimates predict that upwards of 40% of all pheochromocytomas are related to an inherited
826:
8085:
Aggeli C, Nixon AM, Parianos C, Vletsis G, Papanastasiou L, Markou A, et al. (October 2017).
6174:
2055:
Patients are more likely to be asymptomatic; however, they may present with non-specific signs of
259:
12523:
8038:"Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumours in adults"
7173:
Neumann HP, Young WF, Eng C (August 2019). Longo DL (ed.). "Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma".
3367:
3203:
3154:
3119:
3063:
3050:
3028:
2948:
2880:
2500:
2496:
2468:
2309:
2296:
2229:
2172:
2074:
2026:
1916:
following clonidine. Patients should not depend on themselves for transport following this test.
1835:
770:
661:
394:
267:
Normal remnant adrenal gland (left) with a pheochromocytoma (right) involving the adrenal medulla
134:
10973:
9403:
MacKenzie CR, Goodman SM (July 2016). "Stress Dose Steroids: Myths and Perioperative Medicine".
6332:
Lenders JW, Willemsen JJ, Eisenhofer G, Ross HA, Pacak K, Timmers HJ, Sweep CG (February 2007).
5503:"SDHB-related pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma penetrance and genotype–phenotype correlations"
12608:
10106:
Kohlenberg J, Welch B, Hamidi O, Callstrom M, Morris J, Sprung J, et al. (February 2019).
6242:
Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Walther MM, Friberg P, Lenders JW, Keiser HR, Pacak K (June 2003).
2746:
2068:
1627:
1531:
822:
778:(heart) tissue and exert negative effects including oxygen deprivation, leading to accelerated
699:
12325:
9364:"Selective use of steroid replacement after adrenalectomy: lessons from 331 consecutive cases"
8800:"Perioperative α-receptor blockade in phaeochromocytoma surgery: an observational case series"
6919:
Rao D, Peitzsch M, Prejbisz A, Hanus K, Fassnacht M, Beuschlein F, et al. (August 2017).
3811:
Lenders JW, Pacak K, Walther MM, Linehan WM, Mannelli M, Friberg P, et al. (March 2002).
184:
12752:
12665:
12086:"Does this patient have pheochromocytoma? A systematic review of clinical signs and symptoms"
11023:
Noshiro T, Shimizu K, Watanabe T, Akama H, Shibukawa S, Miura W, et al. (January 2000).
10729:
Strosberg J, Wolin E, Chasen B, Kulke M, Bushnell D, Caplin M, et al. (September 2018).
9836:
Ellis RJ, Patel D, Prodanov T, Sadowski S, Nilubol N, Adams K, et al. (September 2013).
9501:
Zelinka T, Musil Z, Dušková J, Burton D, Merino MJ, Milosevic D, et al. (October 2011).
9127:
Mamilla D, Araque KA, Brofferio A, Gonzales MK, Sullivan JN, Nilubol N, Pacak K (July 2019).
8136:"Surgical treatment of large pheochromocytoma (>6 cm): A 10-year single-center experience"
5982:
Dmitriev PM, Wang H, Rosenblum JS, Prodanov T, Cui J, Pappo AS, et al. (December 2019).
3436:
3373:
3007:
2846:
2779:
2588:
2492:
2452:
2164:
1799:
953:
susceptibility mutation. Of the remaining 60% of tumors, more than 30% are associated with a
797:
760:
44:
10778:
Strosberg J, El-Haddad G, Wolin E, Hendifar A, Yao J, Chasen B, et al. (January 2017).
10245:
Huang H, Abraham J, Hung E, Averbuch S, Merino M, Steinberg SM, et al. (October 2008).
9700:
9183:
Naranjo J, Dodd S, Martin YN (August 2017). "Perioperative Management of Pheochromocytoma".
5594:
Neumann HP, Young WF, Krauss T, Bayley JP, Schiavi F, Opocher G, et al. (August 2018).
5501:
Jochmanova I, Wolf KI, King KS, Nambuba J, Wesley R, Martucci V, et al. (August 2017).
12655:
12485:
12154:
8942:"Is there an optimal preoperative management strategy for phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma?"
7672:
Taïeb D, Hicks RJ, Hindié E, Guillet BA, Avram A, Ghedini P, et al. (September 2019).
4660:
Abourazzak S, Atmani S, Arqam LE, Chaouki S, Labib S, Harrandou M, et al. (May 2010).
4096:
3349:
2259:
2221:
1364:
1212:
1098:
966:
527:
458:
6590:
1134:
145:
83:
8:
12660:
12548:
12233:
5254:
5030:
3496:
2865:
2754:
2750:
2663:
2584:
2580:
2329:
1658:
1070:
917:
907:
801:
749:
730:
399:
11025:"Changes in clinical features and long-term prognosis in patients with pheochromocytoma"
6791:
5933:
Zhuang Z, Yang C, Lorenzo F, Merino M, Fojo T, Kebebew E, et al. (September 2012).
5478:
5451:
4100:
3865:
3709:
Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Mannelli M, Pacak K (20–26 August 2005). "Phaeochromocytoma".
2727:
The most common post-operative complications, likely causes, and treatment options are:
2673:
in patients treated with preoperative intravenous fluids compared to those who did not.
622:
Other clinical manifestations that have been reported include (in no particular order):
12468:
12257:
12167:
12112:
12085:
11878:
11853:
11829:
11802:
11783:
11697:
11651:
11599:
11574:
11487:
11460:
11436:
11411:
11355:
11300:
11275:
11224:
11199:
11177:
11133:
10950:
10925:
10906:
10858:
10831:
10804:
10779:
10755:
10730:
10711:
10622:
10597:
10570:
10545:
10523:
10469:
10442:
10418:
10393:
10369:
10344:
10284:
10271:
10246:
10191:
10134:
10107:
10083:
10058:
10057:
Breen W, Bancos I, Young WF, Bible KC, Laack NN, Foote RL, Hallemeier CL (2017-11-22).
10039:
9996:
9953:
9910:
9862:
9837:
9813:
9769:
9726:
9675:
9648:
9581:
9556:
9555:
Hamidi O, Young WF, Gruber L, Smestad J, Yan Q, Ponce OJ, et al. (November 2017).
9527:
9502:
9475:
9450:
9428:
9339:
9312:
9246:
9219:
9155:
9128:
9102:
9056:
9012:
8969:
8917:
8892:
8873:
8829:
8736:
8727:
8711:
8687:
8662:
8638:
8613:
8483:
8458:
8434:
8409:
8291:
8266:
8209:
8160:
8135:
8116:
8062:
8037:
8010:
7985:
7958:
7931:
7912:
7860:
7817:
7804:
7779:
7755:
7730:
7711:
7698:
7673:
7654:
7603:
7554:
7505:
7457:
7430:
7245:
7220:
7198:
7150:
7125:
7055:
7030:
7003:
6978:
6945:
6920:
6896:
6871:
6847:
6838:
6822:
6803:
6725:
6682:
6599:
6574:
6550:
6523:
6404:
6379:
6309:
6284:
6213:
6151:
6126:
6057:
6032:
6008:
5983:
5959:
5934:
5910:
5885:
5861:
5836:
5812:
5787:
5763:
5738:
5719:
5670:
5576:
5527:
5502:
5359:
5189:
5164:
5118:
4996:
4926:
4883:
4870:
4843:
4819:
4794:
4740:
4686:
4661:
4642:
4594:
4567:
4478:
4453:
4355:
4309:
4213:
4188:
4164:
4139:
4120:
4020:
3995:
3976:
3881:
3780:
3734:
3603:
2731:
2287:
2236:
scans were developed, MIBG has slowly lost its favor for the pheochromocytoma patient.
2159:
The imaging modalities discussed below are for tumor characterization, confirmation of
1597:
1216:
1055:
715:
366:
12246:
12242:
12238:
11678:
11041:
11024:
10343:
Jawed I, Velarde M, Därr R, Wolf KI, Adams K, Venkatesan AM, et al. (July 2018).
9853:
8941:
8519:
8331:
8282:
8265:
Neumann HP, Tsoy U, Bancos I, Amodru V, Walz MK, Tirosh A, et al. (August 2019).
5884:
Pacak K, Jochmanova I, Prodanov T, Yang C, Merino MJ, Fojo T, et al. (May 2013).
5690:"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma pathogenesis: learning from genetic heterogeneity"
5386:"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline"
3722:
3641:
3549:) to draw attention to the least common option sometimes being the correct diagnosis.
3027:
have also indicated the utility of administering a radionuclide agent like iodine-123
1540:
than a pheochromocytoma given the relative frequency of 0.8 per 100,000 person-years.
12647:
12495:
12476:
12412:
12285:
12117:
12008:"VHL Family Alliance Applauds Grey's Anatomy for Featuring von Hippel-Lindau Disease"
11958:
11883:
11834:
11775:
11737:
11702:
11682:
11643:
11604:
11533:
11492:
11441:
11387:
11359:
11347:
11305:
11256:
11229:
11169:
11125:
11090:
11046:
10955:
10910:
10898:
10863:
10809:
10760:
10703:
10662:
10658:
10627:
10575:
10515:
10474:
10423:
10374:
10325:
10302:
Nomura K, Kimura H, Shimizu S, Kodama H, Okamoto T, Obara T, Takano K (August 2009).
10288:
10276:
10227:
10183:
10139:
10088:
10043:
10031:
9988:
9984:
9945:
9902:
9867:
9805:
9773:
9761:
9730:
9718:
9680:
9629:
9621:
9617:
9604:"Metastatic catecholamine-secreting paraganglioma (extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma)".
9586:
9532:
9518:
9480:
9420:
9385:
9344:
9293:
9251:
9200:
9160:
9106:
9094:
9048:
9044:
9004:
8961:
8922:
8865:
8821:
8777:
8741:
8692:
8643:
8594:
8559:
8523:
8488:
8439:
8387:
8335:
8296:
8244:
8201:
8165:
8108:
8067:
8015:
7963:
7904:
7864:
7852:
7809:
7778:
Janssen I, Chen CC, Millo CM, Ling A, Taieb D, Lin FI, et al. (September 2016).
7760:
7715:
7703:
7658:
7646:
7638:
7634:
7607:
7595:
7546:
7497:
7462:
7411:
7376:
7332:
7291:
7250:
7202:
7190:
7155:
7106:
7060:
7008:
6950:
6901:
6852:
6795:
6760:
6756:
6729:
6717:
6674:
6670:
6639:
6604:
6555:
6524:"Update of Pheochromocytoma Syndromes: Genetics, Biochemical Evaluation, and Imaging"
6491:
6450:
6409:
6355:
6314:
6265:
6217:
6205:
6156:
6142:
6107:
6097:
6062:
6013:
5999:
5964:
5915:
5866:
5835:
Yang C, Sun MG, Matro J, Huynh TT, Rahimpour S, Prchal JT, et al. (March 2013).
5817:
5768:
5711:
5662:
5627:
5568:
5532:
5483:
5407:
5351:
5306:
5258:
5221:
5194:
5145:
5110:
5075:
5034:
5000:
4988:
4957:
4918:
4875:
4860:
4824:
4806:
4775:
4732:
4727:
4710:
4691:
4634:
4599:
4545:
4483:
4434:
4393:
4347:
4301:
4259:
4218:
4169:
4112:
4060:
4025:
3980:
3968:
3933:
3923:
3885:
3834:
3766:
3738:
3726:
3688:
3582:
3517:
3352:(0.8 per 100,000 person-years), in a study conducted from 1950 to 1979. However, the
3101:
2887:
2802:
2775:
2716:
2681:
2666:
2424:
2356:
2345:
2337:
1977:
1480:
958:
950:
838:
703:
571:
414:
350:
11787:
11655:
11181:
11137:
10924:
Wolf KI, Jha A, van Berkel A, Wild D, Janssen I, Millo CM, et al. (June 2019).
10544:
Pryma DA, Chin BB, Noto RB, Dillon JS, Perkins S, Solnes L, et al. (May 2019).
10527:
10392:
Tena I, Gupta G, Tajahuerce M, Benavent M, Cifrián M, Falcon A, et al. (2018).
10000:
9957:
9817:
9432:
9060:
9016:
8877:
8612:
Luiz HV, Tanchee MJ, Pavlatou MG, Yu R, Nambuba J, Wolf K, et al. (July 2016).
7916:
7821:
7558:
6807:
6686:
6575:"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment"
5723:
5674:
5580:
5363:
5054:"A case of pheochromocytoma complicated with acute renal failure and cardiomyopathy"
4887:
4744:
4646:
4313:
4124:
2067:, and weight loss secondary to the stimulation of dopamine receptors throughout the
12565:
12510:
12336:
12163:
12107:
12097:
11873:
11865:
11824:
11814:
11767:
11729:
11692:
11674:
11635:
11594:
11586:
11523:
11482:
11472:
11431:
11423:
11379:
11339:
11295:
11287:
11219:
11211:
11161:
11117:
11080:
11036:
10945:
10937:
10890:
10853:
10843:
10799:
10791:
10750:
10742:
10715:
10693:
10654:
10617:
10609:
10565:
10557:
10505:
10464:
10454:
10413:
10405:
10364:
10356:
10315:
10266:
10258:
10219:
10195:
10173:
10160:
Niemeijer ND, Alblas G, van Hulsteijn LT, Dekkers OM, Corssmit EP (November 2014).
10129:
10119:
10078:
10070:
10023:
9980:
9937:
9914:
9894:
9857:
9849:
9797:
9753:
9710:
9670:
9660:
9613:
9576:
9568:
9522:
9514:
9470:
9462:
9412:
9375:
9334:
9324:
9285:
9241:
9231:
9192:
9150:
9140:
9086:
9040:
8996:
8973:
8953:
8912:
8904:
8857:
8833:
8811:
8798:
Groeben H, Nottebaum BJ, Alesina PF, Traut A, Neumann HP, Walz MK (February 2017).
8769:
8731:
8723:
8682:
8674:
8633:
8625:
8586:
8551:
8515:
8478:
8470:
8429:
8421:
8377:
8327:
8286:
8278:
8236:
8213:
8193:
8155:
8147:
8120:
8098:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8005:
7997:
7953:
7943:
7932:"C-hydroxy-ephedrine-PET/CT in the Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma"
7894:
7844:
7799:
7791:
7750:
7742:
7693:
7685:
7630:
7585:
7536:
7509:
7489:
7452:
7442:
7403:
7366:
7322:
7281:
7240:
7232:
7182:
7145:
7137:
7096:
7050:
7042:
6998:
6990:
6940:
6932:
6891:
6883:
6842:
6834:
6787:
6752:
6709:
6666:
6631:
6594:
6586:
6545:
6535:
6481:
6468:
de Jong WH, Eisenhofer G, Post WJ, Muskiet FA, de Vries EG, Kema IP (August 2009).
6440:
6399:
6391:
6345:
6304:
6296:
6255:
6197:
6146:
6138:
6089:
6052:
6044:
6003:
5995:
5954:
5946:
5905:
5897:
5856:
5848:
5807:
5799:
5758:
5750:
5701:
5654:
5617:
5607:
5560:
5522:
5514:
5473:
5463:
5397:
5343:
5298:
5250:
5184:
5176:
5122:
5102:
5065:
5026:
4980:
4953:
4930:
4910:
4865:
4855:
4844:"Left ventricular thrombus and embolic stroke caused by a functional paraganglioma"
4814:
4767:
4722:
4681:
4673:
4626:
4589:
4579:
4566:
Agrawal S, Shirani J, Garg L, Singh A, Longo S, Longo A, et al. (March 2017).
4537:
4473:
4465:
4424:
4385:
4359:
4339:
4293:
4249:
4208:
4200:
4159:
4151:
4104:
4052:
4015:
4007:
3960:
3877:
3824:
3758:
3718:
3618:
3546:
3542:
3183:
3089:
2969:
2787:
2757:
2608:
2488:
2476:
2467:, particularly when transferring from a seated to standing position due to a rapid
2455:." When patients are initially exposed to one of the above agents, they may become
2209:
The first functional imaging technique utilized in pheochromocytoma patients was I-
1807:
1106:
954:
846:
779:
753:
631:
280:
9466:
7124:
Histed SN, Lindenberg ML, Mena E, Turkbey B, Choyke PL, Kurdziel KA (April 2012).
6048:
12688:
12620:
12578:
12444:
12279:
11215:
11121:
10598:"MIBG (metaiodobenzylguanidine) theranostics in pediatric and adult malignancies"
9801:
9757:
9714:
8457:
Graham RM, Thornell IR, Gain JM, Bagnoli C, Oates HF, Stokes GS (November 1976).
7141:
7101:
7084:
6350:
6333:
6188:
Neumann HP, Young WF, Eng C (August 2019). "Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma".
5852:
5754:
5106:
4541:
4297:
3762:
3492:
3469:
3262:
3248:
3191:
3046:
2928:
2891:
2886:
Those who have lost both their adrenal glands will also require another steroid (
2858:
2456:
2279:
2202:
2001:
1904:
1831:
1789:
1740:
1570:
1438:
1114:
962:
921:
766:
607:
507:
503:
253:
Phaeochromocytoma, adrenal medullary tumor, Chromaffin Cell Tumors, Paraganglioma
12353:
12339:
12176:
10223:
6300:
5886:"New syndrome of paraganglioma and somatostatinoma associated with polycythemia"
5549:
4630:
3951:
Tevosian SG, Ghayee HK (December 2019). "Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas".
3370:(earlier disease onset with each generation) is associated with some mutations.
3161:
conducive to surgery) pheochromocytoma patients and the results were promising.
2680:
in Los Angeles, California, nearly all indicated the importance of preoperative
1927:
disease – which is the only current biochemical evidence of metastases to date.
618:
There is an adrenal gland, highlighted in yellow, on top of each of the kidneys.
570:). However, patients are unlikely to experience continuous symptoms. Due to the
12603:
12518:
12342:
11983:"Neuroendocrine Cancer Survivor Featured on Discovery Fit & Health TV Show"
11528:
11511:
11343:
10941:
10546:"131I-MIBG Therapy in Patients with Advanced Pheochromocytoma or Paraganglioma"
10074:
10027:
9380:
9363:
9289:
9196:
8908:
8861:
8590:
8555:
8151:
7848:
7689:
7286:
7269:
6635:
5468:
4771:
4469:
3521:
3504:
3457:
3448:
3206:, are common, but often minimal, and can be mitigated with slow, steady dosing.
3175:
3034:
2955:
2900:
2868:
2854:
2836:
2720:
2670:
2341:
2217:
2140:
2132:
1997:
1868:
1612:
913:
816:
805:
793:
775:
726:
580:
428:
424:
12365:
12290:
12223:
12219:
12102:
11733:
11291:
10561:
10360:
9941:
9898:
9665:
9416:
9329:
9129:"Postoperative Management in Patients with Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma"
8577:
Clark BK (May 1992). "Beta-adrenergic blocking agents: their current status".
8240:
8197:
7795:
7746:
6994:
6031:
Toledo RA, Qin Y, Cheng ZM, Gao Q, Iwata S, Silva GM, et al. (May 2016).
5786:
Taïeb D, Yang C, Delenne B, Zhuang Z, Barlier A, Sebag F, Pacak K (May 2013).
5518:
5302:
5213:
4842:
Buchbinder NA, Yu R, Rosenbloom BE, Sherman CT, Silberman AW (December 2009).
4795:"Pheochromocytoma Underlying Hypertension, Stroke, and Dilated Cardiomyopathy"
4343:
4204:
4011:
3964:
3937:
3422:
2407:
was no decreased survival compared to their total adrenalectomy counterparts.
1772:
of this test is 97% and 93% respectively; however, there is still concern for
1318:
Pheochromocytoma, head and neck paraganglioma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor
1297:
Head and neck paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor
1276:
Pheochromocytoma, head and neck paraganglioma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor
12736:
12637:
12630:
12595:
12583:
11962:
11819:
11647:
11427:
11391:
11383:
10746:
10459:
10409:
9625:
8678:
8316:"Cortical-sparing adrenalectomy for patients with bilateral pheochromocytoma"
7642:
7447:
6540:
5935:"Somatic HIF2A gain-of-function mutations in paraganglioma with polycythemia"
5901:
4984:
4810:
4677:
3889:
3829:
3812:
3613:
3484:
3473:
3336:
3290:
3244:
3171:
3162:
3110:
3105:
3075:
2997:
2980:
Metastatic pheochromocytoma is best managed with a multidisciplinary team of
2904:
2794:
2771:
2697:
2641:
2604:
2592:
2532:
2428:
2416:
2383:
2360:
2352:
2333:
2113:
2105:
2018:) compared to those that are classically episode with an adrenergic phenotype
1966:
1761:
1575:
978:
685:
567:
515:
511:
470:
420:
355:
11412:"Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: From Epidemiology to Clinical Findings"
11198:
Chen H, Sippel RS, O'Dorisio MS, Vinik AI, Lloyd RV, Pacak K (August 2010).
10848:
10124:
9236:
9145:
8474:
8103:
8087:"Surgery for pheochromocytoma: A 20-year experience of a single institution"
8086:
7948:
6887:
5658:
4155:
4108:
3238:
analogues mentioned above in the functional imaging section. Treatment with
12675:
12541:
12480:
12121:
11887:
11869:
11838:
11771:
11741:
11706:
11628:
Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin
11608:
11573:
Bausch B, Tischler AS, Schmid KW, Leijon H, Eng C, Neumann HP (July 2017).
11537:
11496:
11477:
11445:
11351:
11309:
11233:
11173:
11129:
11094:
11050:
10959:
10902:
10867:
10813:
10764:
10707:
10666:
10631:
10579:
10519:
10478:
10427:
10378:
10329:
10280:
10187:
10143:
10092:
10035:
9992:
9949:
9906:
9871:
9809:
9765:
9722:
9684:
9590:
9536:
9484:
9424:
9389:
9348:
9297:
9255:
9204:
9164:
9098:
9090:
9052:
9008:
8965:
8926:
8869:
8825:
8781:
8647:
8563:
8443:
8391:
8300:
8248:
8205:
8169:
8112:
8071:
8019:
7967:
7908:
7856:
7813:
7764:
7707:
7650:
7599:
7550:
7501:
7466:
7415:
7380:
7336:
7295:
7254:
7236:
7194:
7159:
7110:
7064:
7012:
6954:
6905:
6721:
6713:
6678:
6643:
6608:
6559:
6495:
6454:
6413:
6380:"Drugs and pheochromocytoma—don't be fooled by every elevated metanephrine"
6359:
6318:
6269:
6260:
6243:
6209:
6160:
6111:
6066:
6017:
5968:
5919:
5870:
5821:
5772:
5715:
5666:
5631:
5572:
5564:
5536:
5487:
5411:
5355:
5310:
5114:
4992:
4922:
4914:
4879:
4828:
4779:
4736:
4695:
4638:
4603:
4549:
4487:
4438:
4397:
4389:
4351:
4305:
4263:
4222:
4173:
4116:
4064:
4029:
3972:
3838:
3730:
3574:
3465:
3440:
3388:
10% of patients have bilateral (both left and right adrenal glands) disease
3362:
3137:
3085:
3067:
3015:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2808:
2761:
2742:
2738:
2654:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2600:
2576:
2567:
2536:
2528:
2512:
2472:
2369:
2213:
2011:
1986:
1959:
1896:
1880:
1803:
1622:
1432:
1138:
1130:
986:
938:
842:
737:
674:
656:
563:
555:
519:
450:
371:
11779:
11590:
11260:
11165:
11085:
11068:
10795:
10698:
10681:
10231:
9647:
Engstrand J, Strömberg C, Nilsson H, Freedman J, Jonas E (December 2019).
8745:
8696:
8598:
8339:
7729:
Jha A, Ling A, Millo C, Gupta G, Viana B, Lin FI, et al. (May 2018).
7186:
6764:
6334:"Is supine rest necessary before blood sampling for plasma metanephrines?"
6201:
5950:
5262:
5198:
5149:
5079:
5038:
4584:
3692:
3483:, Henri Alezais and Felix Peyron, introduced the scientific community to "
2723:
on the resected tumor confirms the diagnosis, by typical features as shown
614:
12693:
12500:
12426:
12320:
12182:
12172:
11066:
10613:
10596:
Agrawal A, Rangarajan V, Shah S, Puranik A, Purandare N (November 2018).
10320:
10303:
9633:
8816:
8799:
8773:
8527:
8492:
8425:
8382:
8365:
6856:
6799:
6486:
6469:
6445:
6428:
6395:
5803:
5622:
5402:
5385:
5347:
3500:
3488:
3461:
3353:
3331:
3223:
Same patient. Purple lesions are metastatic disease detected with FDG PET
3187:
3097:
3093:
3054:
2962:
2890:
replacement). The typical daily dose is between 50 and 200 micrograms of
2767:
2705:
2693:
2658:
2637:
2596:
2572:
2548:
2524:
2508:
2480:
2349:
2252:
2220:(secreted by pheochromocytomas), MIBG was well-suited for uptake by most
2015:
1913:
1827:
1261:
957:. Given the high association with genetic inheritance, the United States
889:
885:
787:
642:
602:
559:
523:
375:
11758:
Welbourn RB (July 1987). "Early surgical history of phaeochromocytoma".
11673:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 182. Elsevier. pp. 343–73.
11459:
Antonio K, Valdez MM, Mercado-Asis L, Taïeb D, Pacak K (February 2020).
8663:"The dangers of unopposed beta-adrenergic blockade in phaeochromocytoma"
8001:
7407:
7371:
7354:
7046:
6936:
6621:
5612:
5595:
4429:
4412:
4254:
4237:
3439:
distinctly marked on each cheek" with a "constant profuse and universal
2623:
started on a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, this reverses the protective
2186:
1935:
12453:
12440:
12435:
12422:
12348:
11639:
10262:
9496:
9494:
7493:
6823:"Clonidine withdrawal. Mechanism and frequency of rebound hypertension"
5180:
4568:"Pheochromocytoma and stress cardiomyopathy: Insight into pathogenesis"
4056:
3358:
3319:
2932:
2924:
2689:
2556:
2544:
2504:
2484:
2420:
2390:
2378:
2374:
2267:
2210:
2190:
2176:
2160:
2147:
1955:
1924:
1892:
1823:
1653:
1602:
1358:
1346:
1341:
1191:
1186:
1034:
1029:
990:
833:
596:
465:
148:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
12202:
10894:
10510:
10493:
10178:
10161:
9927:
9572:
9000:
8957:
8629:
7899:
7882:
7590:
7573:
7541:
7524:
7523:
van Hulsteijn LT, Niemeijer ND, Dekkers OM, Corssmit EP (April 2014).
6872:"Hypertensive urgency: an important aetiology of rebound hypertension"
6656:
6093:
5070:
5053:
3219:
Purple lesions are metastatic disease detected with DOTATATE imaging.
3212:
993:, parent, and child) where the primary focus is supporting the child.
12683:
12431:
12331:
12296:
11951:"Why Did the Young Mother Have Searing Head Pain and a Racing Heart?"
11669:
Kantorovich V, Pacak K (2010). "Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma".
9278:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
7522:
7327:
7310:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
4711:"Cerebrovascular event, dilated cardiomyopathy, and pheochromocytoma"
3595:
3480:
3281:
3235:
3011:
2989:
2832:
2552:
2460:
2448:
2440:
2180:
2128:
2117:
1876:
1718:
1644:
1590:
1074:
722:
711:
707:
576:
518:
into the bloodstream which cause the most common symptoms, including
479:
473:
454:
11623:
10679:
9491:
6427:
de Jong WH, Post WJ, Kerstens MN, de Vries EG, Kema IP (June 2010).
5706:
5689:
5383:
4283:
2270:
disease, particularly related to succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (
2239:
1919:
Plasma methoxytyramine is a breakdown product of the catecholamine,
765:
A heart attack is often caused by a significant build-up of plaque (
12404:
10159:
9786:
7930:
Vyakaranam AR, Crona J, Norlén O, Hellman P, Sundin A (June 2019).
6979:"Update on Modern Management of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma"
3608:
3339:. In the first national, epidemiological population-based study in
3199:
2981:
2540:
2511:, but it will assist the surgical and anesthesia teams if there is
2444:
2225:
2201:, while the darkened structure in the pelvis of the patient is the
2131:, MR is preferred in children and pregnant women. Furthermore, the
2064:
2060:
2052:
More likely to indicate an extra-adrenal tumor of the head and neck
2046:
1944:
1920:
1888:
1839:
1632:
1580:
982:
893:
874:
809:
651:
592:
584:
551:
476:
436:
383:
379:
359:
12301:
11901:
8314:
Lee JE, Curley SA, Gagel RF, Evans DB, Hickey RC (December 1996).
7082:
5370:
4235:
3638:"PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA | Meaning & Definition for UK English"
3318:
According to the North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society, the
2348:
2014 Clinical Practice Guideline for pheochromocytoma recommend a
12034:"Mischaracterizations by the popular media of medical conditions"
11372:
11322:
9646:
8846:
7353:
Castinetti F, Kroiss A, Kumar R, Pacak K, Taieb D (August 2015).
6241:
4189:"Hypertension in pheochromocytoma: characteristics and treatment"
4042:
3996:"Hypertension in pheochromocytoma: characteristics and treatment"
3472:," allowing pathologists to recognize tumors that arose from the
3453:
3444:
3431:
3407:
3327:
3179:
2985:
2850:
2816:
2798:
2685:
2301:
2198:
2194:
2097:
1900:
1843:
1585:
1447:
1443:
1381:
670:
664:– becoming light-headed or dizzy after swiftly changing positions
446:
12268:
12058:"'Grey's Anatomy' Features Rare Disease on Three-Episode Series"
8540:
7620:
5327:
Mercado-Asis LB, Wolf KI, Jochmanova I, Taïeb D (January 2018).
4709:
Dagartzikas MI, Sprague K, Carter G, Tobias JD (February 2002).
3813:"Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: which test is best?"
1544:
disease, and multiparameter scoring systems have been proposed
12458:
12449:
12214:
11509:
10777:
9029:
5326:
5240:
4140:"Phaeochromocytoma--"the great mimic": an unusual presentation"
3286:
3195:
2812:
2782:
may be needed if the blood pressure does not respond to fluids.
2464:
2136:
2056:
1884:
1607:
1240:
881:
860:
678:
647:
626:
387:
11458:
11150:
10105:
9126:
7267:
6331:
6283:
Griffin TP, Casey R, Wall D, Bell M, O'Shea PM (August 2016).
5452:"The clinical genetics of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma"
5135:
4970:
4943:
4708:
3708:
2676:
In a 2010 survey of 40 endocrinologists by researchers at the
546:
The symptoms of a sympathetic pheochromocytoma are related to
289:
10829:
10644:
10491:
8940:
Challis BG, Casey RT, Simpson HL, Gurnell M (February 2017).
8226:
8035:
7431:"Anatomical and functional imaging in endocrine hypertension"
5981:
4841:
3532:
3344:
3307:
3234:
The newest of the treatment options, PRRT utilizes the 68-Ga
3167:
3057:
retrospectively reviewed all of their patients who underwent
2940:
2615:. However, when catecholamines active the beta receptor, the
2216:. Given the compounds similar structure to the catecholamine
1467:
1425:
499:
12137:
General Information About Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
11925:
11197:
10974:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms – National Cancer Institute"
10595:
10208:
9503:"Metastatic pheochromocytoma: does the size and age matter?"
8797:
7986:"Precision Surgery for Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas"
7929:
7479:
6467:
4659:
3361:
for why the incidence of pheochromocytoma is growing in the
2927:
pheochromocytoma is defined as the presence of tumor cells (
2495:, all of which do not cease with time and may limit patient
2292:
F-FDOPA has become the preferred radiopharmaceutical agent.
16:
Tumor of the adrenal medulla which secretes adrenal hormones
11022:
10391:
9362:
Shen WT, Lee J, Kebebew E, Clark OH, Duh QY (August 2006).
8758:
8709:
7123:
6426:
5883:
5449:
5445:
5443:
4238:"Life-threatening events in patients with pheochromocytoma"
3443:." Following his death, a group of physicians performed an
3340:
3303:
3299:
3129:(time until tumor returned) with continued administration.
2944:
2936:
2475:, the non-selective alpha-1 and 2 adrenoceptor antagonist (
2272:
2197:. The darkened structure at the head of the patient is the
2035:
1306:
1285:
1206:
334:
328:
310:
304:
292:
12083:
11572:
9835:
8939:
8084:
7834:
7784:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
7735:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
7678:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
7352:
7309:
Caraiani C, Dong Y, Rudd AG, Dietrich CF (December 2018).
5644:
4757:
4662:"Cerebral ischaemic stroke and bilateral pheochromocytoma"
3810:
3391:
10% of patients have extra-adrenal (paraganglioma) disease
566:(excessive sweating, particularly at night, also known as
11671:
Neuroendocrinology - Pathological Situations and Diseases
10728:
10301:
10013:
9500:
8456:
8366:"Preoperative management of the pheochromocytoma patient"
7311:"Reasons for inadequate or incomplete imaging techniques"
6778:
England JF (May 1977). "Clonidine rebound hypertension".
5739:"Genomic Landscape of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma"
5500:
4900:
432:
319:
316:
11154:
Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism
10244:
9554:
9311:
Dungan K, Merrill J, Long C, Binkley P (November 2019).
9310:
8182:
7308:
6918:
5593:
5440:
4413:"Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: a deceptive connection"
2171:), commonly referred to as the PET scan, (2) iodine-123
796:
damage, excessive catecholamines can result in abnormal
10880:
8264:
7837:
Revista Espanola de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular
7671:
6820:
6699:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6227:
5932:
5218:
Surgical Treatment: Evidence-Based and Problem-Oriented
4565:
3678:
3660:
3658:
1780:
medications the patient is taking, and (3) their diet.
11800:
11110:
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
9884:
9079:
Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes
7574:"Role of (18) F-FDOPA PET/CT imaging in endocrinology"
5785:
5092:
3594:
mutation that has resulted in a pheochromocytoma. The
1976:
Patients are more likely to present with the classic,
595:(cheese and wine), intraoperative tumor manipulation,
10923:
10155:
10153:
10056:
9743:
8611:
7126:"Review of functional/anatomical imaging in oncology"
7078:
7076:
7074:
6521:
4193:
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
4186:
4000:
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
3993:
3953:
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
3302:
lesions (bone) faring better than their soft-tissue (
1548:
Differential Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma by System
313:
298:
295:
286:
283:
12192:
11854:""If You Hear Hoof Beats, Think Horses, Not Zebras""
11073:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
10686:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
10342:
10308:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
9451:"Adrenal insufficiency – recognition and management"
8370:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
7880:
7777:
6821:
Geyskes GG, Boer P, Dorhout Mees EJ (January 1979).
6474:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
6433:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
6282:
6248:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
6224:
5792:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5390:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5322:
5320:
3655:
3541:
be correct (the zebras). However, the symbol of the
2653:
Excess catecholamines cause a decrease in the total
2120:
notes there is a 3.5 centimeter right adrenal mass.
610:(center, red) is the origin of the pheochromocytoma.
325:
301:
12187:
Hereditary Paraganglioma-Pheochromocytoma Syndromes
11274:Kim JH, Moon H, Noh J, Lee J, Kim SG (March 2020).
10543:
9361:
8712:"Alpha-adrenergic receptors in human blood vessels"
8660:
8313:
8260:
8258:
7983:
7979:
7977:
5450:Kavinga Gunawardane PT, Grossman A (October 2017).
5329:"Pheochromocytoma: A Genetic and Diagnostic Update"
5162:
4619:
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism
3806:
3804:
3802:
2899:
There have been many other reported complications (
2853:
to keep their body functioning. Life-long steroid (
1912:have a pheochromocytoma, they may become extremely
736:Misdiagnosis of pheochromocytoma can be deadly, as
331:
322:
307:
10150:
9970:
9444:
9442:
8986:
7348:
7346:
7071:
6522:Alrezk R, Suarez A, Tena I, Pacak K (2018-11-27).
6373:
6371:
6369:
4973:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1846:can result in marked plasma norepinephrine levels.
1534:is important as it is more likely to be something
725:, pheochromocytoma is associated with significant
10780:"177Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors"
9185:Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
9182:
8133:
7728:
7393:
7218:
6976:
6030:
5834:
5317:
5051:
4375:
3520:. Additionally, there is a strong online patient
3394:10% of patients have inherited (familial disease)
2179:),(4) 68Ga-DOTA coupled somatostatin analogs (Ga-
2175:(I-MIBG), (3) 18F-flurodihydroxyphenylalanine (F-
12734:
11719:
11668:
10731:"177Lu-Dotatate in the Phase III NETTER-1 Trial"
10441:Tong A, Li M, Cui Y, Ma X, Wang H, Li Y (2020).
9402:
9178:
9176:
9174:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9116:
8793:
8791:
8661:Sheaves R, Chew SL, Grossman AB (January 1995).
8255:
7974:
7024:
7022:
5507:Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
5284:
5282:
4792:
4527:
4325:
4323:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3799:
3751:
2801:– a hormone responsible for lowering the body's
1818:, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (
1701:Adopted from Lenders et al., Phaeochromocytoma.
12395:
11930:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
11858:The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon Reports
11801:Jacob M, Macwana S, Vivekanand D (March 2015).
9448:
9439:
9396:
8890:
8710:van Brummelen P, Jie K, van Zwieten PA (1986).
8407:
7343:
7214:
7212:
7172:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6366:
6187:
6124:
5736:
5016:
4561:
4559:
4371:
4369:
3602:A case of pheochromocytoma was featured in the
1739:Misuse of over-the-counter medications such as
1228:Head and neck paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma,
554:(likely related to elevated blood pressure, or
12084:Pourian M, Mostafazadeh DB, Soltani A (2015).
11575:"Max Schottelius: Pioneer in Pheochromocytoma"
11246:
10999:"Pheochromocytoma – National Cancer Institute"
8359:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8351:
8349:
7571:
7435:Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
6517:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6377:
5012:
5010:
4332:Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
4187:Zuber SM, Kantorovich V, Pacak K (June 2011).
4137:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
3994:Zuber SM, Kantorovich V, Pacak K (June 2011).
3950:
3917:
3704:
3702:
3577:(high blood pressure) were related to stress.
2007:More likely to indicate an extra-adrenal tumor
1393:Pheochromocytoma, head and neck paraganglioma
144:Please review the contents of the article and
12381:
11851:
11273:
9171:
9113:
9072:
9070:
8891:Santos JR, Wolf KI, Pacak K (February 2019).
8788:
8579:AACN Clinical Issues in Critical Care Nursing
8403:
8401:
7881:Mak IY, Hayes AR, Khoo B, Grossman A (2019).
7428:
7274:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
7019:
6572:
5279:
4616:
4523:
4521:
4454:"The management of hypertension in pregnancy"
4451:
4320:
4270:
3906:
3049:, local control of the disease, and to limit
2648:
2547:) are preferred to the non-selective agents (
916:(rapid skeletal muscle breakdown) leading to
8506:Kleeman FJ (June 1977). "Phenoxybenzamine".
8408:Wolf KI, Santos JR, Pacak K (January 2019).
7984:Wiseman D, Lakis ME, Nilubol N (July 2019).
7209:
6961:
6869:
5291:Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
5052:Hamada N, Akamatsu A, Joh T (January 1993).
4556:
4445:
4404:
4366:
4180:
3896:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3006:– Normally, the goal of surgery is complete
2711:
2340:(discussed below) and the surgical team and
12090:Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders
11409:
10440:
9842:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
9268:
8346:
8042:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6502:
5007:
4793:Lin PC, Hsu JT, Chung CM, Chang ST (2007).
4071:
3757:. Tokyo: Springer Japan. pp. 280–284.
3699:
3088:regimen for metastatic pheochromocytoma is
2753:is first treated with a 5.0 milligram (mg)
2410:
972:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
12388:
12374:
11722:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America
11554:Sugrue C (1800). "A Case of Gastrodynia".
9507:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
9067:
8398:
7028:
5163:Lorz W, Cottier C, Imhof E, Gyr N (1993).
4518:
4378:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
4089:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2797:: Catecholamines prevent the secretion of
2361:laparoscopic retroperotenial adrenalectomy
2251:Of the four above mentioned modalities, F-
849:(fast heart rate) have also been reported.
550:hyperactivity. The classic triad includes
258:
12111:
12101:
11877:
11828:
11818:
11696:
11598:
11527:
11486:
11476:
11435:
11299:
11223:
11084:
11040:
10949:
10857:
10847:
10803:
10754:
10697:
10621:
10569:
10509:
10468:
10458:
10417:
10368:
10319:
10270:
10177:
10133:
10123:
10082:
10016:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
9861:
9674:
9664:
9580:
9526:
9474:
9379:
9338:
9328:
9245:
9235:
9154:
9144:
8916:
8815:
8735:
8686:
8637:
8482:
8433:
8381:
8290:
8159:
8102:
8061:
8009:
7957:
7947:
7898:
7803:
7754:
7697:
7589:
7540:
7456:
7446:
7370:
7326:
7285:
7244:
7219:Timmers HJ, Taieb D, Pacak K (May 2012).
7149:
7100:
7054:
7002:
6944:
6895:
6846:
6598:
6549:
6539:
6485:
6444:
6403:
6349:
6308:
6259:
6150:
6056:
6007:
5958:
5909:
5860:
5811:
5762:
5705:
5621:
5611:
5526:
5477:
5467:
5401:
5214:"The multiple organ dysfunction syndrome"
5188:
5069:
4869:
4859:
4818:
4726:
4685:
4593:
4583:
4477:
4428:
4253:
4212:
4163:
4019:
3828:
3667:
2919:
2871:in the operating room prior to anesthesia
2749:must also be considered. A perioperative
1930:
1750:
1016:Classic Pheochromocytoma Tumor Syndromes
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
102:Learn how and when to remove this message
12159:National Organization for Rare Disorders
11757:
8716:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
6827:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
6378:Neary NM, King KS, Pacak K (June 2011).
5456:Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism
5288:
5211:
3554:National Organization for Rare Disorders
3531:
3421:
3372:
3211:
3033:
2715:
2627:and worsens the patient's hypertension.
2238:
2185:
2073:Particularly prevalent in patients with
2034:
1985:
1934:
1730:Including but not limited to cocaine use
743:
613:
601:
11948:
11621:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9220:"Treatment of hypertensive emergencies"
8505:
8031:
8029:
7876:
7874:
6777:
5216:. In Holzheimer RG, Mannick JA (eds.).
4410:
4138:Mitchell L, Bellis F (September 2007).
1908:is important to note that if a patient
1007:
12735:
11753:
11751:
11553:
11549:
11547:
11512:"Current concepts of pheochromocytoma"
11405:
11403:
11401:
11193:
11191:
11107:
11062:
11060:
10930:Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
10825:
10823:
10591:
10589:
10539:
10537:
9696:
9694:
9550:
9548:
9546:
9217:
9076:
7572:Santhanam P, Taïeb D (December 2014).
7429:Chaudhary V, Bano S (September 2012).
7396:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
7270:"Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury"
6977:Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G (June 2017).
6742:
6079:
5737:Jochmanova I, Pacak K (January 2018).
4086:
3511:
3385:10% of patients have malignant disease
2232:subunit–encoding genes (SDHx). As the
1883:; however, the reported side-effects (
1409:
1331:Other Pheochromocytoma Gene Mutations
892:, which are typically associated with
718:system is the most commonly involved.
12369:
12164:What's to Know about Pheochromocytoma
12150:American Society of Clinical Oncology
12031:
11332:European Journal of Internal Medicine
8576:
8459:"Prazosin: the first-dose phenomenon"
8363:
6591:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2014.01.001
6573:Martucci VL, Pacak K (January 2014).
6125:Stratakis CA, Carney JA (July 2009).
5687:
4329:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3580:In the seventh and eighth seasons of
3229:Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy
2914:
2688:, but older patients did not. It was
2527:) and the feeling of a racing heart (
2205:. This is normal physiologic uptake.
2154:
2086:
541:
11852:Boening A, Burger H (January 2018).
10398:Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology
9824:
9449:Pazderska A, Pearce SH (June 2017).
8026:
7871:
6870:Malaty J, Malaty IA (October 2014).
5255:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007
5031:10.1001/archinte.1990.00390220118024
3755:Questions in Daily Urologic Practice
3053:. A multidisciplinary team from the
2167:positron emission tomography (F-FDG
1861:
1327:(Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit x)
1170:Hereditary Paraganglioma Syndromes (
342:(fee-oh-kroh-moh-sahy-toh-muh)
113:
59:
18:
11748:
11544:
11398:
11188:
11057:
10820:
10784:The New England Journal of Medicine
10586:
10534:
10349:Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
9691:
9543:
9033:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
7175:The New England Journal of Medicine
6792:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1977.tb131095.x
6702:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
6384:The New England Journal of Medicine
6190:The New England Journal of Medicine
5939:The New England Journal of Medicine
4530:International Journal of Cardiology
2091:
1980:(episodic) symptoms described above
930:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
13:
12146:Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
12077:
9653:World Journal of Surgical Oncology
8728:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02851.x
6839:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00897.x
6080:Carney JA (2013). "Carney triad".
4458:Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
4452:Kattah AG, Garovic VD (May 2013).
3882:10.1001/jama.286.8.971-jbk0822-2-1
3845:
3599:than a fifth of all VHL patients.
2562:
1423:Hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (
1150:(Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-2);
599:, or during anesthetic induction.
14:
12764:
12157:; Rare Disease Database from the
12129:
11416:Sisli Etfal Hastanesi Tip Bulteni
9854:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.04.027
8326:(6): 1064–70, discussion 1070–1.
8283:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8898
6925:European Journal of Endocrinology
4500:
4417:European Journal of Endocrinology
4242:European Journal of Endocrinology
3258:Radboud University Medical Centre
3120:succinate dehydrogenase subunit B
2949:succinate dehydrogenase subunit B
2657:, making a patient vulnerable to
2611:(gets smaller), which results in
2531:) may follow after initiating an
2434:
2295:The newest PET modality involves
2075:succinate dehydrogenase subunit B
1895:, dryness of the eyes and mouth,
900:
853:
639:Chest and/or abdominal discomfort
530:at the bifurcation of the aorta.
34:This article has multiple issues.
12486:ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
12050:
12025:
12000:
11975:
11942:
11918:
11902:"Rare Disease Day 2021 – 28 Feb"
11894:
11845:
11794:
11713:
11662:
11615:
11579:Journal of the Endocrine Society
11566:
11516:International Journal of Surgery
11503:
11452:
11410:Aygun N, Uludag M (2020-06-03).
11366:
11316:
11267:
11240:
11144:
11101:
11029:American Journal of Hypertension
11016:
10991:
10966:
10917:
10874:
10771:
10722:
10673:
10659:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.01.011
10638:
10602:The British Journal of Radiology
10485:
10434:
10385:
10336:
10295:
10238:
10202:
10099:
10050:
10007:
9985:10.1097/00003072-200203000-00007
9964:
9921:
9878:
9780:
9737:
9640:
9606:The American Journal of Medicine
9597:
9519:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02518.x
9355:
9304:
9262:
9224:Annals of Translational Medicine
9211:
9045:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01894.x
9023:
8980:
8933:
8884:
8840:
8752:
8703:
8654:
8605:
8570:
8534:
8499:
8450:
8307:
8220:
8176:
8127:
8078:
7923:
7828:
7771:
7722:
7665:
7635:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03257.x
6780:The Medical Journal of Australia
6757:10.1001/jama.1975.03260020060030
6671:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02591.x
6143:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02110.x
6000:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.5244
4958:10.1097/00004872-201106001-01534
4861:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00182.x
4848:Journal of Clinical Hypertension
4728:10.1097/00006565-200202000-00011
3527:
3452:complete credit is given to the
2518:
1755:
692:
279:
210:
118:
64:
23:
12418:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
10498:International Journal of Cancer
9269:Iqbal A, Heller S (June 2016).
8550:(6): 1410–7, discussion1417-8.
7614:
7565:
7516:
7473:
7422:
7387:
7302:
7261:
7166:
7130:Nuclear Medicine Communications
7117:
6912:
6863:
6814:
6771:
6736:
6693:
6650:
6615:
6566:
6461:
6420:
6325:
6276:
6181:
6167:
6118:
6073:
6024:
5975:
5926:
5877:
5828:
5779:
5730:
5681:
5638:
5587:
5543:
5494:
5429:
5418:
5269:
5234:
5205:
5156:
5129:
5086:
5045:
4964:
4937:
4894:
4835:
4786:
4751:
4702:
4653:
4610:
4509:
4494:
4229:
4131:
4036:
3987:
3944:
3621:is rarely successful, however.
3313:
3059:external beam radiation therapy
2708:, and ability to self-hydrate.
2425:United States Endocrine Society
2346:United States Endocrine Society
1733:
1724:
1708:
1695:
1521:
865:Multiple reports have detailed
42:or discuss these issues on the
12491:GH-secreting pituitary adenoma
11906:Rare Disease Day – 28 Feb 2021
11760:The British Journal of Surgery
10063:Advances in Radiation Oncology
9374:(8): 771–4, discussion 774–6.
8804:British Journal of Anaesthesia
8054:10.1002/14651858.CD011668.pub2
7990:Hormone and Metabolic Research
7225:Hormone and Metabolic Research
7029:Gupta G, Pacak K (June 2017).
5553:Hormone and Metabolic Research
3918:Kellerman RD, Rakel D (2020).
3745:
3630:
3464:reported his discovery of the
3204:hematologic (blood) toxicities
3072:percutaneous ethanol injection
2839:. A retrospective analysis of
2630:
1502:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
1486:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
1475:Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma
1453:Paraganglioma/Pheochromocytoma
1230:gastrointestinal stromal tumor
912:Several reports have detailed
146:add the appropriate references
73:This article needs editing to
1:
11807:Indian Journal of Anaesthesia
11679:10.1016/s0079-6123(10)82015-1
11042:10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00139-9
9467:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-3-258
8520:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)58643-7
8332:10.1016/S0039-6060(96)80056-0
6289:Practical Laboratory Medicine
6082:Frontiers of Hormone Research
6049:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1841
5647:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
5019:Archives of Internal Medicine
4799:Texas Heart Institute Journal
4503:"Pheochromocytoma Medication"
3723:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67139-5
3624:
3254:National Institutes of Health
3118:reported that patient's with
3116:National Institutes of Health
3021:National Institutes of Health
2909:intestinal pseudo-obstruction
2772:alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist
2603:combined with the actions of
2568:Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists
2533:alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist
2318:
2308:) in pediatric patients with
489:0.8 per 100,000 person-years
11280:Endocrinology and Metabolism
11216:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb4f0
11122:10.1097/med.0000000000000476
10735:Journal of Clinical Oncology
10647:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
9930:Current Hypertension Reports
9802:10.1097/sla.0000000000002195
9758:10.1097/cco.0000000000000589
9715:10.1016/j.ciresp.2020.03.010
9618:10.1016/0002-9343(76)90332-6
9612:(4): 523–532. October 1976.
9405:Current Rheumatology Reports
8667:Postgraduate Medical Journal
7142:10.1097/MNM.0b013e32834ec8a5
7102:10.1373/clinchem.2004.045484
6983:Endocrinology and Metabolism
6351:10.1373/clinchem.2006.076489
6131:Journal of Internal Medicine
5890:Journal of Clinical Oncology
5853:10.1182/blood-2012-10-460972
5755:10.1016/j.trecan.2017.11.001
5107:10.3109/0886022X.2013.832856
5058:Japanese Circulation Journal
4542:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.07.014
4411:Lenders JW (February 2012).
4298:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834a4ce9
3763:10.1007/978-4-431-72819-1_49
3640:. Lexico.com. Archived from
3271:
2975:
2537:beta-adrenoceptor antagonist
2234:positron emission tomography
1816:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
1796:Pharmaceutical Interference:
1715:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
1516:
1252:Head and neck paraganglioma
533:
7:
12397:Tumours of endocrine glands
11987:Carcinoid Cancer Foundation
11622:Fränkel F (February 1886).
10550:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
10224:10.7326/0003-4819-109-4-267
10212:Annals of Internal Medicine
9746:Current Opinion in Oncology
6301:10.1016/j.plabm.2016.05.001
4631:10.1515/jpem.2002.15.9.1563
4572:World Journal of Cardiology
3922:. Elsevier–Health Science.
3587:series regular Henry has a
2994:nuclear medicine physicians
2678:Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
2642:alpha-adrenoceptor blockade
2266:Unfortunately, in cases of
2123:While there has not been a
2096:Anatomic imaging refers to
1990:Structure of norepinephrine
1965:More likely to indicate an
1668:Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
1406:(Transmembrane Protein 127)
1402:(MYC Associated Factor X);
1375:Bilateral pheochromocytoma
1067:Medullary thyroid carcinoma
944:
920:and the need for transient
667:Psychiatric manifestations
589:adrenocorticotropic hormone
131:reliable medical references
10:
12769:
11529:10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.04.001
11344:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.015
10942:10.1007/s13139-019-00579-w
10447:Frontiers in Endocrinology
10075:10.1016/j.adro.2017.11.002
10028:10.1007/s40618-020-01344-z
9381:10.1001/archsurg.141.8.771
9317:Cardiovascular Diabetology
9290:10.1016/j.beem.2016.06.004
9197:10.1053/j.jvca.2017.02.023
8909:10.4158/1934-2403-25.2.200
8862:10.4158/1934-2403-25.2.199
8591:10.4037/15597768-1992-2016
8556:10.1016/j.surg.2014.08.022
8152:10.1016/j.ajur.2022.04.004
7849:10.1016/j.remn.2018.09.004
7690:10.1007/s00259-019-04398-1
7287:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.099
6636:10.1016/j.ando.2010.04.004
6579:Current Problems in Cancer
6528:Frontiers in Endocrinology
5688:Dahia PL (February 2014).
5469:10.1590/2359-3997000000299
4772:10.1016/j.surg.2012.11.013
4470:10.1053/j.ackd.2013.01.014
4144:Emergency Medicine Journal
3567:Discovery Fit & Health
3417:
3182:, protective medications (
3170:), women who are actively
2649:Perioperative fluid status
2579:. She quickly developed a
2469:decrease in blood pressure
2323:
2102:magnetic resonance imaging
2029:subunit X genetic variants
1498:Carney-Stratakis Syndrome
1352:1 Disease Characteristics
1197:1 Disease Characteristics
1077:habitus, pheochromocytoma
1040:1 Disease Characteristics
867:transient ischemic attacks
562:/elevated heart rate, and
548:sympathetic nervous system
12702:
12674:
12646:
12594:
12509:
12467:
12403:
12311:
12196:
12141:National Cancer Institute
12103:10.1186/s40200-016-0230-1
11734:10.1016/j.soc.2015.08.006
11292:10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.157
10562:10.2967/jnumed.118.217463
10361:10.1007/s10571-018-0579-4
9973:Clinical Nuclear Medicine
9942:10.1007/s11906-014-0442-z
9899:10.1007/s11912-013-0320-x
9666:10.1186/s12957-019-1771-9
9417:10.1007/s11926-016-0595-7
9330:10.1186/s12933-019-0967-1
8364:Pacak K (November 2007).
8241:10.1001/archsurg.2010.148
8198:10.1007/s00268-015-3040-6
7796:10.1007/s00259-016-3357-x
7747:10.1007/s00259-017-3896-9
6995:10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.152
5519:10.1007/s00432-017-2397-3
5303:10.1016/j.hoc.2015.09.006
4344:10.1007/s11154-007-9055-z
4205:10.1016/j.ecl.2011.02.002
4012:10.1016/j.ecl.2011.02.002
3965:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.006
3604:first episode of season 2
3571:Diagnosis: Dead or Alive.
3278:National Cancer Institute
3127:progression-free survival
2712:Post-operative management
2638:observational case series
2535:. If that is the case, a
2493:impaired male ejaculation
1812:tricyclic antidepressants
1785:Conditions of Collection:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1363:
1266:
1211:
1166:(Central Nervous System)
1054:
792:Even in patients without
485:
464:
442:
413:
405:
393:
365:
349:
271:
266:
257:
249:
244:
137:or relies too heavily on
12614:Adrenocortical carcinoma
11949:Sanders L (2019-10-30).
11820:10.4103/0019-5049.153046
11428:10.14744/SEMB.2020.18794
11384:10.1530/endoabs.49.oc1.4
10747:10.1200/JCO.2018.78.5865
10460:10.3389/fendo.2020.00061
10410:10.1177/1179554918763367
9887:Current Oncology Reports
9271:"Managing hypoglycaemia"
8679:10.1136/pgmj.71.831.58-a
8186:World Journal of Surgery
8140:Asian Journal of Urology
7448:10.4103/2230-8210.100659
7359:Endocrine-Related Cancer
6624:Annales d'Endocrinologie
6541:10.3389/fendo.2018.00515
6037:Clinical Cancer Research
5902:10.1200/JCO.2012.47.1912
5600:Endocrine-Related Cancer
5220:. Munich: Zuckschwerdt.
4985:10.1136/jnnp-2012-303028
4715:Pediatric Emergency Care
4678:10.1136/bcr.12.2009.2535
3830:10.1001/jama.287.11.1427
3560:
3155:meta-iodobenzylguanadine
3029:meta-iodobenzylguanadine
2523:An elevated heart rate (
2411:Pre-operative management
2173:meta-iodobenzylguanadine
2112:(unanticipated finding)
2021:Common in patients with
1939:Structure of epinephrine
1743:hat are sympathomimetics
1688:
1162:(Neuroendocrine Tumor);
973:Pediatric considerations
861:Cerebrovascular Accident
827:Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
825:, and stress-induced or
702:. As symptoms are often
75:comply with Knowledge's
12743:Adrenal gland disorders
12571:Squamous-cell carcinoma
11249:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
10849:10.3390/cancers11070909
10125:10.3390/cancers11020195
9237:10.21037/atm.2017.03.34
9146:10.3390/cancers11070936
8475:10.1136/bmj.2.6047.1293
8463:British Medical Journal
8104:10.14310/horm.2002.1759
7949:10.3390/cancers11060847
7315:Medical Ultrasonography
6888:10.1136/bcr-2014-206022
5659:10.1038/nrendo.2014.188
5169:Intensive Care Medicine
4946:Journal of Hypertension
4286:Journal of Hypertension
4156:10.1136/emj.2007.049569
4109:10.1196/annals.1353.001
3681:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3163:Median overall survival
3064:radiofrequency ablation
3051:spinal cord compression
2881:total body surface area
2513:hemodynamic instability
2501:calcium-channel blocker
2310:succinate dehydrogenase
2230:succinate dehydrogenase
2146:Compared to CT and MR,
2049:and 3-methoxytyramine)
2027:succinate dehydrogenase
1804:β-adrenoceptor blockers
1465:H3 histone, family 3A (
1158:(Neurofibromatosis-1);
662:Orthostatic hypotension
522:(high blood pressure),
12609:Adrenocortical adenoma
11870:10.1055/s-0038-1660808
11772:10.1002/bjs.1800740717
11478:10.21037/gs.2019.10.25
10883:Clinical Endocrinology
10166:Clinical Endocrinology
9561:Clinical Endocrinology
9218:Aronow WS (May 2017).
9091:10.1055/s-0029-1225339
8989:Clinical Endocrinology
8946:Clinical Endocrinology
8762:Molecular Pharmacology
8618:Clinical Endocrinology
8508:The Journal of Urology
7623:Clinical Endocrinology
7578:Clinical Endocrinology
7529:Clinical Endocrinology
7237:10.1055/s-0031-1299712
6714:10.1055/s-0032-1327395
6659:Clinical Endocrinology
6261:10.1210/jc.2002-030005
5694:Nature Reviews. Cancer
5565:10.1055/s-0032-1311568
4915:10.1542/peds.2013-0492
4390:10.1053/ajem.2000.7341
3920:Conn's Current Therapy
3876:(8): 971. 2001-08-22.
3537:
3427:
3378:
3224:
3039:
2920:Diagnosis and location
2847:Adrenal Insufficiency:
2747:essential hypertension
2724:
2551:). There are several (
2515:during the operation.
2248:
2206:
2069:gastrointestinal tract
2040:
1991:
1940:
1931:Biochemical phenotypes
1751:Biochemical evaluation
1628:Ischemic Heart Disease
1532:differential diagnosis
823:dilated cardiomyopathy
700:essential hypertension
619:
611:
591:), foods that contain
11591:10.1210/js.2017-00208
11166:10.1038/ncpendmet0396
11086:10.1210/jc.2018-01968
10796:10.1056/NEJMoa1607427
10699:10.1210/jc.2017-00816
7187:10.1056/NEJMra1806651
6202:10.1056/NEJMra1806651
5951:10.1056/NEJMoa1205119
4585:10.4330/wjc.v9.i3.255
3535:
3425:
3376:
3215:
3037:
3008:cytoreductive surgery
2829:altered mental status
2719:
2589:myocardial infarction
2453:first-dose phenomenon
2332:effort involving the
2297:somatostatin receptor
2260:neuroendocrine tumors
2242:
2222:neuroendocrine tumors
2189:
2135:used in CT can cause
2039:Structure of dopamine
2038:
1989:
1938:
1760:Elevated plasma free
1458:Pheochromocytoma and
1419:Pacak–Zhuang Syndrome
1154:(von-Hippel Lindau);
967:asymptomatic carriers
744:Cardiovascular system
617:
605:
419:Elevated plasma free
12656:Parathyroid neoplasm
12173:MedlinePlus Overview
12032:Kevin (2011-01-12).
10614:10.1259/bjr.20180103
10404:: 1179554918763367.
10321:10.1210/jc.2008-2697
8774:10.1124/mol.60.5.955
8722:(Suppl 1): 33S–39S.
8426:10.4158/EP-2018-0455
8383:10.1210/jc.2007-1720
6487:10.1210/jc.2009-0303
6446:10.1210/jc.2009-2589
6396:10.1056/NEJMc1101502
5804:10.1210/jc.2013-1217
5403:10.1210/jc.2014-1498
5348:10.4158/EP-2017-0057
5212:Marshall JC (2001).
3644:on February 25, 2021
3401:As suggested above,
3368:genetic anticipation
3350:Rochester, Minnesota
3148:Radionuclide Therapy
2682:volume resuscitation
2617:blood vessel dilates
2133:intravenous contrast
1217:Paternal Inheritance
1135:cafe-au-lait macules
1099:Renal cell carcinoma
1008:Hereditary syndromes
528:organ of Zuckerkandl
459:pharmacologic agents
12748:Endocrine neoplasia
12549:Parafollicular cell
11376:Endocrine Abstracts
9368:Archives of Surgery
8229:Archives of Surgery
8002:10.1055/a-0926-3618
7408:10.2214/AJR.12.9126
7372:10.1530/ERC-15-0175
7047:10.4158/EP161718.RA
6937:10.1530/EJE-17-0077
5613:10.1530/ERC-18-0085
5243:Archives of Surgery
5138:Clinical Nephrology
4430:10.1530/EJE-11-0528
4255:10.1530/EJE-15-0483
4199:(2): 295–311, vii.
4101:2006NYASA1073....1M
4006:(2): 295–311, vii.
3866:"Internal Medicine"
3512:Society and culture
3408:computed tomography
2776:fluid resuscitation
2751:hypertensive crisis
2581:hypertensive crisis
2391:steroid replacement
2098:computed tomography
1850:Lifestyle and Diet:
1798:Many prescription,
1705:366(9486); 665–675.
1659:Factitious Disorder
1650:Baroreflex Failure
1549:
1490:Pulmonary chondroma
1410:Other gene variants
1332:
1267:Autosomal Dominant
1174:
1141:, pheochromocytoma
1109:, pheochromocytoma
1071:hyperparathyroidism
1017:
918:acute kidney injury
908:Acute Renal Failure
761:Myocardial Ischemia
750:Hypertensive crisis
606:Adrenal gland; the
510:and is part of the
400:Hypertensive crisis
84:improve the content
12312:External resources
12168:Medical News Today
12012:www.prnewswire.com
11955:The New York Times
11640:10.1007/bf01938677
10608:(1091): 20180103.
10263:10.1002/cncr.23812
8897:Endocrine Practice
8850:Endocrine Practice
8817:10.1093/bja/aew392
8414:Endocrine Practice
7887:Neuroendocrinology
7494:10.1007/bf03401287
7089:Clinical Chemistry
7035:Endocrine Practice
6338:Clinical Chemistry
5988:JAMA Ophthalmology
5336:Endocrine Practice
5181:10.1007/BF01694777
4501:Blake, Michael A.
4057:10.4158/EP10388.CR
4045:Endocrine Practice
3538:
3522:advocacy community
3499:(a founder of the
3428:
3412:magnetic resonance
3379:
3225:
3084:– The most common
3040:
2915:Metastatic disease
2864:50 milligram (mg)
2725:
2595:, and dense right
2575:, a non-selective
2429:alpha-adrenoceptor
2249:
2228:like those in the
2207:
2165:fluorodeoxyglucose
2161:metastatic disease
2155:Functional imaging
2087:Tumor localization
2063:, abdominal pain,
2041:
1992:
1941:
1598:Carcinoid Syndrome
1547:
1365:Autosomal Dominant
1330:
1213:Autosomal Dominant
1169:
1105:, retinal and CNS
1056:Autosomal Dominant
1015:
688:(high blood sugar)
620:
612:
542:Signs and symptoms
160:"Pheochromocytoma"
12730:
12729:
12496:Craniopharyngioma
12477:Pituitary adenoma
12413:Pancreatic cancer
12363:
12362:
11688:978-0-444-53616-7
11035:(1 Pt 1): 35–43.
10895:10.1111/cen.14106
10741:(25): 2578–2584.
10511:10.1002/ijc.28913
10179:10.1111/cen.12542
9790:Annals of Surgery
9573:10.1111/cen.13434
9455:Clinical Medicine
9001:10.1111/cen.13544
8958:10.1111/cen.13252
8630:10.1111/cen.13066
8271:JAMA Network Open
7900:10.1159/000499497
7684:(10): 2112–2137.
7591:10.1111/cen.12566
7542:10.1111/cen.12341
7280:(13): 1465–1473.
6882:: bcr2014206022.
6175:"BlueBooksOnline"
6103:978-3-318-02330-5
6094:10.1159/000345672
5227:978-3-88603-714-8
5071:10.1253/jcj.57.84
4672:: bcr1220092535.
3929:978-0-323-79006-2
3772:978-4-431-72819-1
3589:Von Hippel-Lindau
3518:television dramas
3276:According to the
3102:systematic review
3043:Radiation Therapy
2929:chromaffin tissue
2667:fluid replacement
2609:vessel constricts
2357:systematic review
2330:multidisciplinary
2191:MIBG Scintigraphy
2077:genetic variants
2023:von-Hippel Lindau
1862:Alternative tests
1686:
1685:
1472:post-zygotic G34W
1397:
1396:
1322:
1321:
1145:
1144:
959:Endocrine Society
839:Sinus tachycardia
493:
492:
415:Diagnostic method
239:Medical condition
237:
236:
229:
219:
218:
195:
112:
111:
104:
57:
12760:
12626:Pheochromocytoma
12390:
12383:
12376:
12367:
12366:
12354:Pheochromocytoma
12194:
12193:
12177:pheochromocytoma
12155:Pheochromocytoma
12125:
12115:
12105:
12072:
12071:
12069:
12068:
12054:
12048:
12047:
12045:
12044:
12029:
12023:
12022:
12020:
12019:
12004:
11998:
11997:
11995:
11994:
11979:
11973:
11972:
11970:
11969:
11946:
11940:
11939:
11937:
11936:
11922:
11916:
11915:
11913:
11912:
11898:
11892:
11891:
11881:
11849:
11843:
11842:
11832:
11822:
11798:
11792:
11791:
11755:
11746:
11745:
11717:
11711:
11710:
11700:
11666:
11660:
11659:
11619:
11613:
11612:
11602:
11570:
11564:
11563:
11551:
11542:
11541:
11531:
11507:
11501:
11500:
11490:
11480:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11439:
11407:
11396:
11395:
11370:
11364:
11363:
11329:
11320:
11314:
11313:
11303:
11271:
11265:
11264:
11244:
11238:
11237:
11227:
11195:
11186:
11185:
11148:
11142:
11141:
11105:
11099:
11098:
11088:
11079:(6): 2367–2374.
11064:
11055:
11054:
11044:
11020:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11010:
10995:
10989:
10988:
10986:
10985:
10970:
10964:
10963:
10953:
10926:"177Lu-DOTATATE"
10921:
10915:
10914:
10878:
10872:
10871:
10861:
10851:
10832:"177Lu-DOTATATE"
10827:
10818:
10817:
10807:
10775:
10769:
10768:
10758:
10726:
10720:
10719:
10701:
10692:(9): 3278–3287.
10677:
10671:
10670:
10642:
10636:
10635:
10625:
10593:
10584:
10583:
10573:
10541:
10532:
10531:
10513:
10489:
10483:
10482:
10472:
10462:
10438:
10432:
10431:
10421:
10389:
10383:
10382:
10372:
10355:(5): 1099–1106.
10340:
10334:
10333:
10323:
10299:
10293:
10292:
10274:
10242:
10236:
10235:
10206:
10200:
10199:
10181:
10157:
10148:
10147:
10137:
10127:
10103:
10097:
10096:
10086:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10011:
10005:
10004:
9968:
9962:
9961:
9925:
9919:
9918:
9882:
9876:
9875:
9865:
9833:
9822:
9821:
9784:
9778:
9777:
9741:
9735:
9734:
9703:Cirugia Espanola
9698:
9689:
9688:
9678:
9668:
9644:
9638:
9637:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9584:
9552:
9541:
9540:
9530:
9498:
9489:
9488:
9478:
9446:
9437:
9436:
9400:
9394:
9393:
9383:
9359:
9353:
9352:
9342:
9332:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9275:
9266:
9260:
9259:
9249:
9239:
9215:
9209:
9208:
9191:(4): 1427–1439.
9180:
9169:
9168:
9158:
9148:
9124:
9111:
9110:
9074:
9065:
9064:
9027:
9021:
9020:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8920:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8844:
8838:
8837:
8819:
8795:
8786:
8785:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8739:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8690:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8641:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8574:
8568:
8567:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8486:
8469:(6047): 1293–4.
8454:
8448:
8447:
8437:
8405:
8396:
8395:
8385:
8361:
8344:
8343:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8294:
8262:
8253:
8252:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8163:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8106:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8065:
8048:(12): CD011668.
8033:
8024:
8023:
8013:
7981:
7972:
7971:
7961:
7951:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7902:
7878:
7869:
7868:
7832:
7826:
7825:
7807:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7758:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7701:
7669:
7663:
7662:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7593:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7544:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7460:
7450:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7374:
7350:
7341:
7340:
7330:
7328:10.11152/mu-1736
7306:
7300:
7299:
7289:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7248:
7216:
7207:
7206:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7153:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7104:
7080:
7069:
7068:
7058:
7026:
7017:
7016:
7006:
6974:
6959:
6958:
6948:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6899:
6876:BMJ Case Reports
6867:
6861:
6860:
6850:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6602:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6519:
6500:
6499:
6489:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6448:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6407:
6375:
6364:
6363:
6353:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6312:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6263:
6239:
6222:
6221:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6154:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6060:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6011:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5962:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5864:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5815:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5766:
5743:Trends in Cancer
5734:
5728:
5727:
5709:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5625:
5615:
5606:(8): T201–T219.
5591:
5585:
5584:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5530:
5513:(8): 1421–1435.
5498:
5492:
5491:
5481:
5471:
5447:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5405:
5381:
5368:
5367:
5333:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5286:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5192:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5014:
5005:
5004:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4873:
4863:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4822:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4730:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4666:BMJ Case Reports
4657:
4651:
4650:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4525:
4516:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4281:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4167:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4084:
4069:
4068:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4023:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3915:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3862:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3808:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3717:(9486): 665–75.
3706:
3697:
3696:
3676:
3665:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3634:
3569:Network program
3547:Rare Disease Day
3310:) counterparts.
3184:potassium iodide
3144:sub-population.
3111:overall survival
3090:cyclophosphamide
2998:endocrinologists
2888:mineralcorticoid
2489:nasal congestion
2477:phenoxybenzamine
2342:anesthesiologist
2336:and the patient
2226:genetic variants
2092:Anatomic imaging
1808:phenoxybenzamine
1800:over-the-counter
1744:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1550:
1546:
1460:Giant Cell Tumor
1450:vascular changes
1333:
1329:
1175:
1168:
1107:hemangioblastoma
1018:
1014:
955:somatic mutation
847:tachyarrhythmias
754:end-organ damage
632:Heat intolerance
508:chromaffin cells
496:Pheochromocytoma
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
262:
245:Pheochromocytoma
242:
241:
232:
225:
214:
213:
205:
202:
196:
194:
153:
122:
121:
114:
107:
100:
96:
93:
87:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
12768:
12767:
12763:
12762:
12761:
12759:
12758:
12757:
12733:
12732:
12731:
12726:
12698:
12689:Pinealoblastoma
12670:
12642:
12590:
12579:Thyroid adenoma
12524:epithelial-cell
12505:
12463:
12445:Somatostatinoma
12399:
12394:
12364:
12359:
12358:
12307:
12306:
12205:
12132:
12080:
12078:Further reading
12075:
12066:
12064:
12056:
12055:
12051:
12042:
12040:
12030:
12026:
12017:
12015:
12014:(Press release)
12006:
12005:
12001:
11992:
11990:
11981:
11980:
11976:
11967:
11965:
11947:
11943:
11934:
11932:
11924:
11923:
11919:
11910:
11908:
11900:
11899:
11895:
11850:
11846:
11799:
11795:
11756:
11749:
11718:
11714:
11689:
11667:
11663:
11620:
11616:
11571:
11567:
11552:
11545:
11508:
11504:
11457:
11453:
11408:
11399:
11371:
11367:
11327:
11321:
11317:
11272:
11268:
11245:
11241:
11196:
11189:
11149:
11145:
11106:
11102:
11065:
11058:
11021:
11017:
11008:
11006:
10997:
10996:
10992:
10983:
10981:
10972:
10971:
10967:
10922:
10918:
10879:
10875:
10828:
10821:
10776:
10772:
10727:
10723:
10678:
10674:
10643:
10639:
10594:
10587:
10542:
10535:
10504:(11): 2711–20.
10490:
10486:
10439:
10435:
10390:
10386:
10341:
10337:
10300:
10296:
10243:
10239:
10207:
10203:
10158:
10151:
10104:
10100:
10055:
10051:
10012:
10008:
9969:
9965:
9926:
9922:
9883:
9879:
9834:
9825:
9785:
9781:
9742:
9738:
9699:
9692:
9645:
9641:
9603:
9602:
9598:
9553:
9544:
9499:
9492:
9447:
9440:
9401:
9397:
9360:
9356:
9309:
9305:
9273:
9267:
9263:
9230:(Suppl 1): S5.
9216:
9212:
9181:
9172:
9125:
9114:
9075:
9068:
9028:
9024:
8985:
8981:
8938:
8934:
8889:
8885:
8845:
8841:
8796:
8789:
8757:
8753:
8708:
8704:
8659:
8655:
8610:
8606:
8575:
8571:
8539:
8535:
8504:
8500:
8455:
8451:
8406:
8399:
8376:(11): 4069–79.
8362:
8347:
8312:
8308:
8263:
8256:
8225:
8221:
8181:
8177:
8132:
8128:
8083:
8079:
8034:
8027:
7982:
7975:
7928:
7924:
7879:
7872:
7833:
7829:
7790:(10): 1784–91.
7776:
7772:
7727:
7723:
7670:
7666:
7619:
7615:
7570:
7566:
7521:
7517:
7478:
7474:
7427:
7423:
7392:
7388:
7351:
7344:
7307:
7303:
7266:
7262:
7217:
7210:
7171:
7167:
7122:
7118:
7081:
7072:
7027:
7020:
6975:
6962:
6917:
6913:
6868:
6864:
6819:
6815:
6776:
6772:
6741:
6737:
6698:
6694:
6655:
6651:
6620:
6616:
6571:
6567:
6520:
6503:
6466:
6462:
6425:
6421:
6390:(23): 2268–70.
6376:
6367:
6330:
6326:
6281:
6277:
6240:
6225:
6186:
6182:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6123:
6119:
6104:
6078:
6074:
6029:
6025:
5980:
5976:
5931:
5927:
5882:
5878:
5833:
5829:
5784:
5780:
5735:
5731:
5707:10.1038/nrc3648
5686:
5682:
5643:
5639:
5592:
5588:
5548:
5544:
5499:
5495:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5419:
5382:
5371:
5331:
5325:
5318:
5287:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5239:
5235:
5228:
5210:
5206:
5161:
5157:
5134:
5130:
5091:
5087:
5050:
5046:
5015:
5008:
4969:
4965:
4942:
4938:
4909:(6): e1709-14.
4899:
4895:
4840:
4836:
4791:
4787:
4756:
4752:
4707:
4703:
4658:
4654:
4615:
4611:
4564:
4557:
4526:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4499:
4495:
4450:
4446:
4409:
4405:
4374:
4367:
4328:
4321:
4292:(11): 2049–60.
4282:
4271:
4234:
4230:
4185:
4181:
4136:
4132:
4085:
4072:
4041:
4037:
3992:
3988:
3949:
3945:
3930:
3916:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3864:
3863:
3846:
3823:(11): 1427–34.
3809:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3750:
3746:
3707:
3700:
3677:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3563:
3530:
3514:
3493:adrenal medulla
3420:
3316:
3291:median survival
3287:sporadic tumors
3274:
3192:muscle weakness
3047:bone metastases
2978:
2922:
2917:
2892:fludrocortisone
2859:fludrocortisone
2714:
2651:
2633:
2565:
2521:
2437:
2413:
2338:pre-operatively
2334:endocrinologist
2326:
2321:
2157:
2106:endocrinologist
2094:
2089:
2002:normetanephrine
1933:
1864:
1832:pseudoephedrine
1758:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1741:pseudoephedrine
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1571:Hyperthyroidism
1556:Cardiovascular
1524:
1519:
1439:somatostatinoma
1412:
1407:
1010:
979:endocrinologist
975:
963:genetic testing
947:
903:
856:
782:and cell death.
767:atherosclerosis
746:
731:fetal mortality
695:
677:, nervousness,
544:
536:
504:adrenal medulla
345:
282:
278:
240:
233:
222:
221:
220:
215:
211:
206:
200:
197:
154:
143:
139:primary sources
123:
119:
108:
97:
91:
88:
81:
77:Manual of Style
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12766:
12756:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12728:
12727:
12725:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12708:
12706:
12700:
12699:
12697:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12680:
12678:
12672:
12671:
12669:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12652:
12650:
12644:
12643:
12641:
12640:
12635:
12634:
12633:
12628:
12618:
12617:
12616:
12611:
12600:
12598:
12592:
12591:
12589:
12588:
12587:
12586:
12581:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12557:
12556:
12546:
12545:
12544:
12535:
12519:Thyroid cancer
12515:
12513:
12507:
12506:
12504:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12473:
12471:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12461:
12456:
12447:
12438:
12429:
12420:
12415:
12409:
12407:
12401:
12400:
12393:
12392:
12385:
12378:
12370:
12361:
12360:
12357:
12356:
12345:
12328:
12316:
12315:
12313:
12309:
12308:
12305:
12304:
12293:
12282:
12271:
12260:
12249:
12226:
12206:
12201:
12200:
12198:
12197:Classification
12191:
12190:
12180:
12170:
12161:
12152:
12143:
12131:
12130:External links
12128:
12127:
12126:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12073:
12049:
12024:
11999:
11974:
11941:
11917:
11893:
11844:
11793:
11747:
11712:
11687:
11661:
11634:(2): 244–263.
11614:
11585:(7): 957–964.
11565:
11543:
11502:
11471:(1): 105–123.
11451:
11422:(2): 159–168.
11397:
11365:
11315:
11286:(1): 157–164.
11266:
11239:
11187:
11143:
11116:(3): 146–154.
11100:
11056:
11015:
11003:www.cancer.gov
10990:
10978:www.cancer.gov
10965:
10936:(3): 223–230.
10916:
10889:(6): 718–727.
10873:
10819:
10790:(2): 125–135.
10770:
10721:
10672:
10637:
10585:
10556:(5): 623–630.
10533:
10484:
10433:
10384:
10335:
10294:
10237:
10201:
10149:
10098:
10049:
10006:
9963:
9920:
9877:
9823:
9796:(1): 172–178.
9779:
9736:
9690:
9639:
9596:
9567:(5): 440–450.
9542:
9513:(10): 1121–8.
9490:
9461:(3): 258–262.
9438:
9395:
9354:
9303:
9261:
9210:
9170:
9112:
9066:
9022:
8995:(3): 498–505.
8979:
8952:(2): 163–167.
8932:
8903:(2): 200–201.
8883:
8839:
8810:(2): 182–189.
8787:
8751:
8702:
8653:
8604:
8569:
8533:
8498:
8449:
8420:(1): 106–108.
8397:
8345:
8306:
8277:(8): e198898.
8254:
8219:
8192:(8): 1966–73.
8175:
8146:(3): 294–300.
8126:
8097:(4): 388–395.
8077:
8025:
7996:(7): 470–482.
7973:
7922:
7893:(4): 287–298.
7870:
7827:
7770:
7741:(5): 787–797.
7721:
7664:
7629:(4): 580–586.
7613:
7564:
7535:(4): 487–501.
7515:
7472:
7421:
7386:
7365:(4): T135-45.
7342:
7321:(4): 498–507.
7301:
7260:
7208:
7181:(6): 552–565.
7165:
7116:
7070:
7041:(6): 690–704.
7018:
6989:(2): 152–161.
6960:
6931:(2): 103–113.
6911:
6862:
6813:
6770:
6735:
6692:
6649:
6614:
6565:
6501:
6460:
6419:
6365:
6324:
6275:
6254:(6): 2656–66.
6223:
6196:(6): 552–565.
6180:
6166:
6117:
6102:
6072:
6043:(9): 2301–10.
6023:
5994:(2): 148–155.
5974:
5945:(10): 922–30.
5925:
5896:(13): 1690–8.
5876:
5847:(13): 2563–6.
5827:
5798:(5): E908-13.
5778:
5729:
5680:
5637:
5586:
5542:
5493:
5462:(5): 490–500.
5439:
5428:
5417:
5396:(6): 1915–42.
5369:
5316:
5278:
5268:
5233:
5226:
5204:
5155:
5128:
5085:
5044:
5025:(11): 2384–5.
5006:
4963:
4936:
4893:
4834:
4785:
4750:
4701:
4652:
4609:
4578:(3): 255–260.
4555:
4517:
4508:
4493:
4444:
4403:
4365:
4319:
4269:
4228:
4179:
4130:
4070:
4035:
3986:
3959:(4): 727–750.
3943:
3928:
3905:
3895:
3844:
3798:
3771:
3744:
3698:
3666:
3654:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3583:Grey's Anatomy
3562:
3559:
3529:
3526:
3513:
3510:
3505:mortality rate
3449:cause of death
3419:
3416:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3315:
3312:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3245:adverse events
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3174:, patients in
3172:breast feeding
2977:
2974:
2970:watch and wait
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2869:hydrocortisone
2855:hydrocortisone
2844:
2837:blurred vision
2806:
2784:
2783:
2765:
2743:fluid overload
2732:Cardiovascular
2721:Histopathology
2713:
2710:
2650:
2647:
2632:
2629:
2605:catecholamines
2564:
2561:
2520:
2517:
2436:
2435:Alpha blockade
2433:
2417:catecholamines
2412:
2409:
2384:adrenal tumors
2359:suggests that
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2218:norepinephrine
2156:
2153:
2141:claustrophobia
2114:adrenal nodule
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2053:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2008:
1998:Norepinephrine
1983:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1932:
1929:
1869:Chromogranin A
1863:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1793:
1774:false positive
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1732:
1723:
1707:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:Substance Use
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:Panic Disorder
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1411:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1143:
1142:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1103:pancreatic NET
1096:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
974:
971:
946:
943:
927:
926:
914:rhabdomyolysis
902:
901:Urinary system
899:
898:
897:
871:
855:
854:Nervous system
852:
851:
850:
830:
817:Cardiomyopathy
813:
806:Norepinephrine
800:changes on an
783:
757:
745:
742:
716:cardiovascular
708:pre-menopausal
694:
691:
690:
689:
683:
682:
681:
665:
659:
654:
645:
640:
637:
634:
629:
581:metoclopramide
543:
540:
535:
532:
516:catecholamines
491:
490:
487:
483:
482:
468:
462:
461:
444:
440:
439:
429:catecholamines
425:catecholamines
417:
411:
410:
407:
403:
402:
397:
391:
390:
369:
363:
362:
353:
347:
346:
344:
343:
275:
273:
269:
268:
264:
263:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
238:
235:
234:
217:
216:
209:
207:
126:
124:
117:
110:
109:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12765:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12740:
12738:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12709:
12707:
12705:
12701:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12677:
12673:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12653:
12651:
12649:
12645:
12639:
12638:Paraganglioma
12636:
12632:
12631:Neuroblastoma
12629:
12627:
12624:
12623:
12622:
12619:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12606:
12605:
12602:
12601:
12599:
12597:
12596:Adrenal tumor
12593:
12585:
12584:Struma ovarii
12582:
12580:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12555:
12552:
12551:
12550:
12547:
12543:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12530:
12529:
12526:
12525:
12521:(malignant):
12520:
12517:
12516:
12514:
12512:
12508:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12478:
12475:
12474:
12472:
12470:
12466:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12391:
12386:
12384:
12379:
12377:
12372:
12371:
12368:
12355:
12351:
12350:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12338:
12334:
12333:
12329:
12327:
12323:
12322:
12318:
12317:
12314:
12310:
12303:
12299:
12298:
12294:
12292:
12288:
12287:
12283:
12281:
12277:
12276:
12272:
12270:
12266:
12265:
12261:
12259:
12255:
12254:
12250:
12248:
12244:
12240:
12236:
12235:
12231:
12227:
12225:
12221:
12217:
12216:
12212:
12208:
12207:
12204:
12199:
12195:
12188:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12178:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12138:
12134:
12133:
12123:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12087:
12082:
12081:
12063:
12059:
12053:
12039:
12035:
12028:
12013:
12009:
12003:
11988:
11984:
11978:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11945:
11931:
11927:
11921:
11907:
11903:
11897:
11889:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11871:
11867:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11848:
11840:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11797:
11789:
11785:
11781:
11777:
11773:
11769:
11765:
11761:
11754:
11752:
11743:
11739:
11735:
11731:
11728:(1): 119–38.
11727:
11723:
11716:
11708:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11690:
11684:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11665:
11657:
11653:
11649:
11645:
11641:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11625:
11618:
11610:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11592:
11588:
11584:
11580:
11576:
11569:
11561:
11557:
11550:
11548:
11539:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11522:(5): 469–74.
11521:
11517:
11513:
11506:
11498:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11470:
11466:
11465:Gland Surgery
11462:
11455:
11447:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11429:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11406:
11404:
11402:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11369:
11361:
11357:
11353:
11349:
11345:
11341:
11337:
11333:
11326:
11319:
11311:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11293:
11289:
11285:
11281:
11277:
11270:
11262:
11258:
11255:(6): 354–60.
11254:
11250:
11243:
11235:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11217:
11213:
11210:(6): 775–83.
11209:
11205:
11201:
11194:
11192:
11183:
11179:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11160:(2): 92–102.
11159:
11155:
11147:
11139:
11135:
11131:
11127:
11123:
11119:
11115:
11111:
11104:
11096:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11070:
11063:
11061:
11052:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11034:
11030:
11026:
11019:
11004:
11000:
10994:
10979:
10975:
10969:
10961:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10943:
10939:
10935:
10931:
10927:
10920:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10900:
10896:
10892:
10888:
10884:
10877:
10869:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10826:
10824:
10815:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10781:
10774:
10766:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10725:
10717:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10676:
10668:
10664:
10660:
10656:
10653:(3): 203–14.
10652:
10648:
10641:
10633:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10615:
10611:
10607:
10603:
10599:
10592:
10590:
10581:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10540:
10538:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10488:
10480:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10444:
10437:
10429:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10411:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10395:
10388:
10380:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10339:
10331:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10314:(8): 2850–6.
10313:
10309:
10305:
10298:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10264:
10260:
10257:(8): 2020–8.
10256:
10252:
10248:
10241:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10218:(4): 267–73.
10217:
10213:
10205:
10197:
10193:
10189:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10172:(5): 642–51.
10171:
10167:
10163:
10156:
10154:
10145:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10102:
10094:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10060:
10053:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10010:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9967:
9959:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9924:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9893:(4): 356–71.
9892:
9888:
9881:
9873:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9848:(3): 489–96.
9847:
9843:
9839:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9783:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9740:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9697:
9695:
9686:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9643:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9600:
9592:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9538:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9497:
9495:
9486:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9445:
9443:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9399:
9391:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9358:
9350:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9307:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9284:(3): 413–30.
9283:
9279:
9272:
9265:
9257:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9214:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9166:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9073:
9071:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9026:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8983:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8936:
8928:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8887:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8843:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8794:
8792:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8768:(5): 955–62.
8767:
8763:
8755:
8747:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8706:
8698:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8673:(831): 58–9.
8672:
8668:
8664:
8657:
8649:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8608:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8585:(2): 447–60.
8584:
8580:
8573:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8537:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8502:
8494:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8453:
8445:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8404:
8402:
8393:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8360:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8310:
8302:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8261:
8259:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8223:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8179:
8171:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8081:
8073:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8030:
8021:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7980:
7978:
7969:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7877:
7875:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7831:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7774:
7766:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7725:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7668:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7584:(6): 789–98.
7583:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7519:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7476:
7468:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7441:(5): 713–21.
7440:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7347:
7338:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7305:
7297:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7256:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7231:(5): 367–72.
7230:
7226:
7222:
7215:
7213:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7169:
7161:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7136:(4): 349–61.
7135:
7131:
7127:
7120:
7112:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7095:(4): 735–44.
7094:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7066:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7023:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6956:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6915:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6817:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6786:(20): 756–7.
6785:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6739:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6696:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6665:(3): 287–93.
6664:
6660:
6653:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6630:(4): 274–80.
6629:
6625:
6618:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6569:
6561:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6497:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6480:(8): 2841–9.
6479:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6456:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6439:(6): 2851–5.
6438:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6027:
6019:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5700:(2): 108–19.
5699:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5653:(2): 101–11.
5652:
5648:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5623:11577/3302932
5619:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5444:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5297:(1): 135–50.
5296:
5292:
5285:
5283:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5095:Renal Failure
5089:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5011:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4854:(12): 734–7.
4853:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4625:(9): 1563–7.
4624:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4522:
4512:
4504:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:(3): 229–39.
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4423:(2): 143–50.
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4338:(4): 309–20.
4337:
4333:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4248:(6): 757–64.
4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3794:
3782:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3694:
3690:
3687:(12): 802–4.
3686:
3682:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3619:legal defense
3615:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3528:Zebra culture
3525:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:paraganglioma
3482:
3479:In 1908, two
3477:
3475:
3474:adrenal gland
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3447:to determine
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3337:North America
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3176:renal failure
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:meta-analysis
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:catecholamine
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:heart failure
2902:
2901:renal failure
2893:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:(confusion),
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2803:blood glucose
2800:
2796:
2795:Hyperglycemia
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2706:comorbidities
2703:
2702:volume status
2699:
2698:heart failure
2695:
2694:comorbidities
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:blood vessels
2598:
2594:
2593:heart failure
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2563:Complications
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:Beta blockade
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:adrenalectomy
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2199:thyroid gland
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:Noradrengeric
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:acetaminophen
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:metanephrines
1756:Gold standard
1742:
1736:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Heart Failure
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1514:
1506:Paraganglioma
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1493:Paraganglioma
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1387:Inconsistent
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:Inconsistent
1368:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:Inconsistent
1272:
1270:Inconsistent
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1139:lisch nodules
1136:
1132:
1131:Neurofibromas
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
942:
940:
935:
931:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:
905:
904:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
858:
857:
848:
845:. Many other
844:
840:
837:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
789:
784:
781:
777:
772:
768:
764:
762:
758:
755:
751:
748:
747:
741:
739:
738:beta-blockers
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:Complications
687:
686:Hyperglycemia
684:
680:
676:
675:panic attacks
672:
669:
668:
666:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
616:
609:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
569:
568:hyperhidrosis
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
539:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:paraganglioma
509:
505:
501:
497:
488:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:Alpha blocker
469:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:metanephrines
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
398:
396:
395:Complications
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
368:
364:
361:
357:
356:Endocrinology
354:
352:
348:
339:
277:
276:
274:
272:Pronunciation
270:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
243:
231:
228:
208:
204:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162: –
161:
157:
156:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
136:
132:
127:This article
125:
116:
115:
106:
103:
95:
85:
80:
78:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
12753:Rare cancers
12676:Pineal gland
12625:
12542:Hurthle cell
12527:
12522:
12481:Prolactinoma
12347:
12330:
12319:
12295:
12284:
12273:
12262:
12251:
12228:
12209:
12175:
12093:
12089:
12065:. Retrieved
12061:
12052:
12041:. Retrieved
12037:
12027:
12016:. Retrieved
12011:
12002:
11991:. Retrieved
11989:. 2012-07-08
11986:
11977:
11966:. Retrieved
11954:
11944:
11933:. Retrieved
11929:
11920:
11909:. Retrieved
11905:
11896:
11861:
11857:
11847:
11813:(3): 196–7.
11810:
11806:
11796:
11766:(7): 594–6.
11763:
11759:
11725:
11721:
11715:
11670:
11664:
11631:
11627:
11617:
11582:
11578:
11568:
11559:
11555:
11519:
11515:
11505:
11468:
11464:
11454:
11419:
11415:
11375:
11368:
11335:
11331:
11318:
11283:
11279:
11269:
11252:
11248:
11242:
11207:
11203:
11157:
11153:
11146:
11113:
11109:
11103:
11076:
11072:
11032:
11028:
11018:
11007:. Retrieved
11005:. 2020-02-12
11002:
10993:
10982:. Retrieved
10980:. 2011-02-02
10977:
10968:
10933:
10929:
10919:
10886:
10882:
10876:
10839:
10835:
10787:
10783:
10773:
10738:
10734:
10724:
10689:
10685:
10675:
10650:
10646:
10640:
10605:
10601:
10553:
10549:
10501:
10497:
10487:
10450:
10446:
10436:
10401:
10397:
10387:
10352:
10348:
10338:
10311:
10307:
10297:
10254:
10250:
10240:
10215:
10211:
10204:
10169:
10165:
10115:
10111:
10101:
10069:(1): 25–29.
10066:
10062:
10052:
10022:(1): 15–25.
10019:
10015:
10009:
9979:(3): 183–5.
9976:
9972:
9966:
9933:
9929:
9923:
9890:
9886:
9880:
9845:
9841:
9793:
9789:
9782:
9752:(1): 20–26.
9749:
9745:
9739:
9709:(1): 73–76.
9706:
9702:
9656:
9652:
9642:
9609:
9605:
9599:
9564:
9560:
9510:
9506:
9458:
9454:
9408:
9404:
9398:
9371:
9367:
9357:
9320:
9316:
9306:
9281:
9277:
9264:
9227:
9223:
9213:
9188:
9184:
9136:
9132:
9085:(7): 400–4.
9082:
9078:
9039:(4): 522–7.
9036:
9032:
9025:
8992:
8988:
8982:
8949:
8945:
8935:
8900:
8896:
8886:
8853:
8849:
8842:
8807:
8803:
8765:
8761:
8754:
8719:
8715:
8705:
8670:
8666:
8656:
8621:
8617:
8607:
8582:
8578:
8572:
8547:
8543:
8536:
8511:
8507:
8501:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8417:
8413:
8373:
8369:
8323:
8319:
8309:
8274:
8270:
8235:(8): 781–4.
8232:
8228:
8222:
8189:
8185:
8178:
8143:
8139:
8129:
8094:
8090:
8080:
8045:
8041:
7993:
7989:
7939:
7935:
7925:
7890:
7886:
7843:(2): 94–99.
7840:
7836:
7830:
7787:
7783:
7773:
7738:
7734:
7724:
7681:
7677:
7667:
7626:
7622:
7616:
7581:
7577:
7567:
7532:
7528:
7518:
7488:(1): 58–68.
7485:
7481:
7475:
7438:
7434:
7424:
7402:(2): 370–8.
7399:
7395:
7389:
7362:
7358:
7318:
7314:
7304:
7277:
7273:
7263:
7228:
7224:
7178:
7174:
7168:
7133:
7129:
7119:
7092:
7088:
7038:
7034:
6986:
6982:
6928:
6924:
6914:
6879:
6875:
6865:
6833:(1): 55–62.
6830:
6826:
6816:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6751:(2): 174–6.
6748:
6744:
6738:
6708:(3): 76–81.
6705:
6701:
6695:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6627:
6623:
6617:
6582:
6578:
6568:
6531:
6527:
6477:
6473:
6463:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6387:
6383:
6344:(2): 352–4.
6341:
6337:
6327:
6292:
6288:
6278:
6251:
6247:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6169:
6137:(1): 43–52.
6134:
6130:
6120:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6040:
6036:
6026:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5844:
5840:
5830:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5746:
5742:
5732:
5697:
5693:
5683:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5603:
5599:
5589:
5559:(5): 354–8.
5556:
5552:
5545:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5459:
5455:
5431:
5420:
5393:
5389:
5342:(1): 78–90.
5339:
5335:
5294:
5290:
5271:
5249:(8): 956–9.
5246:
5242:
5236:
5217:
5207:
5175:(4): 235–8.
5172:
5168:
5158:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5101:(1): 104–7.
5098:
5094:
5088:
5064:(1): 84–90.
5061:
5057:
5047:
5022:
5018:
4979:(4): 452–7.
4976:
4972:
4966:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4805:(2): 244–6.
4802:
4798:
4788:
4766:(4): 726–7.
4763:
4759:
4753:
4718:
4714:
4704:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4575:
4571:
4533:
4529:
4511:
4496:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4384:(5): 622–5.
4381:
4377:
4335:
4331:
4289:
4285:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4150:(9): 672–3.
4147:
4143:
4133:
4092:
4088:
4051:(3): e51-4.
4048:
4044:
4038:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3919:
3898:
3873:
3869:
3820:
3816:
3754:
3747:
3714:
3710:
3684:
3680:
3646:. Retrieved
3642:the original
3632:
3607:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3575:hypertension
3570:
3564:
3551:
3539:
3515:
3497:Charles Mayo
3481:pathologists
3478:
3441:perspiration
3430:In 1800, an
3429:
3400:
3397:
3380:
3317:
3314:Epidemiology
3296:
3275:
3220:
3216:
3188:side effects
3147:
3146:
3141:
3138:temozolomide
3133:
3131:
3122:
3086:chemotherapy
3082:Chemotherapy
3081:
3080:
3068:cryoablation
3042:
3041:
3025:
3003:
3002:
2990:radiologists
2979:
2967:
2963:Laparoscopic
2961:
2951:
2923:
2898:
2841:beta blocker
2821:palpitations
2809:Hypoglycemia
2786:
2785:
2780:Vasopressors
2762:phentolamine
2739:Hypertension
2730:
2729:
2726:
2690:hypothesized
2675:
2655:blood volume
2652:
2634:
2625:vasodilation
2620:
2613:hypertension
2577:beta blocker
2566:
2529:palpitations
2522:
2481:side effects
2473:hypertension
2438:
2414:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2366:
2350:laparoscopic
2327:
2314:
2294:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2250:
2214:scintigraphy
2208:
2158:
2145:
2122:
2095:
2082:
2043:Dopaminergic
2042:
2012:hypertension
1993:
1960:metanephrine
1951:
1942:
1918:
1909:
1897:constipation
1881:hypertension
1873:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1836:Amphetamines
1795:
1784:
1777:
1759:
1735:
1726:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1623:Hypoglycemia
1617:Medications
1562:Psychiatric
1542:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1522:Differential
1511:
1481:Carney Triad
1466:
1433:Polycythemia
1424:
1413:
1403:
1399:
1380:
1357:
1338:Inheritance
1324:
1323:
1305:
1284:
1260:
1239:
1215:
1205:
1183:Inheritance
1171:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1119:
1087:
1050:
1026:Inheritance
1011:
987:psychologist
976:
948:
939:hyperthermia
933:
928:
906:
884:, vomiting,
873:
859:
843:palpitations
832:
815:
785:
763:/Infarction:
759:
735:
720:
696:
657:Constipation
643:Palpitations
621:
556:hypertension
545:
537:
520:hypertension
506:composed of
495:
494:
451:chemotherapy
372:Hypertension
223:
198:
188:
181:
174:
167:
155:
135:verification
128:
98:
89:
82:Please help
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
12694:Pineocytoma
12648:Parathyroid
12501:Pituicytoma
12427:Glucagonoma
12321:MedlinePlus
12183:GeneReviews
12139:" from the
12038:KevinMD.com
8624:(1): 62–9.
6585:(1): 7–41.
5144:(1): 47–9.
4721:(1): 33–5.
4536:: 319–323.
4095:(1): 1–20.
3903:PMC5550402.
3789:|work=
3501:Mayo Clinic
3489:Ludwig Pick
3466:paraganglia
3462:Alfred Kohn
3354:Netherlands
3332:Mayo Clinic
3240:Lu-DOTATATE
3153:Iodine-131
3098:dacarbazine
3094:vincristine
3055:Mayo Clinic
2982:oncologists
2933:lymph nodes
2866:intravenous
2768:Hypotension
2755:intravenous
2664:intravenous
2659:hypotension
2631:Controversy
2583:leading to
2573:propranolol
2549:propranolol
2525:tachycardia
2509:hypotensive
2457:lightheaded
2118:radiologist
2016:tachycardia
1956:Epinephrine
1914:hypotensive
1770:specificity
1766:sensitivity
1703:The Lancet.
1603:Arrhythmias
1559:Neurologic
890:phonophobia
886:photophobia
834:Arrhythmias
788:Myocarditis
712:hot flashes
636:Weight loss
564:diaphoresis
560:tachycardia
524:tachycardia
409:80% Genetic
376:tachycardia
250:Other names
201:August 2020
129:needs more
92:August 2020
12737:Categories
12561:Anaplastic
12538:Follicular
12454:Gastrinoma
12436:Insulinoma
12349:Patient UK
12286:DiseasesDB
12185:entry on "
12067:2020-08-26
12043:2020-08-26
12018:2020-08-26
11993:2020-08-26
11968:2020-08-26
11935:2020-08-26
11911:2020-08-26
11864:(1): e35.
11562:: 228–331.
11556:Med Phys J
11009:2020-08-18
10984:2020-08-18
10118:(2): 195.
9936:(7): 442.
9659:(1): 228.
9323:(1): 163.
9139:(7): 936.
8856:(2): 199.
8514:(6): 814.
7942:(6): 847.
6088:: 92–110.
5749:(1): 6–9.
4903:Pediatrics
3938:1145315791
3648:2022-08-24
3625:References
3470:chromaffin
3460:biologist
3403:incidental
3359:hypotheses
3343:utilizing
3320:prevalence
2925:Metastatic
2597:hemiplegia
2557:carvedilol
2545:metoprolol
2505:amlodipine
2497:compliance
2421:anesthesia
2379:metastatic
2319:Management
2268:metastatic
2148:ultrasound
2110:incidental
1978:paroxysmal
1952:Adrenergic
1925:metastatic
1893:drowsiness
1824:methyldopa
1721:Withdrawal
1654:Meningioma
1645:Menopausal
1553:Endocrine
1349:Potential
1347:Metastatic
1342:Penetrance
1194:Potential
1192:Metastatic
1187:Penetrance
1037:Potential
1035:Metastatic
1030:Penetrance
991:geneticist
983:oncologist
794:myocardial
776:myocardial
704:paroxysmal
597:intubation
572:paroxysmal
498:is a rare
466:Medication
427:, urinary
171:newspapers
39:improve it
12684:Pinealoma
12666:Carcinoma
12554:Medullary
12533:Papillary
12528:carcinoma
12469:Pituitary
12340:radio/552
12332:eMedicine
12302:360332001
12297:SNOMED CT
12148:from the
11963:0362-4331
11648:0945-6317
11392:1479-6848
11360:207232057
11338:: 68–73.
10911:203622655
10289:205653109
10044:220150512
9774:204029843
9731:219405349
9626:0002-9343
9411:(7): 47.
9107:260136542
7865:196533632
7716:195738862
7659:205284382
7643:798350389
7608:204992362
7203:199505276
6730:206339408
6295:: 39–46.
6218:199505276
5276:24102156.
5001:207005321
4811:679006463
3981:204947638
3890:0098-7484
3791:ignored (
3781:cite book
3739:208788653
3614:Dr. House
3596:story arc
3324:incidence
3282:prognosis
3272:Prognosis
3012:debulking
2976:Treatment
2956:mortality
2833:dizziness
2788:Endocrine
2671:mortality
2553:labetalol
2503:(such as
2485:dry mouth
2449:terazosin
2441:doxazosin
2375:malignant
2129:radiation
2125:consensus
2108:after an
2100:(CT) or
1973:predicted
1877:clonidine
1719:Clonidine
1647:Syndrome
1591:Porphyria
1517:Diagnosis
1448:choroidal
1437:Duodenal
1075:marfanoid
925:ischemia.
894:migraines
870:symptoms.
863:(Stroke):
769:) in the
723:pregnancy
577:histamine
552:headaches
534:Etymology
486:Frequency
480:Terazosin
474:Doxazosin
455:radiation
443:Treatment
423:, plasma
351:Specialty
45:talk page
12566:Lymphoma
12405:Pancreas
12343:ped/1788
12337:med/1816
12122:27034920
12062:ABC News
11888:29984129
11839:25838596
11788:40507310
11742:26610778
11707:20541673
11656:31941439
11609:29264546
11538:24727002
11497:32206603
11446:32617052
11352:29361475
11310:32207276
11234:20664475
11204:Pancreas
11182:23952363
11174:17237836
11138:84844032
11130:30893083
11095:30715419
11051:10678269
10960:31231443
10903:31569282
10868:31261748
10814:28076709
10765:29878866
10708:28605448
10667:27067501
10632:30048149
10580:30291194
10528:23557293
10520:24752622
10479:32132978
10428:29720885
10379:29623478
10330:19470630
10281:18780317
10188:25041164
10144:30736463
10093:29556576
10036:32602077
10001:11485950
9993:11852305
9958:38357313
9950:24792093
9907:23674235
9872:23891076
9818:22915608
9810:28257320
9766:31599769
9723:32402418
9685:31878952
9591:28746746
9537:21692797
9485:28572228
9433:22000392
9425:27351679
9390:16924084
9349:31775749
9298:27432075
9256:28567387
9205:28392094
9165:31277296
9099:19609840
9061:25480499
9053:19239408
9017:46820948
9009:29292527
8966:27696513
8927:30817195
8878:73480157
8870:30817194
8826:28100521
8782:11641423
8648:26998836
8564:25456922
8444:30289301
8392:17989126
8301:31397861
8249:20713932
8206:25821949
8170:36035344
8113:29518759
8091:Hormones
8072:30595004
8020:31307109
7968:31248124
7917:75140335
7909:30856620
7857:30630744
7822:23005709
7814:26996779
7765:29204718
7708:31254038
7651:18394015
7600:25056984
7559:38456445
7551:24118038
7502:23624132
7482:Hormones
7467:23087854
7416:23345359
7381:26045470
7337:30534659
7296:27659469
7255:22399235
7195:31390501
7160:22314804
7111:15718487
7065:28332883
7013:28685506
6955:28476870
6906:25336552
6808:67982391
6722:23299341
6687:19506144
6679:16918946
6644:20538257
6609:24636754
6560:30538672
6496:19567530
6455:20382681
6414:21651412
6360:17200132
6319:28856203
6270:12788870
6210:31390501
6161:19522824
6112:23652673
6067:26700204
6018:31876943
5969:22931260
5920:23509317
5871:23361906
5822:23539726
5773:29413423
5724:31457232
5716:24442145
5675:26205361
5667:25385035
5632:29794110
5581:28354220
5573:22517555
5537:28374168
5488:29166454
5479:10522248
5412:24893135
5364:45860930
5356:29144820
5311:26614373
5115:24059440
4993:23204473
4952:: e505.
4923:24276837
4888:30275458
4880:20021531
4829:17622380
4780:23305592
4745:44533238
4737:11862137
4696:22736758
4647:37955071
4639:12503867
4604:28400922
4550:29121733
4488:23928387
4439:21890650
4398:10999582
4352:17914676
4314:23444609
4306:21826022
4264:26346138
4223:21565668
4174:17711956
4125:21423113
4117:17102067
4065:21324811
4030:21565668
3973:31655773
3839:11903030
3731:16112304
3609:House MD
3200:vomiting
3078:excess.
2986:surgeons
2851:hormones
2825:sweating
2541:atenolol
2483:include
2465:nauseous
2445:prazosin
2065:diarrhea
2061:vomiting
2047:Dopamine
1945:genotype
1921:dopamine
1910:does not
1889:vomiting
1840:nicotine
1633:Epilepsy
1581:Migraine
1462:of Bone
951:germline
945:Genetics
922:dialysis
875:Headache
810:ischemic
780:scarring
771:coronary
727:maternal
710:related
652:vomiting
593:tyramine
585:glucagon
477:Prazosin
437:PET Scan
384:headache
380:sweating
367:Symptoms
360:oncology
12661:Adenoma
12621:Medulla
12575:Benign
12511:Thyroid
12280:D010673
12258:M8700/0
12113:4815191
11879:6033608
11830:4378085
11780:3304519
11698:4714594
11600:5689150
11488:7082276
11437:7326683
11301:7090309
11261:6453259
11225:3419007
10951:6554376
10859:6678507
10836:Cancers
10805:5895095
10756:6366953
10716:3759391
10623:6475939
10571:6495236
10470:7040234
10419:5922490
10370:5976545
10272:9094399
10232:3395037
10196:5407678
10135:6407137
10112:Cancers
10084:5856976
9915:1167562
9863:3770940
9676:6933908
9582:5854189
9528:3170415
9476:6297573
9340:6882013
9247:5440310
9156:6678461
9133:Cancers
8974:1473367
8918:7451406
8834:5979863
8746:2871855
8737:1400759
8697:7708599
8688:2397901
8639:4899243
8599:1349490
8544:Surgery
8484:1689975
8435:6478021
8340:8957496
8320:Surgery
8292:6692838
8214:9017845
8161:9399532
8121:4730354
8063:6517116
8011:8572371
7959:6627429
7936:Cancers
7805:8194362
7756:6707509
7699:7446938
7510:4716903
7458:3475894
7246:4714588
7151:3295905
7056:7470624
7004:5503859
6946:5488393
6897:4208112
6848:1429594
6765:1173448
6600:3992879
6551:6277481
6534:: 515.
6405:4724800
6310:5574516
6152:3129547
6058:4854762
6009:7042897
5960:3432945
5911:3807138
5862:3612863
5813:3644612
5764:5819363
5528:5505780
5263:2899426
5199:8103532
5190:7095150
5150:4017298
5123:2062065
5080:8437346
5039:2241450
4931:7618637
4871:8673247
4820:1894695
4760:Surgery
4687:3047554
4595:5368675
4479:3925675
4360:6009557
4214:3094542
4165:2464664
4097:Bibcode
4021:3094542
3693:6645626
3445:autopsy
3418:History
3328:autopsy
3300:osseous
3231:(PRRT)
3221:Bottom:
3180:thyroid
3157:(MIBG)
3004:Surgery
2817:anxiety
2799:insulin
2686:hydrate
2377:and/or
2324:Surgery
2247:normal.
2203:bladder
2195:abdomen
1967:adrenal
1901:fasting
1844:cocaine
1822:), and
1586:Anxiety
1444:Retinal
1404:TMEM127
1382:TMEM127
1372:<5%
1312:10–15%
1294:30–70%
1291:30–50%
1225:<5%
1092:10–30%
1063:<5%
1060:40–50%
679:tremors
671:Anxiety
608:medulla
502:of the
447:Surgery
185:scholar
150:removed
12604:Cortex
12459:VIPoma
12326:000340
12269:171300
12120:
12110:
12096:: 11.
11961:
11926:"Home"
11886:
11876:
11837:
11827:
11786:
11778:
11740:
11705:
11695:
11685:
11654:
11646:
11607:
11597:
11536:
11495:
11485:
11444:
11434:
11390:
11358:
11350:
11308:
11298:
11259:
11232:
11222:
11180:
11172:
11136:
11128:
11093:
11049:
10958:
10948:
10909:
10901:
10866:
10856:
10812:
10802:
10763:
10753:
10714:
10706:
10665:
10630:
10620:
10578:
10568:
10526:
10518:
10477:
10467:
10453:: 61.
10426:
10416:
10377:
10367:
10328:
10287:
10279:
10269:
10251:Cancer
10230:
10194:
10186:
10142:
10132:
10091:
10081:
10042:
10034:
9999:
9991:
9956:
9948:
9913:
9905:
9870:
9860:
9816:
9808:
9772:
9764:
9729:
9721:
9683:
9673:
9634:973646
9632:
9624:
9589:
9579:
9535:
9525:
9483:
9473:
9431:
9423:
9388:
9347:
9337:
9296:
9254:
9244:
9203:
9163:
9153:
9105:
9097:
9059:
9051:
9015:
9007:
8972:
8964:
8925:
8915:
8876:
8868:
8832:
8824:
8780:
8744:
8734:
8695:
8685:
8646:
8636:
8597:
8562:
8528:875171
8526:
8493:793676
8491:
8481:
8442:
8432:
8390:
8338:
8299:
8289:
8247:
8212:
8204:
8168:
8158:
8119:
8111:
8070:
8060:
8018:
8008:
7966:
7956:
7915:
7907:
7863:
7855:
7820:
7812:
7802:
7763:
7753:
7714:
7706:
7696:
7657:
7649:
7641:
7606:
7598:
7557:
7549:
7508:
7500:
7465:
7455:
7414:
7379:
7335:
7294:
7253:
7243:
7201:
7193:
7158:
7148:
7109:
7063:
7053:
7011:
7001:
6953:
6943:
6904:
6894:
6857:760743
6855:
6845:
6806:
6800:875850
6798:
6763:
6728:
6720:
6685:
6677:
6642:
6607:
6597:
6558:
6548:
6494:
6453:
6412:
6402:
6358:
6317:
6307:
6268:
6216:
6208:
6159:
6149:
6110:
6100:
6065:
6055:
6016:
6006:
5967:
5957:
5918:
5908:
5869:
5859:
5820:
5810:
5771:
5761:
5722:
5714:
5673:
5665:
5630:
5579:
5571:
5535:
5525:
5486:
5476:
5410:
5362:
5354:
5309:
5261:
5224:
5197:
5187:
5148:
5121:
5113:
5078:
5037:
4999:
4991:
4929:
4921:
4886:
4878:
4868:
4827:
4817:
4809:
4778:
4743:
4735:
4694:
4684:
4645:
4637:
4602:
4592:
4548:
4486:
4476:
4437:
4396:
4358:
4350:
4312:
4304:
4262:
4221:
4211:
4172:
4162:
4123:
4115:
4063:
4028:
4018:
3979:
3971:
3936:
3926:
3888:
3837:
3769:
3737:
3729:
3711:Lancet
3691:
3454:German
3345:Korean
3196:nausea
3123:(SDHB)
3096:, and
2996:, and
2952:(SDHB)
2943:, and
2835:, and
2813:tremor
2745:, and
2491:, and
2463:, and
2137:kidney
2057:nausea
1905:supine
1885:nausea
1842:, and
1790:supine
1608:Stroke
1565:Other
1241:SDHAF2
932:(MODS)
882:nausea
786:Toxic
648:Nausea
627:Pallor
457:, and
406:Causes
388:pallor
187:
180:
173:
166:
158:
12253:ICD-O
12247:255.6
12243:194.0
12239:227.0
12224:C74.1
12220:D35.0
12166:from
11784:S2CID
11652:S2CID
11356:S2CID
11328:(PDF)
11178:S2CID
11134:S2CID
10907:S2CID
10842:(7).
10712:S2CID
10524:S2CID
10285:S2CID
10192:S2CID
10040:S2CID
9997:S2CID
9954:S2CID
9911:S2CID
9814:S2CID
9770:S2CID
9727:S2CID
9429:S2CID
9274:(PDF)
9103:S2CID
9057:S2CID
9013:S2CID
8970:S2CID
8874:S2CID
8830:S2CID
8210:S2CID
8117:S2CID
7913:S2CID
7861:S2CID
7818:S2CID
7712:S2CID
7655:S2CID
7604:S2CID
7555:S2CID
7506:S2CID
7199:S2CID
6804:S2CID
6726:S2CID
6683:S2CID
6214:S2CID
5841:Blood
5720:S2CID
5671:S2CID
5577:S2CID
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