Advanced driver-assistance system

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Some ADAS that are considered level 0 are: parking sensors, surround-view, traffic sign recognition, lane departure warning, night vision, blind spot information system, rear-cross traffic alert, and forward-collision warning. Level 1 and 2 are very similar in that they both have the driver do most of the decision making. The difference is level 1 can take control over one functionality and level 2 can take control over multiple to aid the driver. ADAS that are considered level 1 are: adaptive cruise control, emergency brake assist, automatic emergency brake assist, lane-keeping, and lane centering. ADAS that are considered level 2 are: highway assist, autonomous obstacle avoidance, and autonomous parking. From level 3 to 5, the amount of control the vehicle has increases; level 5 being where the vehicle is fully autonomous. Some of these systems have not yet been fully embedded in commercial vehicles. For instance, highway chauffeur is a Level 3 system, and

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development of autonomous vehicles, the trolley problem remains an ethical dilemma between utilitarianism and deontological ethics. However, as the advancement in ADAS proceeds, the trolley problem becomes an issue that needs to be addressed by the programming of self-driving cars. The crashes that autonomous vehicles might face could be very similar to those depicted in the trolley problem. Although ADAS make vehicles generally safer than only human-driven cars, crashes are unavoidable. This raises questions such as “whose lives should be prioritized in the event of an inevitable crash?” Or “What should be the universal principle for these ‘crash-algorithms’?”

1567:(ITS) highly resemble ADAS, but experts believe that ITS goes beyond automatic traffic to include any enterprise that safely transports humans. ITS is where the transportation technology is integrated with a city’s infrastructure. This would then lead to a “smart city”. These systems promote active safety by increasing the efficiency of roads, possibly by adding 22.5% capacity on average, not the actual count. ADAS have aided in this increase in active safety, according to a study in 2008. ITS systems use a wide system of communication technology, including wireless technology and traditional technology, to enhance productivity. 1014:

questions have arisen within the general public. ADAS allow autonomous vehicles to enable self-driving features, but there are associated risks with ADAS. AV companies and manufacturers are recommended to have insurance in the following areas in order to avoid any serious litigations. Depending on the level, ranging from 0 to 5, each car manufacturer would find it in its best interest to find the right combination of different insurances to best match their products. Note that this list is not exhaustive and may be constantly updated with more types of insurances and risks in the years to come.

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the computer can learn and identify the ethical elements on its own without precisely programming whether an action is ethical. However, there are limitations to this approach. For example, many human actions are done out of self-preservation instincts, which is realistic but not ethical; feeding such data to the computer cannot guarantee that the computer captures the ideal behavior. Furthermore, the data fed to an artificial intelligence must be carefully selected to avoid producing undesired outcomes.

649:(TSR) systems can recognize common traffic signs, such as a “stop” sign or a “turn ahead” sign, through image processing techniques. This system takes into account the sign's shape, such as hexagons and rectangles, and the color to classify what the sign is communicating to the driver. Since most systems currently use camera-based technology, a wide variety of factors can make the system less accurate. These include poor lighting conditions, extreme weather conditions, and partial obstruction of the sign. 591: 475: 437: 458:(pre-crash system) uses small radar detectors, typically placed near the front of the car, to determine the car's vicinity to nearby obstacles and notify the driver of potential car crash situations. These systems can account for any sudden changes to the car's environment that may cause a collision. Systems can respond to a possible collision situation with multiple actions, such as sounding an alarm, tensing up passengers’ seat belts, closing a sunroof, and raising reclined seats. 420: 947: 489:(ESC) can reduce the speed of the car and activate individual brakes to prevent understeer and oversteer. Understeer occurs when the car's front wheels do not have enough traction to make the car turn and oversteer occurs when the car turns more than intended, causing the car to spin out. In conjunction with other car safety technologies, such as anti-lock braking and traction control, the ESC can safely help drivers maintain control of the car in unforeseen situations. 417:(ACC) can maintain a chosen velocity and distance between a vehicle and the vehicle ahead. ACC can automatically brake or accelerate with concern to the distance between the vehicle and the vehicle ahead. ACC systems with stop and go features can come to a complete stop and accelerate back to the specified speed. This system still requires an alert driver to take in their surroundings, as it only controls speed and the distance between you and the car in front of you. 548:(TCS) helps prevent traction loss in vehicles and prevent vehicle turnover on sharp curves and turns. By limiting tire slip, or when the force on a tire exceeds the tire's traction, this limits power delivery and helps the driver accelerate the car without losing control. These systems use the same wheel-speed sensors as the antilock braking systems. Individual wheel braking systems are deployed through TCS to control when one tire spins faster than the others. 1573:(DCAS) is the name of a draft ADAS regulation. It would allow hands-free driving with a possible risk of lack of attentiveness. Such DCAS regulation would allow system such as Tesla FSD in Europe. The UNECE driver control assistance systems regulation plan that DCAS shall be designed to ensure that the driver performs the driving task, that the driver's hands must remain on the wheel and that the system shall monitor the driver’s visual engagement. 367: 337:(FCW) monitor the speed of the vehicle and the vehicle in front of it, and the open distance around the vehicle. FCW systems will send an alert to the driver of a possible impending collision if gets too close to the vehicle in front of it. These systems do not take control of the vehicle, as currently, FCW systems only send an alert signal to the driver in the form of an audio alert, visual pop-up display, or other warning alert. 745: 1032:

monitoring of every minute on the road. ADAS are expected to streamline the insurance industry and its economic efficiency with capable technology to fight off fraudulent human behavior. In September 2016, the NHTSA published the Federal Automated Vehicles Policy, which describes the U.S. Department of Transportation's policies related to highly automated vehicles (HAV) which range from vehicles with ADAS features to

1058:(NHTSA) announced that it will require all new vehicles under 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) to have rear view cameras by May 2018. The rule was required by Congress as part of the Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007. The Act is named after two-year-old Cameron Gulbransen. Cameron's father backed up his SUV over him, when he did not see the toddler in the family's driveway 141:, ADAS are developed to automate, adapt, and enhance vehicle technology for safety and better driving. ADAS are proven to reduce road fatalities by minimizing human error. Safety features are designed to avoid crashes and collisions by offering technologies that alert the driver to problems, implementing safeguards, and taking control of the vehicle if necessary. ADAS may provide 357:(LDW) alerts the driver when they partially merge into a lane without using their turn signals. An LDW system uses cameras to monitor lane markings to determine if the driver unintentionally begins to drift. This system does not take control of the vehicle to help sway the car back into the safety zone but instead sends an audio or visual alert to the driver. 434:(ABS) restore traction to a car's tires by regulating the brake pressure when the vehicle begins to skid. Alongside helping drivers in emergencies, such as when their car starts to skid on ice, ABS systems can also assist drivers who may lose control of their vehicle. With the growing popularity in the 1990s, ABS systems have become standard in vehicles. 906:

caveats and limitations; for instance, manufacturers are not required to report the number of vehicles that have been built and equipped with ADS/ADAS, the number of vehicles operating with ADS/ADAS, or the total distance traveled with ADS/ADAS active, which would be helpful to normalize the incident report data.

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Many researchers have been working on ways to address the ethical concerns associated with ADAS. For instance, the artificial intelligence approach allows computers to learn human ethics by feeding them data regarding human actions. Such a method is useful when the rules cannot be articulated because

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With the technology embedded in autonomous vehicles, these self-driving cars are able to distribute data if a car crash occurs. This, in turn, will invigorate the claims administration and their operations. Fraud reduction will also disable any fraudulent staging of car crashes by recording the car's

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We can't help feeling that this lack of standardisation is one of the more problematic aspects of driver-assistance systems; and it’s one that is likely to be felt more keenly as systems become increasingly commonplace in years to come, particularly if traffic laws change to allow 'hands-off' driving

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According to the initial data covering July 2021 to May 15, 2022, ADS (Levels 3–5) from 25 different manufacturers were involved in 130 crashes, led by Waymo LLC (62), Transdev Alternative Services (34), Cruise LLC (23), General Motors (16), and Argo AI (10); because multiple manufacturers can report

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assists the driver in keeping the vehicle centered in a lane. A lane-centering system may autonomously take over the steering when it determines the driver is at risk of deterring from the lane. This system uses cameras to monitor lane markings to stay within a safe distance between both sides of the

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use digital mapping tools, such as the global positioning system (GPS) and traffic message channel (TMC), to provide drivers with up to date traffic and navigation information. Through an embedded receiver, an automotive navigation system can send and receive data signals transmitted from satellites

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helps drivers maintain a safe speed when driving down a hill or other decline. These systems are typically enacted if the vehicle moves faster than 15 to 20 mph when driving down. When a change in grade is sensed, hill descent control automates the driver's speed to descend down the steep grade

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facilitates emergency counteract measures if the driver falls asleep or does not perform any driving action after a defined length of time. After a specified period of time, if the driver has not interacted with the accelerator, brake, or steering wheel, the car will send audio, visual, and physical

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can maintain a specific speed pre-determined by the driver. The car will maintain the speed the driver sets until the driver hits the brake pedal, clutch pedal, or disengages the system. Specific cruise control systems can accelerate or decelerate, but require the driver to click a button and notify

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can scan the vehicle's surroundings for objects when the driver initiates parking. Audio warnings can notify the driver of the distance between the vehicle and its surrounding objects. Typically, the faster the audio warnings are issued, the closer the vehicle is getting to the object. These sensors

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come in three forms: vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X). V2V systems allow vehicles to exchange information with each other about their current position and upcoming hazards. V2I systems occur when the vehicle exchanges information with nearby

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also known as hill-start control or hill holder, helps prevent a vehicle from rolling backward down a hill when starting again from a stopped position. This feature holds the brake for you while you transition between the brake pedal and the gas pedal. For manual cars, this feature holds the brake

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Vibrating seat warnings alert the driver of danger. GM's Cadillacs have offered vibrating seat warnings since the 2013 Cadillac ATS. If the driver begins drifting out of the traveling lane of a highway, the seat vibrates in the direction of the drift, warning the driver of danger. The safety alert

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use two radar sensors in the front bumper and sides of the car to monitor if there are any oncoming cars at intersections, highway exits, or car parks. This system alerts the driver of any upcoming traffic from the vehicle's sides and can enact the vehicle's emergency braking system to prevent the

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or intelligent speed advice (ISA) assists drivers with compliance to the speed limit. They take in information of the vehicle's position and notify the driver when they are not enforcing the speed limit. Some ISA systems allow the vehicle to adjust its speed to adhere to the relative speed limit.

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ADAS are categorized into different levels based on the amount of automation, and the scale provided by The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). ADAS can be divided into six levels. In level 0, ADAS cannot control the car and can only provide information for the driver to interpret on their own.

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ADAS are considered real-time systems since they react quickly to multiple inputs and prioritize the incoming information to prevent crashes. The systems use preemptive priority scheduling to organize which task needs to be done first. The incorrect assignment of these priorities is what can cause

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in 1967, the trolley problem asks that under a situation which the trolley's brake does not work, and there are five people ahead of the trolley, the driver may go straight, killing the five persons ahead, or turn to the side track killing the one pedestrian, what should the driver do? Before the

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SGO 2021-01 is in effect for three years, starting on June 29, 2021. After gathering data for almost a year (July 1, 2021 through May 15, 2022), the NHTSA released the initial set of data in June 2022 and stated they plan to update the data on a monthly basis. The data are subject to several

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helps the driver through a safe completion of a lane change by using sensors to scan the vehicle's surroundings and monitor the driver's blind spots. When a driver intends to make a lane change, the vehicle will notify the driver through an audio or visual alert when a vehicle is approaching from

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fully takes over control of parking functions, including steering, braking, and acceleration, to assist drivers in parking. Depending on the relative cars and obstacles, the vehicle positions itself safely into the available parking spot. Currently, the driver must still be aware of the vehicle's

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aims to prevent collisions due to driver fatigue. The vehicle obtains information, such as facial patterns, steering movement, driving habits, turn signal use, and driving velocity, to determine if the driver's activities correspond with drowsy driving. If drowsy driving is suspected, the vehicle

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conjunction with emergency braking systems to act accordingly if any obstacles come into the vehicle's path. A rear cross traffic alert (RCTA) typically works in conjunction with the blind spot monitoring system, warning the driver of approaching cross-traffic when reversing out of a parking spot.

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The AV industry is growing exponentially, and according to a report by Market Research Future, the market is expected to hit over $ 65 billion by 2027. AV insurance and rising competition are expected to fuel that growth. Auto insurance for ADAS has directly affected the global economy, and many

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responsible for federal motor vehicle regulations, issued Standing General Order 2021-01 (SGO 2021-01), which required manufacturers of ADAS (Levels 1 or 2) and Automated Driving Systems (ADS) (Levels 3 through 5) to promptly report crashes that occurred when driver-assistance or automation

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Ford and General Motors provide "hands-off, eyes-on" systems such as Blue Cruise and Super Cruise in North America. These systems allow drivers to take their hands off the steering wheel while the system is engaged. However, drivers must keep their eyes on the road and be ready to take immediate

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improves a driver's visibility by offering a 360-degree viewing system. This system can accurately provide 3D peripheral images of the car's surroundings through video display outputted to the driver. Currently, commercial systems can only provide 2D images of the driver's surroundings. Omniview

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Similarly, ADAS (Level 2) from 12 different manufacturers were involved in 367 crashes over the same period; 392 crashes were reported in total, but 25 either occurred before July 2021 or had no associated date. Reported incidents were led by Tesla (273), Honda (90), and Subaru (10). Of the 392

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Another notable method is a three-phase approach proposed by Noah J. Goodall. This approach first necessitates a system established with the agreement of car manufacturers, transportation engineers, lawyers, and ethicists, and should be set transparently. The second phase is letting artificial

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use Light Emitting Diodes, more commonly known as LEDs, to cut two or more cars from the light distribution. This allows oncoming vehicles coming in the opposite direction not to be affected by the light of the high-beams. In 2010, the VW Touareg introduced the first glare-free high beam

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provides real-time video information regarding the location of your vehicle and its surroundings. This camera offers driver's aid when backing up by providing a viewpoint that is typically a blind spot in traditional cars. When the driver puts the car in reverse, the camera automatically turns

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issue alerts to drivers when it is detected that they are on the wrong side of the road. Vehicles with this system enacted can use sensors and cameras to identify the direction of oncoming traffic flow. In conjunction with lane detection services, this system can also notify drivers when they

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involves cameras that monitor the driver's blind spots and notify the driver if any obstacles come close to the vehicle. Blind spots are defined as the areas behind or at the side of the vehicle that the driver cannot see from the driver's seat. Blind-spot monitoring systems typically work in

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ADAS were first being used in the 1970s with the adoption of the anti-lock braking system. Early ADAS include electronic stability control, anti-lock brakes, blind spot information systems, lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, and traction control. These systems can be affected by

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the same crash, the sum exceeds the total number of reportable incidents. Of the 130 crashes, 108 had no associated injuries reported; there was only one serious injury associated with the remaining crashes. The most commonly-reported damage location was the rear of the ADS-equipped vehicle.

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are designed to minimize the number of crashes or injuries that occur between a vehicle and a pedestrian. This system uses cameras and sensors to determine when the front of a vehicle strikes a pedestrian. When the collision occurs, the vehicle's bonnet lifts to provide a cushion between the

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is designed to monitor the alertness of the driver. These systems use biological and performance measures to assess the driver's alertness and ability to conduct safe driving practices. Currently, these systems use infrared sensors and cameras to monitor the driver's attentiveness through

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detect water and automatically trigger electrical actions, such as the raising of open windows and the closing of open convertible tops. A rain sensor can also take in the frequency of rain droplets to automatically trigger windshield wipers with an accurate speed for the corresponding

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systems enable the vehicle to detect obstacles, including pedestrians, in a nighttime setting or heavy weather situation when the driver has low visibility. These systems can various technologies, including infrared sensors, GPS, Lidar, and Radar, to detect pedestrians and non-human

2202:"NEW CAR NET, the UK new car guide :: Lexus news - LS460 achieves a world-first in preventative safety :: Links, Newsletter, She Drives, Galleries, Motor Show, Road Tests, User Reviews, Daily News, Car Videos, Features, NEWS / REVIEWS, First Impressions, Motormouth, Blog" 774:

According to a 2021 research report from Canalys, approximately 33 percent of new vehicles sold in the United States, Europe, Japan, and China had ADAS features. The firm also predicted that fifty percent of all automobiles on the road by the year 2030 would be ADAS-enabled.

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is a level 4 system, both of which are not in full commercial use in 2019. The levels can be roughly understood as Level 0 - no automation; Level 1 - hands on/shared control; Level 2 - hands off; Level 3 - eyes off; Level 4 - mind off, and Level 5 - steering wheel optional.

608:(auto-HUD) safely displays essential system information to a driver at a vantage point that does not require the driver to look down or away from the road. Currently, the majority of the auto-HUD systems on the market display system information on a windshield using LCDs. 164:

According to a 2021 research report from Canalys, approximately 33 percent of new vehicles sold in the United States, Europe, Japan, and China had ADAS. The firm also predicted that fifty percent of all automobiles on the road by the year 2030 would be ADAS-enabled.

533:"ACSF of Category E" (...) a function which is initiated/activated by the driver and which can continuously determine the possibility of a manoeuvre (e.g. lane change) and complete these manoeuvres for extended periods without further driver command/confirmation. 464:

helps prevent a vehicle from overturning when strong winds hit its side by analyzing the vehicle's yaw rate, steering angle, lateral acceleration, and velocity sensors. This system distributes the wheel load in relation to the velocity and direction of the

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Severe crashes must be reported within one calendar day after the manufacturer receives notice the crash has occurred. In addition, an updated crash incident report must be made within ten calendar days after the manufacturer receives notice the crash has

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involves a vulnerable road user (anyone who is not an occupant of a motor vehicle with more than three wheels: typically pedestrians, wheelchair users, motorcyclists, or bicyclists), regardless of that vulnerable road user's influence on the cause of the

530:"ACSF of Category D" (...) a function which is initiated/activated by the driver and which can indicate the possibility of a single lateral manoeuvre (e.g. lane change) but performs that function only following a confirmation by the driver. 217:

The reliance on data that describes the outside environment of the vehicle, compared to internal data, differentiates ADAS from driver-assistance systems (DAS). ADAS rely on inputs from multiple data sources, including automotive imaging,

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behind or is in the vehicle's blind spot. The visual alert may appear in the dashboard, heads-up-display, or the exterior rear-view mirrors. Several kind of lane change assistance might exist, for instance UNECE regulation 79 considers:

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ADAS might have many limitations, for instance a pre-collision system might have 12 pages to explain 23 exceptions where ADAS may operate when not needed and 30 exceptions where ADAS may not operate when a collision is likely.

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crashes, 98 included injury reporting; of the 98, 46 had no injuries reported, 5 resulted in serious injuries and 6 resulted in fatalities. The most commonly-reported damage location was the front of the ADAS-equipped vehicle.

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determine when the tire pressure is outside the normal inflation pressure range. The driver can monitor the tire pressure and is notified when there is a sudden drop through a pictogram display, gauge, or low-pressure warning

2827: 527:"ACSF (Automatically commanded steering function) of Category C" (...) a function which is initiated/activated by the driver and which can perform a single lateral manoeuvre (e.g. lane change) when commanded by the driver. 2919: 867:

systems were in use. SGO 2021-01 subsequently was amended on August 5, 2021. Under the amended SGO 2021-01, a crash involving ADS or Level 2 ADAS is reportable to the NHTSA if it meets the following criteria:

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In Europe, in Q2 2018, 3% of sold passenger cars had level 2 autonomy driving features. In Europe, in Q2 2019, 325,000 passenger cars are sold with level 2 autonomy driving features, that is 8% of all new cars sold.

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Otherwise, non-severe crashes involving ADS (excluding L2 ADAS) must be reported on the fifteenth day of the month following the calendar month in which the manufacturer receives notice the crash has occurred.

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ruling that issued 50 percent of quiet vehicles must have a device implemented into their systems that sound off when the vehicle travels at speeds less than 30 km/h (18.6 mph) by September 2019.

130:, ADAS increase car and road safety. ADAS use automated technology, such as sensors and cameras, to detect nearby obstacles or driver errors, and respond accordingly. ADAS can enable various levels of 927:

According to PACTS, lack of full standardization might make the system have difficulty being understandable by the driver who might believe that the car behaves like another car while it does not.

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The advancement of autonomous driving is accompanied by ethical concerns. The earliest moral issue associated with autonomous driving can be dated back to as early as the age of the trolleys. The

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may not detect objects closer to the ground, such as parking stops, which is why parking sensors typically work alongside backup cameras to assist the driver when reversing into a parking spot.

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signals to the driver. If the driver does not wake up after these signals, the system will stop, safely position the vehicle away from oncoming traffic, and turn on the hazard warning lights.

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This list is not a comprehensive list of all of the ADAS. Instead, it provides information on critical examples of ADAS that have progressed and become more commonly available since 2015.

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MarkVollrath; Schleicher, Susanne; Gelau, Christhard (19 December 2010). "The influence of Cruise Control and Adaptive Cruise Control on driving behaviour – A driving simulator study".

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infrastructure elements, such as street signs. V2X systems occur when the vehicle monitors its environment and takes in information about possible obstacles or pedestrians in its path.

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Technology errors and omissions – This insurance will cover any physical risk if the technology itself has failed. These usually include all of the associated expenses of a car crash.

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mechanical alignment adjustments or damage from a collision. This has led many manufacturers to require automatic resets for these systems after a mechanical alignment is performed.

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Some groups advocate standardization of the name, such as Forward Collision Warning and Automatic Emergency Braking rather than Forward Collision Alert or Smart City Brake Support.

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intelligence learn human ethics while being bound by the system established in phase one. Lastly, the system should provide constant feedback that is understandable by humans.

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vehicle's hard engine components and the pedestrian. This helps minimize the possibility of a severe head injury when the pedestrian's head comes into contact with the vehicle.

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Lewicki, Wojciech; Stankiewicz, Bogusław; Olejarz-Wahba, Aleksandra A. (2019-11-14). "The Role of Intelligent Transport Systems in the Development of the Idea of Smart City".

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Driver Attentiveness to the Driving Task During ADAS Use, Commissioned by the Department for Transport (T0305), Oliver Carsten, Mickaël Perrier, Samantha Jamson, May 2023

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Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir; Ahmad Zakuan, Fakhrul Razi; Zulkepli, Khairul; Azmi, Muhammad Zulfaqar; Zamzuri, Hairi; Abdul Rahman, Mohd Azizi; Zakaria, Muhammad (2017-12-01).

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Directors and officers – This insurance protects a company's balance sheet and assets by protecting the company from bad management or misappropriation of assets.

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ADAS behavior might change from car to car, for instance ACC speed might be temporarily overridden in most cars, while some switch to standby after one minute.

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transport to a hospital for medical treatment or a fatality, regardless of whether that person was an occupant of the vehicle equipped with the ADS or L2 ADAS

560: 242:). Modern cars have ADAS integrated into their electronics; manufacturers can add these new features during the design process or after production via 4308: 3544:

In re: First Amended Standing General Order 2021-01 | Incident Reporting for Automated Driving Systems (ADS) and Level 2 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

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eye-tracking. If the vehicle detects a possible obstacle, it will notify the driver and if no action is taken, the vehicle may react to the obstacle.

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Cyber liability – This insurance will protect companies from any lawsuits from third parties and penalties from regulators regarding cybersecurity.

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Habenicht, Stefan; Winner, Hermann; Bone, Sven; Sasse, Fabian; Korzenietz, Peter (5 July 2011). "A maneuver-based lane change assistance system".

4831: 234:, and in-car networking. Additional inputs are possible from other sources separate from the primary vehicle platform, including other vehicles ( 344:

Other ISA systems only warn the driver when they are going over the speed limit and leave it up to the driver to enforce the speed limit or not.

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the Levels 3–5 ADS or Level 2 ADAS was engaged at any time within 30 seconds before the start of the crash through the conclusion of the crash

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In re: Standing General Order 2021-01 | Incident Reporting for Automated Driving Systems (ADS) and Level 2 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

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https://www.autoevolution.com/news/eu-speeds-up-driver-assist-regulations-that-would-allow-tesla-to-deploy-fsd-beta-in-europe-214356.html

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safely. This system works by pulsing the braking system and controlling each wheel independently to maintain traction down the descent.

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Martinelli, Nancy S.; Seoane, Richard (1999-03-19). Lemieux, Dennis H.; Snell, Jr., John R. (eds.). "Automotive night vision system".

2481:"U.S. DOT Proposes Rear View Visibility Rule to Protect Kids and the Elderly | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)" 3374: 2886: 2828:"The new Volkswagen Arteon Innovative driver assistance systems in detail – part 1: Emergency Assist – automatic help in emergencies" 2429:

Reina, Giulio; Gentile, Angelo; Messina, Arcangelo (2015-04-03). "Tyre pressure monitoring using a dynamical model-based estimator".

1799: 590: 2226: 1760: 2537:"Evaluation of a New Pedestrian Head Injury Protection System with a Sensor in the Bumper and Lifting of the Bonnet's Rear Part" 2201: 2934: 2069: 1911:

Shaout, Adnan; Colella, Dominic; Awad, S. (28 December 2011). "Advanced Driver Assistance Systems - Past, present and future".

1347: 161:, provide traffic warnings, provide navigational assistance through smartphones, automate lighting, or provide other features. 3460: 327:

is nearby, typically delivered through a noise, such as a beep or horn. This technology was developed in response to the U.S.

4219: 4145: 3983: 2978: 2673: 1928: 1732: 4255: 3024:"UN Regulation No. 79, Revision 4. Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to steering equipment" 2011: 4740: 1077: 4206:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 1091. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 26–36. 3571:(Press release). United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. June 15, 2022 3568: 3543: 643:

technology uses the input of four cameras and a bird's eye technology to provide a composite 3D model of the surroundings.

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EU Speeds Up Driver Assist Regulations That Would Allow Tesla To Deploy FSD Beta in Europe, 2 May 2023, Cristian Agatie

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a vehicle tow-away or an air bag deployment, regardless of whether that is the vehicle equipped with the ADS or L2 ADAS

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Adaptive cruise control does not automatically resume after a lengthy stop or if the driver is not looking at the road

4639: 4358: 4300: 3870: 3227: 1607: 1564: 575: 3549:(Report). United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. August 5, 2021 3852: 3595: 3515:(Report). United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. June 29, 2021 3871:"NHTSA Announces Final Rule Requiring Rear Visibility Technology | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration" 2045: 983:

has endorsed a series of recommendations for generic ADAS terminology for car manufacturers, that it created with

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Automation features cannot be used with automatic emergency braking or lane departure prevention/warning disabled

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Car industry piling on the pressure for weak assisted driving system safety rules in Europe, 23 June 2023, ETSC

3487: 259: 4760: 4484: 3631:(Report). United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. June 2022 3601:(Report). United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. June 2022 2145:

Jabbar, Rateb; Al-Khalifa, Khalifa; Kharbeche, Mohamed; Alhajyaseen, Wael; Jafari, Mohsen; Jiang, Shan (2018).

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Fail-safe procedure slows vehicle, notifies manufacturer and keeps automation off limits for remainder of drive

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https://etsc.eu/car-industry-piling-on-the-pressure-for-weak-assisted-driving-system-safety-rules-in-europe/

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New UN regulation paves the way for the roll-out of additional driver assistance systems, 01 February 2024

4075:"TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SAFE DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS: Driver Acceptance and Assistance for Elderly Drivers" 3722: 3660: 1713:"Autonomous emergency braking system with potential field risk assessment for frontal collision mitigation" 611: 486: 478: 400: 340: 2536: 4454: 4353: 3043: 2630:"Performance of Antilock Brakes with Simplified Control Technique (830484 Technical Paper) - SAE MOBILUS" 2342: 636:

headlamp system, which used a mechanical shutter to cut light from hitting specific traffic participants.

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Summary Report: Standing General Order on Crash Reporting for Level 2 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

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In October 2023, Consumer Reports rated 17 "active driving assistance systems". Their criteria were:

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Auto liability and physical damage – This insurance covers third-party injuries and technology damage.

4826: 4806: 4725: 4373: 4279: 2147:"Real-time Driver Drowsiness Detection for Android Application Using Deep Neural Networks Techniques" 386: 334: 3827: 3303: 1643: 757: 4745: 4624: 4489: 1089: 836: 646: 431: 424: 324: 309: 3102:

Fan, Chao; He, Siyuan (2017-06-01). "Micromirror based virtual image automotive head-up display".

2723:"Automated simulation of scenarios to guide the development of a crosswind stabilization function" 4573: 4442: 3002: 1539: 996: 950: 618: 581: 545: 461: 414: 383:

seat also provides a vibrating pulse on both sides of the seat when a frontal threat is detected.

320: 266: 189: 142: 127: 103: 3803: 4730: 4007:

Goodall, Noah J. (1 January 2014). "Ethical Decision Making during Automated Vehicle Crashes".

2857: 1622: 1049: 520: 347: 4661: 3749:"InfoComm Releases AV Industry Outlook and Trends Analysis for the Americas | Markets Insider" 963:

Names for ADAS features are not standardized. For instance, adaptive cruise control is called

4816: 4735: 4172: 2402: 812: 40:

Assisted control of shjbcghbchvvdistance from the leading car centering in lane enabled in a

3490:. United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 4383: 4378: 3159: 2656:

Eskandarian, Azim (2012), Eskandarian, Azim (ed.), "Introduction to Intelligent Vehicles",

2438: 2096: 632: 499: 158: 20: 3488:"Standing General Order on Crash Reporting | For incidents involving ADS and Level 2 ADAS" 300: 8: 4857: 4539: 4294: 4256:

https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/201448/1/ADAS%20user%20attentiveness%20report%20final.pdf

1800:"Confusing ADAS feature names: Proposal to unify terms across all brands | Team-BHP" 1597: 957: 639: 243: 16:

Electronic systems ahmedsaadahmed Ali that help a vehicle driver while driving or parking

3163: 2442: 2100: 4634: 4629: 4557: 4464: 4388: 4225: 4042: 4016: 3912: 3727: 3596:

Summary Report: Standing General Order on Crash Reporting for Automated Driving Systems

3254: 3175: 3127: 2984: 2462: 2158: 2119: 2084: 1934: 1855: 1738: 1690: 1617: 1612: 1350:(IIHS) reported its first "partial automation safeguard ratings". Their criteria were: 808: 692: 287: 126:) are technologies that assist drivers with the safe operation of a vehicle. Through a 111: 4330: 4091: 4074: 3935:"The Ethics of Accident-Algorithms for Self-Driving Cars: an Applied Trolley Problem?" 4422: 4229: 4215: 4096: 4046: 4034: 3989: 3979: 3956: 3904: 3828:"Autonomous Vehicle Firms Dispute Insurance Study's Low Estimate of Crash Prevention" 3355: 3258: 3246: 3193: 3179: 3131: 3119: 2974: 2744: 2739: 2722: 2669: 2582: 2574: 2454: 2205: 2178: 2124: 1960: 1924: 1847: 1728: 1712: 1587: 1002:

Buttons and dashboard symbols change from car to car due to lack of standardization.

980: 448: 440: 197: 35: 3569:"NHTSA Releases Initial Data on Safety Performance of Advanced Vehicle Technologies" 3396: 2767: 2466: 1859: 1694: 1073: 510:

for you while you transition between the brake pedal, the clutch, and the gas pedal.

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The incident report to the NHTSA must be made according to the following schedule:

227: 181: 131: 3278:"The World's first 360 Degree Wrap-around View System for automotive applications" 2450: 753: 4613: 4567: 1685: 1668: 1525: 1062: 954: 231: 4211: 2665: 2173: 2146: 1920: 1065:

is one of the most well-known ethical issues. Introduced by English philosopher

4852: 4847: 4437: 4146:"A top auto safety group tested 14 partial automated systems — only one passed" 3435:"Canalys: 8% of new cars in Europe sold with level 2 autonomy driving features" 2083:

Sahayadhas, Arun; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Murugappan, Murugappan (7 December 2012).

1033: 711: 513: 468: 360: 154: 107: 85: 77: 3993: 3951: 3934: 3853:"S. Rept. 110-275 - CAMERON GULBRANSEN KIDS TRANSPORTATION SAFETY ACT OF 2007" 3679:"Advanced driver assistance systems: how the latest car safety tech is tested" 3115: 2570: 1786:"Safety Groups Want Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Uniformly Named" 615:

regarding the current position of the vehicle in relation to its surroundings.

474: 4876: 4545: 4495: 4100: 4038: 3960: 3908: 3359: 3250: 3241: 3222: 3123: 2970: 2748: 2629: 2578: 2458: 2182: 1964: 1851: 1843: 1724: 1066: 792: 625: 596: 436: 4009:

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board

3304:"Clemson Vehicular Electronics Laboratory: Traffic Sign Recognition Systems" 3223:"Glare-free high beam optimization based on country road traffic simulation" 2917:, "Lane keeping system and lane centering system", issued 2011-11-17 2721:

Hilf, Klaus-Dieter; Matheis, Ingo; Mauss, Jakob; Rauh, Jochen (2010-07-01).

4755: 4666: 4579: 4120:"Ford's BlueCruise Remains CR's Top-Rated Active Driving Assistance System" 2586: 2504: 2128: 73: 1375:

Uses multiple types of rapidly escalating alerts to get driver’s attention

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will typically sound off a loud alert and may vibrate the driver's seat.

138: 41: 1913:

2011 seventh International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO'2011)

1830:

Galvani, Marco (2019-02-04). "History and future of driver assistance".

3350: 3333: 2480: 2109: 1891: 1874: 1669:"Behavioural impacts of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems–An Overview" 1081: 992: 185: 62: 52: 3916: 3171: 804: 752:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

3698:"SAE International endorses generic ADAS terminology recommendations" 3379: 1459:

Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop & Go and Lane Centering Assist

843:

from Volvo, OpenPilot from Comma.ai and ProPILOT Assist from Nissan.

4030: 3044:"Rain Sensing Windshield & Wipers | Car Rain Sensors | Safelite" 2144: 2046:"The Danger of Blind Zones | Vehicle Blind Spots - Consumer Reports" 1667:

Brookhuis, Karel A.; de Waard, Dick; Janssen, Wiel H. (2001-06-01).

1644:"Tesla Autopilot Crash Avoidance Model S Autopilot saves man's life" 878:

A severe crash is one that results in one or more of the following:

366: 4618: 4603: 4021: 3900: 2251:"U.S. finalizes long-delayed 'quiet cars' rule, extending deadline" 2163: 1990: 1953:"ADAS Level 0 to Level 5: Autonomous/self-driving grades explained" 1710: 1582: 1357:

Automated lane changes must be initiated or confirmed by the driver

93: 89: 4280:

https://unece.org/media/transport/Vehicle-Regulations/press/387961

2935:"Tech'splaining: What is Lane Centering Assist, How Does It Work?" 1592: 828: 2535:

Fredriksson, Rikard; Håland, Yngve; Yang, Jikuang (2001-06-04).

4811: 4201: 3375:"Hands-free driving is becoming more popular — but is it safe?" 832: 824: 452:

surroundings and be willing to take control of it if necessary.

871:

it happened on a publicly accessible road in the United States

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Active Distance Assist DISTRONIC with Active Steering Assist

820: 800: 223: 219: 81: 3029:. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2018-11-07. 2082: 1717:

2017 IEEE Conference on Systems, Process and Control (ICSPC)

1360:

Automation features cannot be used with seat belt unfastened

1280:

Advanced Adaptive Cruise Control with Lane Centering Assist

4801: 4527: 3776:"Insurance for Autonomous Vehicles & Self-Driving Cars" 3158:. International Society for Optics and Photonics: 343–346. 2556: 1085: 784: 193: 1673:

European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research

1341: 816: 788: 2960: 2729:. 6th IFAC Symposium on Advances in Automotive Control. 2227:"Electric Vehicle Warning Sound System | Analog Devices" 2085:"Detecting Driver Drowsiness Based on Sensors: A Review" 1666: 1225:

Travel Assist/Adaptive Cruise Assist with lane guidance

1379:

The ratings were (no system received a "good" rating):

1039: 670:

Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by customers with level 2

304:

Infrared LEDs for driver monitoring system illumination

3887:

Thomson, Judith Jarvis (1985). "The Trolley Problem".

3666:. Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety. 2070:"ADAS explained: Technology to improve vehicle safety" 1492:

Dynamic Radar Cruise Control with Lane Tracing Assist

552: 2534: 1369:

Lane centering does not discourage steering by driver

1054:

In March 2014, the US Department of Transportation's

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Self-driving car § Levels of driving automation

3590: 3588: 3586: 2428: 203: 3723:"New Safety Features in Cars (or Just New to You)" 3461:"Mercedes Launches SAE Level 3 Drive Pilot System" 3366: 3220: 4334:, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies 3613: 3388: 3372: 2503:Simpson, Sarah; Bruggeman, Dave (November 2015). 1986:"Which Cars Have Self-Driving Features for 2020?" 1910: 1372:Monitors both the driver’s gaze and hand position 4874: 4297:. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). 3976:Artificial intelligence : a modern approach 3583: 3149: 2502: 1008: 917: 390:partially merge into the wrong side of the road 4832:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society 4204:Smart and Green Solutions for Transport Systems 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3482: 3480: 3221:Kobbert, J; Kosmas, K; Khanh, TQ (2018-11-14). 1873:Arena, Fabio; Pau, Giovanni (24 January 2019). 1832:IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 783:Major car brands with Level 2 features include 149:, alert drivers to possible obstacles, warn of 3429: 3427: 3425: 3003:"Lane Change Assistance – Level Five Supplies" 1056:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 967:by Fiat, Ford, GM, VW, Volvo and Peugeot, but 860:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 329:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 240:vehicle-to-infrastructure or V2I communication 4316: 3928: 3926: 3659:Helmen, Shaun; Carsten, Oliver (2019-09-19). 3658: 3415: 3413: 2963:2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 4822:VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge 3643: 3527: 3477: 2315:Mobility and transport - European Commission 2012:"Guide to Cars With Advanced Safety Systems" 1759:Nagpal, Raj Kumar; Cohen, Edo (2022-05-18). 1397: 3932: 3502: 3422: 2858:"How Do Hill Descent Control Systems Work?" 2655: 1758: 1481:Smart Cruise Control/Lane Following Assist 979:by Mercedes. To help with standardization, 922: 4323: 4309: 4177:IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety 3933:Nyholm, Sven; Smids, Jilles (2016-11-01). 3923: 3714: 3410: 3332:Arena, Fabio; Pau, Giovanni (2019-01-24). 1419: 1408: 864:United States Department of Transportation 835:. Full Level 2 features are included with 408: 34: 4090: 4020: 3950: 3676: 3349: 3334:"An Overview of Vehicular Communications" 3240: 2855: 2738: 2308: 2172: 2162: 2118: 2108: 1977: 1890: 1875:"An Overview of Vehicular Communications" 1684: 3689: 3394: 3331: 2798:"How Electronic Stability Control Works" 1872: 1072: 945: 473: 435: 418: 365: 299: 19:For broader coverage of this topic, see 4143: 4072: 4006: 3973: 3886: 3695: 3397:"Hit >1 billion miles driven on FSD" 2932: 2004: 1829: 1641: 1603:Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems 319:notify pedestrians and cyclists that a 236:vehicle-to-vehicle or V2V communication 4875: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4173:"Partial automation safeguard ratings" 4167: 4165: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 3974:Russell, Stuart Jonathan (July 2019). 3798: 3796: 3770: 3768: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3038: 3036: 2956: 2954: 2909: 2907: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2424: 2422: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2337: 2335: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2140: 2138: 1532: 1518: 1507: 1496: 1485: 1474: 1463: 1452: 1441: 1430: 1348:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 1342:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 281: 4304: 3720: 3458: 3216: 3214: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3101: 3097: 3095: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2716: 2714: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2651: 2649: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2552: 2550: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1754: 1752: 1706: 1704: 953:display in the instrument panel of a 599:displayed in digital instrument panel 212: 4741:Dedicated short-range communications 2403:"Parking Sensors: MyCarDoesWhat.org" 2311:"Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)" 1983: 1203:Safety System+ 3.0/Safety Sense 3.0 1050:Tesla Autopilot § Fatal crashes 1040:Ethical issues and current solutions 738: 660: 176:Such standardization is promoted by 4190: 4162: 4107: 4053: 3793: 3765: 3320: 3291: 3265: 3060: 3033: 2951: 2904: 2874: 2844: 2815: 2785: 2660:, London: Springer, pp. 1–13, 2521: 2491: 2419: 2388: 2359: 2332: 2297: 2281:"Forward Collision Warning Systems" 2268: 2189: 2135: 1761:"Automotive electronics revolution" 1109: 853: 553:Visual and environmental monitoring 394: 273: 13: 4883:Advanced driver assistance systems 4428:Automated emergency braking system 3373:Andrew J. Hawkins (31 July 2023). 3228:Lighting Research & Technology 3211: 3138: 3092: 2755: 2711: 2681: 2646: 2617: 2601:"Guide to Adaptive Cruise Control" 2559:Accident Analysis & Prevention 2547: 2031: 1899: 1806: 1749: 1701: 443:, demonstrated by hands-off driver 137:As most road crashes occur due to 120:Advanced driver-assistance systems 29:Advanced driver-assistance systems 14: 4899: 4450:Advanced driver-assistance system 4359:Intelligent transportation system 4288: 4144:Hawkins, Andrew J. (2024-03-12). 3939:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 2933:Wardlaw, Christian (2019-07-08). 2768:"How Cruise Control Systems Work" 1608:Intelligent transportation system 1571:Driver control assistance systems 846:Level 3 features are included in 4672:Safe speed automotive common law 4073:Tsugawa, Sadayuki (2006-01-01). 2856:Laukkonen, Jeremy (2021-10-25). 2740:10.3182/20100712-3-DE-2013.00195 2694:"How Pre-Collision Systems Work" 2658:Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles 2487:from the original on 2014-07-14. 1192:Driving Assistance Professional 743: 589: 574: 559: 204:Concept, history and development 4364:Context-aware pervasive systems 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4137: 4000: 3967: 3880: 3863: 3845: 3820: 3741: 3670: 3561: 3452: 3186: 3016: 2995: 2926: 2593: 2473: 2243: 2219: 2076: 2062: 1945: 1426:ProPILOT Assist with Navi-link 1313:Adaptive Cruise w/Steer Assist 989:American Automobile Association 653:Vehicular communication systems 317:Electric vehicle warning sounds 4761:Radio-frequency identification 4485:Automated Lane Keeping Systems 3677:Griffiths, Hugo (2021-05-07). 2887:"How Hill-Start Control Works" 1866: 1792: 1778: 1660: 1635: 370:TPMS low pressure warning icon 253: 168: 1: 4677:Automated lane keeping system 4418:Lane departure warning system 4092:10.1016/S0386-1112(14)60165-5 2451:10.1080/00423114.2015.1008017 1628: 1565:Intelligent transport systems 1437:Active Driving Assistant Pro 1404:Teammate with Advanced Drive 1009:Insurance and economic impact 918:Potential issues and concerns 401:Pedestrian protection systems 355:Lane departure warning system 4797:American Center for Mobility 4766:Automotive navigation system 4554:, formerly Google Car (2012) 4501:Automotive navigation system 4460:Intelligent speed adaptation 4349:History of self-driving cars 3696:Huetter, John (2020-05-15). 3075:"Traction Control Explained" 2204:. 2007-09-27. Archived from 1686:10.18757/ejtir.2001.1.3.3667 1642:Epstein, Zach (2016-07-21). 1346:In March 2024, the American 1118:Capabilities and performance 612:Automotive navigation system 487:Electronic stability control 341:Intelligent speed adaptation 7: 4455:Driver drowsiness detection 4354:Impact of self-driving cars 4212:10.1007/978-3-030-35543-2_3 3804:"Cyber Liability Insurance" 3753:markets.businessinsider.com 3194:"How Rearview Cameras Work" 2666:10.1007/978-0-85729-085-4_1 2174:10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.060 1984:Mays, Kelsey (2020-04-04). 1921:10.1109/ICENCO.2011.6153935 1576: 862:(NHTSA), the branch of the 778: 731: 472:the car of the goal speed. 295:Driver drowsiness detection 10: 4904: 4695:Self-driving car liability 4599:Automated guideway transit 4433:Collision avoidance system 4295:Driver Assist Technologies 1542:(Beta), Version 2023.7.10 1127:Keeping the driver engaged 1104: 1080:investigators examine the 1046:Self-driving car liability 1043: 969:Intelligent Cruise Control 687:Traveled distance (miles) 606:Automotive head-up display 493:Emergency driver assistant 456:Collision avoidance system 257: 244:over-the-air (OTA) updates 18: 4840: 4827:Eureka Prometheus Project 4807:European Land-Robot Trial 4785: 4774: 4726:Artificial neural network 4701: 4689: 4682:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 4652: 4589: 4520: 4513: 4473: 4406: 4397: 4374:Smart, connected products 4339: 3952:10.1007/s10677-016-9745-2 3721:Voelk, Tom (2020-10-08). 3459:Ramey, Jay (2022-05-09). 3395:Tesla AI (4 April 2024). 3116:10.1007/s00542-016-2955-7 2571:10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.023 2151:Procedia Computer Science 1559: 1470:Highway Driving Assist 2 1269:Highway Driving Assist 2 387:Wrong-way driving warning 335:Forward collision warning 99: 68: 58: 48: 33: 28: 4746:Real-time Control System 4625:Freightliner Inspiration 4490:Vehicular ad hoc network 3242:10.1177/1477153518810997 3104:Microsystem Technologies 2971:10.1109/IVS.2011.5940417 2939:Ride by Kelley Blue Book 2727:IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2372:"Lane Departure Warning" 2343:"Intersection Assistant" 2309:Anonymous (2016-10-17). 1844:10.1109/MIM.2019.8633345 1725:10.1109/SPC.2017.8313024 975:by Citroen and BMW, and 923:Need for standardization 647:Traffic sign recognition 432:Anti-lock braking system 376:Tire pressure monitoring 325:plug-in electric vehicle 310:Driver monitoring system 4574:Yandex self-driving car 4476:the driving environment 4443:Adaptive cruise control 4409:the driving environment 2431:Vehicle System Dynamics 2050:www.consumerreports.org 1335:Highway Driving Assist 1167:Chevrolet/GMC/Cadillac 997:National Safety Council 965:Adaptive Cruise Control 951:Adaptive cruise control 619:Automotive night vision 582:Automotive night vision 569:displayed on windshield 546:Traction control system 462:Crosswind stabilization 415:Adaptive cruise control 409:Driving task assistance 348:Intersection assistants 267:automated valet parking 190:National Safety Council 143:adaptive cruise control 128:human-machine interface 104:Adaptive cruise control 4888:Management cybernetics 4731:Computer stereo vision 4679:(unece regulation 157) 4407:Human driver monitors 3661:"What does my Car do?" 1623:Automotive electronics 1121:Clear when safe to use 1093: 1090:killed Elaine Herzberg 960: 940: 858:On June 29, 2021, the 521:Lane change assistance 482: 444: 427: 371: 305: 238:) and infrastructure ( 4817:DARPA Grand Challenge 4640:Mobility as a service 4590:Buses and commercial 3441:. Canalys. 2019-09-09 2505:"Welcome to ROSA P |" 1076: 973:Active Cruise Control 949: 929: 666:action at all times. 477: 439: 422: 369: 303: 250:more harm than good. 4384:Ambient intelligence 4379:Ubiquitous computing 3889:The Yale Law Journal 3702:Repairer Driven News 2965:. pp. 375–380. 1528:, Version 2023.7.10 1514:ProPILOT Assist 2.0 1332:Hyundai/Kia/Genesis 1266:Hyundai/Kia/Genesis 1214:ProPILOT Assist 2.0 1134:Their ratings were: 850:from Mercedes-Benz. 633:Glare-free high beam 500:Hill descent control 159:satellite navigation 21:Vehicular automation 4858:Anthony Levandowski 4540:General Motors EN-V 3164:1999SPIE.3700..343M 2832:Volkswagen Newsroom 2443:2015VSD....53..568R 2347:Volkswagen Newsroom 2101:2012Senso..1216937S 2095:(12): 16937–16953. 1383: 1302:Sensing/AcuraWatch 1138: 1130:Unresponsive driver 1034:autonomous vehicles 671: 640:Omniview technology 282:Alerts and warnings 147:avoiding collisions 72:Sensors (typically 4635:Self-driving truck 4630:Driverless tractor 4465:Blind spot monitor 4389:Internet of things 3728:The New York Times 3351:10.3390/fi11020027 2634:saemobilus.sae.org 2110:10.3390/s121216937 1957:The Times of India 1915:. pp. 72–82. 1892:10.3390/fi11020027 1719:. pp. 71–76. 1618:Traffic psychology 1613:Hands-free driving 1382: 1310:Jaguar/Land Rover 1181:Driver Assistance 1137: 1094: 961: 669: 483: 445: 428: 372: 306: 288:Blind spot monitor 213:Technical concepts 132:autonomous driving 112:Hands-free driving 4870: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4736:Image recognition 4648: 4647: 4509: 4508: 4423:Automatic parking 4332:Self-driving cars 4221:978-3-030-35542-5 3985:978-0-13-461099-3 3308:cecas.clemson.edu 3172:10.1117/12.342304 3005:. 11 January 2019 2980:978-1-4577-0890-9 2675:978-0-85729-085-4 2543:. Warrendale, PA. 2541:SAE International 2509:rosap.ntl.bts.gov 1930:978-1-4673-0731-4 1734:978-1-5386-0386-4 1588:Applied Intuition 1557: 1556: 1540:Full Self-Driving 1339: 1338: 981:SAE International 837:Full Self-Driving 765: 764: 729: 728: 661:Hands-off systems 507:Hill-start assist 449:Automatic parking 441:Automatic parking 198:SAE International 117: 116: 4895: 4783: 4782: 4534:Spirit of Berlin 4518: 4517: 4474:System monitors 4404: 4403: 4369:Mobile computing 4325: 4318: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4199: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4124:Consumer Reports 4116: 4105: 4104: 4094: 4070: 4051: 4050: 4024: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3945:(5): 1275–1289. 3930: 3921: 3920: 3895:(6): 1395–1415. 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3630: 3622: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3600: 3592: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3548: 3540: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3431: 3420: 3417: 3408: 3406: 3392: 3386: 3384: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3353: 3329: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3300: 3289: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3263: 3262: 3244: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3147: 3136: 3135: 3110:(6): 1671–1676. 3099: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3071: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3048:www.safelite.com 3040: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3010: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2883: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2853: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2824: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2794: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2764: 2753: 2752: 2742: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2690: 2679: 2678: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2626: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2605:Consumer Reports 2597: 2591: 2590: 2565:(3): 1134–1139. 2554: 2545: 2544: 2532: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2500: 2489: 2488: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2407:My Car Does What 2399: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2376:www.safercar.gov 2368: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2317:. Archived from 2306: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2285:www.safercar.gov 2277: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2198: 2187: 2186: 2176: 2166: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2122: 2112: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2042: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2017:Consumer Reports 2008: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1998: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1908: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1827: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1756: 1747: 1746: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1688: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1639: 1384: 1381: 1291:ProPILOT Assist 1288:Nissan/Infiniti 1222:Volkswagen/Audi 1211:Nissan/Infiniti 1139: 1136: 1110:Consumer Reports 1088:that struck and 985:Consumer Reports 938: 854:Crash statistics 747: 746: 739: 684:VMT (hands-free) 672: 668: 593: 578: 563: 395:Crash mitigation 274:Feature examples 228:image processing 182:Consumer Reports 38: 26: 25: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4862: 4836: 4789: 4787: 4786:Organizations, 4778: 4777:Projects & 4776: 4775:Organizations, 4770: 4703: 4697: 4685: 4644: 4591: 4585: 4568:LUTZ Pathfinder 4505: 4477: 4475: 4469: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4222: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4108: 4071: 4054: 4031:10.3141/2424-07 4005: 4001: 3986: 3972: 3968: 3931: 3924: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3802: 3801: 3794: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3704: 3694: 3690: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3657: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3393: 3389: 3371: 3367: 3338:Future Internet 3330: 3321: 3312: 3310: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3266: 3219: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3152:Thermosense XXI 3148: 3139: 3100: 3093: 3084: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2981: 2959: 2952: 2943: 2941: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2864: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2834: 2826: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2756: 2719: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2682: 2676: 2654: 2647: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2555: 2548: 2533: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2501: 2492: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2427: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2389: 2380: 2378: 2370: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2349: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2287: 2279: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2258: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2233: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2190: 2143: 2136: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2032: 2023: 2021: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1996: 1994: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1967: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1931: 1909: 1900: 1879:Future Internet 1871: 1867: 1828: 1807: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1788:. 29 July 2022. 1784: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1768: 1757: 1750: 1735: 1709: 1702: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1650: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1579: 1562: 1412:General Motors 1344: 1321:Volvo/Polestar 1258:Highway Assist 1247:Highway Assist 1112: 1107: 1063:trolley problem 1052: 1042: 1011: 955:Volkswagen Golf 939: 936: 925: 920: 856: 781: 768: 767: 766: 761: 748: 744: 734: 681:ADAS suite name 663: 600: 594: 585: 579: 570: 564: 555: 411: 397: 361:Parking sensors 284: 276: 262: 256: 232:computer vision 215: 206: 171: 110: 106: 86:microprocessors 44: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4901: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4853:Alberto Broggi 4850: 4848:Harold Goddijn 4844: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4780: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4558:Tesla Model S 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4524: 4522: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4478:(Levels 3,4,5) 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4438:Cruise control 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4411:(Levels 0,1,2) 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4289:External links 4287: 4284: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4220: 4189: 4161: 4136: 4106: 4079:IATSS Research 4052: 3999: 3984: 3966: 3922: 3901:10.2307/796133 3879: 3862: 3844: 3832:Claims Journal 3819: 3808:Founder Shield 3792: 3780:Founder Shield 3764: 3740: 3713: 3688: 3669: 3642: 3612: 3582: 3560: 3526: 3501: 3476: 3451: 3421: 3419:On June 9 2023 3409: 3387: 3365: 3319: 3290: 3264: 3235:(6): 922–936. 3210: 3185: 3137: 3091: 3059: 3032: 3015: 2994: 2979: 2950: 2925: 2903: 2873: 2843: 2814: 2784: 2754: 2733:(7): 768–772. 2710: 2680: 2674: 2645: 2616: 2592: 2546: 2520: 2490: 2483:. 2010-12-03. 2472: 2437:(4): 568–586. 2418: 2387: 2358: 2331: 2296: 2267: 2242: 2231:www.analog.com 2218: 2188: 2134: 2075: 2061: 2030: 2003: 1976: 1959:. 2022-05-24. 1944: 1929: 1898: 1865: 1805: 1791: 1777: 1748: 1733: 1700: 1659: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500:Mercedes-Benz 1498: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 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623: 616: 609: 602: 601: 595: 588: 586: 580: 573: 571: 565: 558: 554: 551: 550: 549: 543: 536: 535: 534: 531: 528: 518: 514:Lane centering 511: 504: 497: 490: 484: 469:Cruise control 466: 459: 453: 446: 429: 410: 407: 406: 405: 396: 393: 392: 391: 384: 380: 373: 358: 352: 345: 338: 332: 314: 307: 292: 283: 280: 275: 272: 255: 252: 214: 211: 205: 202: 170: 167: 157:, incorporate 155:lane centering 151:lane departure 115: 114: 108:Lane centering 101: 97: 96: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 50: 46: 45: 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4900: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4784: 4781: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 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