344:
365:
125:
565:
819:
631:
253:
167:
840:
733:
146:
663:
586:
861:
274:
188:
302:
684:
211:
754:
323:
712:
537:
516:
388:
474:
232:
798:
430:
775:
409:
495:
451:
36:
7653:
3068:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1198:
8178:
8158:
8129:
8087:
8051:
8022:
7993:
7957:
7915:
7879:
7850:
7821:
7785:
7763:
7727:
7698:
7669:
8210:
7222:
6381:
3102:
analyzes phonetic affricates as phonological stops. A sibilant or lateral (and presumably trilled) stop can be realized phonetically only as an affricate and so might be analyzed phonemically as a sibilant or lateral stop. In that analysis, affricates other than sibilants and laterals are a phonetic
1248:
Any of these notations can be used to distinguish an affricate from a sequence of a stop plus a fricative, which is contrastive in languages such as Polish. However, in languages where there is no such distinction, such as
English or Turkish, a simple sequence of letters is commonly used, with no
345:
366:
126:
566:
820:
632:
254:
168:
1557:
841:
734:
147:
664:
587:
1896:
1782:
1678:
862:
275:
189:
1632:
303:
1555:
685:
1998:
1894:
1845:
1780:
1732:
1677:
212:
1630:
755:
324:
1996:
1843:
1731:
713:
538:
517:
389:
2078:
2076:
475:
233:
3107:
has laminal dental vs. apical alveolar ; other languages may contrast velar with palatal and uvular . Affricates may also be a strategy to increase the phonetic contrast between aspirated or ejective and tenuis consonants.
799:
431:
2138:
776:
410:
2140:
496:
452:
1137:
This is derived from the IPA convention of indicating other releases with a superscript. However, this convention is more typically used for a fricated release that is too brief to be considered a true affricate.
3182:
3460:
4723:
1556:
4759:
1895:
1781:
1679:
1631:
1380:
The exact phonetic difference varies between languages. In stop–fricative sequences, the stop has a release burst before the fricative starts; but in affricates, the fricative element
1997:
1844:
1733:
2077:
2139:
1101:
is generally used. The tie bar appears most commonly above the two letters, but may be placed under them if it fits better there, or simply because it is more legible. Thus:
4733:
3115:, no language contrasts a non-sibilant, non-lateral affricate with a stop at the same place of articulation and with the same phonation and airstream mechanism, such as
4743:
2180:
both contrast sibilant affricates at four places of articulation: alveolar, postalveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex. They also distinguish voiceless, voiced, and
4728:
1097:
by a combination of two letters, one for the stop element and the other for the fricative element. In order to show that these are parts of a single consonant, a
4558:
3692:
Warren, Paul; Bauer, Laurie (2004), "Maori
English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),
1085:, have unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective series of affricates whose release may be dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or lateral: , , , , , , , , , , , and .
3878:
4713:
3467:
1022:
are typical affricates, and sounds like these are fairly common in the world's languages, as are other affricates with similar sounds, such as those in
932:
4690:
4680:
2873:
4675:
4144:
8276:
7582:
5628:
5374:
2932:
997:
336:
3103:
mechanism for distinguishing stops at similar places of articulation (like more than one labial, coronal, or dorsal place). For example,
5642:
5635:
5381:
3852:
2374:
357:
1307:
This also happens with phonemic transcription in IPA: and are sometimes transcribed with the symbols for the palatal stops, ⟨
5856:
5614:
5360:
3648:
4625:
3349:'eight' (or , ). Richard Wiese argues this is the case for word-initial fricative-plosive sequences in German, and coined the term
1030:. However, voiced affricates other than are relatively uncommon. For several places of articulation they are not attested at all.
7371:
5649:
5346:
2390:
2322:
1515:
The exemplar languages are ones that have been reported to have these sounds, but in several cases, they may need confirmation.
7544:
7474:
7410:
7333:
5621:
5367:
4380:
8219:
7754:
7539:
7417:
7314:
7231:
6390:
6151:
6058:
4639:
4438:
4114:
4022:
3556:
2674:
890:
599:
4055:
7494:
7431:
7236:
6241:
6133:
6040:
5353:
2626:
2351:
557:
7770:
7587:
7438:
7384:
7340:
6770:
6725:
6228:
6165:
6072:
5523:
5279:
3098:
In phonology, affricates tend to behave similarly to stops, taking part in phonological patterns that fricatives do not.
2718:
1879:
1772:
1765:
811:
623:
245:
17:
7792:
7567:
7352:
7321:
6736:
6688:
6674:
6616:
6602:
6250:
6158:
6065:
4670:
4362:
4316:
3614:
2699:
1343:
832:
725:
610:
8269:
7841:
7516:
7501:
7281:
6750:
6268:
6179:
6140:
6086:
6047:
5804:
4581:
4527:
4409:
4390:
4343:
4195:
4086:
4049:
3756:
3727:
3701:
2752:
2666:
2651:
655:
578:
75:
1065:, and , are common or virtually universal. Also less common are alveolar affricates where the fricative release is
8013:
7267:
6743:
6395:
6322:
6259:
6172:
6079:
5586:
5530:
5495:
5286:
5251:
4190:. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3808:
2736:
1981:
1886:
1835:
1828:
853:
644:
266:
159:
8933:
8526:
8300:
8078:
7857:
7812:
7377:
7359:
6304:
5572:
5328:
4634:
4306:
3885:
2297:
2267:
1094:
1001:
914:
294:
91:
8499:
8029:
7984:
7870:
7287:
7226:
7221:
6653:
6581:
6385:
6380:
6186:
6093:
5739:
5698:
5434:
5101:
4177:
2774:
2540:
1061:
dialects. Worldwide, relatively few languages have affricates in these positions even though the corresponding
676:
8494:
8042:
7828:
7689:
7295:
7177:
7037:
7005:
6329:
5593:
5509:
5502:
5265:
5258:
5087:
2170:
2068:
2061:
1988:
1253:
203:
180:
8506:
8489:
8481:
8262:
8149:
8000:
7886:
7577:
7273:
7168:
7157:
7069:
6681:
6609:
6311:
5769:
5579:
5558:
5481:
5335:
5314:
5237:
4718:
4618:
4598:
3194:
2310:
2283:
2230:
1547:
1540:
1504:⟩ are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place. For example, ⟨
746:
315:
117:
3424:
3412:
3362:
3358:
3314:
3310:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3271:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3173:
3169:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
2710:
2685:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1478:
1466:
1458:
1449:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1396:
1392:
1369:
1361:
1347:
1335:
1312:
1308:
1241:
1195:
1150:
1130:
1118:
1106:
973:
969:
928:
924:
8521:
8516:
8058:
7705:
7660:
7390:
7184:
6667:
6646:
6595:
6338:
5756:
5712:
5705:
5656:
5448:
5441:
5392:
5137:
5108:
4957:
4786:
3389:
3293:
2571:
2556:
2404:
704:
529:
508:
380:
8786:
8511:
8214:
8209:
8120:
7718:
7301:
7198:
7120:
5998:
5891:
5778:
5684:
5600:
5516:
5420:
5272:
5119:
5094:
5073:
3032:
2889:
2849:
2845:
2479:
2130:
2123:
1669:
1662:
466:
224:
8433:
8378:
8169:
7906:
7676:
7572:
7191:
7111:
7100:
6702:
6660:
6630:
6588:
5962:
5670:
5565:
5488:
5406:
5321:
5244:
5151:
5002:
4973:
3456:
2448:
2248:
1622:
1615:
790:
422:
138:
4425:. Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. Vol. 55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
8544:
8363:
8296:
8136:
7948:
7734:
7249:
7127:
6695:
6623:
6347:
5944:
5918:
5867:
5787:
5719:
5663:
5399:
5179:
5144:
4984:
4964:
4943:
2858:
2825:
2510:
2425:
2187:
When a language has only one type of affricate, it is usually a sibilant; this is the case in e.g.
767:
401:
46:
8747:
8742:
8653:
8185:
8098:
7922:
7141:
6537:
6005:
5838:
5829:
5812:
5691:
5607:
5427:
5165:
5126:
5080:
5016:
4611:
4449:
3535:
3166:
2516:
1723:
1716:
1700:
895:
487:
50:
3079:
1256:
system, affricates may be transcribed with single letters. The affricate may be transcribed as
8764:
8574:
8373:
8348:
8292:
7964:
7134:
6898:
6836:
6528:
6517:
6462:
5984:
5969:
5849:
5677:
5413:
5158:
5044:
5009:
4900:
4885:
4869:
4474:
3486:
3200:
3012:
2582:
2464:
2441:
910:
443:
3487:"Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases"
1190:
Approved for
Unicode in 2024, per request from the IPA, are the remaining coronal affricates:
8353:
8330:
8308:
6960:
6887:
6867:
6825:
6805:
6544:
6441:
5951:
5925:
5900:
5874:
5186:
5030:
4991:
4950:
4880:
4841:
4685:
4014:
4007:
3043:
affricates are also common. Affricates may also have phonemic length, that is, affected by a
2837:
2689:
2578:
2459:
2358:
2329:
2260:
1582:
1034:
957:
4206:
3856:
2486:
8791:
8754:
8466:
7423:
6949:
6929:
6907:
6845:
6558:
6497:
5820:
5172:
5023:
4925:
4486:
4218:
2988:
2658:
2337:
1442:(found across syllable boundaries) can be observed by minimal pairs such as the following:
1082:
1078:
4603:
4475:"Voiceless affricate/fricative distinction by frication duration and amplitude rise slope"
4109:. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 374.
3657:
8:
8938:
8862:
8732:
8709:
8458:
8411:
8383:
8224:
7487:
7091:
6978:
6969:
6878:
6816:
6565:
6551:
6469:
5991:
5051:
4905:
4862:
4207:"Production and perception of rise time in the voiceless affricate/fricative distinction"
4081:. Bibliotheca Uralica (in German). Vol. 13. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 139.
3884:. Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from
3159:
3135:
2952:
2706:
2681:
2411:
2381:
2366:
2115:
1923:
1695:
953:
4490:
4222:
8727:
8560:
8368:
8325:
7510:
6940:
6506:
6455:
6434:
5193:
5037:
4895:
4875:
4829:
4288:
4255:
3789:
3514:
3325:
In rare instances, a fricative–stop contour may occur. This is the case in dialects of
3104:
3000:
2968:
2498:
2415:
1752:
1688:
1485:
696:
2960:
2924:
8849:
8806:
8683:
8648:
8471:
8438:
8406:
8340:
7935:
7466:
6861:
6712:
6476:
6403:
6017:
4930:
4910:
4852:
4738:
4577:
4510:
4502:
4434:
4420:
4405:
4386:
4358:
4339:
4312:
4293:
4275:
4242:
4234:
4191:
4173:
4110:
4082:
4045:
4018:
3809:
Supraglottal cavity shape, linguistic register, and other phonetic features of Somali
3752:
3723:
3697:
3656:(2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–37, archived from
3552:
3506:
3384:
3052:
3040:
3020:
2956:
2928:
2796:
2633:
2433:
2419:
2397:
2385:
2345:
2238:
1577:
1066:
961:
549:
4536:
8874:
8867:
8722:
8678:
8673:
8536:
8448:
8425:
8401:
8358:
8317:
7745:
6799:
6490:
6448:
4920:
4890:
4857:
4847:
4548:
4494:
4461:
4426:
4331:
4283:
4267:
4226:
3781:
3518:
3498:
3374:
3334:
3240:
3236:
3048:
2984:
2744:
2662:
2637:
2528:
2437:
2192:
2173:
1972:
1963:
1905:
1598:
1586:
1357:
1327:
In some languages, affricates contrast phonemically with stop–fricative sequences:
1098:
1027:
1016:
1009:
993:
1125:
A less common notation indicates the release of the affricate with a superscript:
8839:
8737:
8717:
8658:
8626:
8443:
8069:
7803:
7260:
6790:
6483:
5912:
4915:
4781:
4372:
4039:
3746:
3717:
3326:
3307:
3302:
3279:
3254:
3186:
3024:
2980:
2976:
2948:
2885:
2866:
2781:
2768:
2726:
2693:
2645:
2641:
2563:
2551:
2472:
2455:
2362:
2305:
2274:
2256:
2188:
2177:
2108:
1916:
1871:
1708:
1605:
1566:
1470:
1331:
1074:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1023:
1005:
4038:
Takayama, Tomoaki (2015). "15– Historical
Phonology". In Kubozono, Haruo (ed.).
8811:
7975:
4465:
3379:
3354:
3330:
3155:
2972:
2915:
2903:
2760:
2730:
2547:
2532:
2490:
2242:
1407:) are considered phonemically stop–fricative sequences. They often contain a
1062:
949:
57:
4553:
4430:
3531:
3502:
8927:
8897:
8857:
8834:
8801:
8774:
7634:
7151:
6993:
6407:
4506:
4376:
4279:
4238:
3742:
3628:
3510:
3028:
3016:
2881:
2764:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2290:
2278:
2196:
1818:
3610:
8907:
8826:
8816:
8796:
7480:
5202:
4514:
4328:
Phonological representation and phonetic phasing: affricates and laryngeals
4297:
3151:
3036:
3004:
2341:
1474:
1058:
1042:
4335:
4246:
3772:
Zamponi, Raoul (1996). "Multiple sources of glottal stop in Raʔivavaean".
1168:
1165:
8912:
8902:
8892:
8779:
8636:
8232:
7646:
7629:
7403:
6923:
5727:
4796:
4774:
4271:
2333:
1107:
p͡f b͡v, t͡s d͡z, t͡ɬ d͡ɮ, t͡ʃ d͡ʒ, t͡ᶘ d͡ᶚ, t͡ɕ d͡ʑ, ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ , k͡x
964:). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single
3815:
3067:
3007:
are reported to have voiced ejective affricates, but these are actually
2566:. Only pronounced as when 'c' occurs initially, otherwise realized as
8695:
8111:
7639:
4937:
4791:
4102:
3793:
3408:
2944:
885:
4498:
1182:
1179:
8884:
8690:
8641:
8601:
8583:
7897:
7399:
6640:
5459:
4819:
4230:
1642:
1489:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1197:
945:
98:
3785:
8618:
8606:
8203:
7534:
7456:
7450:
7215:
6374:
5212:
4535:
Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001),
3962:
3044:
2524:
2181:
1408:
1385:
1175:
1172:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1141:
Though they are no longer standard IPA, ligatures are available in
920:
880:
109:
8591:
7307:
6511:
5067:
4769:
4534:
3634:
1384:
the release. Phonologically, stop–fricative sequences may have a
1142:
1070:
965:
4254:
Iskarous, Khalil; McDonough, Joyce; Whalen, D. H. (2012-01-25).
3751:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 322–323, 372.
1119:
p͜f b͜v, t͜s d͜z, t͜ɬ d͜ɮ, t͜ʃ d͜ʒ, t͜ɕ d͜ʑ, ʈ͜ʂ ɖ͜ʐ , k͜x
8254:
4473:
Mitani, Shigeki; Kitama, Toshihiro; Sato, Yu (September 2006).
3879:"Preliminary Notes on Some Pacific Northwest Coast Pharyngeals"
3696:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 614–624,
3485:
Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (November 2005).
2994:
2092:
2007:
1798:
1593:
3926:
8631:
7610:
4764:
4633:
3591:
3138:, affricates are distinguished from stops by the feature .
2963:
have a voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate (see
27:
Consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative
3832:
3673:
3415:⟩ for the not-quite retroflex fricatives of Polish
2999:
The coronal and dorsal places of articulation attested as
2432:
Skolt Sami (younger speakers), Hungarian (casual speech),
1434:
The phonemic distinction in
English between the affricate
1322:
3950:
3491:
Southern
African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies
1748:
1492:
of the frication noise, which is shorter for affricates.
1145:
for the sibilant affricates, which remain in common use:
968:
or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes,
3807:
Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H.; Harris, Jimmy G.
1388:
boundary between the two segments, but not necessarily.
4253:
3968:
3914:
3902:
3855:. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Archived from
3716:
Gimson, Alfred
Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.),
2983:, which has alveolar–labiodental affricates and , and
1131:
pᶠ bᵛ, tˢ dᶻ, t𐞛 d𐞞, tᶴ dᶾ, t d, tᶝ dᶽ, tᶳ dᶼ, kˣ
3564:
2987:, which has bilabial–palatoalveolar affricates and .
4256:"A gestural account of the velar fricative in Navajo"
3938:
3650:
3581:
3579:
3344:
3338:
3329:
that have velar frication where other dialects have
3248:
2971:
has . Other heterorganic affricates are reported for
2535:
with a velar lateral allophone before front vowels.
1252:
In other phonetic transcription systems, such as the
6412:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
3986:
3262:
3220:
2245:. Not reported as a phoneme in any natural language.
919:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4152:. SIL Electronic Working Papers. SIL International.
4129:Harry van der Hulst & Nancy Ritter (2012: 175)
3298:> before respectively in 16th-century Japanese
4371:
4311:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
4006:
3932:
3850:
3576:
4541:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4524:Estudo da gramática da língua Jeoromitxi (Jabuti)
3974:
3806:
3635:Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001)
2852:. Reported only in an allophone of before or .
8925:
4479:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
4472:
4450:"The stop contrasts of the Athabaskan languages"
4211:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
3597:
2709:, apical post-alveolar. Realization of phonemic
2684:, apical post-alveolar. Realization of phonemic
933:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3484:
3162:, changes into an affricate. Examples include:
2955:have a heterorganic alveolar-velar affricate .
4079:Die Rekonstruktion der permischen Grundsprache
3058:
2422:(transcribed as ), allophonically in Kaingang
1249:overt indication that they form an affricate.
8270:
7583:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
4619:
4448:McDonough, Joyce; Wood, Valerie (July 2008).
4447:
3956:
3003:as well: . Several Khoisan languages such as
2918:. Cognate to Southern Haida , Masset Haida .
1966:
1500:In the case of coronals, the symbols ⟨
4041:Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology
3211:
2995:Phonation, coarticulation and other variants
2010:
1653:
1608:
8394:
4571:
4205:Howell, Peter; Rosen, Stuart (March 1983).
4204:
4185:
4168:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) ,
4167:
3920:
3908:
3838:
3691:
3679:
3570:
8277:
8263:
4626:
4612:
4172:(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,
3461:"English Phonetics and Phonology Glassary"
2938:
2440:dialects. Not reported to contrast with a
2375:Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant affricate
2202:
4681:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
4552:
4418:
4399:
4352:
4287:
3944:
2933:dental stop with bilabial trilled release
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
60:so that sources are clearly identifiable.
4186:Hoijer, Harry; Opler, Morris E. (1938).
4037:
3722:(8th ed.), Routledge, p. 172,
3546:
3011:-voiced: . Affricates are also commonly
2268:Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate
4325:
4304:
4044:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 629–630.
3992:
3969:Iskarous, McDonough & Whalen (2012)
3771:
3748:Accents of English 2: The British Isles
3585:
3112:
3099:
2964:
2665:. Not reported to ever contrast with a
2391:Voiced retroflex non-sibilant affricate
2323:Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate
1323:Affricates vs. stop–fricative sequences
14:
8926:
4851:
4142:
3715:
3551:, Oxford University Press, p. 7,
1518:
1508:⟩ is commonly seen for ⟨
8258:
7608:
7090:
6789:
6505:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4861:
4856:
4846:
4817:
4652:
4607:
4521:
4188:Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts
4101:
4076:
4004:
3980:
3741:
3646:
3455:
3411:created the para-IPA letters ⟨
2833:Not attested in any natural language.
2790:
2675:Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate
2598:
2592:Not attested in any natural language
2284:Voiced bilabial-labiodental affricate
1495:
1484:Stop–fricatives can be distinguished
695:
548:
285:
108:
7619:
7560:
7253:
6463:
6424:
4833:
3062:
2627:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
2352:Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate
1431:do not contain morpheme boundaries.
923:. For the distinction between ,
87:
29:
7588:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
6442:
6402:Symbols to the right in a cell are
4382:The Sounds of the World's Languages
3876:
3258:
3212:
2719:Voiceless palatal lateral affricate
2550:. Not reported to contrast with an
2011:
1967:
1880:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
1766:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
1654:
1609:
1368:'look at me' versus stop–fricative
24:
6498:
4671:International Phonetic Association
4576:. University of New Mexico Press.
4170:The Phonetics of English and Dutch
3694:A handbook of varieties of English
3320:
2700:Voiced retroflex lateral affricate
2509:. Not reported to contrast with a
1423:). The English affricate phonemes
1093:Affricates are transcribed in the
25:
8950:
8184:
8168:
8148:
8135:
8119:
8097:
8077:
8057:
8041:
8028:
8012:
7999:
7983:
7963:
7947:
7934:
7921:
7905:
7885:
7869:
7856:
7840:
7827:
7811:
7791:
7769:
7753:
7733:
7717:
7704:
7688:
7675:
7659:
7515:
7500:
7493:
7473:
7449:
7437:
7430:
7416:
7409:
7383:
7370:
7358:
7351:
7339:
7332:
7320:
7313:
7294:
7280:
7266:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7167:
7156:
7140:
7133:
7126:
7119:
7110:
7099:
7068:
7036:
7004:
6977:
6968:
6959:
6948:
6939:
6928:
6906:
6897:
6886:
6877:
6866:
6844:
6835:
6824:
6815:
6804:
6769:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6724:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6527:
6516:
6470:
6346:
6337:
6328:
6321:
6310:
6303:
6267:
6258:
6249:
6240:
6227:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6139:
6132:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6046:
6039:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5968:
5961:
5950:
5943:
5924:
5917:
5899:
5890:
5873:
5866:
5855:
5848:
5837:
5828:
5819:
5803:
5786:
5777:
5768:
5755:
5738:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5201:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5125:
5118:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4990:
4983:
4972:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4926:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
4592:
4528:Universidade Estadual de Campinas
3719:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
2753:Voiceless velar lateral affricate
2667:voiced alveolar lateral fricative
2652:Voiced alveolar lateral affricate
2348:and other North Italian dialects
2129:
2067:
1987:
1885:
1834:
1771:
1722:
1668:
1621:
1546:
1315:⟩, for example in the IPA
852:
831:
810:
789:
766:
745:
724:
703:
675:
654:
643:
622:
609:
598:
577:
556:
528:
507:
486:
465:
442:
421:
400:
379:
356:
335:
314:
293:
265:
244:
223:
202:
179:
158:
137:
116:
8284:
8208:
8176:
8156:
8127:
8085:
8049:
8020:
7991:
7955:
7913:
7877:
7848:
7819:
7783:
7761:
7725:
7696:
7667:
7651:
7220:
6456:
6435:
6379:
4724:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
3933:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
3598:Mitani, Kitama & Sato (2006)
3154:by which a consonant, usually a
3066:
2737:Voiced palatal lateral affricate
2136:
2074:
1994:
1982:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate
1892:
1841:
1829:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
1778:
1729:
1675:
1628:
1553:
1465:In some accents of English, the
1438:and the stop–fricative sequence
1234:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1196:
58:add missing citation information
34:
8301:International Phonetic Alphabet
6477:
4635:International Phonetic Alphabet
4561:from the original on 2021-12-02
4308:Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics
4136:
4123:
4095:
4070:
4058:from the original on 2 May 2016
4031:
3998:
3870:
3844:
3800:
3765:
3735:
3709:
3685:
3640:
3617:from the original on 2021-02-04
2298:Voiceless labiodental affricate
1095:International Phonetic Alphabet
915:International Phonetic Alphabet
7568:Nasal labial–velar approximant
6491:
6449:
4818:
4744:IPA chart for English dialects
4653:
4572:Young, R.; Morgan, W. (1987).
4404:. Cambridge University Press.
3603:
3540:
3525:
3477:
3449:
3402:
3146:Affrication (sometimes called
3141:
2897:Voiceless epiglottal affricate
2775:Voiced velar lateral affricate
2541:Voiceless pharyngeal affricate
1069:, such as the sound found in
13:
1:
6484:
4131:The Syllable: Views and Facts
3442:
2943:Although most affricates are
2892:also have this sound after .
2729:; in free variation with in
2713:in Kamkata-vari and Kamviri.
2184:affricates at each of these.
2171:Northwest Caucasian languages
2062:Voiceless retroflex affricate
996:sounds spelled "ch" and "j" (
7578:Voiceless bidental fricative
4686:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
3365:according to some analyses.
3195:Anglo-Frisian palatalization
2311:Voiced labiodental affricate
2231:Voiceless bilabial affricate
1541:Voiceless alveolar affricate
7:
4787:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
4357:(5th ed.). Wadsworth.
3957:McDonough & Wood (2008)
3851:Strand, Richard F. (2010).
3390:Index of phonetics articles
3368:
3294:High German consonant shift
3263:
3249:
3221:
3059:Phonological representation
2909:Voiced epiglottal affricate
2572:Voiceless glottal affricate
2557:Voiced pharyngeal affricate
2405:Voiceless palatal affricate
1088:
987:
10:
8955:
7609:
4466:10.1016/j.wocn.2007.11.001
4326:Kehrein, Wolfgang (2002).
4160:
2794:
2480:Voiceless uvular affricate
2237:Present allophonically in
2124:Voiced retroflex affricate
1663:Voiceless dental affricate
956:, generally with the same
8883:
8848:
8825:
8763:
8708:
8669:
8617:
8582:
8573:
8553:
8535:
8480:
8457:
8424:
8339:
8316:
8307:
8290:
8110:
8068:
7974:
7896:
7802:
7744:
7645:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7617:
7604:
7573:Nasal palatal approximant
7250:Co-articulated consonants
7150:
7095:
7058:
7026:
6991:
6922:
6860:
6798:
6759:
6711:
6639:
6572:
6510:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6431:
6283:
6205:
6112:
6016:
5911:
5811:
5726:
5553:
5457:
5309:
5211:
5066:
4936:
4868:
4840:
4826:
4813:
4752:
4706:
4663:
4659:
4648:
4554:10.1017/S0025100301002109
4431:10.1007/978-94-010-0207-3
4419:McDonough, Joyce (2003).
3921:Young & Morgan (1987)
3909:Hoijer & Opler (1938)
3839:Collins & Mees (2003)
3680:Collins & Mees (2003)
3571:Howell & Rosen (1983)
3547:Gussmann, Edmund (2007),
3503:10.2989/16073610509486401
3423:; the affricates ⟨
3244:
2470:
2449:Voiceless velar affricate
2249:Voiced bilabial affricate
1616:Voiced alveolar affricate
4522:Pires, Nádia N. (1992).
4330:. Tübingen: De Gruyter.
4143:Joswig, Andreas (2010).
3814:(Report). Archived from
3395:
3301:> word-initially in
3210:in all positions, as in
2587:Voiced glottal affricate
2511:voiceless uvular plosive
2436:(transcribed as ), some
2426:Voiced palatal affricate
1346:' versus stop–fricative
1049:affricates, such as in
1037:affricates, such as in
6422:Non-pulmonic consonants
5554:Non-sibilant fricative
5310:Non-sibilant affricate
4676:History of the alphabet
4422:The Navajo Sound System
4400:Maddieson, Ian (1984).
4305:Johnson, Keith (2003).
4107:Principles of Phonetics
3647:Labov, William (1966),
3549:The Phonology of Polish
3136:feature-based phonology
2939:Heterorganic affricates
2763:and as an ejective in
2517:Voiced uvular affricate
2203:Non-sibilant affricates
1717:Voiced dental affricate
1488:from affricates by the
1411:boundary (for example,
1057:) or in High Alemannic
911:phonetic transcriptions
8934:Manner of articulation
8293:Articulatory phonetics
4734:Sinological extensions
4353:Ladefoged, P. (2006).
4146:The Phonology of Awngi
4077:Csúcs, Sándor (2005).
4013:. Blackwell. pp.
4009:Introductory Phonology
3345:
3339:
3333:. For example, in the
3190:
2583:Received Pronunciation
2465:Voiced velar affricate
2442:voiced palatal plosive
908:This article contains
8467:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
4599:Affricates in English
4385:. Oxford: Blackwell.
4355:A Course in Phonetics
4336:10.1515/9783110911633
4005:Hayes, Bruce (2009).
3853:"Nurestâni Languages"
3270:Early Modern English
3206:> Standard Arabic
2513:in natural languages.
2460:High Alemannic German
2191:(), most dialects of
1311:⟩ and ⟨
1033:Much less common are
958:place of articulation
8792:Labio-palatalization
6206:Lateral approximant
4454:Journal of Phonetics
4272:10.1515/lp-2012-0011
4260:Laboratory Phonology
3427:⟩ are Polish
3172:> Modern English
2767:, also exist in the
2414:(younger speakers),
2344:, some varieties of
1079:Athabaskan languages
45:needs more complete
8482:Double articulation
4830:Pulmonic consonants
4574:The Navajo Language
4491:2006ASAJ..120.1600M
4223:1983ASAJ...73..976H
3877:Bessell, Nicola J.
3774:Oceanic Linguistics
3353:for such contours.
2965:#Trilled affricates
2471:Allophonic in some
1519:Sibilant affricates
998:broadly transcribed
18:Affricate consonant
6760:Lateral fricative
6406:, to the left are
6113:Lateral fricative
4901:Postalveolar
4886:Linguolabial
4729:Naming conventions
4692:Journal of the IPA
4402:Patterns of sounds
3473:on April 12, 2015.
3357:has 2 suffricates
3078:. You can help by
2791:Trilled affricates
2599:Lateral affricates
2523:Reported from the
1854:Japanese じ/ジ, ぢ/ヂ
1496:List of affricates
952:and releases as a
8921:
8920:
8807:Pharyngealization
8704:
8703:
8569:
8568:
8527:Uvular–epiglottal
8420:
8419:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8243:
8242:
8195:
8194:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7553:
7552:
7378:Uvular–epiglottal
7245:
7244:
7207:
7206:
6418:
6417:
6366:
6365:
6284:Lateral tap/flap
4881:Labiodental
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4739:World Orthography
4499:10.1121/1.2221390
4440:978-1-4020-1351-5
4116:978-0-521-45031-7
4024:978-1-4051-8411-3
3558:978-0-19-926747-7
3385:Laminal consonant
3337:dialect there is
3239:: גמלא (gamlā'),
3096:
3095:
2953:Chiricahua Apache
2922:
2921:
2804:Sound (voiceless)
2797:Trilled affricate
2788:
2787:
2759:as a prevelar in
2606:Sound (voiceless)
2596:
2595:
2418:(casual speech),
2210:Sound (voiceless)
2167:
2166:
2141:
2079:
1999:
1897:
1846:
1783:
1734:
1680:
1633:
1558:
1376:'he looks at it'.
1302:⟨λ⟩
1298:⟨ƛ⟩
1294:⟨ǯ⟩
1290:⟨ǧ⟩
1286:⟨ǰ⟩
1282:⟨č⟩
1278:⟨c⟩
1274:⟨ʒ⟩
1270:⟨ƶ⟩
1266:⟨j⟩
1262:⟨¢⟩
1258:⟨c⟩
948:that begins as a
904:
903:
872:
871:
86:
85:
78:
16:(Redirected from
8946:
8875:Voice onset time
8580:
8579:
8500:Labial–retroflex
8392:
8391:
8314:
8313:
8279:
8272:
8265:
8256:
8255:
8236:
8212:
8189:
8188:
8180:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8160:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8140:
8139:
8131:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8102:
8101:
8089:
8088:
8082:
8081:
8062:
8061:
8053:
8052:
8046:
8045:
8033:
8032:
8024:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8004:
8003:
7995:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7968:
7967:
7959:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7939:
7938:
7926:
7925:
7917:
7916:
7910:
7909:
7890:
7889:
7881:
7880:
7874:
7873:
7861:
7860:
7852:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7832:
7831:
7823:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7796:
7795:
7787:
7786:
7774:
7773:
7765:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7738:
7737:
7729:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7709:
7708:
7700:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7680:
7679:
7671:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7655:
7654:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7606:
7605:
7558:
7557:
7519:
7504:
7497:
7477:
7453:
7441:
7434:
7420:
7413:
7387:
7374:
7362:
7355:
7346:Labial–retroflex
7343:
7336:
7324:
7317:
7298:
7288:Labial–retroflex
7284:
7270:
7254:
7224:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7171:
7160:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7114:
7103:
7074:
7042:
7010:
6981:
6974:
6965:
6954:
6945:
6934:
6912:
6903:
6892:
6883:
6872:
6850:
6841:
6830:
6821:
6810:
6796:bottom: uvular)
6773:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6728:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6568:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6531:
6520:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6413:
6383:
6350:
6341:
6332:
6325:
6314:
6307:
6271:
6262:
6253:
6244:
6231:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6143:
6136:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6050:
6043:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5972:
5965:
5954:
5947:
5928:
5921:
5903:
5894:
5877:
5870:
5859:
5852:
5841:
5832:
5823:
5807:
5790:
5781:
5772:
5759:
5742:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5205:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5129:
5122:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4994:
4987:
4976:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4815:
4814:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4587:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4531:
4518:
4485:(3): 1600–1607.
4469:
4444:
4415:
4396:
4373:Ladefoged, Peter
4368:
4349:
4322:
4301:
4291:
4250:
4231:10.1121/1.389023
4201:
4182:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4140:
4134:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4012:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3945:McDonough (2003)
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3662:
3655:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3544:
3538:
3532:Unicode pipeline
3529:
3523:
3522:
3483:For example, in
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3466:. Archived from
3465:
3453:
3436:
3426:
3414:
3406:
3375:Apical consonant
3364:
3360:
3348:
3342:
3316:
3312:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3185:
3175:
3171:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3091:
3088:
3070:
3063:
2874:trilled alveolar
2859:trilled alveolar
2838:trilled bilabial
2826:trilled bilabial
2801:
2800:
2725:as ejective in
2712:
2687:
2603:
2602:
2581:, allophonic in
2330:New York English
2207:
2206:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2014:
2013:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1970:
1969:
1899:
1898:
1889:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1480:
1469:in 'worst shin'
1468:
1460:
1451:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1398:
1394:
1371:
1363:
1354:'three hundred'.
1349:
1337:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1185:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1000:as and in the
984:, respectively.
976:, often spelled
975:
971:
930:
926:
866:
865:
864:
856:
845:
844:
843:
835:
824:
823:
822:
814:
803:
802:
801:
793:
780:
779:
778:
770:
759:
758:
757:
749:
738:
737:
736:
728:
717:
716:
715:
707:
689:
688:
687:
679:
668:
667:
666:
658:
647:
636:
635:
634:
626:
613:
602:
591:
590:
589:
581:
570:
569:
568:
560:
542:
541:
540:
532:
521:
520:
519:
511:
500:
499:
498:
490:
479:
478:
477:
469:
456:
455:
454:
446:
435:
434:
433:
425:
414:
413:
412:
404:
393:
392:
391:
383:
370:
369:
368:
360:
349:
348:
347:
339:
328:
327:
326:
318:
307:
306:
305:
297:
279:
278:
277:
269:
258:
257:
256:
248:
237:
236:
235:
227:
216:
215:
214:
206:
193:
192:
191:
183:
172:
171:
170:
162:
151:
150:
149:
141:
130:
129:
128:
120:
106:
105:
88:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
38:
37:
30:
21:
8954:
8953:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8917:
8879:
8844:
8821:
8766:
8759:
8700:
8665:
8613:
8565:
8549:
8531:
8495:Labial–alveolar
8476:
8453:
8434:Alveolo-palatal
8416:
8390:
8379:Palato-alveolar
8335:
8303:
8297:Co-articulation
8286:
8283:
8253:
8244:
8234:
8233:unrounded
8229:
8191:
8190:
8183:
8181:
8177:
8174:
8167:
8162:
8161:
8157:
8154:
8147:
8142:
8141:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8125:
8118:
8104:
8103:
8096:
8091:
8090:
8086:
8083:
8076:
8064:
8063:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8040:
8035:
8034:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8018:
8011:
8006:
8005:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7989:
7982:
7970:
7969:
7962:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7946:
7941:
7940:
7933:
7928:
7927:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7911:
7904:
7892:
7891:
7884:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7868:
7863:
7862:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7839:
7834:
7833:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7810:
7798:
7797:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7776:
7775:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7759:
7752:
7740:
7739:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7716:
7711:
7710:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7694:
7687:
7682:
7681:
7674:
7672:
7668:
7665:
7658:
7652:
7613:
7592:
7556:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7522:Labial–alveolar
7520:
7513:
7508:
7505:
7498:
7490:
7485:
7484:
7478:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7454:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7435:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7414:
7406:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7380:
7375:
7367:
7366:
7363:
7356:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7337:
7329:
7328:
7327:Labial–alveolar
7325:
7318:
7310:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7277:
7276:
7274:Labial–alveolar
7271:
7263:
7246:
7241:
7071:
7039:
7027:Voiced lateral
7007:
6982:
6971:
6962:
6951:
6942:
6931:
6909:
6900:
6889:
6880:
6869:
6847:
6838:
6827:
6818:
6807:
6795:
6793:
6411:
6400:
4906:Retroflex
4822:
4801:
4760:ASCII encodings
4748:
4702:
4655:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4564:
4562:
4441:
4412:
4393:
4365:
4346:
4319:
4198:
4180:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3786:10.2307/3623028
3770:
3766:
3759:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3611:"Phoible 2.0 -"
3609:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3545:
3541:
3530:
3526:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3463:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3371:
3327:Scottish Gaelic
3323:
3321:Pre-affrication
3280:yod-coalescence
3232:
3229:
3226:
3181:
3148:affricatization
3144:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3076:needs expansion
3061:
2997:
2977:Bantu languages
2941:
2799:
2793:
2769:Laghuu language
2601:
2552:epiglottal stop
2473:English English
2317:XiNkuna Tsonga
2205:
2159:
2154:Serbo-Croatian
2153:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2114:
2107:
2102:Serbo-Croatian
2101:
2096:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2048:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2015:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1870:
1865:Serbo-Croatian
1864:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1817:
1812:Serbo-Croatian
1811:
1802:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1604:
1597:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1521:
1498:
1459:/wɜː(ɹ)s.t͡ʃɪn/
1325:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1091:
1063:stop consonants
990:
938:
937:
936:
900:
868:
867:
860:
859:
857:
847:
846:
839:
838:
836:
826:
825:
818:
817:
815:
805:
804:
797:
796:
794:
782:
781:
774:
773:
771:
761:
760:
753:
752:
750:
740:
739:
732:
731:
729:
719:
718:
711:
710:
708:
691:
690:
683:
682:
680:
670:
669:
662:
661:
659:
649:
648:
638:
637:
630:
629:
627:
615:
614:
604:
603:
593:
592:
585:
584:
582:
572:
571:
564:
563:
561:
544:
543:
536:
535:
533:
523:
522:
515:
514:
512:
502:
501:
494:
493:
491:
481:
480:
473:
472:
470:
458:
457:
450:
449:
447:
437:
436:
429:
428:
426:
416:
415:
408:
407:
405:
395:
394:
387:
386:
384:
372:
371:
364:
363:
361:
351:
350:
343:
342:
340:
330:
329:
322:
321:
319:
309:
308:
301:
300:
298:
287:
281:
280:
273:
272:
270:
260:
259:
252:
251:
249:
239:
238:
231:
230:
228:
218:
217:
210:
209:
207:
195:
194:
187:
186:
184:
174:
173:
166:
165:
163:
153:
152:
145:
144:
142:
132:
131:
124:
123:
121:
82:
71:
65:
62:
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8952:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8889:
8887:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8854:
8852:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8842:
8837:
8831:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8812:Glottalization
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8787:Palatalization
8784:
8783:
8782:
8771:
8769:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8745:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8714:
8712:
8706:
8705:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8681:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8634:
8629:
8623:
8621:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8609:
8599:
8594:
8588:
8586:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8563:
8557:
8555:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8547:
8545:Velopharyngeal
8541:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8507:Labial–palatal
8504:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8490:Labial–coronal
8486:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8469:
8463:
8461:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8430:
8428:
8422:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8398:
8396:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8371:
8366:
8364:Denti-alveolar
8361:
8356:
8351:
8345:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8328:
8322:
8320:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8282:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8259:
8250:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8240:
8228:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8206:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8182:
8175:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8155:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8133:
8126:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8084:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8055:
8048:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8026:
8019:
8010:
8009:
8007:
7997:
7990:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7961:
7954:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7919:
7912:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7876:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7854:
7847:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7825:
7818:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7789:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7767:
7760:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7731:
7724:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7702:
7695:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7673:
7666:
7657:
7656:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7564:
7562:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7521:
7514:
7509:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7471:
7465:
7455:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7428:
7424:Labial–palatal
7422:
7415:
7408:
7407:
7398:
7397:
7389:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7349:
7345:
7338:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7300:
7293:
7292:
7286:
7279:
7278:
7272:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7218:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7172:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7138:
7131:
7124:
7117:
7115:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7097:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7059:Nasal lateral
7056:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6975:
6966:
6957:
6955:
6946:
6937:
6935:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6904:
6895:
6893:
6884:
6875:
6873:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6842:
6833:
6831:
6822:
6813:
6811:
6802:
6797:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6532:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6344:
6342:
6335:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6265:
6263:
6256:
6254:
6247:
6245:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5897:
5895:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5826:
5824:
5817:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5784:
5782:
5775:
5773:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4970:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4876:Bilabial
4873:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4707:Special topics
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4593:External links
4591:
4589:
4588:
4582:
4569:
4547:(2): 281–285,
4532:
4519:
4470:
4460:(3): 427–449.
4445:
4439:
4416:
4410:
4397:
4391:
4377:Maddieson, Ian
4369:
4364:978-1413006889
4363:
4350:
4344:
4323:
4318:978-1405101233
4317:
4302:
4266:(1): 195–210.
4251:
4217:(3): 976–984.
4202:
4196:
4183:
4178:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4135:
4122:
4115:
4094:
4087:
4069:
4050:
4030:
4023:
3997:
3993:Kehrein (2002)
3985:
3973:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3901:
3869:
3843:
3841:, p. 148.
3831:
3799:
3764:
3757:
3743:Wells, John C.
3734:
3728:
3708:
3702:
3684:
3682:, p. 302.
3672:
3639:
3627:
3602:
3590:
3586:Johnson (2003)
3575:
3563:
3557:
3539:
3524:
3497:(4): 459–474.
3476:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:Hush consonant
3377:
3370:
3367:
3331:pre-aspiration
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3283:
3268:
3198:
3167:Proto-Germanic
3143:
3140:
3113:Kehrein (2002)
3100:Kehrein (2002)
3094:
3093:
3087:September 2015
3073:
3071:
3060:
3057:
3041:pharyngealized
2996:
2993:
2973:Northern Sotho
2940:
2937:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2879:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2813:Sound (voiced)
2811:
2808:
2805:
2795:Main article:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2743:Allophonic in
2741:
2739:
2734:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2615:Sound (voiced)
2613:
2610:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2369:, Dene Suline
2356:
2354:
2349:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2255:Allophonic in
2253:
2251:
2246:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:Sound (voiced)
2217:
2214:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2165:
2164:
2147:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2085:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2005:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1903:
1891:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1852:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1824:Vietnamese ch
1791:Japanese ち/チ
1789:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1740:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1701:Serbo-Croatian
1686:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1639:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1564:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1497:
1494:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1450:/wɜː(ɹ)st.ʃɪn/
1378:
1377:
1355:
1324:
1321:
1246:
1245:
1188:
1187:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1090:
1087:
989:
986:
931:⟩, see
907:
906:
905:
902:
901:
899:
898:
893:
888:
883:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
858:
851:
850:
848:
837:
830:
829:
827:
816:
809:
808:
806:
795:
788:
787:
784:
783:
772:
765:
764:
762:
751:
744:
743:
741:
730:
723:
722:
720:
709:
702:
701:
699:
693:
692:
681:
674:
673:
671:
660:
653:
652:
650:
642:
641:
639:
628:
621:
620:
617:
616:
608:
607:
605:
597:
596:
594:
583:
576:
575:
573:
562:
555:
554:
552:
546:
545:
534:
527:
526:
524:
513:
506:
505:
503:
492:
485:
484:
482:
471:
464:
463:
460:
459:
448:
441:
440:
438:
427:
420:
419:
417:
406:
399:
398:
396:
385:
378:
377:
374:
373:
362:
355:
354:
352:
341:
334:
333:
331:
320:
313:
312:
310:
299:
292:
291:
289:
283:
282:
271:
264:
263:
261:
250:
243:
242:
240:
229:
222:
221:
219:
208:
201:
200:
197:
196:
185:
178:
177:
175:
164:
157:
156:
154:
143:
136:
135:
133:
122:
115:
114:
112:
102:
101:
84:
83:
66:September 2023
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8951:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8873:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8847:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8802:Uvularization
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8775:Labialization
8773:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8762:
8756:
8753:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8707:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8668:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8650:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8552:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8534:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8522:Coronal–velar
8520:
8518:
8517:Labial–uvular
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8479:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8456:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8427:
8423:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8393:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8280:
8275:
8273:
8268:
8266:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8239:
8238:
8237: rounded
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8211:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8187:
8171:
8164:
8151:
8144:
8138:
8122:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8106:
8100:
8093:
8080:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8060:
8044:
8037:
8031:
8015:
8008:
8002:
7986:
7979:
7977:
7973:
7966:
7950:
7943:
7937:
7930:
7924:
7908:
7901:
7899:
7895:
7888:
7872:
7865:
7859:
7843:
7836:
7830:
7814:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7794:
7780:
7778:
7772:
7756:
7749:
7747:
7743:
7736:
7720:
7713:
7707:
7691:
7684:
7678:
7662:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7612:
7607:
7603:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7559:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7518:
7512:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7482:
7476:
7468:
7461:
7459:
7452:
7440:
7433:
7425:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7401:
7392:
7391:Labial–uvular
7386:
7379:
7373:
7361:
7354:
7342:
7335:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7303:
7297:
7289:
7283:
7275:
7269:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7223:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6885:
6882:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6843:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6823:
6820:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6803:
6801:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6515:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6501:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6414:
6409:
6405:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6382:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:Case variants
4717:
4715:
4714:Cursive forms
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4585:
4583:9780826310149
4579:
4575:
4570:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4526:(MA thesis).
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4411:0-521-26536-3
4407:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4392:0-631-19815-6
4388:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4345:9783484304666
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4197:9780598942005
4193:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4133:. De Gruyter.
4132:
4126:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4090:
4088:963-05-8184-1
4084:
4080:
4073:
4057:
4053:
4051:9781614511984
4047:
4043:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3958:
3953:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3905:
3891:on 2016-03-04
3887:
3880:
3873:
3859:on 2016-11-06
3858:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3821:on 2012-03-15
3817:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3758:0-521-24224-X
3754:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3731:
3729:9781444183092
3725:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3705:
3703:3-11-017532-0
3699:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3663:on 2014-08-24
3659:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3469:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3284:
3281:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3251:
3242:
3238:
3223:
3202:
3201:Proto-Semitic
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3114:
3111:According to
3109:
3106:
3101:
3090:
3081:
3077:
3074:This section
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:Maori English
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1643:some dialects
1640:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1513:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1432:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1305:
1255:
1250:
1240:⟩ for
1237:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1077:. Some other
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
985:
983:
979:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
934:
922:
918:
916:
912:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
875:
863:
855:
849:
842:
834:
828:
821:
813:
807:
800:
792:
786:
785:
777:
769:
763:
756:
748:
742:
735:
727:
721:
714:
706:
700:
698:
694:
686:
678:
672:
665:
657:
651:
646:
640:
633:
625:
619:
618:
612:
606:
601:
595:
588:
580:
574:
567:
559:
553:
551:
547:
539:
531:
525:
518:
510:
504:
497:
489:
483:
476:
468:
462:
461:
453:
445:
439:
432:
424:
418:
411:
403:
397:
390:
382:
376:
375:
367:
359:
353:
346:
338:
332:
325:
317:
311:
304:
296:
290:
284:
276:
268:
262:
255:
247:
241:
234:
226:
220:
213:
205:
199:
198:
190:
182:
176:
169:
161:
155:
148:
140:
134:
127:
119:
113:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
89:
80:
77:
69:
59:
53:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
8827:Tongue shape
8817:Nasalization
8797:Velarization
8767:articulation
8596:
8537:Pathological
8512:Labial–velar
8395:Active place
8374:Postalveolar
8349:Linguolabial
8285:Articulation
8230:
7507:Labial–velar
7457:
7444:Labial–velar
7365:Labial–velar
7302:Labial–velar
7248:
6794:(top: velar;
6573:
6421:
6401:
5215:
4828:
4695:
4691:
4573:
4563:, retrieved
4544:
4540:
4523:
4482:
4478:
4457:
4453:
4421:
4401:
4381:
4354:
4327:
4307:
4263:
4259:
4214:
4210:
4187:
4169:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4106:
4097:
4078:
4072:
4060:. Retrieved
4040:
4033:
4008:
4000:
3995:, p. 1.
3988:
3981:Pires (1992)
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3893:. Retrieved
3886:the original
3872:
3861:. Retrieved
3857:the original
3846:
3834:
3823:. Retrieved
3816:the original
3802:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3747:
3737:
3718:
3711:
3693:
3687:
3675:
3665:, retrieved
3658:the original
3649:
3642:
3630:
3619:. Retrieved
3605:
3593:
3566:
3548:
3542:
3527:
3494:
3490:
3479:
3468:the original
3457:Roach, Peter
3451:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3404:
3350:
3343:'seven' and
3324:
3177:
3152:sound change
3147:
3145:
3133:
3110:
3097:
3084:
3080:adding to it
3075:
3021:prenasalized
3008:
2998:
2942:
2923:
2690:Kamkata-vari
2579:Yuxi dialect
2186:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
1975:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1823:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1758:
1743:
1711:
1703:
1691:
1648:
1601:
1589:
1573:
1569:
1514:
1499:
1486:acoustically
1483:
1475:glottal stop
1471:debuccalizes
1464:
1455:
1446:
1433:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1391:In English,
1390:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1351:
1339:
1326:
1316:
1306:
1251:
1247:
1189:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1092:
1059:Swiss German
1054:
1032:
1019:
1012:
991:
981:
977:
960:(most often
941:
939:
927:and ⟨
909:
95:
72:
63:
56:Please help
51:verification
44:
8637:Approximant
8354:Interdental
8331:Labiodental
7469:approximant
7404:approximant
5728:Approximant
4797:IPA Braille
4775:Kirshenbaum
4103:Laver, John
3780:(1): 6–20.
3290:/pf,t͡s,kx/
3142:Affrication
3033:palatalized
2991:has and .
2989:Djeoromitxi
2527:dialect of
2338:Dene Suline
2030:Portuguese
1747:Macedonian
1292:or (older)
1272:or (older)
1254:Americanist
1083:Dene Suline
1035:labiodental
8939:Affricates
8928:Categories
8765:Secondary
8755:Percussive
8723:Ingressive
8696:Continuant
8220:full chart
7746:Near-close
7540:full chart
7462:(variable)
7232:full chart
6715:affricate
6391:full chart
6020:affricate
4820:Consonants
4792:IPA number
4654:IPA topics
4565:2021-07-17
4179:9004103406
3895:2015-06-05
3863:2015-06-20
3825:2020-11-21
3667:2014-06-27
3621:2020-12-27
3443:References
3413: ᶘ ᶚ
3409:John Laver
3351:suffricate
3029:Labialized
3023:: (as in
2975:and other
2945:homorganic
2857:Voiceless
2824:Voiceless
2819:Languages
2707:Bhadrawahi
2682:Bhadrawahi
2621:Languages
2412:Skolt Sami
2382:Mapudungun
2225:Languages
2116:Vietnamese
2035:Hungarian
1935:Hungarian
1924:Portuguese
1742:Hungarian
1696:Macedonian
1641:Japanese (
1535:Languages
1512:⟩.
1456:worse chin
1447:worst shin
1360:affricate
1334:affricate
1300:; and as
1081:, such as
891:full chart
886:audio help
99:consonants
8885:Phonation
8863:Aspirated
8858:Voiceless
8733:Implosive
8718:Egressive
8710:Airstream
8691:Occlusive
8642:Semivowel
8602:Fricative
8597:Affricate
8584:Obstruent
8459:Laryngeal
8412:Subapical
8384:Retroflex
8070:Near-open
7804:Close-mid
7488:Implosive
7481:Velarized
7400:Fricative
7152:Voiceless
7092:Implosive
6641:Fricative
6574:Affricate
6408:voiceless
5460:fricative
5458:Sibilant
5216:affricate
4863:Laryngeal
4753:Encodings
4537:"Shipibo"
4507:0001-4966
4280:1868-6354
4239:0001-4966
3536:L2/24-051
3511:1607-3614
3315:/t͡ɕ,d͡ʑ/
3276:/t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ/
3217:/d͡ʒamal/
3183:‹See Tfd›
3160:fricative
3105:Chipewyan
3037:velarized
3013:aspirated
3001:ejectives
2969:Blackfoot
2914:Hydaburg
2902:Hydaburg
2876:affricate
2861:affricate
2840:affricate
2828:affricate
2810:Languages
2612:Languages
2499:Kabardian
2487:Nez Percé
2416:Hungarian
2216:Languages
2087:Mandarin
2049:Romanian
1949:Romanian
1793:Mandarin
1753:Bulgarian
1689:Hungarian
1529:Languages
1526:Voiceless
1490:rise time
1186:⟩.
1121:⟩.
1053:(written
954:fricative
946:consonant
942:affricate
288:sibilant
96:Affricate
47:citations
8780:Rounding
8748:Ejective
8743:Pulmonic
8728:Ejective
8654:Tap/flap
8619:Sonorant
8607:Sibilant
8561:Bidental
8369:Alveolar
8326:Bilabial
8231:Legend:
8225:template
8204:IPA help
7976:Open-mid
7545:template
7535:IPA help
7511:Ejective
7483:alveolar
7237:template
7216:IPA help
6507:Ejective
6396:template
6375:IPA help
5813:Tap/flap
5213:Sibilant
4896:Alveolar
4559:archived
4515:17004482
4379:(1996).
4298:24765216
4105:(1994).
4056:Archived
3745:(1982).
3615:Archived
3459:(2009).
3369:See also
3176:, as in
3053:Karelian
3047:, as in
3045:chroneme
3019:: , and
3017:murmured
2979:such as
2659:Gwich'in
2634:Cherokee
2525:Raivavae
2434:Albanian
2420:Albanian
2398:Malagasy
2386:Malagasy
2359:New York
2346:Venetian
2304:XiNkuna
2239:Kaingang
2195:(), and
2182:ejective
2040:Italian
2016:English
1958:Kʼicheʼ
1940:Italian
1647:Italian
1587:Mandarin
1578:Japanese
1409:morpheme
1386:syllable
1374:k'ʷə́nts
1317:Handbook
1194:⟨
1149:⟨
1133:⟩
1129:⟨
1117:⟨
1109:⟩
1105:⟨
1089:Notation
988:Examples
925:/ /
921:Help:IPA
896:template
881:IPA help
697:Ejective
110:Sibilant
8898:Breathy
8684:Lateral
8649:Vibrant
8592:Plosive
8472:Glottal
8439:Palatal
8407:Laminal
8341:Coronal
8235:•
7635:Central
7467:Lateral
7308:Plosive
7096:Voiced
6994:lateral
6992:Tenuis
6983:
6713:Lateral
6018:Lateral
5068:Plosive
4931:Glottal
4911:Palatal
4853:Coronal
4770:X-SAMPA
4487:Bibcode
4289:3994885
4247:6841824
4219:Bibcode
4161:Sources
4062:12 June
3794:3623028
3519:7138676
3311:/tʲ,dʲ/
3292:in the
3286:/p,t,k/
3272:/tj,dj/
3253:), and
3241:Amharic
3237:Aramaic
3150:) is a
3049:Italian
2985:Sesotho
2931:have a
2872:Voiced
2836:Voiced
2745:Sandawe
2694:Kamvari
2663:Sandawe
2648:, etc.
2638:Nahuatl
2529:Austral
2438:Spanish
2261:Shipibo
2193:Spanish
2160:Slovak
2149:Polish
2097:Polish
2025:French
1973:Spanish
1964:Persian
1930:German
1906:English
1856:Polish
1803:Polish
1757:Polish
1652:Pashto
1599:Italian
1583:Kʼicheʼ
1477:before
1366:k'ʷə́nc
1358:Klallam
1352:trzysta
1342:'clean
1143:Unicode
1099:tie bar
1071:Nahuatl
1067:lateral
1028:Chinese
1017:Italian
1010:Italian
994:English
966:phoneme
962:coronal
913:in the
550:Lateral
8908:Creaky
8868:Tenuis
8835:Sulcal
8679:Rhotic
8674:Liquid
8575:Manner
8449:Uvular
8426:Dorsal
8402:Apical
8359:Dental
8318:Labial
8213:
7611:Vowels
7460:-sound
7225:
6862:Voiced
6800:Tenuis
6404:voiced
6384:
5375:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
4921:Uvular
4891:Dental
4870:Manner
4858:Dorsal
4848:Labial
4580:
4513:
4505:
4437:
4408:
4389:
4361:
4342:
4315:
4296:
4286:
4278:
4245:
4237:
4194:
4176:
4113:
4085:
4048:
4021:
3792:
3755:
3726:
3700:
3555:
3517:
3509:
3340:seachd
3335:Harris
3308:Polish
3303:Udmurt
3255:Hebrew
3187:German
3039:, and
2981:Phuthi
2961:Pirahã
2949:Navajo
2925:Pirahã
2886:Fijian
2867:Ngkoth
2782:Laghuu
2727:Dahalo
2646:Tswana
2642:Navajo
2564:Somali
2456:Tswana
2365:, and
2363:Dublin
2306:Tsonga
2275:German
2257:Banjun
2189:Arabic
2174:Abkhaz
2109:Slovak
2093:pinyin
2008:Arabic
1917:French
1872:Korean
1799:pinyin
1709:Polish
1606:Pashto
1594:pinyin
1567:German
1532:Voiced
1340:czysta
1332:Polish
1296:; as
1284:; as
1276:; as
1264:; as
1075:Navajo
1051:Tswana
1039:German
1024:Polish
1006:German
929:
337:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
8913:Stiff
8903:Slack
8893:Modal
8850:Voice
8840:Domed
8738:Click
8659:Trill
8632:Vowel
8627:Nasal
8554:Other
8444:Velar
8309:Place
8215:audio
7647:Close
7630:Front
7561:Other
7495:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
7261:Nasal
7227:audio
6924:Nasal
6791:Click
6386:audio
5913:Trill
5382:d̠ɹ̠˔
4938:Nasal
4916:Velar
4842:Place
4765:SAMPA
4640:chart
4150:(PDF)
4015:79–80
3889:(PDF)
3882:(PDF)
3819:(PDF)
3812:(PDF)
3790:JSTOR
3661:(PDF)
3654:(PDF)
3515:S2CID
3471:(PDF)
3464:(PDF)
3425:𝼜 𝼙
3396:Notes
3363:/ʃ͡t/
3359:/s͡t/
3355:Awngi
3313:>
3288:>
3274:>
3264:gamal
3250:gəmäl
3235:(cf.
3230:camel
3222:jamal
3208:/d͡ʒ/
3180:(cf.
3174:/t͡ʃ/
3121:/t̪θ/
3025:Hmong
2957:Wari'
2929:Wari'
2916:Haida
2904:Haida
2890:Avava
2850:Avava
2761:Archi
2731:Hadza
2548:Haida
2533:Ekagi
2491:Wolof
2178:Ubykh
1724:d̪͡z̪
1670:t̪͡s̪
1473:to a
1440:/t.ʃ/
1436:/t͡ʃ/
1429:/d͡ʒ/
1425:/t͡ʃ/
1362:/t͡s/
1336:/t͡ʂ/
1047:velar
1045:, or
974:/d͜ʒ/
970:/t͜ʃ/
944:is a
917:(IPA)
358:d̠ɹ̠˔
8112:Open
7640:Back
7517:t͡pʼ
6751:q𝼄ʼ
6744:k𝼄ʼ
6737:c𝼆ʼ
6603:t̠ʃʼ
6589:t̪θʼ
6582:p̪fʼ
6512:Stop
5963:ɽ̊r̥
5629:ɹ̠̊˔
5361:tɹ̝̊
4782:TIPA
4696:JIPA
4578:ISBN
4511:PMID
4503:ISSN
4435:ISBN
4406:ISBN
4387:ISBN
4359:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4313:ISBN
4294:PMID
4276:ISSN
4243:PMID
4235:ISSN
4192:ISBN
4174:ISBN
4111:ISBN
4083:ISBN
4064:2015
4046:ISBN
4019:ISBN
3753:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3507:ISSN
3431:and
3419:and
3361:and
3346:ochd
3191:Kinn
3178:chin
3156:stop
3129:/kx/
3127:and
3119:and
3117:/t̪/
3051:and
3015:: ,
2959:and
2951:and
2927:and
2888:and
2882:Nias
2848:and
2846:Kele
2765:Zulu
2711:/ɖl/
2692:and
2686:/ʈl/
2531:and
2507:Tsez
2503:Avar
2495:Bats
2291:Teke
2279:Teke
2259:and
2243:Taos
2241:and
2199:().
2197:Thai
2176:and
2169:The
1932:tsch
1819:Thai
1580:つ/ツ
1502:t, d
1427:and
1413:nuts
1405:nods
1401:nuts
1397:/dz/
1395:and
1393:/ts/
1370:/ts/
1348:/tʂ/
1344:(f.)
1073:and
1041:and
1026:and
1015:and
1008:and
992:The
980:and
972:and
950:stop
854:k𝼄ʼ
833:c𝼆ʼ
726:t̠ʃʼ
286:Non-
49:for
7898:Mid
7502:ɠ͡ɓ
7385:q͡p
7372:q͡ʡ
7360:ɡ͡b
7353:k͡p
7341:ɖ͡b
7334:ʈ͡p
7322:d͡b
7315:t͡p
7296:ŋ͡m
7282:ɳ͡m
7268:n͡m
6963:ɴ𝼊
6961:ŋ𝼊
6901:ɢ𝼊
6899:ɡ𝼊
6839:q𝼊
6837:k𝼊
6726:tɬʼ
6631:qχʼ
6624:kxʼ
6617:tɕʼ
6610:tʂʼ
6596:tsʼ
6323:𝼈̥
6094:ɡʟ̝
6087:k𝼄
6080:ɟʎ̝
6073:c𝼆
6066:d𝼅
5643:ɻ̊˔
5636:ɹ̠˔
5368:dɹ̝
5354:d̪ð
5347:t̪θ
5336:b̪v
5329:p̪f
5259:d̠ʒ
5252:t̠ʃ
4664:IPA
4549:doi
4495:doi
4483:120
4462:doi
4427:doi
4332:doi
4284:PMC
4268:doi
4227:doi
3782:doi
3499:doi
3267:)).
3259:גמל
3245:ግመል
3213:جمل
3204:/ɡ/
3170:/k/
3158:or
3134:In
3125:/k/
3123:or
3082:.
3027:).
3009:pre
3005:Taa
2967:),
2816:IPA
2807:IPA
2688:in
2618:IPA
2609:IPA
2342:Cun
2334:Luo
2222:IPA
2213:IPA
2131:ɖ͡ʐ
2069:ʈ͡ʂ
2037:dzs
1989:d͡ʒ
1927:tch
1920:tch
1913:tch
1887:t͡ʃ
1862:dzi
1836:d͡ʑ
1773:t͡ɕ
1623:d͡z
1548:t͡s
1510:ʈ͡ʂ
1506:t͡ʂ
1479:/ʃ/
1467:/t/
1417:nut
1372:in
1364:in
1350:in
1338:in
1304:.
1280:or
1260:or
1242:,,,
1113:or
1043:Izi
1004:),
1002:IPA
940:An
812:tɬʼ
791:qχʼ
768:kxʼ
747:ʈʂʼ
705:tsʼ
677:ɡʟ̝
656:k𝼄
645:ɟʎ̝
624:c𝼆
611:ɖ𝼅
316:b̪v
295:p̪f
181:d̠ʒ
160:t̠ʃ
92:IPA
8930::
8299:–
8295:–
7965:o̞
7949:ɤ̞
7923:ø̞
7907:e̞
7458:Sj
7411:ɥ̊
7199:ʛ̥
7192:ɠ̊
7185:ʄ̊
7178:ᶑ̊
7169:ɗ̥
7158:ɓ̥
7072:ɴǁ
7070:ŋǁ
7040:ɢǁ
7038:ɡǁ
7008:qǁ
7006:kǁ
6972:ɴǂ
6970:ŋǂ
6952:ɴǃ
6950:ŋǃ
6943:ɴǀ
6941:ŋǀ
6932:ɴʘ
6930:ŋʘ
6910:ɢǂ
6908:ɡǂ
6890:ɢǃ
6888:ɡǃ
6881:ɢǀ
6879:ɡǀ
6870:ɢʘ
6868:ɡʘ
6848:qǂ
6846:kǂ
6828:qǃ
6826:kǃ
6819:qǀ
6817:kǀ
6808:qʘ
6806:kʘ
6771:ɬʼ
6703:χʼ
6696:xʼ
6689:ɕʼ
6682:ʂʼ
6675:ʃʼ
6668:sʼ
6661:θʼ
6654:fʼ
6647:ɸʼ
6566:ʡʼ
6559:qʼ
6552:kʼ
6545:cʼ
6538:ʈʼ
6529:tʼ
6518:pʼ
6499:EG
6471:RF
6464:PA
6443:LD
6436:BL
6410:.
6348:ʟ̆
6339:ʎ̆
6330:𝼈
6305:ɺ̥
6269:ʟ̠
6187:ʟ̝
6180:𝼄
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