Black church - Knowledge

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United States. The organization insists that a real union is between a man and a woman. They also believe that the law prohibiting gay marriage should have been upheld. Other African American religious leaders that echoed Owens' position were Bishop Janice Hollis, presiding prelate for Covenant International Fellowship of Churches in Philadelphia; Bishop Charles G. Nauden of Holyway Church of God in Christ of Southern California; and the Reverend Dean Nelson, vice chairman of the Frederick Douglass Foundation.The CAAP members agree that the Supreme Court had no right to overturn the constitutional ruling.

2096: 9829: 3452: 1771: 2379: 2449:, the first fully independent black denomination. He was elected its first bishop in 1816. While he and Jones led different denominations, they continued to work closely together and with the black community in Philadelphia. Soon thereafter, Allen. Jones, and others began soliciting funds, again with the help of Rush. Their appeals met with resistance from white church leaders, many of whom had been supportive of the black community, but disapproved of a separate black church. 7559: 3480: 2629:. This was the unification of three national black conventions, organized in 1880 and the 1890s. It brought together the areas of mission, education and overall cooperation. Despite founding of new black conventions in the early and later 20th century, this is still the largest black religious organization in the United States. These churches blended elements from underground churches with elements from freely established black churches. 2040:

these initial efforts toward inclusive worship, most integrated churches did not survive long due to racial tensions, societal segregation, and differing cultural and religious practices. Over time, the Black Church emerged as a vital and independent institution for African Americans, offering not only spiritual sustenance but also a space for community organization and social activism, distinct from the predominantly white congregations.

3466: 47: 2665: 2953:, with lower quality schools, less effective policing and fire protection, there are institutions that help to improve the physical and social capital of black neighborhoods. In black neighborhoods the churches may be important sources of social cohesion. For some African Americans the kind of spirituality learned through these churches works as a protective factor against the corrosive forces of poverty and racism. 3048: 1958:. These churches also became the centers of communities, serving as training grounds for community leaders, and serving as school sites, taking up social welfare functions such as providing money and essential services to the indigent, and establishing orphanages and prison ministries. As a result, black churches were particularly important during the 1920:

adequately address racial injustice, and as a result, many Black congregants have searched for worship environments where their cultural and spiritual needs are met without prejudice. Despite some efforts at integration, racism, in both the past and the present, remains a significant factor in the ongoing divide between Black and white congregations.

3423:(aka the Josephites), a group of priests tasked with serving African-Americans specifically, were formed in 1893 and began ordaining Black men immediately—though in small numbers. They staffed and formed Black parishes throughout the country, and today continue to serve in the same way (as do the two aforementioned sisterhoods, as well as the 2633:

or to cities that needed rebuilding, such as Atlanta. Black churches were the focal points of black communities, and their members' quickly seceding from white churches demonstrated their desire to manage their own affairs independently of white supervision. It also showed the prior strength of the "invisible church" hidden from white eyes.

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issues have been among the leading causes for activism in some black churches; though a majority of black Protestants remained opposed to same-sex marriage as of 2015, support grew to a majority of both black Protestant and black Catholic respondents in later surveys. Nevertheless, some denominations

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The postwar years were marked by a separatist impulse as blacks exercised the right to move and gather beyond white supervision or control. They developed black churches, benevolent societies, fraternal orders and fire companies. In some areas they moved from farms into towns, as in middle Tennessee,

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of the late 18th century. They appealed directly to slaves, and a few thousand slaves converted. Black individuals found opportunities to have active roles in new congregations, especially in the Baptist Church, where slaves were appointed as leaders and preachers. (They were excluded from such roles

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Worship Style: Black Baptist churches tend to have more expressive and emotive worship services, often characterized by call-and-response preaching, gospel music, and dynamic participation from the congregation. White Baptist services are often more structured, with a greater focus on hymns, sermons,

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Some members of the black clergy have not accepted same-sex marriage. A group known as the Coalition of African American Pastors (CAAP), maintains their opposition to gay marriage. The CAAP president, Reverend William Owens Sr., asserts that the marriage equality act will cause corruption within the

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By the end of Reconstruction, AME congregations existed from Florida to Texas. Their missioners and preachers had brought more than 250,000 new adherents into the church. While it had a northern base, the church was heavily influenced by this growth in the South and incorporation of many members who

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Slaves also learned about Christianity by attending services led by a white preacher or supervised by a white person. Slaveholders often held prayer meetings at their plantations. In the South until the Great Awakening, most slaveholders were Anglican if they practiced any Christianity. Although in

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Role of the Church in Community: Black Baptist churches often play a central role in social activism and community leadership, addressing racial and economic justice issues. White Baptist churches may be more focused on spiritual development and personal faith, with less emphasis on direct social or

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During the era of slavery in the United States, many slave owners strategically used Black churches and Black preachers to propagate messages of obedience, submission, and compliance among enslaved people. This was part of a larger system of control that sought to use religion as a tool to maintain

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In contrast, in many other cultures, the term "the Church" may commonly be used in reference to the actual structure or building where religious services take place, emphasizing the sacredness of the physical space. This difference highlights the unique cultural and historical significance that the

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and had recently helped to expand the church. The black churchgoers were told to sit upstairs in the new gallery. When they mistakenly sat in an area not designated for blacks, they were forcibly removed from the seats they had helped build. According to Allen, "...we all went out of the church in

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Free blacks in both northern and southern cities formed their own congregations and churches before the end of the 18th century. They organized independent black congregations and churches to practice religion apart from white oversight. Along with white churches opposed to slavery, free blacks in

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people. Slave owners often introduced Christianity to enslaved Africans, selectively emphasizing biblical teachings that they believed justified slavery and encouraged submission to masters. Scriptures such as Eph 6:5 ("Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear...") and Col 3:22 were

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of other denominations, the rope in the congregation that separated whites and blacks was untied "and worshipers of both races approached the altar to pray". Though outsiders would sometimes attack Church of God services and camp meetings for their stand for racial equality, Church of God members

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passed a law requiring black congregations to meet only in the presence of a white minister. Other states similarly restricted exclusively black churches or the assembly of blacks in large groups unsupervised by whites. Nevertheless, the black Baptist congregations in the cities grew rapidly and

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Birthed from pre-US communities in New Orleans, Baltimore, Florida, and California, the presence of African-American Catholics in the United States territories constitute some of the earliest Black communities on the entire continent. Beginning in the early 19th century, Black Catholic religious

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After the American Civil War, many white Protestant ministers moved to the South to establish churches where both Black and white congregants could worship together. However, these efforts were often met with resistance, particularly from white Southerners who opposed racial integration. Despite

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Black churches primarily arose in the 19th century, during a time when race-based slavery and racial segregation were both commonly practiced in the United States. Blacks generally searched for an area where they could independently express their faith, find leadership, and escape from inferior

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In many African American houses, the concept of "the Church" is often seen as being synonymous with the congregation of people who gather to worship, rather than the physical building where the service is held. This distinction reflects a deep cultural emphasis on community and shared spiritual

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Black preachers provided leadership, encouraged education and economic growth, and were often the primary link between the black and white communities. The black church established and/or maintained the first black schools and encouraged community members to fund these schools and other public

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grew to 1,820 members, making it the largest congregation in that state. This was under its second pastor, Rev. London Ferrill, a free black, and occurred as Lexington was expanding rapidly as a city. First African Baptist was admitted to the Elkhorn Baptist Association in 1824, where it came

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Sermon Focus: In Black Baptist churches, sermons often emphasize themes of liberation, justice, and survival, reflecting the historical and ongoing struggles of African Americans. White Baptist sermons typically focus more on individual salvation, personal morality, and traditional doctrinal

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Even after formal segregation ended, white churches frequently resisted integration, preferring to maintain homogenous congregations. The legacy of this form of racism continues to influence the separation of Black and white churches today, because white churches have historically failed to

3071:. The charismatic Allen had attracted numerous new black members to St. George's. White members had become so uncomfortable that they relegated black worshipers to a segregated gallery. After white members of St. George's started to treat his people as second-class citizens, in 1787 Allen, 2459:: First Baptist Church (1774) and Gillfield Baptist Church (1797). Each congregation moved from rural areas into Petersburg into their own buildings in the early 19th century. Their two black Baptist congregations were the first of that denomination in the city and they grew rapidly. 2288:. Although there were ordinances preventing blacks from assembling, the congregation grew from 14 people at its founding to 220 people by 1829. Two hundred of the parishioners were slaves, who could only travel to the church and attend services with the permission of their owners. 2076:

The 1964-1965 Church Bombings: The KKK was involved in a series of bombings targeting African American churches across the South during this period. The exact number of bombings is difficult to pinpoint, but several churches were attacked, and there were numerous injuries and some

2073:(1963): This bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, resulted in the deaths of four African American girls: Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Carole Robertson, and Cynthia Wesley. It was one of the most infamous attacks by the KKK and highlighted their violent opposition to desegregation. 3131:

In 1820, AME Zion Church members began further separation from the ME Church. By seeking to install black preachers and elders, they created a debate over whether blacks could be ministers. This debate ended in 1822 with the ordination of Abraham Thompson, Leven Smith, and

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to justify slavery to themselves. They promoted the idea that loyal and hard-working slaves would be rewarded in the afterlife. Sometimes slaves established their own Sabbath schools to talk about the Scriptures. Slaves who were literate tried to teach others to read, as

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The number of Black churches in the United States is substantial. According to the Pew Research Center, there are approximately 25,000 Black churches across the country, encompassing a wide range of denominations and independent congregations (Pew Research Center, 2021)

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movement, with social media interactions involving the Black Girl Magic hashtag seen as a modern extension of "he Black church traditions of testimony, exhortation, improvisation, call and response, and song," which Black women can use to form a "cyber congregation."

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services. For most black leaders, the churches always were connected to political goals of advancing the race. There grew to be a tension between black leaders from the North and people in the South who wanted to run their churches and worship in their own way.

2415:. It was at first non-denominational and provided mutual aid to the free black community. Over time, Jones began to lead Episcopal services there. He led most of its members to create the African Church, in the Episcopal tradition. (Butler 2000, DuBois 1866). 2051:, the belief that "interracial worship was a sign of the true Church" was taught, with both whites and blacks ministering regularly in Church of God congregations, which invited people of all races to worship there. In some parts of the country, such as 1949:

from their white neighbors, who were often their former owners. In the Roman Catholic Church, the rising tide of segregation eventually resulted in segregated parishes across the South, even in places where segregation had not previously been the norm.

2693:. Their history as centers of strength for the black community made them natural leaders in this moral struggle. In addition they had often served as links between the black and white worlds. Notable minister-activists of the 1950s and 1960s included 2892:

The black church continues to be a source of support for members of the African-American community, like encouragement to obtain immunizations. When compared to American churches as a whole, black churches tend to focus more on social issues such as

2813:. They are considered the leading theologians of this system of belief, although now there are many scholars who have contributed a great deal to the field. In 1969, Cone published the seminal work that laid the basis for black liberation theology, 2423:

one body, and they were no longer plagued by us". While he and Jones led different denominations, they continued to work closely together and with the black community in Philadelphia.... It was accepted as a parish and on July 17, 1794, became the

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stories that reinforced people's keeping to their places in society, urging slaves to be loyal and to obey their masters. In the 19th century, Methodist and Baptist chapels were founded among many of the smaller communities and common planters.

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In communities where black and white people worshiped together in the South shortly after the American Civil War, the persecution of African Americans was less severe. Yet, freed blacks most often established congregations and church facilities

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in April 1865 with nine missionaries. He organized committees, associations and teachers to reach freedmen throughout the countryside. In the first year after the war, the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church gained 50,000 congregants.

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In many major cities, Black and predominantly white churches often exist within close proximity to each other, however, they remain segregated by race, a division which was shaped by deep historical, cultural, and social factors, including

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of the ME Church to meet independently, though still to be part of the ME Church and led by white preachers. This AME Church group built Zion chapel in 1800 and became incorporated in 1801, still subordinate to the ME Church.

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The 1950s and 1960s: Throughout this era, there were numerous bombings and attacks on churches, often coordinated by the KKK, as part of their broader campaign of terror against civil rights activities and African American

4721: 2594:(now Christian Methodist Episcopal Church), founded as an independent branch of Methodism. They took their mostly black congregations with them. They adopted the Methodist Doctrine and elected their first two bishops, 1953:

These new black churches created communities and worship practices that were culturally distinct from other churches, including forms of Christian worship that were derived from African spiritual traditions, such as

4117:"Freedom's Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South from the Civil War through the Civil Rights Era. By Harvey Paul. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. xvi + 338 pp. $ 34.95 cloth" 3958:"Freedom's Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South from the Civil War through the Civil Rights Era. By Harvey Paul. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. xvi + 338 pp. $ 34.95 cloth" 2153:

This era includes major legislative and social efforts to end racial segregation and discrimination, beginning with Brown v. Board of Education and ending with the passage of the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights

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Over time, Allen and others sought more independence from white supervision within the Methodist Church. In 1816 Allen gathered four other black congregations together in the mid-Atlantic region to establish the

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in the Anglican or Episcopal Church.) As they listened to readings, slaves developed their own interpretations of the Scriptures and found inspiration in stories of deliverance, such as the Exodus out of Egypt.

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The National Baptist Convention USA, Inc. reported to have 8,415,100 members around the globe from 21,145 congregations by 2020, thus making it the largest black religious organization in the United States.

5025: 9201: 9196: 1849:, as well as these churches' collective traditions and members. The term "black church" may also refer to individual congregations, including congregations in traditionally white-led denominations. 9866: 6249: 3202:, and founded the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., as a merger of the Foreign Mission Convention, the American National Baptist Convention, and the Baptist National Education Convention. 2438:(AME). By July 29, 1794, they also had a building ready for their worship. The church adopted the slogan: "To Seek for Ourselves." In recognition of his leadership and preaching, in 1799 Bishop 9208: 2065:

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was responsible for numerous acts of violence and intimidation, including bombings of churches, particularly during the Civil Rights Movement. Notable incidents include:

1578: 3136:, the first superintendent (bishop) of the AME Zion church. After the Civil War, the denomination sent missionaries to the South and attracted thousands of new members, who shaped the church. 2442:

ordained Allen as a Methodist minister. Allen and the AME Church were active in antislavery campaigns, fought racism in the North, and promoted education, starting schools for black children.

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Throughout U.S. history, religious preferences and racial segregation have fostered development of separate black church denominations, as well as black churches within white denominations.

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of Kentucky and Richard H. Vanderhorst of South Carolina. Within three years, from a base of about 40,000, they had grown to 67,000 members, and more than ten times that many in 50 years.

1510: 2590:, with support from white colleagues of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, more than 40 black Southern ministers, all freedmen and former slaves, met to establish the Southern-based 1588: 4039:"David L. Chappell. <italic>A Stone of Hope: Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow</italic>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2004. Pp. 344. $ 34.95" 9213: 1573: 7086: 3378: 1923:

There are also cultural differences that influence how Black and white congregants who are members of the same denomination practice their religion. One example would be in Baptist

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organization in 1987, reviving the late 19th-century iteration of the same. This era saw a massive increase in Black priests, and the first crop of Black bishops and archbishops.

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began. Liele had been preaching to slaves on plantations, but made his way to Savannah, where he organized a congregation. After 1782, when Liele left the city with the British,

226: 2055:, black and white Catholics had worshiped together for almost 150 years before the American Civil War—albeit without full equality and primarily under French and Spanish rule. 10633: 8884: 6244: 2470:. A former slave, he had been converted by ordained Baptist minister Matthew Moore. His early preaching was encouraged by his master, Henry Sharp. Sharp, a Baptist deacon and 872: 4610:"John W. Blassingame. <italic>The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South</italic>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1972. Pp. xv, 262. $ 7.95" 4449:"John W. Blassingame. <italic>The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South</italic>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1972. Pp. xv, 262. $ 7.95" 2269:) in Lexington, Kentucky about 1790. The church's trustees purchased its first property in 1815. The congregation numbered about 290 by the time of Durrett's death in 1823. 4788:

Rosemary Skinner Keller (2006), "Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Women and religion: methods of study and reflection", Indiana University Press, p. 997

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experience. For African Americans, "the Church" is a dynamic, living body of believers whose collective faith and fellowship are central, regardless of the physical space.

9859: 3086:, which opened its doors in 1794. Absalom Jones was later ordained by the bishop of the Philadelphia diocese as the first African-American priest in the Episcopal Church. 2498:

was established by the Creole community of New Orleans. This church is the oldest black Catholic parish in the United States. In 1856, First African Baptist built a large

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church, founded in New York, also gained tens of thousands of Southern members. These two independent black denominations attracted the most new members in the South.

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The period characterized by racial segregation and disenfranchisement, beginning with the end of Reconstruction and ending with the start of the Civil Rights Movement.

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Allen continued for some years within the Methodist denomination but organized a black congregation. By 1794 he and his followers opened the doors of the all-black

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of New York City left to form their own church after several acts of overt discrimination by white members. In 1796, black Methodists asked the permission of the

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The ongoing period after the Civil Rights Movement, encompassing continued struggles for equality and justice, including contemporary social and political issues

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or other whites opposed to such efforts thwarted those attempts and even prevented Black or African Americans from worshiping in the same buildings as whites.

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From the Black theology movement also came a more feminine form, in reaction to both the male-dominated nature of the field and the White-dominated nature of

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In 1787 in Philadelphia, the black church was born out of protest and revolutionary reaction to racism. Resenting being relegated to a segregated gallery at

1460: 1450: 269: 7033: 5586: 5555: 4677: 4572:"Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South. By Albert J. Raboteau. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. xi + 382 pp. $ 14.95" 4411:"Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South. By Albert J. Raboteau. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. xi + 382 pp. $ 14.95" 3818:"Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South. By Albert J. Raboteau. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. xi + 382 pp. $ 14.95" 3358: 1530: 207: 3434:

arrived in 1987. African-American Catholic priests greatly increased in number and African-American bishops began being appointed, including archbishops.

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formed the Church of God in Christ (COGIC) after his Baptist church and the Mississippi Convention of the NBC USA expelled him. Mason was a member of the

7261: 5990: 3540: 3424: 2819:. In the book, Cone asserted that not only was black power not alien to the Gospel, it was, in fact, the Gospel message for all of 20th century America. 2304:

their members numbered several hundred each before the Civil War (see next section). While mostly led by free blacks, most of their members were slaves.

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Finding that other black congregations in the region were also seeking independence from white control, in 1816 Allen organized a new denomination, the

8108: 2872:. Major figures in this reaction included Afro-Latino thinkers as well as Black women. Black Catholic womanists also played a major role, including Sr 2320: 2281: 2266: 1995: 3660:"Fortress Introduction to Black Church History. By Anne H. Pinn and Anthony B. Pinn. Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress, 2002. viii + 184 pp. $ 16.00 paper" 3621:"Fortress Introduction to Black Church History. By Anne H. Pinn and Anthony B. Pinn. Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress, 2002. viii + 184 pp. $ 16.00 paper" 10658: 8697: 7832: 7384: 7280: 6803: 6648: 3430:

After the Civil Rights Movement, various new Black Catholic organizations were founded for Black priests, sisters, deacons, and seminarians, and the

3225: 2486:. By 1800 the church had 700 members, and by 1830 it had grown to more than 2400 members. Soon it generated two new black congregations in the city. 1550: 1430: 3101:(AME) Church as an independent denomination, the first fully independent black denomination. The ministers consecrated Allen as their first bishop. 10048: 9191: 6668: 5976: 2483: 5747:

Wendy L. Haight, "'Gathering the Spirit' at First Baptist Church: Spirituality as a Protective Factor in the Lives of African American Children",

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churches, well-established before the Civil War, continued to grow and add new congregations. With the rapid growth of black Baptist churches in

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were "undeterred even by violence" and "maintained their strong interracial position as the core of their message of the unity of all believers".

9923: 9739: 8979: 7078: 746: 5931: 9808: 9783: 5703:"Shepherding a Flock of Different Fleece: A Historical and Social Analysis of the Unique Attributes of the African American Pastoral Caregiver" 3033:'s "opposition to the whole system of slavery, his commitment to Jesus Christ, and the evangelical appeal to the suffering and the oppressed." 3009:

in many Christian denominations, especially those of the Methodist and Moravian traditions, is widely attended by African American Christians.

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from their pastors than were white Christians. As of 2024 the National Black Church initiative had 27.7 million members in the United States.

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in elections, members of traditionally African-American churches are generally more socially conservative than white Protestants as a whole.

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The era following the Civil War, focusing on rebuilding the South and various attempts at integrating formerly enslaved people into society.

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following the theology developed by Cone, who has said that he would "point to first" as an example of a church's embodying his message.

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refuge from the white world. The spirituals gave the church members a secret way to communicate and, in some cases, to plan a rebellion.

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From the American Revolution to the start of the Civil War, this period includes the growth of slavery and early abolitionist movements.

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of the traditions of the larger (Protestant) Black Church into Black Catholic parishes. Soon there were organizations formed for Black

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to create new housing for residents. Churches have fought for the right to operate their own schools in place of the often inadequate

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testified that they were "saved, sanctified, and prejudice removed." When Church of God ministers, such as Lena Shoffner, visited the

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This article is about the collection of Black Christian congregations in the US. For the Transylvanian Saxon cathedral in Brașov, see

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Richard Allen, a Methodist preacher, wanted to continue with the Methodist tradition. He built a congregation and founded the Bethel

2246:, an enslaved Baptist preacher, was inspired to armed rebellion against slavery, in an uprising that killed about 50 white people in 1415: 1292: 326: 17: 3792: 10193: 9778: 9408: 8929: 8151: 7983: 7573: 6858: 4722:"First Baptist Church of St. Louis, oldest African-American church west of the Mississippi River, celebrates its 200th anniversary" 1797: 1735: 1500: 1455: 10188: 9744: 9704: 9546: 9450: 9379: 8984: 6823: 6482: 4179: 3230: 3110: 2580: 2021: 1909: 1701: 1445: 1440: 1425: 10638: 9803: 9798: 9766: 9536: 9440: 9403: 9350: 9184: 7345: 7273: 6733: 6214: 3409: 3177: 3083: 2626: 2546: 2424: 1420: 1405: 1312: 6064: 9761: 9719: 9531: 8079: 7945: 7940: 7825: 7377: 7325: 6708: 6688: 6187: 5867: 5796: 5454: 4354: 4318: 4243: 3759: 3718: 3603: 3578: 3373: 3348: 3215: 2751: 2110:

This period begins with the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in Virginia and ends with the Declaration of Independence.

1372: 449: 438: 300: 254: 249: 222: 35: 4880: 4828:. Introduction to Afro-American Studies (6th ed.). Chicago: Twenty-first Century Books and Publications. Archived from 10536: 9987: 9946: 9941: 9709: 9694: 9558: 9467: 9462: 9396: 7857: 7071: 6587: 4990: 3150: 2591: 2513: 2503: 1475: 1435: 1377: 1332: 192: 111: 5777: 4823: 9875: 9684: 9521: 9491: 9273: 8852: 8064: 7100: 7052: 3368: 2792:

group of 51 black pastors, calling themselves the National Committee of Negro Churchmen (NCNC), bought a full-page ad in

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that: "Blacks, enslaved and free, operated as the main actors in the central drama that was the Underground Railroad."

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with African beliefs and African rhythms. With the time, many incorporated Wesleyan Methodist hymns, gospel songs, and

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Both free blacks and the more numerous slaves participated in the earliest black Baptist congregations founded near

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A generally accepted timeline for the African American experience in the USA with approximate years for each period

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to publish their "Black Power Statement", which proposed a more aggressive approach to combating racism using the

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Gilton, Donna.(1993). "This far by faith: Resources of the African-American Church. The Alert Collector Column.

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prohibits its ministers from officiating same-sex weddings, but it does not have a clear policy on ordination.

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African American community places on the act of gathering and the people themselves, rather than the location.

1691: 1367: 1317: 68: 6039: 5994: 3301:, Mason reorganized the Church of God in Christ as a Holiness Pentecostal body. The headquarters of COGIC is 97: 10648: 10612: 10490: 9563: 9496: 9479: 9425: 9374: 9313: 9218: 9179: 9119: 8919: 8308: 8288: 8095: 8074: 7483: 7266: 7093: 6366: 5311:"Hashtags and Hallelujahs: The Roles of #BlackGirlMagic Performance and Social Media in Spiritual #Formation" 3338: 2396:

Philadelphia provided aid and comfort to slaves who escaped and helped all new arrivals adjust to city life.

2226: 1991: 1382: 1352: 1337: 1322: 1297: 1277: 899: 533: 400: 64: 10435: 10263: 10135: 9386: 9362: 9357: 9340: 9308: 9251: 8364: 8313: 8146: 7702: 6772: 6623: 3513: 3405: 3284: 3120: 2174: 2010: 1999: 1905: 1410: 1302: 1287: 1272: 1239: 538: 217: 7330: 10526: 10002: 9898: 9651: 9643: 9586: 9501: 8989: 8894: 8750: 8732: 8634: 8293: 8263: 7988: 7908: 7887: 6927: 3545: 3523: 3182:

The National Baptist Convention was first organized in 1880 as the Foreign Mission Baptist Convention in

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had two of the oldest black congregations in the country, both organized before 1800 as a result of the

10551: 10359: 10237: 10158: 9669: 9606: 9596: 9146: 8904: 8864: 8221: 7915: 7393: 7133: 6837: 6207: 4154: 3493: 3116: 2571: 2475: 1975: 1648: 1628: 1131: 1066: 839: 741: 708: 495: 380: 5417: 1888:(which developed from the Congregational Church of New England), integrated denominations such as the 10470: 10298: 9997: 9578: 9391: 9223: 8784: 8283: 8121: 7928: 7797: 7021: 6742: 6376: 6371: 6276: 6239: 6158: 5153: 5125: 5066: 3412:, respectively. They were soon followed by the emergence of openly Black priests, the first being Fr 2949:

Although black urban neighborhoods in cities that have deindustrialized may have suffered from civic

2559: 1603: 1347: 1307: 596: 143: 5220: 4206: 3115:

The African Methodist Episcopal Zion or AME Zion Church, like the AME Church, is an offshoot of the

2265:, before 1800. The slaves Peter Durrett and his wife founded the First African Church (now known as 10592: 10475: 10445: 9268: 8832: 8745: 8389: 8178: 7993: 7933: 7923: 7849: 7508: 7249: 7211: 7173: 6912: 6451: 6296: 6286: 5832:"Watch Night Service In The Black Church In America: 150 Years After The Emancipation Proclamation" 3528: 3503: 2726: 2383: 1182: 962: 809: 693: 467: 348: 176: 4545: 4283: 4233: 2956:

Churches may also do work to improve the physical infrastructure of the neighborhood. Churches in

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Most of the first black congregations and churches which were formed before 1800 were founded by

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An Outline of the history of the church in the state of Kentucky, during a period of forty years

2009:

in New Orleans, was founded by free blacks in 1841. However, black religious orders such as the

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had different practices and traditions. Similarly, within the first decade, the independent

10440: 10354: 10333: 10313: 10268: 10178: 10091: 9833: 9241: 9004: 8815: 8767: 8639: 8529: 8434: 8201: 8191: 8163: 8028: 7882: 7682: 7183: 7123: 6962: 6426: 6356: 6341: 3698: 3518: 3457: 3397: 3261: 3079: 2737: 2644:, middle-class women in the black church asserted themselves in other ways: they organized 2606: 2517: 2452: 2412: 2254: 2218:

There is evidence of Christian practice and "specific dedicated places for worship" called

1983: 1775: 1227: 472: 264: 197: 5173: 4916: 4335:"A Lasting Legacy: James Edward O'Hara's Post-Reconstruction Struggle for Racial Equality" 3283:

and J. A. Jeter of the Wesleyan Holiness movement disagreed with Mason's teachings on the

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communities in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New York helped

1126: 10506: 10393: 10366: 10288: 10278: 10213: 10025: 9689: 9626: 9369: 8827: 8594: 8574: 8479: 8404: 8231: 8136: 8126: 8114: 8005: 7902: 7877: 7744: 7538: 6900: 6596: 6511: 6431: 6346: 6336: 6291: 5970: 5730: 5530:"New Report: Majorities of Black Catholics Affirm Gay People and Same-Gender Marriages" 5322: 5272: 4372:"Passion Plays: How Religion Shaped Sports in North America by Randall Balmer (review)" 3938: 3845: 3306: 3298: 3002: 2976:

Like many Christians, African-American Christians sometimes participate in or attend a

2914: 2794: 2706: 2587: 2533: 2368: 2328: 2277: 1014: 799: 566: 543: 232: 7439: 5687:

Mary Pattillo-McCoy, "Church Culture as a Strategy of Action in the Black Community",

3329:

Worshippers at Holy Angels Catholic Church on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, by

2280:

began holding church services for African Americans in St. Louis. Meachum founded the

31: 10308: 10303: 10058: 10040: 9992: 9918: 9136: 8857: 8519: 8489: 8084: 7841: 7756: 7528: 7427: 7128: 7118: 6847: 6747: 6657: 6556: 6501: 6496: 6466: 6421: 6401: 5863: 5722: 5604: 5250: 5031: 4959: 4769: 4652: 4625: 4591: 4503: 4464: 4430: 4391: 4350: 4314: 4239: 4212: 4136: 4097: 4054: 4020: 3977: 3930: 3891: 3837: 3755: 3714: 3679: 3640: 3599: 3574: 3401: 3390: 3257: 3191: 3006: 2925: 2877: 2869: 2863: 2722: 2718: 2463: 2285: 2258: 2044: 1987: 1955: 1924: 1893: 1846: 819: 660: 167: 7466: 7449: 6090:"This archbishop has become the first African American cardinal in Catholic history" 5734: 2994:. Productions can be found at black theaters and churches all over the country. The 2126:

The period of the American Civil War, including the emancipation of enslaved people.

1994:

church in Kentucky, and third oldest black Baptist church in the United States, the

1199: 27:

Christian congregations in the U.S. that minister predominantly to African Americans

10556: 10450: 10323: 9292: 9263: 9258: 9156: 9124: 9097: 8822: 8439: 8409: 8399: 8394: 7961: 7498: 7301: 7138: 7009: 6982: 6932: 6867: 6601: 6536: 6068: 5962:

History of the A.M.E. Zion Church in America. Founded 1796, In the City of New York

5960: 5714: 5587:"Black Pastor: Gay Marriage Issue Will Increase in Importance in November Election" 4617: 4583: 4495: 4456: 4422: 4383: 4342: 4306: 4128: 4089: 4046: 4012: 3969: 3922: 3883: 3829: 3706: 3671: 3632: 2913:. A study in 1996 found that black Christians were more likely to have heard about 2850: 2710: 2595: 1194: 1051: 879: 814: 794: 703: 148: 6917: 5932:"Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church [Philadelphia] (1794- )" 5793: 5014:, Cincinnati, OH: J.R. Baumes private printing, 1886, p. 657, accessed 23 Aug 2010 3198:

as an answer to the shortcomings of a segregated church. In 1895, Morris moved to

2085: 1912:, African Americans were largely excluded from white churches, which often upheld 10602: 10597: 10546: 10376: 10258: 10242: 10232: 10198: 10071: 9956: 9287: 9114: 9024: 9019: 8950:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

8800: 8755: 8609: 8599: 8579: 8564: 8464: 8339: 8329: 7968: 7768: 7612: 7513: 7148: 7143: 7064: 7045: 6997: 6987: 6942: 6832: 6812: 6567: 6546: 6361: 6316: 6111:"What Some Black Church Leaders Have Wrong About Gay Marriage – and Civil Rights" 5818: 5800: 5781: 5632:"What Some Black Church Leaders Have Wrong About Gay Marriage – and Civil Rights" 5292: 5242: 5193: 5128:

Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Church in the United States and South Africa

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Pass It On: Outreach to Minority Communities, Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America

3485: 3413: 3145: 2987: 2906: 2873: 2831: 2698: 2668: 2292: 2273: 2025: 1881: 1222: 1029: 779: 698: 7503: 5774: 5477:"Support for Same-Sex Marriage Grows, Even Among Groups That Had Been Skeptical" 5326: 5310: 4483: 4334: 3867: 10587: 10460: 10371: 10017: 9974: 9724: 9129: 9092: 9082: 8842: 8837: 8779: 8614: 8544: 8474: 8469: 7973: 7897: 7734: 7622: 7605: 7533: 7287: 7242: 7026: 6992: 6977: 6972: 6697: 6491: 6411: 6406: 5718: 5027:

Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad The Geography of Resistance

4935: 4905:"Civil War history lesson: Petersburg, Virginia, embraces and expands its past" 4829: 4499: 4346: 4116: 4078:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, $ 9.95). Pp. 151. ISBN 0 195 14585 2" 4073: 3957: 3887: 3659: 3620: 3508: 3437: 3396:

sisters began forming congregations to serve their communities, beginning with

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societies to address social issues. These societies provided job training and

2522:

Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad The Geography of Resistance

2439: 2332: 1681: 1106: 1076: 834: 824: 655: 4765:

W. E. B. Du Bois and the Sociology of the Black Church and Religion, 1897–1914

4621: 4460: 4371: 4299:

Miller, Randall M; Stout, Harry S; Wilson, Charles Reagan, eds. (1998-11-05).

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African American churches during slavery were held in secret locations called

10627: 10607: 10419: 8682: 8664: 8654: 8624: 8569: 8524: 8509: 8454: 8444: 8429: 8379: 8374: 8344: 8141: 8069: 7892: 7785: 7712: 7593: 7578: 7471: 7362: 7318: 7178: 7158: 6937: 6922: 6767: 6752: 6541: 6526: 6471: 6381: 6331: 5657: 5103:, Christian Methodist Episcopal Church Official website, accessed 15 Jan 2009 4629: 4609: 4595: 4507: 4468: 4448: 4434: 4395: 4387: 4140: 4101: 4058: 4050: 4024: 3981: 3934: 3895: 3841: 3683: 3644: 3072: 2995: 2977: 2950: 2806: 2759: 2653: 2404: 2215:

frequently cited to reinforce the idea that slavery was divinely sanctioned.

2002: 1750: 1745: 5084: 4681: 4038: 2378: 2362:

During the early decades of the 19th century, they used stories such as the

10582: 10577: 10455: 10409: 10386: 10381: 8994: 8687: 8659: 8644: 8629: 8584: 8559: 8539: 8449: 8419: 8414: 8384: 8334: 8186: 7872: 7617: 7168: 6632: 6551: 6416: 6386: 6326: 6301: 5726: 3911:"Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America" 3776: 3302: 3133: 3068: 2991: 2965: 2960:

have undertaken real estate ventures and renovated burnt-out and abandoned

2849:

Scholars have seen parallels between the Black church and the 21st Century

2835: 2822:

In 2008, approximately one quarter of African-American churches followed a

2714: 2610: 2563: 2467: 2363: 2335: 2219: 2207: 2059: 1234: 1046: 774: 7434: 6015: 5072:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 53–54, accessed 13 Jan 2009 3067:

and elder at the integrated and affluent St. George's Methodist Church in

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One formalization of theology based on themes of black liberation is the

2324: 2312: 2052: 1927:, and three key ways in which they practice their faith differently are: 1845:

in the United States that predominantly minister to, and are also led by

1400: 1056: 909: 789: 573: 7523: 10414: 10349: 10328: 10293: 8549: 8534: 8504: 8499: 8248: 8216: 8055: 8023: 7657: 7558: 6792: 4286:

A Brief History of the First Baptist Church (black) Lexington, Kentucky

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Pulpit and Politics: Separation of Church and State in the Black Church

3942: 3849: 2961: 2843: 2750:, African American Catholics began organizing en masse, beginning with 2645: 2641: 2509: 2343: 2339: 505: 244: 8885:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

5100: 4271:, Virginia Commonwealth University Library, 2008, accessed 22 Dec 2008 3146:

African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church and Connection

10127: 10109: 9163: 9009: 8514: 8298: 8236: 8131: 7775: 7719: 7518: 6722: 6152: 5811: 5209:

Barbara Bradley Hagerty, "A Closer Look at Black Liberation Theology"

4648: 4571: 4410: 3910: 3817: 3598:(Updated ed.). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. 3269: 3026: 2230: 1730: 1071: 804: 583: 410: 7810: 7407: 4587: 4426: 3996: 3926: 3833: 2625:, in 1895 church officials organized a new Baptist association, the 46: 9890: 9636: 9631: 9141: 7461: 6043: 5884:"Absalom Jones and the Insufficiently Progressive | Notes and News" 5702: 4955:

Slave Religion: The 'Invisible Institution' in the Antebellum South

4235:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

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Slave religion: the "invisible institution" in the antebellum South

3479: 2672: 2618: 2372: 2300: 2247: 1971: 1116: 1041: 1034: 9874: 8900:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

5392: 5347: 2998:

are typically played by prominent members of the black community.

2664: 8253: 7695: 7632: 7627: 7588: 7543: 7087:

United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God, Incorporated

5674:

Douglas A. Smith, "The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior",

5372:"The Diminishing Divide ... American Churches, American Politics" 4985: 4001:. Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press, 2014. Pp. 220. $ 22.99 (paper)" 3909:

Williams, Rhys H.; Emerson, Michael O.; Smith, Christian (2004).

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United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God, Incorporated

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In the fall of 1792, several black leaders attending services at

2272:

The First African Baptist Church had its beginnings in 1817 when

2211: 1864:

A majority of African American congregations are affiliated with

1204: 510: 3752:

Black Fire: One Hundred Years of African American Pentecostalism

3047: 9087: 7763: 7672: 7493: 6222: 5159:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, accessed 13 Jan 2009 3195: 3124: 3064: 2957: 2910: 2179: 2086:

History of The Black Church during each Era of American History

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Root shock: The consequences of African American dispossession

5504:"Support for gay marriage reaches all-time high, survey finds" 4546:"Why Bibles Given to Slaves Omitted Most of the Old Testament" 3075:, also a preacher; and other black members left St. George's. 2826:. The theology was thrust into the national spotlight after a 2788:

movement. Its origins can be traced to July 31, 1966, when an

2284:

in 1827. It was the first African-American church west of the

8899: 7780: 7739: 7690: 7652: 7583: 7548: 7456: 5860:

In Spirit and in Truth: The Music of African American Worship

5775:

Azi Paybarah, "A Harlem Church Sues to Operate Charter School

2799: 2355: 2203: 884: 4484:"Book Review: Roll, Jordan, Roll: the World the Slaves Made" 8944: 7792: 7662: 7642: 2929: 2898: 2427:. In 1804 Jones was the first black priest ordained in the 1965: 914: 5091:, University of North Carolina, 2004, accessed 15 Jan 2009 4818: 4796: 4794: 3221:

National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.

3104: 2725:

to help craft the legislation that would later become the

2506:

in 1986. By 1861 the congregation numbered 2,223 members.

2494:

somewhat under oversight of white congregations. In 1841,

2411:, and other black members, left the church and formed the 7751: 6094: 5761: 5585:

Gryboski, Michael; Editor, Mainline Church (2012-08-01).

4858: 3872:

Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 1990. 519 pp. $ 18.95"

3440:, the first African-American cardinal was named in 2020. 2542:

Outside of a black church in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1935.

2466:, a black Baptist congregation was organized by 1777, by 2099:

African American Baptist Church, Silver Hill Plantation,

5116:, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress, 2002, p. 56 4804:, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress, 2002, p. 2. 3793:"Parishes with a Strong Black Catholic Presence | USCCB" 3161:

Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church

2766:(1968), permanent deacons, seminarians, and a brand-new 2656:

ideals of womanhood, respectability, and racial uplift.

2206:

specifically made for teaching a pro-slavery version of

5665:. New York: Springer. Volume 78, Number 1 / March 2001. 5011:

A History of Kentucky Baptists: From 1769–1885, Vol. II

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Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals

2640:

Since the male hierarchy denied them opportunities for

1892:, others are independent congregations. There are also 7005:

Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith

5991:"History of the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc" 4208:

Working the Spirit: Ceremonies of the African Diaspora

3354:

Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith

2516:

escape from slavery. Black Churches were stops on the

2382:"Wade in the water." A postcard of a river baptism in 10634:

Historically African-American Christian denominations

6245:

Historically African-American Christian denominations

4076:

Canaan Land: A Religious History of African Americans

3868:"The Black Church in the African American Experience 3036: 2920:

Most surveys indicate that while blacks tend to vote

2222:

from before the first organized black denominations.

7034:

Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas

6173:

On The Secret Religious Meetings of Enslaved Persons

3908: 3447: 3359:

Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas

2805:

Black liberation theology was first systematized by

7262:

Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation

5678:, Vol. 8, Communities and Crime (1986), pp. 313–41. 5080: 5078: 3571:

The Black church in the African-American experience

3541:

Racial segregation of churches in the United States

3425:

Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary

3260:of the late 19th century. In 1906, he attended the 2990:is a re-telling of the classic Nativity story with 2028:worshiping together were not as predominant in the 1707:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4643:Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.). 4257: 4255: 3320: 3290:Jones changed the name of his COGIC church to the 2933:have been discussing this issue. For example, the 7281:Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge 6804:National Missionary Baptist Convention of America 6649:First African Baptist Church (Richmond, Virginia) 5131:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 54. 4926:, African American Heritage, accessed 22 Dec 2008 4298: 3317:", delivered the day before he was assassinated. 3226:National Missionary Baptist Convention of America 1880:, some of them are affiliated with predominantly 10625: 10049:Conservative Congregational Christian Conference 8935:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 6669:First African Baptist Church (Savannah, Georgia) 6138:Religion in Black America § Further reading 5247:African American Religious Thought: An Anthology 5075: 4907:, Boston.com, 9 March 2005, accessed 22 Dec 2008 4814: 4812: 4810: 4262:"Gillfield Baptist Church, Petersburg, Virginia" 3861: 3859: 2746:After the assassination of Dr. King in 1968, by 1878:National Baptist Convention and related churches 9924:General Association of Regular Baptist Churches 8980:Black players in professional American football 8930:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 7079:Triumph the Church and Kingdom of God in Christ 5556:"Gay pastor's removal brings sadness, defiance" 5101:"Roots of Christian Methodist Episcopal Church" 4252: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 2944: 9876:Evangelical Protestantism in the United States 7392: 6178:Black Past: Historic African American Churches 5584: 5030:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–3. 4958:. Oxford University Press. pp. 139, 141. 4742:"First African Baptist Church History (S0006)" 3569:Lincoln, C. Eric; Mamiya, Lawrence H. (1990). 3209: 3171: 3078:They first established the non-denominational 3059:(AME). In the late 18th century, former slave 3021:Methodism (inclusive of the holiness movement) 434:Education of freed people during the Civil War 9860: 7826: 7378: 6208: 5954: 5952: 5691:, Vol. 63, No. 6 (December 1998), pp. 767–84. 5114:Fortress Introduction to Black Church History 4807: 4802:Fortress Introduction to Black Church History 3856: 3568: 3551:Religious discrimination in the United States 3139: 2887: 2842:. Wright had built Trinity into a successful 2689:Black churches held a leadership role in the 1980:Springfield Baptist Church (Augusta, Georgia) 1805: 8693:Historically black colleges and universities 7017:Church of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God 6784:National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. 5975:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5085:"The Church in the Southern Black Community" 4682:"The Church in the Southern Black Community" 4672: 4670: 4668: 4155:"Black Catholics' experience of segregation" 3732: 2180:The Church during the era of chattel slavery 1825:treatment in White dominated churches. The 445:Historically black colleges and universities 9914:Conservative Baptist Association of America 7295:Original Church of God or Sanctified Church 5862:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 57. 5442:Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia 4734: 4676: 4238:. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–72. 3063:, a Methodist preacher, was an influential 2371:did while still enslaved as a young man in 2013:in Baltimore have existed since the 1820s. 429:Education during the slave period in the US 10118:Christian Reformed Church in North America 9867: 9853: 7833: 7819: 7385: 7371: 6215: 6201: 6065:"Chronology of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr" 5949: 5851: 5309:Jackson, Carla Jean-McNeil (Spring 2020). 4898: 4708:(containing the memoir of Rev. David Rice) 4180:"How the Black Church saved Black America" 3241: 2018:slavery in the United States was abolished 1940:political engagement within the community. 1812: 1798: 752:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 10522:Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus 10512:Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood 10031:Christian Churches and Churches of Christ 8910:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 7231:Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America 6188:A Religious Portrait of African-Americans 5707:Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling 5562:. United Methodist Church. Archived from 5418:"Gay Blacks Feeling Strained Church Ties" 4699: 4697: 4665: 4279: 4277: 3870:By C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya 3749: 208:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 10659:History of religion in the United States 6859:United American Free Will Baptist Church 6108: 6016:"Member Unions | Baptist World Alliance" 5629: 5144:, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994, p. 222. 4951: 4642: 4522:"The Slave Bible: Let the Story Be Told" 4231: 4211:. Beacon Press Books. pp. 145–176. 3657: 3618: 3593: 3421:Society of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart 3324: 3046: 2840:Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago 2663: 2659: 2592:Colored Methodist Episcopal (CME) Church 2545: 2537: 2377: 2306: 2094: 1966:First Black Churches & Congregations 142: 10189:Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy 6824:Progressive National Baptist Convention 6483:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 6154:The Political Power Of The Black Church 5858:Costen, Melva Wilson (1 January 2004). 5829: 5308: 5302: 5023: 5002: 4854:"Africans in America: The Black Church" 4761: 4569: 4408: 4305:. Oxford University PressNew York, NY. 4071: 4005:The Journal of African American History 3815: 3231:Progressive National Baptist Convention 3111:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 3105:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 2731: 14: 10626: 9809:Topics related to the African diaspora 8915:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 7346:Union of Charismatic Orthodox Churches 7274:Interdenominational Theological Center 6734:National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. 6150: 5857: 5700: 4986:"National Register Information System" 4848: 4846: 4719: 4713: 4694: 4570:Gravely, William B. (September 1981). 4481: 4409:Gravely, William B. (September 1981). 4274: 4204: 3994: 3816:Gravely, William B. (September 1981). 3774: 3178:National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. 3084:African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas 2489:Before 1850, First African Baptist in 2425:African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas 9848: 9789:Landmark African-American legislation 7840: 7814: 7366: 7326:United House of Prayer for All People 6709:Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention 6689:Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship 6196: 6147:32: No. 4 (Summer): pp. 468–484. 5965:. York, Pa: Teachers' Journal Office. 5958: 5908:"The Story of The Rev. Absalom Jones" 5830:Harrell, Joan R. (31 December 2012). 5527: 5501: 5415: 4881:"The Underground Railroad in Indiana" 4369: 4177: 4114: 3955: 3865: 3750:Alexander, Estrelda Y. (3 May 2011). 3711:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.44357 3696: 3374:United House of Prayer for All People 3349:Apostolic Faith Mission Church of God 3216:Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship 2295:in the early 19th century, including 2202:and is an abbreviated version of the 1914:racial hierarchies and discrimination 1884:Protestant denominations such as the 950:Athletic associations and conferences 439:History of African-American education 10537:National Association of Evangelicals 10194:Fundamentalist–modernist controversy 9988:Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) 9947:Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 8920:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 7072:Reformed Zion Union Apostolic Church 6588:Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 6151:Travis, Jamal Chanse (August 2015). 5762:"Abyssinian Development Corporation" 5455:"Changing Attitudes on Gay Marriage" 4991:National Register of Historic Places 4978: 4749:State Historical Society of Missouri 3384: 3151:Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 3055:The first of these churches was the 2857: 2504:National Register of Historic Places 2342:. The underground churches provided 2327:and hidden religious meetings, the " 2005:. The oldest black Catholic church, 873:Association for the Study of African 69:adding citations to reliable sources 40: 9274:African-American Vernacular English 7101:United Sabbath-Day Adventist Church 7053:Pentecostal Assemblies of the World 4843: 4720:Wilbon, Roderick (April 28, 2017). 4710:, T. T. Skillman, 1824, pp. 230–33. 4302:Religion and the American Civil War 4178:Gates, Henry Louis (9 March 2021). 3369:Pentecostal Assemblies of the World 2968:found in many black neighborhoods. 2830:arose related to preaching by Rev. 1687:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1188:African-American Vernacular English 757:National Conference of Black Mayors 24: 9192:U.S. cities with large populations 8895:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 7219:Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. 7129:Venerable Mother Henriette DeLille 7041:Mount Sinai Holy Church of America 6268:African Methodist Episcopal Church 6131: 6109:Baptiste, Nathalie (3 July 2015). 5701:Arnold, Bruce Makoto (June 2012). 5630:Baptiste, Nathalie (3 July 2015). 5393:"National Black Church Initiative" 5348:"National Black Church Initiative" 4945: 4917:"First Baptist Church, Petersburg" 4636: 4311:10.1093/oso/9780195121285.001.0001 3754:. InterVarsity Press. p. 82. 3364:Mount Sinai Holy Church of America 3156:Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. 3057:African Methodist Episcopal Church 3043:African Methodist Episcopal Church 3037:African Methodist Episcopal Church 2935:African Methodist Episcopal Church 2447:African Methodist Episcopal Church 2436:African Methodist Episcopal Church 2071:16th Street Baptist Church Bombing 1870:African Methodist Episcopal Church 890:National Black Chamber of Commerce 36:St Mary's, Dublin (chapel of ease) 25: 10670: 10100:Christian and Missionary Alliance 10082:Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) 8065:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 8061:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 7868:African American founding fathers 6166: 5959:Moore, John Jamison, D.D (1884). 5221:Obama and His 'White Grandmother' 4878: 3573:. Durham: Duke University Press. 3236: 2773: 2721:.who would later be recruited by 2527: 2331:", where slaves were free to mix 2101:Georgetown County, South Carolina 1594:Places by plurality of population 260:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 250:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 203:Abolitionism in the United States 10507:Christianity Today International 10154:Association of Vineyard Churches 9942:Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod 9827: 8945:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 8090:Nadir of American race relations 7557: 7124:Servant of God Mother Mary Lange 5553: 5528:Shine, Robert (March 18, 2022). 5170:"We Shall Overcome: The Players" 4768:. Lexington Books. p. 153. 4072:SCHÄFER, AXEL R. (August 2003). 3478: 3464: 3450: 3432:National Black Catholic Congress 3194:, stressed the preaching of the 3029:due to the father of Methodism, 3025:African Americans were drawn to 3012: 2834:, former pastor to then-Senator 2768:National Black Catholic Congress 1998:, was founded about 1790 by the 1769: 291:Black Belt in the American South 45: 34:. For the church in Dublin, see 10542:National Religious Broadcasters 7951:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 7941:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 7314:Trinity United Church of Christ 6102: 6082: 6057: 6032: 6008: 5983: 5924: 5900: 5876: 5823: 5805: 5787: 5768: 5754: 5741: 5694: 5681: 5668: 5650: 5623: 5578: 5547: 5521: 5502:Avery, Dan (October 21, 2020). 5495: 5469: 5447: 5434: 5409: 5385: 5364: 5340: 5279: 5260: 5232: 5214: 5202: 5187: 5162: 5147: 5134: 5119: 5106: 5094: 5060: 5044: 5017: 4929: 4910: 4872: 4782: 4755: 4602: 4563: 4538: 4514: 4475: 4441: 4402: 4363: 4327: 4292: 4225: 4198: 4171: 4147: 4108: 4065: 4031: 3988: 3949: 3902: 3703:African American Studies Center 3658:Jacobsen, Douglas (June 2005). 3619:Jacobsen, Douglas (June 2005). 3499:Atheism in the African diaspora 3321:Other Pentecostal denominations 3292:Church of Christ (Holiness) USA 2502:church, which was added to the 2496:Saint Augustine Catholic Church 2194:, sometimes referred to as the 2192:for the use of the Negro Slaves 895:National Council of Negro Women 56:needs additional citations for 10517:Evangelical Climate Initiative 9965:Presbyterian Church in America 8940:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 7946:Civil right movement 1896–1954 7060:Pentecostal Churches of Christ 6889:Apostolic Assemblies of Christ 4614:The American Historical Review 4453:The American Historical Review 4043:The American Historical Review 3809: 3785: 3768: 3690: 3651: 3612: 3587: 3562: 2816:Black Theology and Black Power 2758:soon broke out, fostering the 2691:American Civil Rights Movement 2677:American Civil Rights Movement 2390: 2386:, North Carolina, around 1900. 2233:preachers traveled throughout 2190:Select Parts of the Holy Bible 1692:Racism against Black Americans 13: 1: 10639:African-American Christianity 10491:Transformational Christianity 9120:Cherokee freedmen controversy 8096:The Negro Motorist Green Book 7267:George Augustus Stallings Jr. 7164:Servant of God Sr Thea Bowman 7094:United Holy Church of America 5057:, PBS, 2003, 13 January 2009. 4825:Religion and the Black Church 3995:Taylor, Durahn (March 2018). 3866:Paris, Peter J. (July 1992). 3556: 3339:United Holy Church of America 2971: 2482:led what became known as the 2420:St. George's Methodist Church 2401:St. George's Methodist Church 2024:attitudes towards blacks and 1932:and quieter forms of worship. 1835:African American Christianity 900:National Pan-Hellenic Council 10436:Apostolic-Prophetic Movement 10264:Baptism with the Holy Spirit 10136:Seventh-day Adventist Church 7725:European witchcraft folklore 7159:Servant of God Julia Greeley 7144:Venerable Fr Augustus Tolton 6624:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 5689:American Sociological Review 5416:Fears, Darryl (2004-11-02). 4952:Raboteau, Albert J. (2004). 4289:, 1940, accessed 22 Aug 2010 3699:"Protestant Churches, Black" 3697:Jones, Ida E. (2005-05-19), 3594:Raboteau, Albert J. (2004). 3514:Louisiana Black church fires 3406:Oblate Sisters of Providence 3315:I've Been to the Mountaintop 3121:John Street Methodist Church 2945:As neighborhood institutions 2484:First African Baptist Church 2431:(Butler 2000, DuBois 1866). 2282:First African Baptist Church 2267:First African Baptist Church 2185:the institution of slavery. 2175:Slavery in the United States 2011:Oblate Sisters of Providence 1996:First African Baptist Church 1868:denominations, such as the 1702:School segregation in the US 1240:Black American Sign Language 1214:Languages and other dialects 7: 10527:Fuller Theological Seminary 10003:Pentecostal Holiness Church 9899:Southern Baptist Convention 8990:Black players in ice hockey 8925:National Urban League (NUL) 8751:American Society of Muslims 7989:Selma to Montgomery marches 7909:Brown v. Board of Education 6928:Robert Michael Franklin Jr. 6183:Faith Among Black Americans 5268:A Fiery Theology Under Fire 5142:American Slavery: 1619–1877 5024:Laroche, Cheryl J. (2013). 4942:, PBS, accessed 14 Jan 2009 4482:Maddex, Jack (April 1976). 4376:Journal of Southern History 4082:Journal of American Studies 3705:, Oxford University Press, 3524:Our Mother of Africa Chapel 3443: 3210:Other Baptist denominations 3172:National Baptist Convention 3166: 3119:(ME). Black members of the 3099:African Methodist Episcopal 2627:National Baptist Convention 1837:) is the faith and body of 529:African-American businesses 10: 10675: 10552:World Vision United States 10360:Contemporary worship music 10238:Los Angeles Crusade (1949) 10159:Calvary Chapel Association 9147:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 8905:Nashville Student Movement 7916:Children of the plantation 7394:African diaspora religions 7139:Venerable Pierre Toussaint 7134:William Augustine Williams 6838:William Augustus Jones Jr. 6135: 5912:Union Theological Seminary 5719:10.1177/154230501206600202 4500:10.1177/089692057600600310 4347:10.5040/9798400617263.0028 3888:10.1177/004057369204900218 3775:Sutton, Charyn D. (1992). 3494:African diaspora religions 3410:Sisters of the Holy Family 3388: 3285:Baptism of the Holy Spirit 3245: 3190:. Its founders, including 3175: 3140:Other Methodist connexions 3117:Methodist Episcopal Church 3108: 3040: 2888:Politics and social issues 2861: 2777: 2735: 2682: 2572:Charleston, South Carolina 2531: 2476:American Revolutionary War 2172: 2168: 2131:Reconstruction: 1865–1877 2047:denominations such as the 1976:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1067:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 742:Congressional Black Caucus 709:African Diaspora Religions 496:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 29: 10565: 10499: 10471:New Apostolic Reformation 10428: 10402: 10342: 10299:Christianity and abortion 10251: 10171: 10144: 10126: 10108: 10090: 10057: 10039: 10016: 9998:Pentecostal Church of God 9973: 9955: 9932: 9889: 9882: 9817: 9784:Index of related articles 9662: 9577: 9301: 9234: 9172: 9072: 9033: 8965: 8958: 8873: 8793: 8785:Doctrine of Father Divine 8731: 8673: 8322: 8177: 8169:Women's suffrage movement 8122:Reconstruction Amendments 7929:Voting Rights Act of 1965 7848: 7798:Native American religions 7681: 7566: 7555: 7400: 7331:Marcelino Manuel da Graça 7198: 7110: 6880: 6856: 6821: 6801: 6781: 6743:Stewart Cleveland Cureton 6731: 6706: 6686: 6666: 6646: 6621: 6614: 6585: 6565: 6480: 6377:Henrietta Phelps Jeffries 6265: 6258: 6240:Religion in Black America 6232: 6227:denominations and leaders 6159:University of Mississippi 6040:"The Story of Our Church" 5780:January 21, 2008, at the 4704:Robert Hamilton Bishop's 4232:Raboteau, Albert (1978). 4133:10.1017/s0009640700088697 4115:Ownby, Ted (March 2006). 4094:10.1017/s0021875803617123 3974:10.1017/s0009640700088697 3956:Ownby, Ted (March 2006). 3676:10.1017/s0009640700110674 3637:10.1017/s0009640700110674 3546:Religion in Black America 2756:Black Catholic revolution 2675:minister involved in the 2474:, freed Liele before the 2276:and the former enslaved 1574:US states and territories 875:American Life and History 597:Lift Every Voice and Sing 306:Treatment of the enslaved 18:African-American churches 10644:African-American culture 10593:Charles Grandison Finney 10476:Neo-charismatic movement 10446:Christian fundamentalism 10146:Nondenominational Family 10041:Congregationalist Family 9834:United States portal 9269:African-American English 8698:Inventors and scientists 8390:George Washington Carver 7994:Chicago Freedom Movement 7250:Global United Fellowship 7212:George Alexander McGuire 6913:Charles Edward Blake Sr. 6452:Theophilus Gould Steward 6297:George Lincoln Blackwell 5211:, National Public Radio. 4762:Wortham, Robert (2017). 4388:10.1353/soh.2023.a909871 3529:Traditional Black gospel 3504:Black sermonic tradition 3272:, he began teaching the 3091:Mother Bethel AME Church 2617:At the same time, black 2323:areas, slaves organized 2150:Civil Rights: 1954–1968 1776:United States portal 1183:African-American English 694:African-American Muslims 255:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 9757:African-American firsts 8806:Back-to-Africa movement 8775:Black Hebrew Israelites 8555:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 8103:Partus sequitur ventrem 7207:African Orthodox Church 7189:Cardinal Wilton Gregory 6958:Chandler David Owens Sr 6908:Church of God in Christ 6532:William Henry Singleton 6462:William Tecumseh Vernon 6442:Richard Henry Singleton 5663:Journal of Urban Health 5397:www.naltblackchurch.com 5352:www.naltblackchurch.com 5226:The Wall Street Journal 4622:10.1086/ahr/78.4.1132-a 4461:10.1086/ahr/78.4.1132-a 4205:Murphy, Joseph (1994). 3344:Apostolic Faith Mission 3248:Church of God in Christ 3242:Church of God in Christ 2742:Black Catholic Movement 2350:the early years of the 1886:United Church of Christ 1874:Church of God in Christ 1839:Christian denominations 1697:Reparations for slavery 785:Back-to-Africa movement 684:Black Hebrew Israelites 562:African-American beauty 10573:Aimee Semple McPherson 10486:Seven Mountain Mandate 10226:Fourth Great Awakening 10209:Second Great Awakening 10067:Church of the Nazarene 9725:Spingarn Medal winners 9214:States and territories 8985:Black NFL quarterbacks 8485:Martin Luther King Jr. 8017:Dred Scott v. Sandford 7956:Montgomery bus boycott 7567:Practices and concepts 6953:Charles Harrison Mason 6896:Apostolic Faith Church 6843:Martin Luther King Jr. 6718:Clinton Caldwell Boone 6638:Martin Luther King Jr. 6437:Reverdy Cassius Ransom 6392:Vashti Murphy McKenzie 4678:Maffly-Kipp, Laurie F. 4370:Ellis, Isaiah (2023). 4051:10.1086/ahr/109.5.1598 3334: 3254:Charles Harrison Mason 3052: 2727:1964 Civil Rights Act. 2695:Martin Luther King Jr. 2680: 2555: 2543: 2403:, Methodist preachers 2387: 2316: 2297:Nat Turner's Rebellion 2159:Current: 1968–present 2115:Antebellum: 1776–1861 2103: 1167:Dialects and languages 327:Second Great Migration 152: 10654:Christian terminology 10532:Moody Bible Institute 10481:Red-Letter Christians 10221:Third Great Awakening 10204:First Great Awakening 10077:Free Methodist Church 10018:Restorationist Family 10008:Apostolic Pentecostal 9983:Assemblies of God USA 9035:Athletic associations 8970:Negro league baseball 8741:African-American Jews 8460:Ketanji Brown Jackson 8425:Henry Highland Garnet 8284:Negro National Anthem 8034:George Floyd protests 7999:Post–civil rights era 7184:Archbishop James Lyke 7179:Fr Cyprian Davis, OSB 7082:(Elias Dempsey Smith) 6758:Willie James Jennings 6522:Jermain Wesley Loguen 6447:Charles Spencer Smith 6307:Jamal Harrison Bryant 6115:The American Prospect 5636:The American Prospect 5591:www.christianpost.com 5089:Documenting the South 4996:National Park Service 4488:Insurgent Sociologist 4074:"Albert J. Raboteau, 3997:"Marvin A. McMickle, 3915:Sociology of Religion 3328: 3268:. Upon his return to 3050: 2699:Ralph David Abernathy 2685:Civil rights movement 2669:Ralph David Abernathy 2667: 2660:Civil Rights movement 2552:Heard County, Georgia 2549: 2541: 2381: 2352:First Great Awakening 2310: 2198:, was created in the 2123:Civil War: 1861–1865 2098: 1960:Civil Rights movement 1904:. During the eras of 1579:US metropolitan areas 1406:List of neighborhoods 1020:Alabama Creole people 1010:African-American Jews 942:Negro league baseball 905:National Urban League 857:Civic/economic groups 689:African-American Jews 579:African-American hair 441:, after the Civil War 270:Post–civil rights era 147:Bethel AME Church in 146: 10649:1790 in Christianity 10441:Bapticostal movement 10355:Contemporary worship 10334:Second work of grace 10314:Evangelical theology 10179:Azusa Street Revival 9242:Afro-Seminole Creole 8768:Azusa Street Revival 8640:Booker T. Washington 8164:Underground Railroad 8029:Free people of color 7883:Atlantic slave trade 7286:Love Center Church ( 6963:Gilbert E. Patterson 6427:Clementa C. Pinckney 6357:Carolyn Tyler Guidry 6342:Jordan Winston Early 6157:(PhD dissertation). 5784:", October 25, 2007. 5297:McClatchy Newspapers 5194:"The Black Church", 4186:. Harvard University 3519:Our Lady of Ferguson 3458:United States portal 3398:Mary Elizabeth Lange 3309:. It is the site of 3262:Azusa Street Revival 3080:Free African Society 2738:Black Power movement 2732:Black Power movement 2518:Underground Railroad 2453:Petersburg, Virginia 2413:Free African Society 2325:underground churches 2255:Petersburg, Virginia 2107:Colonial: 1619–1776 1984:Petersburg, Virginia 1736:Criminal stereotypes 1511:District of Columbia 1228:Afro-Seminole Creole 670:Non-Christian groups 265:Black power movement 229:during the Civil War 198:Atlantic slave trade 65:improve this article 10466:Post-evangelicalism 10284:Biblical patriarchy 10274:Biblical literalism 9957:Presbyterian Family 9909:Missionary Baptists 9904:Independent Baptist 9637:Trinidad and Tobago 9252:Black American Sign 9079:By African descent 9073:Ethnic subdivisions 9060:Southwestern (SWAC) 8975:Baseball color line 8890:Black Panther Party 8794:Political movements 8711:in computer science 8370:Carol Moseley Braun 8159:Tulsa race massacre 8152:Treatment of slaves 7984:March on Washington 7979:Birmingham movement 7224:Charles Price Jones 7169:Sr Jamie Phelps, OP 6968:J. O. Patterson Jr. 6457:Henry McNeal Turner 6322:Archibald Carey Jr. 6312:John Richard Bryant 6098:. 27 November 2020. 5837:The Huffington Post 5481:Pew Research Center 5422:The Washington Post 5286:TUCC Talking points 5198:, Part 3: 1791–1831 5154:James T. Campbell, 5126:James T. Campbell, 5067:James T. Campbell, 4940:Africans in America 4526:Museum of the Bible 4184:The Harvard Gazette 3472:Christianity portal 3297:At a conference in 3281:Charles Price Jones 2824:liberation theology 2607:entirely sanctified 2491:Lexington, Kentucky 2263:Lexington, Kentucky 2200:British West Indies 2032:as compared to the 1990:. The oldest black 1132:Sierra Leone Creole 1093:Specific ancestries 978:Southwestern (SWAC) 501:Black History Month 332:New Great Migration 286:Agriculture history 10289:Biblical womanhood 10279:Biblical inerrancy 10214:Cane Ridge Revival 10026:Churches of Christ 9975:Pentecostal Family 9735:US representatives 9730:US cabinet members 9622:Dominican Republic 9209:Metropolitan areas 9050:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 8875:Civic and economic 8853:Self-determination 8674:Education, science 8595:Fred Shuttlesworth 8575:A. Philip Randolph 8480:Coretta Scott King 8405:Frederick Douglass 8232:Harlem Renaissance 8137:Separate but equal 8127:Reconstruction era 8115:Plessy v. Ferguson 8006:Cornerstone Speech 7920:Civil Rights Acts 7903:Black Lives Matter 7878:American Civil War 7539:Trinidadian Vodunu 7238:City of Refuge UCC 7154:Bishop John Ricard 6901:William J. Seymour 6597:William Yancy Bell 6512:Singleton T. Jones 6432:William Paul Quinn 6347:Orishatukeh Faduma 6337:James Levert Davis 6292:Benjamin W. Arnett 5817:2007-10-09 at the 5799:2008-01-09 at the 5615:has generic name ( 5440:Jeffrey S. Siker, 5291:2008-03-25 at the 5273:The New York Times 5266:Powell, Michael. " 4922:2012-02-14 at the 4267:2008-10-19 at the 3404:, who founded the 3335: 3313:'s final sermon, " 3311:Martin Luther King 3307:Memphis, Tennessee 3299:Memphis, Tennessee 3279:message. However, 3053: 3003:watchnight service 2915:health care reform 2795:The New York Times 2707:Fred Shuttlesworth 2681: 2588:Jackson, Tennessee 2556: 2544: 2534:Reconstruction era 2388: 2369:Frederick Douglass 2317: 2278:John Berry Meachum 2104: 1972:freed black people 1831:Black Christianity 1829:(sometimes termed 1141:Sexual orientation 1015:Afro-Puerto Ricans 968:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 603:Self-determination 567:Black is beautiful 233:Reconstruction era 153: 10621: 10620: 10309:Decision theology 10304:Christian Zionism 10269:Believers' Church 10167: 10166: 10092:Keswickian Family 9993:Foursquare Church 9919:Free Will Baptist 9842: 9841: 9670:African Americans 9542:Dallas–Fort Worth 9137:Black Southerners 9068: 9067: 8520:Thurgood Marshall 8490:Bernard Lafayette 8085:Million Man March 7842:African Americans 7808: 7807: 7720:Western occultism 7529:Spiritual Baptist 7360: 7359: 7338:Samuel C. Madison 7335:Walter McCollough 7119:Black Catholicism 6876: 6875: 6848:Gardner C. Taylor 6748:Joseph H. Jackson 6658:Lucy Goode Brooks 6610: 6609: 6557:Alexander Walters 6502:James Walker Hood 6497:Julia A. J. Foote 6467:D. Ormonde Walker 6422:Charles H. Pearce 6402:Lena Doolin Mason 5869:978-0-664-22864-4 5676:Crime and Justice 5566:on April 24, 2018 5534:New Ways Ministry 5299:, March 20, 2008. 5055:This Far by Faith 5009:John H. Spencer, 4998:. March 13, 2009. 4356:979-8-4006-1726-3 4341:: ii41–62. 2012. 4320:978-0-19-512128-5 4245:978-0-19-802031-8 4159:Catholic Standard 4045:. December 2004. 3761:978-0-8308-2586-8 3720:978-0-19-530173-1 3605:978-0-19-517413-7 3580:978-0-8223-1057-0 3402:Henriette DeLille 3391:Black Catholicism 3385:Black Catholicism 3258:Holiness movement 3192:Elias Camp Morris 2926:Same-sex marriage 2907:prison ministries 2878:M. Shawn Copeland 2870:Feminist theology 2864:Womanist theology 2858:Womanist theology 2802:for inspiration. 2764:religious sisters 2723:President Johnson 2650:reading education 2464:Savannah, Georgia 2429:Episcopal Church. 2286:Mississippi River 2259:Savannah, Georgia 2045:Wesleyan Holiness 1988:Savannah, Georgia 1974:—for example, in 1956:call and response 1847:African Americans 1822: 1821: 1759: 1758: 1657: 1656: 1431:Dallas-Fort Worth 1248: 1247: 1158: 1157: 1102:Americo-Liberians 985: 984: 923: 922: 848: 847: 717: 716: 661:Womanist theology 611: 610: 553:Symbols and ideas 339: 338: 218:Antebellum period 213:Revolutionary War 168:African Americans 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 10666: 10613:Jonathan Edwards 10557:Youth for Christ 10451:Evangelical left 10324:Kingdom theology 10128:Adventist Family 9887: 9886: 9869: 9862: 9855: 9846: 9845: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9794:Lynching victims 9293:Louisiana Creole 9264:American English 9152:Louisiana Creole 9125:Choctaw freedmen 8963: 8962: 8500:Huddie Ledbetter 8440:Fannie Lou Hamer 8410:W. E. B. Du Bois 8400:Claudette Colvin 8395:Shirley Chisholm 8212:Family structure 8080:Military history 7962:Browder v. Gayle 7835: 7828: 7821: 7812: 7811: 7574:Animal sacrifice 7561: 7499:Louisiana Voodoo 7387: 7380: 7373: 7364: 7363: 7302:Spencer Churches 7010:Robert C. Lawson 6983:F. D. Washington 6933:Samuel Green Jr. 6868:Benjamin Randall 6619: 6618: 6602:William H. Miles 6537:John Bryan Small 6372:Reginald Jackson 6367:William H. Heard 6263: 6262: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6162: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6067:. Archived from 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6042:. Archived from 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6020:baptistworld.org 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5993:. Archived from 5987: 5981: 5980: 5974: 5966: 5956: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5827: 5821: 5809: 5803: 5791: 5785: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5752: 5751:, Vol. 43, 1998. 5745: 5739: 5738: 5698: 5692: 5685: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5614: 5610: 5608: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5327:10.5323/48581555 5306: 5300: 5283: 5277: 5264: 5258: 5236: 5230: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5172:. Archived from 5166: 5160: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5058: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5021: 5015: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4949: 4943: 4933: 4927: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4883:. Archived from 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4822:and Associates. 4816: 4805: 4798: 4789: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4746: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4717: 4711: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4674: 4663: 4662: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4616:. October 1973. 4606: 4600: 4599: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4455:. October 1973. 4445: 4439: 4438: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4296: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4011:(1–2): 262–264. 3992: 3986: 3985: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3747: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3566: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3200:Atlanta, Georgia 2851:Black Girl Magic 2711:Wyatt Tee Walker 2596:William H. Miles 2550:Church goers in 2329:invisible church 1876:(COGIC), or the 1814: 1807: 1800: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1721:media depictions 1670: 1669: 1565:Population count 1261: 1260: 1195:Liberian English 1174:English dialects 1171: 1170: 1127:Samaná Americans 1052:Creoles of color 998: 997: 936: 935: 880:Black conductors 861: 860: 730: 729: 704:Louisiana Voodoo 626: 625: 371:Family structure 354: 353: 301:Military history 296:Business history 227:military history 182: 181: 155: 154: 149:Palatka, Florida 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 10674: 10673: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10624: 10623: 10622: 10617: 10603:Franklin Graham 10598:Dwight L. Moody 10561: 10547:Promise Keepers 10495: 10424: 10398: 10394:Sinner's prayer 10377:Revival meeting 10367:Mourner's bench 10338: 10259:Baptism by fire 10247: 10243:Revival of 1800 10233:Healing revival 10199:Great Awakening 10163: 10140: 10122: 10110:Reformed Family 10104: 10086: 10072:Wesleyan Church 10059:Holiness Family 10053: 10035: 10012: 9969: 9951: 9934:Lutheran Family 9928: 9878: 9873: 9843: 9838: 9828: 9826: 9813: 9779:Historic places 9772:US state firsts 9658: 9573: 9297: 9230: 9202:2010 majorities 9197:2000 majorities 9168: 9115:Black Seminoles 9064: 9055:Southern (SIAC) 9038: 9037:and conferences 9036: 9029: 9025:Serena Williams 9020:Jackie Robinson 8954: 8878: 8876: 8869: 8789: 8756:Nation of Islam 8727: 8675: 8669: 8610:Sojourner Truth 8600:Clarence Thomas 8565:Gabriel Prosser 8465:Michael Jackson 8340:Crispus Attucks 8330:Ralph Abernathy 8318: 8274:Musical theater 8173: 8039:Great Migration 8011:COVID-19 impact 7969:Sit-in movement 7844: 7839: 7809: 7804: 7677: 7613:Hot foot powder 7562: 7553: 7396: 7391: 7361: 7356: 7194: 7174:Clarence Rivers 7149:George Clements 7106: 7065:J. Delano Ellis 7046:Ida B. Robinson 6998:Lennox Yearwood 6988:Dickerson Wells 6943:O. T. Jones Sr. 6872: 6852: 6833:Ralph Abernathy 6817: 6813:S. M. Lockridge 6797: 6777: 6727: 6702: 6682: 6662: 6642: 6606: 6581: 6568:A.U.M.P. Church 6561: 6547:Jeffery Tribble 6476: 6362:Sarah E. Gorham 6317:Richard H. Cain 6254: 6228: 6221: 6169: 6140: 6134: 6132:Further reading 6129: 6119: 6117: 6107: 6103: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6074: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6049: 6047: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6024: 6022: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6000: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5950: 5941: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5914: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5892: 5890: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5828: 5824: 5819:Wayback Machine 5810: 5806: 5801:Wayback Machine 5792: 5788: 5782:Wayback Machine 5773: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5746: 5742: 5699: 5695: 5686: 5682: 5673: 5669: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5628: 5624: 5612: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5554:Hahn, Heather. 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5483:. June 26, 2017 5475: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5439: 5435: 5426: 5424: 5414: 5410: 5401: 5399: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5377: 5375: 5374:. 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Glaude 5237: 5233: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5192: 5188: 5179: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5152: 5148: 5140:Peter Kolchin, 5139: 5135: 5124: 5120: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5083: 5076: 5065: 5061: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5022: 5018: 5007: 5003: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4950: 4946: 4934: 4930: 4924:Wayback Machine 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4890: 4888: 4877: 4873: 4864: 4862: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4835: 4833: 4820:Abdul Alkalimat 4817: 4808: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4726: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4702: 4695: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4659: 4641: 4637: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4588:10.2307/3167344 4568: 4564: 4555: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4530: 4528: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4480: 4476: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4427:10.2307/3167344 4407: 4403: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4297: 4293: 4282: 4275: 4269:Wayback Machine 4260: 4253: 4246: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4176: 4172: 4163: 4161: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4113: 4109: 4070: 4066: 4037: 4036: 4032: 3993: 3989: 3954: 3950: 3927:10.2307/3712407 3907: 3903: 3864: 3857: 3834:10.2307/3167344 3814: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3748: 3733: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3695: 3691: 3656: 3652: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3486:Religion portal 3484: 3477: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3414:Augustus Tolton 3393: 3387: 3323: 3250: 3244: 3239: 3212: 3180: 3174: 3169: 3142: 3113: 3107: 3045: 3039: 3023: 3015: 2988:Langston Hughes 2974: 2947: 2890: 2866: 2860: 2832:Jeremiah Wright 2782: 2776: 2744: 2736:Main articles: 2734: 2687: 2662: 2536: 2530: 2514:freedom seekers 2457:Great Awakening 2393: 2274:John Mason Peck 2239:Great Awakening 2182: 2177: 2171: 2093: 2088: 2058:Attacks by the 1968: 1818: 1770: 1768: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1711: 1667: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1598: 1560: 1536:Omaha, Nebraska 1501:Historic places 1495: 1387: 1258: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1209: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1136: 1088: 1030:Black Seminoles 995: 994:Sub-communities 987: 986: 973:Southern (SIAC) 933: 925: 924: 919: 874: 858: 850: 849: 844: 761: 727: 719: 718: 713: 699:Nation of Islam 665: 642: 623: 613: 612: 607: 548: 515: 482: 454: 415: 391:Musical theater 351: 341: 340: 322:Great Migration 179: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 32:Biserica Neagră 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10672: 10662: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10588:C. I. Scofield 10585: 10580: 10575: 10569: 10567: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10461:Jesus movement 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10406: 10404: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10384: 10374: 10372:Prayer warrior 10369: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10352: 10346: 10344: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10206: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10150: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10132: 10130: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10120: 10114: 10112: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10096: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10079: 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8881: 8879: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8838:Pan-Africanism 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8808: 8803: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8782: 8780:Black theology 8777: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8743: 8737: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8721:in STEM fields 8718: 8713: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8679: 8677: 8676:and technology 8671: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8615:Harriet Tubman 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8545:Michelle Obama 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8475:Barbara Jordan 8472: 8470:Harriet Jacobs 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8360:Amelia Boynton 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8326: 8324: 8323:Notable people 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8259:LGBT community 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8111: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8058: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8013: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7974:Freedom Riders 7971: 7966: 7958: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7918: 7913: 7905: 7900: 7898:Black genocide 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7838: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7815: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7778: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7687: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7623:Kromanti dance 7620: 7615: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7534:Tambor de Mina 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7469: 7467:Dominican Vudú 7464: 7459: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7390: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7367: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7351:Emilio Alvarez 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7291: 7288:Walter Hawkins 7284: 7277: 7270: 7258: 7246: 7243:Yvette Flunder 7234: 7227: 7215: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7075: 7068: 7056: 7049: 7037: 7030: 7024: 7022:James F. Jones 7013: 7001: 6995: 6993:Timothy Wright 6990: 6985: 6980: 6978:Ted Thomas Sr. 6975: 6973:Wayne Perryman 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6904: 6892: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6864: 6862: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6789: 6787: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6739: 6737: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6698:Paul S. Morton 6694: 6692: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6629: 6627: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6492:William H. Day 6488: 6486: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6412:Lyman S. Parks 6409: 6407:Robert Meacham 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6277:John Adams Sr. 6273: 6271: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6233:General themes 6230: 6229: 6220: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6167:External links 6165: 6164: 6163: 6148: 6136:Main article: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6101: 6081: 6056: 6031: 6007: 5982: 5948: 5923: 5899: 5875: 5868: 5850: 5822: 5812:Black Nativity 5804: 5794:Black Nativity 5786: 5767: 5753: 5740: 5693: 5680: 5667: 5649: 5622: 5577: 5546: 5520: 5494: 5468: 5457:. 29 July 2015 5446: 5444:, 2007, p. 49. 5433: 5408: 5384: 5363: 5339: 5301: 5278: 5276:, May 4, 2008. 5259: 5231: 5213: 5201: 5196:Brotherly Love 5186: 5161: 5146: 5133: 5118: 5112:Anne H. Pinn, 5105: 5093: 5074: 5059: 5051:"Daniel Payne" 5043: 5036: 5016: 5001: 4977: 4964: 4944: 4936:"George Liele" 4928: 4909: 4897: 4879:Rimsa, Kelly. 4871: 4842: 4806: 4800:Anne H. Pinn, 4790: 4781: 4774: 4754: 4733: 4712: 4693: 4664: 4657: 4651:. p. 13. 4635: 4601: 4582:(3): 349–350. 4576:Church History 4562: 4537: 4513: 4474: 4440: 4421:(3): 349–350. 4415:Church History 4401: 4382:(4): 750–751. 4362: 4355: 4326: 4319: 4291: 4284:H. E. Nutter, 4273: 4251: 4244: 4224: 4217: 4197: 4170: 4146: 4127:(1): 219–221. 4121:Church History 4107: 4064: 4030: 4017:10.1086/696644 3987: 3968:(1): 219–221. 3962:Church History 3948: 3901: 3882:(2): 266–268. 3876:Theology Today 3855: 3828:(3): 349–350. 3822:Church History 3808: 3784: 3767: 3760: 3731: 3719: 3689: 3670:(2): 416–417. 3664:Church History 3650: 3631:(2): 416–417. 3625:Church History 3611: 3604: 3586: 3579: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3509:Black theology 3506: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3475: 3461: 3445: 3442: 3438:Wilton Gregory 3389:Main article: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3322: 3319: 3246:Main article: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3237:Pentecostalism 3235: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3176:Main article: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3138: 3109:Main article: 3106: 3103: 3041:Main article: 3038: 3035: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3007:New Year's Eve 2996:Three Wise Men 2983:Black Nativity 2978:Christmas play 2973: 2970: 2966:public schools 2946: 2943: 2889: 2886: 2882:Diana L. Hayes 2862:Main article: 2859: 2856: 2811:Dwight Hopkins 2786:black theology 2780:Black theology 2778:Main article: 2775: 2774:Black theology 2772: 2754:that April. A 2748:James Earl Ray 2733: 2730: 2661: 2658: 2529: 2528:Reconstruction 2526: 2440:Francis Asbury 2392: 2389: 2181: 2178: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2022:segregationist 1967: 1964: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1894:Black Catholic 1820: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1682:Black genocide 1678: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1589:US communities 1586: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1546:South Carolina 1543: 1541:North Carolina 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1363:South Carolina 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1343:North Carolina 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1200:Samaná English 1197: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1150:LGBT community 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107:Creek Freedmen 1104: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1077:Carmel Indians 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1006: 1003: 1002: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 983: 982: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 958:Central (CIAA) 952: 951: 947: 946: 945: 944: 934: 931: 930: 927: 926: 921: 920: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 869: 866: 865: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 846: 845: 843: 842: 837: 832: 827: 825:Pan-Africanism 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 771: 768: 767: 763: 762: 760: 759: 754: 749: 744: 738: 735: 734: 728: 725: 724: 721: 720: 715: 714: 712: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 675: 672: 671: 667: 666: 664: 663: 658: 656:Black theology 652: 649: 648: 644: 643: 641: 640: 634: 631: 630: 624: 619: 618: 615: 614: 609: 608: 606: 605: 600: 593: 588: 587: 586: 576: 571: 570: 569: 558: 555: 554: 550: 549: 547: 546: 541: 536: 531: 525: 522: 521: 520:Economic class 517: 516: 514: 513: 508: 503: 498: 492: 489: 488: 484: 483: 481: 480: 475: 470: 464: 461: 460: 459:Academic study 456: 455: 453: 452: 447: 442: 436: 431: 425: 422: 421: 417: 416: 414: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 362: 359: 358: 352: 347: 346: 343: 342: 337: 336: 335: 334: 329: 324: 316: 315: 311: 310: 309: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 280: 279: 275: 274: 273: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 241: 240: 230: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 187: 186: 180: 175: 174: 171: 170: 164: 163: 139: 138: 80:"Black church" 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10671: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10608:Jerry Falwell 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10566:Major figures 10564: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10427: 10421: 10420:Televangelism 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10392: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10341: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10125: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10056: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9972: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9865: 9863: 9858: 9856: 9851: 9850: 9847: 9835: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9804:Neighborhoods 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9767:Sports firsts 9765: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9569:West Virginia 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9506:Pennsylvania 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9486: 9485:New York City 9483: 9482: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9329:San Francisco 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302:By state/city 9300: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9247:American Sign 9245: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9233: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9180:Neighborhoods 9178: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9111: 9110:Black Indians 9108: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9032: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8957: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8872: 8866: 8863: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8792: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8688:Black schools 8686: 8684: 8683:Black studies 8681: 8680: 8678: 8672: 8666: 8665:Whitney Young 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8655:Oprah Winfrey 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8625:Denmark Vesey 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8570:Joseph Rainey 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8525:Toni Morrison 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8510:Joseph Lowery 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8455:Jesse Jackson 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8445:Kamala Harris 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8430:Marcus Garvey 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8380:Blanche Bruce 8378: 8376: 8375:Edward Brooke 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8365:James Bradley 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8345:James Baldwin 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8289:Neighborhoods 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:Silent Parade 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8070:Jim Crow laws 8068: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7893:Black cowboys 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7824: 7822: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7713:Protestantism 7711: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7683:Diverse roots 7680: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7579:Fetish priest 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7472:Haitian Vodou 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7383: 7381: 7376: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7319:Otis Moss III 7316: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7307:Peter Spencer 7304: 7303: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7027:James Shaffer 7025: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938:Edwin Hawkins 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6923:Sandra Crouch 6921: 6919: 6918:Andraé Crouch 6916: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6773:W. J. Simmons 6771: 6769: 6768:Benjamin Mays 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753:T. J. Jemison 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6578: 6577:Peter Spencer 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6542:Mary J. Small 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527:John E. Price 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6473: 6472:Lewis Woodson 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6382:Absalom Jones 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6332:James H. Cone 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282:Richard Allen 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6206: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6071:on 2007-05-02 6070: 6066: 6060: 6046:on 2007-05-13 6045: 6041: 6035: 6021: 6017: 6011: 5997:on 2007-01-06 5996: 5992: 5986: 5978: 5972: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5871: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5771: 5763: 5757: 5750: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5684: 5677: 5671: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5653: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5606: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5373: 5367: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5328: 5324: 5321:(1): 98–131. 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5295:; see also , 5294: 5290: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5256: 5255:0-664-22459-8 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5190: 5176:on 2007-06-07 5175: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5157: 5156:Songs of Zion 5150: 5143: 5137: 5130: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5102: 5097: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5071: 5070: 5069:Songs of Zion 5063: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5039: 5037:9780252095894 5033: 5029: 5028: 5020: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4967: 4965:9780195174137 4961: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4887:on 2007-04-13 4886: 4882: 4875: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4832:on 2007-04-08 4831: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4785: 4777: 4775:9781498530361 4771: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4743: 4737: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4707: 4700: 4698: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4658:0-415-94180-6 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4228: 4220: 4218:9780807012215 4214: 4210: 4209: 4201: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3860: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3798: 3797:www.usccb.org 3794: 3788: 3780: 3779: 3771: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3561: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3448: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3331:John H. White 3327: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3137: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3073:Absalom Jones 3070: 3066: 3062: 3061:Richard Allen 3058: 3051:Richard Allen 3049: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3013:Denominations 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2951:disinvestment 2942: 2938: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899:gang violence 2896: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2611:camp meetings 2608: 2604: 2603:Church of God 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2548: 2540: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2409:Richard Allen 2406: 2405:Absalom Jones 2402: 2397: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2344:psychological 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:slave revolts 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2220:praise houses 2216: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2186: 2176: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2049:Church of God 2046: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:Peter Durrett 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1925:congregations 1921: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1890:Church of God 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1843:congregations 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1752: 1751:Minstrel show 1749: 1747: 1746:Magical Negro 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1663: 1662: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1556:West Virginia 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1491:San Francisco 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1471:New York City 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1254: 1253: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1122:Nova Scotians 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1025:Black Indians 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1005: 1004: 1000: 999: 991: 990: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 963:HBCU (HBCUAC) 961: 959: 956: 955: 954: 953: 949: 948: 943: 940: 939: 938: 937: 929: 928: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 871: 870: 868: 867: 864:Organizations 863: 862: 854: 853: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 770: 769: 765: 764: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 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Wells 8635:David Walker 8630:C. T. Vivian 8585:Paul Robeson 8580:Hiram Revels 8560:Colin Powell 8540:Barack Obama 8495:James Lawson 8450:Jimi Hendrix 8420:James Farmer 8415:Medgar Evers 8385:Ralph Bunche 8335:Maya Angelou 8309:Middle class 8187:Afrofuturism 8113: 8101: 8094: 8015: 7960: 7907: 7873:Afrocentrism 7863:Abolitionism 7703:Christianity 7618:Jazz funeral 7504:María Lionza 7423:Black church 7422: 7344: 7341:C.M. Bailey) 7324: 7312: 7300: 7293: 7279: 7272: 7260: 7248: 7236: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7117: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7077: 7070: 7058: 7051: 7039: 7032: 7015: 7003: 6906: 6894: 6887: 6857: 6822: 6802: 6782: 6732: 6707: 6687: 6678:David George 6667: 6647: 6633:Vernon Johns 6622: 6586: 6566: 6552:James Varick 6507:Thomas James 6481: 6417:Daniel Payne 6387:Ben Kinchlow 6327:Daniel Coker 6302:Morris Brown 6266: 6225:Black church 6224: 6153: 6144: 6118:. Retrieved 6114: 6104: 6093: 6084: 6073:. Retrieved 6069:the original 6059: 6048:. Retrieved 6044:the original 6034: 6023:. 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Vivian 2688: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2616: 2600: 2585: 2577: 2570:returned to 2564:Daniel Payne 2560:emancipation 2557: 2521: 2508: 2488: 2480:Andrew Bryan 2468:George Liele 2461: 2451: 2444: 2433: 2417: 2398: 2394: 2364:Curse of Ham 2361: 2348: 2336:Christianity 2318: 2313:hush harbors 2290: 2271: 2252: 2225:Evangelical 2224: 2217: 2208:Christianity 2195: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2142:: 1877–1965 2139: 2081:communities. 2064: 2060:Ku Klux Klan 2057: 2042: 2038: 2015: 2007:St Augustine 1969: 1952: 1943: 1922: 1918: 1898: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1834: 1830: 1827:Black Church 1826: 1823: 1649:Sierra Leone 1481:Philadelphia 1451:Jacksonville 1047:Brass Ankles 800:Conservatism 775:Afrocentrism 747:Joint Center 638:Black church 637: 629:Institutions 544:Billionaires 534:Middle class 487:Celebrations 450:Fraternities 127: 118: 108: 101: 94: 87: 75: 63:Please help 58:verification 55: 10319:Full Gospel 9740:US senators 9710:Republicans 9695:Journalists 9552:San Antonio 9517:Puerto Rico 9458:Mississippi 9351:Tallahassee 9324:Los Angeles 9015:Jesse Owens 9000:Arthur Ashe 8858:Nationalism 8848:Raised fist 8811:Black power 8716:in medicine 8650:Roy Wilkins 8605:Emmett Till 8590:Al Sharpton 8355:Julian Bond 8350:James Bevel 8314:Upper class 8304:Stereotypes 8197:Black mecca 8109:Plantations 7888:Black Codes 7757:Fon and Ewe 7708:Catholicism 7668:Voodoo doll 7648:Nine nights 7428:Catholicism 6948:John P. Kee 6881:Pentecostal 6763:Henry Lyons 6517:John Kinard 6397:Biddy Mason 6352:Floyd Flake 6287:Sarah Allen 5749:Social Work 5560:www.umc.org 5239:Cornel West 3277:Pentecostal 3266:Los Angeles 3031:John Wesley 2962:brownstones 2828:controversy 2760:integration 2703:Bernard Lee 2586:In 1870 in 2391:Free blacks 2333:Evangelical 2196:Slave Bible 2053:New Orleans 1910:segregation 1872:(AME), the 1717:Stereotypes 1644:Nova Scotia 1526:Mississippi 1486:San Antonio 1466:Los Angeles 1401:Black mecca 1328:Mississippi 1235:Negro Dutch 1057:Dominickers 1001:Multiethnic 910:TransAfrica 820:Nationalism 790:Black power 574:Black pride 539:Upper class 238:Politicians 10628:Categories 10415:Megachurch 10350:Altar call 10329:Quiverfull 10294:Born again 9685:Astronauts 9475:New Jersey 9319:California 8823:Capitalism 8620:Nat Turner 8550:Rosa Parks 8535:Diane Nash 8505:John Lewis 8294:Newspapers 8264:Literature 8249:Juneteenth 8202:Businesses 8056:Exodusters 8024:Free Negro 7658:Spirituals 7255:Neil Ellis 6793:R. 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