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and Tim Moore. The key to Leslie's success was the exceptional talent he found. “Leslie managed to build his black revues around one or more dynamic performers, who could carry a modest show to success.” Although these productions showcased black talent, they were almost completely created by white
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was the first full-length New York musical comedy written, directed and performed exclusively by blacks. The approach of the two composers were diametrically opposed: Cole believed that
African Americans should try to compete with European Americans by proving their ability to act similarly on- and
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have been credited with creating the first
American musicals in the 1870s. Trained opera singers, they toured the United States for 20 years, performing 'comic operas' that broke with minstrel show stereotypes and told stories about slavery and freedom. Another pioneering Black touring group was
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was common. Minstrel shows were often performed in early history and were inspired by black music. These shows were first performed by white people who used black face in the 1800s. Many of these performers wore old ripped clothing, some actually stolen from slaves, to “represent” the enslaved
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among many others – is the most famous black musical of the 1930s. It is called a black musical because of the
African American cast, even though neither the music or plot is of the “Negro inspiration” like the creators proclaim.
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that established the Negro Unit with programs in 22 cities. This gave a new break to the struggling artists. The Negro Unit avoided musical comedies, but had a few musicals with black cast including Eubie Blake's
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with almost $ 18,000 in debt. "One of the most popular black shows of the 1920s; began to tinker with the pattern of segregation". The creators of the astronomical point in history are The Dixie Duo,
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focused on elevating the lyrical sophistication of
African American songs. Their first collaboration was "Louisiana Lize", a love song written in a new lyrical style that left out the
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writers and composers. In an interview, Leslie made a remarkable claim that “They (white men) understand the colored man better than he does himself. Colored composers excel at
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marked the nadir in the history of black musical comedy, symbolizing the end of tradition and experimentation in black musical theater on
Broadway". This also led the
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was a milestone in the development of the black musical, and it became the model by which all black musicals were judged until well into the 1930s."
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George Walker, Adah
Overton Walker and Bert Williams dance the cakewalk in the first Broadway musical written and performed by African Americans,
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in Harlem but the show was a financial and critical failure and Joplin was ruined and retreated into retirement until his death in 1917.
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process in 1923. These short films are a record of music similar to the work these four men were doing on stage at the time...
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African
Americans. Along with the clothing, the white performers portrayed black people out to be lazy, thieves, and dumb.
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offstage, while Cook thought
African Americans should not imitate European Americans but instead create their own style.
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In the late 20th and 21st century, predominantly Black musical theatre shows became more common. Notable shows include
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Staging Faith: Religion and
African American Theater from the Harlem Renaissance to World War II.
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Ragged But Right: Black
Travelling Shows, 'Coon Songs', and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz
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process, singing their composition "De Ducks", while Sissle and Blake made three films in the
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3201:"Detroit native, Cass Tech alum Michael R. Jackson wins Pulitzer for off-Broadway musical"
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However, one black musical comedy succeeded and twisted the new realm of musical theater,
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features multiple Black characters, ensemble members and a story about integration.
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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and ran for 119 performances, including a 14-week overrun, finishing at the
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in 2020, becoming the first African American musical to win this award.
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53: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
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The Pekin: The Rise and Fall of Chicago's First Black-Owned Theater
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from 1906 to 1909, along with other African American stars such as
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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2344:. They played different venues while putting together their act.
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Cole and the Johnson brothers went on to create musicals such as
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brought black-written musical comedy to Broadway in 1898. Cook's
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Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1989; pg. 1.
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2985:"Sacramento Sisters Originators of the First American Musical"
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on Broadway was a "secondhand vision of black life created by
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in 1893, while they played Dahomeyans in an exhibit of the
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Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.
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substituted for him during the final week of the run.
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California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894
2899:
2972:
Black Musical Theater: From Coontown to Dreamgirls.
2889:
Black Musical Theater: From Coontown to Dreamgirls.
2698:(1939). Another modern version of the classics was
1680:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
2328:", found fame in 1896 with a musical farce called
2669:, which closed in 1937 and lessened hope for the
2470:in 1915. Their career was brief but successful. "
5255:
4344:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
3016:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 107.
2170:in Chicago was a popular and influential venue.
16:Musical theater productions by African Americans
4389:Black players in professional American football
4339:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2950:. University of Illinois Press. pp. xiii.
2423:and black musical theater went into a hiatus.
2260:, razors, and "hot mamas" typical of earlier "
2185:Before the late 1890s, the image portrayed of
407:Education of freed people during the Civil War
3235:
2124:
1778:
4102:Historically black colleges and universities
418:Historically black colleges and universities
2760:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2146:includes late 19th- and early 20th-century
402:Education during the slave period in the US
3242:
3228:
2884:New York: New York University Press, 2014.
2647:(1935) – starring Will Marion Cook's wife
2575:revues, featuring such talents as singers
2557:
2131:
2117:
1785:
1771:
725:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
4319:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
2780:Learn how and when to remove this message
181:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2569:staged the first of a popular series of
2499:In 1921, Miller and Lyles appeared in a
2304:
2231:Clorindy, or The Origin of the Cake Walk
111:of all important aspects of the article.
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2977:
2397:. George Walker died during the run of
2347:Williams and Walker were dropped from "
2336:was successful. Williams met Walker in
2300:
1832:Scene from original 1957 production of
5256:
5218:Topics related to the African diaspora
4324:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
3009:
2945:
107:Please consider expanding the lead to
5198:Landmark African-American legislation
3249:
3223:
3003:
2565:In 1928, white producer and director
923:Athletic associations and conferences
412:History of African-American education
5269:Musical theatre in the United States
4329:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
2758:adding citations to reliable sources
2725:
846:Association for the Study of African
80:
51:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4683:African-American Vernacular English
1660:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1161:African-American Vernacular English
730:National Conference of Black Mayors
13:
4601:U.S. cities with large populations
4304:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2874:
2853:is led by a Black character while
2408:
2162:. Actors from troupes such as the
863:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
5285:
3474:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
3470:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
3277:African American founding fathers
3198:
2182:opened in New York City in 1821.
2166:also crossed over into film. The
1567:Places by plurality of population
233:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
223:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
176:Abolitionism in the United States
5236:
4354:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
3499:Nadir of American race relations
2902:
2730:
2595:revues were staged in 1930 with
2536:was premiered July 12, 1927, on
2444:In May 1921, the surprising hit
2173:
2144:African-American musical theater
2100:
1826:
1742:
264:Black Belt in the American South
85:
23:
3360:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
3350:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
3192:
3179:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3102:
2332:. The duo's performance of the
868:National Council of Negro Women
99:may be too short to adequately
34:needs additional citations for
4349:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
3355:Civil right movement 1896–1954
3089:
3076:
3063:
3050:
3037:
2964:
2939:
2721:
1665:Racism against Black Americans
109:provide an accessible overview
1:
4529:Cherokee freedmen controversy
3505:The Negro Motorist Green Book
2933:
2825:Tina: The Tina Turner Musical
2682:(1937), a "modernization" of
2658:Works Progress Administration
873:National Pan-Hellenic Council
2991:. CBS News. 12 February 2021
2524:
1675:School segregation in the US
1213:Black American Sign Language
1187:Languages and other dialects
7:
4399:Black players in ice hockey
4334:National Urban League (NUL)
4160:American Society of Muslims
3398:Selma to Montgomery marches
3318:Brown v. Board of Education
2895:
502:African-American businesses
10:
5290:
4556:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
4314:Nashville Student Movement
3325:Children of the plantation
3114:Internet Broadway Database
2550:
2193:performers." Stereotyped "
1802:This article is part of a
1040:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
715:Congressional Black Caucus
682:African Diaspora Religions
469:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5226:
5193:Index of related articles
5071:
4986:
4710:
4643:
4581:
4481:
4442:
4374:
4367:
4282:
4202:
4194:Doctrine of Father Divine
4140:
4082:
3731:
3586:
3578:Women's suffrage movement
3531:Reconstruction Amendments
3338:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3257:
2585:Bill "Bojangles" Robinson
2482:, who wrote the book for
1547:US states and territories
848:American Life and History
570:Lift Every Voice and Sing
279:Treatment of the enslaved
5264:African-American theatre
5243:United States portal
4678:African-American English
4107:Inventors and scientists
3799:George Washington Carver
3403:Chicago Freedom Movement
2869:Pulitzer Prize for Drama
2718:with an all-black cast.
2692:. This was followed by
2587:and top-flight funnyman
2583:, dancer extraordinaire
2462:, who met at a party in
2383:, and Will Marion Cook.
2238:'s Roof Garden. Cole's
1749:United States portal
1156:African-American English
667:African-American Muslims
228:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
5166:African-American firsts
4215:Back-to-Africa movement
4184:Black Hebrew Israelites
3964:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
3512:Partus sequitur ventrem
2946:Bauman, Thomas (2014).
2671:Federal Theater Project
2662:Federal Theater Project
2269:The Belle of Bridgeport
1670:Reparations for slavery
758:Back-to-Africa movement
657:Black Hebrew Israelites
535:African-American beauty
5274:African-American music
5134:Spingarn Medal winners
4623:States and territories
4394:Black NFL quarterbacks
3894:Martin Luther King Jr.
3426:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3365:Montgomery bus boycott
3187:Black Musical Theater,
3174:Black Musical Theater,
3161:Black Musical Theater,
3148:Black Musical Theater,
3135:Black Musical Theater,
3097:Black Musical Theater,
3084:Black Musical Theater,
3071:Black Musical Theater,
3058:Black Musical Theater,
3045:Black Musical Theater,
2923:African American music
2494:Harry Lawrence Freeman
2434:attempted to stage an
2314:
2248:Bob Cole and brothers
1140:Dialects and languages
300:Second Great Migration
4444:Athletic associations
4379:Negro league baseball
4150:African-American Jews
3869:Ketanji Brown Jackson
3834:Henry Highland Garnet
3693:Negro National Anthem
3443:George Floyd protests
3408:Post–civil rights era
3116:. The Broadway League
3010:Abbott, Lynn (2009).
2708:(1943), a version of
2686:’s classic operetta,
2308:
2283:The Shoo-Fly Regiment
2250:John Rosamond Johnson
2180:African Grove Theatre
1552:US metropolitan areas
1379:List of neighborhoods
993:Alabama Creole people
983:African-American Jews
915:Negro league baseball
878:National Urban League
830:Civic/economic groups
662:African-American Jews
552:African-American hair
414:, after the Civil War
243:Post–civil rights era
4651:Afro-Seminole Creole
4177:Azusa Street Revival
4049:Booker T. Washington
3573:Underground Railroad
3438:Free people of color
3292:Atlantic slave trade
2910:United States portal
2754:improve this section
2702:'s Broadway musical
2700:Oscar Hammerstein II
2684:Gilbert and Sullivan
2377:Paul Laurence Dunbar
2301:National recognition
2254:James Weldon Johnson
2197:" were popular, and
2107:United States portal
1709:Criminal stereotypes
1484:District of Columbia
1201:Afro-Seminole Creole
643:Non-Christian groups
238:Black power movement
202:during the Civil War
171:Atlantic slave trade
47:improve this article
5046:Trinidad and Tobago
4661:Black American Sign
4488:By African descent
4482:Ethnic subdivisions
4469:Southwestern (SWAC)
4384:Baseball color line
4299:Black Panther Party
4203:Political movements
4120:in computer science
3779:Carol Moseley Braun
3568:Tulsa race massacre
3561:Treatment of slaves
3393:March on Washington
3388:Birmingham movement
2989:CBS News Sacramento
2880:Craig R. Prentiss,
2795:Once on This Island
2611:, and in 1939 with
1105:Sierra Leone Creole
1066:Specific ancestries
951:Southwestern (SWAC)
474:Black History Month
305:New Great Migration
259:Agriculture history
5144:US representatives
5139:US cabinet members
5031:Dominican Republic
4618:Metropolitan areas
4459:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
4284:Civic and economic
4262:Self-determination
4083:Education, science
4004:Fred Shuttlesworth
3984:A. Philip Randolph
3889:Coretta Scott King
3814:Frederick Douglass
3641:Harlem Renaissance
3546:Separate but equal
3536:Reconstruction era
3524:Plessy v. Ferguson
3415:Cornerstone Speech
3329:Civil Rights Acts
3312:Black Lives Matter
3287:American Civil War
3205:Detroit Free Press
2861:Michael R. Jackson
2548:October 24, 1927.
2403:Ada Overton Walker
2363:The Policy Players
2315:
2295:Sally in Our Alley
2241:A Trip to Coontown
1114:Sexual orientation
988:Afro-Puerto Ricans
941:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
576:Self-determination
540:Black is beautiful
206:Reconstruction era
5251:
5250:
5079:African Americans
4951:Dallas–Fort Worth
4546:Black Southerners
4477:
4476:
3929:Thurgood Marshall
3899:Bernard Lafayette
3494:Million Man March
3251:African Americans
3023:978-1-60473-148-4
2790:
2789:
2782:
2375:(1903) alongside
2349:Isham's Octoroons
2216:Smart Set Company
2212:Sherman H. Dudley
2191:European-American
2187:African-Americans
2164:Lafayette Players
2152:African Americans
2141:
2140:
1817:
1795:
1794:
1732:
1731:
1630:
1629:
1404:Dallas-Fort Worth
1221:
1220:
1131:
1130:
1075:Americo-Liberians
958:
957:
896:
895:
821:
820:
690:
689:
634:Womanist theology
584:
583:
526:Symbols and ideas
312:
311:
191:Antebellum period
186:Revolutionary War
141:African Americans
126:
125:
79:
78:
71:
5281:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5203:Lynching victims
4702:Louisiana Creole
4673:American English
4561:Louisiana Creole
4534:Choctaw freedmen
4372:
4371:
3909:Huddie Ledbetter
3849:Fannie Lou Hamer
3819:W. E. B. Du Bois
3809:Claudette Colvin
3804:Shirley Chisholm
3621:Family structure
3489:Military history
3371:Browder v. Gayle
3244:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2943:
2928:Black Vaudeville
2918:The Frogs (club)
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2801:The Color Purple
2785:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2734:
2726:
2679:The Swing Mikado
2629:The Swing Mikado
2601:Buck and Bubbles
2450:made its way to
2420:Ziegfeld Follies
2222:Will Marion Cook
2133:
2126:
2119:
2104:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1694:media depictions
1643:
1642:
1538:Population count
1234:
1233:
1168:Liberian English
1147:English dialects
1144:
1143:
1100:Samaná Americans
1025:Creoles of color
971:
970:
909:
908:
853:Black conductors
834:
833:
703:
702:
677:Louisiana Voodoo
599:
598:
344:Family structure
327:
326:
274:Military history
269:Business history
200:military history
155:
154:
128:
127:
121:
118:
112:
89:
81:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
27:
19:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5237:
5235:
5222:
5188:Historic places
5181:US state firsts
5067:
4982:
4706:
4639:
4611:2010 majorities
4606:2000 majorities
4577:
4524:Black Seminoles
4473:
4464:Southern (SIAC)
4447:
4446:and conferences
4445:
4438:
4434:Serena Williams
4429:Jackie Robinson
4363:
4287:
4285:
4278:
4198:
4165:Nation of Islam
4136:
4084:
4078:
4019:Sojourner Truth
4009:Clarence Thomas
3974:Gabriel Prosser
3874:Michael Jackson
3749:Crispus Attucks
3739:Ralph Abernathy
3727:
3683:Musical theater
3582:
3448:Great Migration
3420:COVID-19 impact
3378:Sit-in movement
3253:
3248:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3081:
3077:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2970:Allen L. Woll,
2969:
2965:
2958:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2887:Allen L. Woll,
2877:
2875:Further reading
2837:Passing Strange
2831:Ain't Too Proud
2786:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2751:
2735:
2724:
2639:George Gershwin
2636:
2607:, in 1933 with
2605:Flournoy Miller
2563:
2555:
2529:
2411:
2409:Crossover shows
2303:
2176:
2150:productions by
2148:musical theater
2137:
2105:
1838:
1835:West Side Story
1818:
1816:Theater of the
1814:
1801:
1791:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1684:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1571:
1533:
1509:Omaha, Nebraska
1474:Historic places
1468:
1360:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1182:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1109:
1061:
1003:Black Seminoles
968:
967:Sub-communities
960:
959:
946:Southern (SIAC)
906:
898:
897:
892:
847:
831:
823:
822:
817:
734:
700:
692:
691:
686:
672:Nation of Islam
638:
615:
596:
586:
585:
580:
521:
488:
455:
427:
388:
364:Musical theater
324:
314:
313:
295:Great Migration
152:
122:
116:
113:
106:
94:This article's
90:
75:
64:
58:
55:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5287:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5154:Visual artists
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5114:Mathematicians
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4938:
4933:
4931:South Carolina
4928:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4901:North Carolina
4898:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4846:Massachusetts
4844:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4688:social context
4685:
4675:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4620:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4539:Creek Freedmen
4536:
4531:
4526:
4516:
4514:Alabama Creole
4511:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4454:Central (CIAA)
4450:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4247:Pan-Africanism
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4189:Black theology
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4130:in STEM fields
4127:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4085:and technology
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4024:Harriet Tubman
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3954:Michelle Obama
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3884:Barbara Jordan
3881:
3879:Harriet Jacobs
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Amelia Boynton
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3732:Notable people
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:LGBT community
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Freedom Riders
3380:
3375:
3367:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3307:Black genocide
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3217:
3216:
3199:Hinds, Julie.
3191:
3178:
3165:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3022:
3002:
2976:
2963:
2956:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2876:
2873:
2865:A Strange Loop
2807:MJ the Musical
2788:
2787:
2738:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2695:The Hot Mikado
2654:Porgy and Bess
2649:Abbie Mitchell
2644:Porgy and Bess
2635:
2625:Porgy and Bess
2622:
2562:
2556:
2551:Main article:
2542:Royale Theater
2528:
2523:
2410:
2407:
2381:Jesse A. Shipp
2326:Two Real Coons
2324:, called the "
2302:
2299:
2236:Casino Theatre
2175:
2172:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1655:Black genocide
1651:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1562:US communities
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1519:South Carolina
1516:
1514:North Carolina
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:South Carolina
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:North Carolina
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1173:Samaná English
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1123:LGBT community
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1080:Creek Freedmen
1077:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:Carmel Indians
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
995:
990:
985:
979:
976:
975:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
956:
955:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
931:Central (CIAA)
925:
924:
920:
919:
918:
917:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
894:
893:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
842:
839:
838:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
819:
818:
816:
815:
810:
805:
800:
798:Pan-Africanism
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
744:
741:
740:
736:
735:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
711:
708:
707:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
688:
687:
685:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
637:
636:
631:
629:Black theology
625:
622:
621:
617:
616:
614:
613:
607:
604:
603:
597:
592:
591:
588:
587:
582:
581:
579:
578:
573:
566:
561:
560:
559:
549:
544:
543:
542:
531:
528:
527:
523:
522:
520:
519:
514:
509:
504:
498:
495:
494:
493:Economic class
490:
489:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
454:
453:
448:
443:
437:
434:
433:
432:Academic study
429:
428:
426:
425:
420:
415:
409:
404:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
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386:
381:
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366:
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341:
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331:
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316:
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309:
308:
307:
302:
297:
289:
288:
284:
283:
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281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
253:
252:
248:
247:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
214:
213:
203:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
160:
159:
153:
148:
147:
144:
143:
137:
136:
124:
123:
103:the key points
93:
91:
84:
77:
76:
45:. Please help
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5286:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Neighborhoods
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:Sports firsts
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4978:West Virginia
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:Pennsylvania
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4894:New York City
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4738:San Francisco
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:By state/city
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4656:American Sign
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4589:Neighborhoods
4587:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4519:Black Indians
4517:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Black schools
4095:
4093:
4092:Black studies
4090:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4074:Whitney Young
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Oprah Winfrey
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Denmark Vesey
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Joseph Rainey
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Toni Morrison
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Joseph Lowery
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Jesse Jackson
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Kamala Harris
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Marcus Garvey
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Blanche Bruce
3787:
3785:
3784:Edward Brooke
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:James Bradley
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:James Baldwin
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Neighborhoods
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Silent Parade
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Jim Crow laws
3477:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Black cowboys
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3085:
3079:
3072:
3066:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2959:
2957:9780252096242
2953:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2900:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:The Lion King
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2784:
2781:
2773:
2770:February 2023
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2739:This section
2737:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:Georges Bizet
2707:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:to start the
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:Adelaide Hall
2574:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2558:Lew Leslie's
2554:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2519:sound-on-film
2517:
2514:
2513:Lee De Forest
2510:
2509:sound-on-disc
2506:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2485:Shuffle Along
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:Shuffle Along
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:New York City
2449:
2448:
2447:Shuffle Along
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2401:and his wife
2400:
2399:Bandanna Land
2396:
2392:
2391:
2390:Bandanna Land
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2369:and produced
2368:
2367:San Francisco
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:San Francisco
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:George Walker
2319:
2318:Bert Williams
2312:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:Humpty Dumpty
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2207:Hyers Sisters
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2174:Early history
2171:
2169:
2168:Pekin Theatre
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:New York City
2153:
2149:
2145:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:United States
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:series on the
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1724:Minstrel show
1722:
1720:
1719:Magical Negro
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1529:West Virginia
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:San Francisco
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:New York City
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:Nova Scotians
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:Black Indians
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
977:
973:
972:
964:
963:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:HBCU (HBCUAC)
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
926:
922:
921:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:
902:
901:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
844:
843:
841:
840:
837:Organizations
836:
835:
827:
826:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
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374:Neighborhoods
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32:This section
30:
26:
21:
20:
5129:Sportspeople
5099:Billionaires
5016:Sierra Leone
4919:Philadelphia
4755:Jacksonville
4582:Demographics
4414:Jack Johnson
4404:Muhammad Ali
4237:Conservatism
4172:Black church
4069:Andrew Young
4054:Ida B. Wells
4044:David Walker
4039:C. T. Vivian
3994:Paul Robeson
3989:Hiram Revels
3969:Colin Powell
3949:Barack Obama
3904:James Lawson
3859:Jimi Hendrix
3829:James Farmer
3824:Medgar Evers
3794:Ralph Bunche
3744:Maya Angelou
3718:Middle class
3682:
3596:Afrofuturism
3522:
3510:
3503:
3424:
3369:
3316:
3282:Afrocentrism
3272:Abolitionism
3208:. Retrieved
3204:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3176:pp. 178–184.
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3118:. Retrieved
3113:
3110:"Lew Leslie"
3104:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3039:
3029:February 16,
3027:. Retrieved
3012:
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2988:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2947:
2941:
2888:
2881:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2776:
2767:
2752:Please help
2740:
2713:
2705:Carmen Jones
2703:
2693:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2653:
2642:
2637:
2633:Carmen Jones
2632:
2628:
2624:
2609:Edith Wilson
2597:Ethel Waters
2592:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2498:
2483:
2480:Aubrey Lyles
2476:F. E. Miller
2471:
2456:Noble Sissle
2445:
2443:
2432:Scott Joplin
2425:
2418:
2415:Ernest Hogan
2412:
2398:
2388:
2384:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2353:A Lucky Coon
2352:
2346:
2330:The Gold Bug
2329:
2316:
2310:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2274:The Red Moon
2272:
2268:
2266:
2247:
2239:
2229:
2220:
2204:
2184:
2177:
2143:
2142:
1833:
1800:
1622:Sierra Leone
1454:Philadelphia
1424:Jacksonville
1020:Brass Ankles
773:Conservatism
748:Afrocentrism
720:Joint Center
611:Black church
602:Institutions
517:Billionaires
507:Middle class
460:Celebrations
423:Fraternities
363:
114:
98:
96:lead section
65:
59:October 2021
56:
36:verification
33:
5149:US senators
5119:Republicans
5104:Journalists
4961:San Antonio
4926:Puerto Rico
4867:Mississippi
4760:Tallahassee
4733:Los Angeles
4424:Jesse Owens
4409:Arthur Ashe
4267:Nationalism
4257:Raised fist
4220:Black power
4125:in medicine
4059:Roy Wilkins
4014:Emmett Till
3999:Al Sharpton
3764:Julian Bond
3759:James Bevel
3723:Upper class
3713:Stereotypes
3606:Black mecca
3518:Plantations
3297:Black Codes
2995:January 29,
2722:Present day
2627:, the WPA,
2591:. Further
2505:Photokinema
2460:Eubie Blake
2439:Treemonisha
2387:(1906) and
2358:Sons of Ham
2258:watermelons
1856:Playwrights
1690:Stereotypes
1617:Nova Scotia
1499:Mississippi
1459:San Antonio
1439:Los Angeles
1374:Black mecca
1301:Mississippi
1208:Negro Dutch
1030:Dominickers
974:Multiethnic
883:TransAfrica
793:Nationalism
763:Black power
547:Black pride
512:Upper class
211:Politicians
117:August 2021
5258:Categories
5094:Astronauts
4884:New Jersey
4728:California
4232:Capitalism
4029:Nat Turner
3959:Rosa Parks
3944:Diane Nash
3914:John Lewis
3703:Newspapers
3673:Literature
3658:Juneteenth
3611:Businesses
3465:Exodusters
3433:Free Negro
3210:2024-06-22
3120:2009-03-10
3060:pp. 33-41.
2934:References
2850:Sister Act
2813:Dreamgirls
2689:The Mikado
2618:spirituals
2613:Lena Horne
2593:Blackbirds
2572:Blackbirds
2567:Lew Leslie
2560:Blackbirds
2501:short film
2372:In Dahomey
2311:In Dahomey
2287:In Newport
2279:Joe Jordan
2262:coon songs
2195:coon songs
1804:US Culture
1256:California
1230:Population
803:Patriotism
788:Liberalism
768:Capitalism
739:Ideologies
620:Theologies
479:Juneteenth
451:Literature
379:Newspapers
287:Migrations
218:Juneteenth
5208:Monuments
5084:Activists
4936:Tennessee
4856:Michigan
4840:Baltimore
4830:Louisiana
4823:Lexington
4806:Davenport
4745:Cleveland
4644:Languages
4573:Melungeon
4551:Blaxicans
4419:Joe Louis
4274:Socialism
4210:Anarchism
3939:Bob Moses
3924:Malcolm X
3844:Fred Gray
3708:Soul food
3646:New Negro
3631:Folktales
3541:Redlining
2856:Hairspray
2741:does not
2589:Tim Moore
2581:Aida Ward
2553:Rang Tang
2533:Rang Tang
2526:Rang Tang
2516:Phonofilm
2464:Baltimore
2430:composer
2413:By 1911,
2385:Abyssinia
2199:blackface
1714:Hollywood
1704:Blackface
1639:Prejudice
1557:US cities
1434:Lexington
1409:Davenport
1389:Baltimore
1365:US cities
1341:Tennessee
1291:Louisiana
1237:US states
1045:Melungeon
1015:Blaxicans
813:Socialism
778:Garveyism
753:Anarchism
557:Good hair
384:Soul food
354:Folktales
101:summarize
43:talk page
5231:Category
5022:America
4988:Diaspora
4973:Virginia
4906:Oklahoma
4889:New York
4872:Nebraska
4835:Maryland
4818:Kentucky
4784:Illinois
4723:Arkansas
4628:Illinois
4566:of color
4252:Populism
4225:Movement
4142:Religion
3484:Lynching
3267:Timeline
3189:pg. 189.
3163:pg. 175.
2896:See also
2867:won the
2667:Swing It
2546:Majestic
2538:Broadway
2503:made in
2468:Maryland
2426:In 1915
2334:cakewalk
2226:Bob Cole
1864:By State
1754:Category
1577:Diaspora
1504:Missouri
1429:Kentucky
1356:Virginia
1326:Oklahoma
1311:New York
1306:Nebraska
1296:Maryland
1271:Illinois
1251:Arkansas
1090:Merikins
1035:Freedmen
1008:Mascogos
808:Populism
699:Politics
594:Religion
564:Stepping
330:Lifeways
166:Timeline
133:a series
131:Part of
5159:Writers
5124:Singers
5109:Jurists
5057:Europe
5011:Liberia
4956:Houston
4860:Detroit
4796:Indiana
4789:Chicago
4772:Atlanta
4767:Georgia
4750:Florida
4718:Alabama
4668:English
4242:Leftism
4112:Museums
3663:Kwanzaa
3588:Culture
3556:Slavery
3259:History
3150:pg. 97.
3137:pg. 98.
3099:pg. 73.
3086:pg. 50.
3073:pg. 48.
3047:pg. 15.
2844:The Wiz
2762:removed
2747:sources
2540:at the
2490:Chicago
2428:ragtime
2313:(1903).
2160:Chicago
1612:Liberia
1494:Georgia
1489:Florida
1419:Houston
1414:Detroit
1399:Chicago
1384:Atlanta
1276:Indiana
1266:Georgia
1261:Florida
1246:Alabama
1178:Tutnese
1057:Redbone
783:Leftism
484:Kwanzaa
441:Studies
393:Schools
322:Culture
251:Aspects
196:Slavery
158:Periods
150:History
5171:Mayors
5089:Actors
5061:France
5053:Israel
5041:Mexico
5026:Canada
5001:Gambia
4996:Africa
4946:Austin
4911:Oregon
4850:Boston
4813:Kansas
4779:Hawaii
4697:Gullah
4507:Yoruba
4497:Gullah
4368:Sports
4286:groups
4116:Women
3653:Hoodoo
3527:(1896)
3453:Second
3429:(1857)
3374:(1956)
3321:(1954)
3185:Woll,
3172:Woll,
3159:Woll,
3146:Woll,
3133:Woll,
3095:Woll,
3082:Woll,
3069:Woll,
3056:Woll,
3043:Woll,
3020:
2954:
2715:Carmen
2631:, and
2603:, and
2395:Africa
2361:, and
2293:, and
2277:(with
1646:Racism
1607:Israel
1597:France
1592:Canada
1587:Africa
1394:Boston
1331:Oregon
1286:Kansas
1196:Gullah
1085:Gullah
905:Sports
652:Hoodoo
5072:Lists
5036:Haiti
5006:Ghana
4941:Texas
4877:Omaha
4155:Islam
3688:Names
3678:Music
3616:Dance
2436:opera
1851:Plays
1843:Lists
1759:Index
1602:Ghana
1524:Texas
1449:Omaha
1346:Texas
858:NAACP
369:Names
359:Music
339:Dance
4968:Utah
4801:Iowa
4633:Ohio
4594:list
4502:Igbo
4492:Fula
3636:Hair
3626:Film
3343:1968
3333:1964
3031:2024
3018:ISBN
2997:2024
2952:ISBN
2841:and
2745:any
2743:cite
2579:and
2507:, a
2478:and
2458:and
2320:and
2252:and
2224:and
2205:The
2178:The
2158:and
1692:and
1351:Utah
1321:Ohio
1281:Iowa
888:UNCF
349:Film
198:and
3601:Art
3458:New
2863:'s
2756:by
2712:’s
2641:'s
2281:),
2264:."
2214:'s
2154:in
446:Art
49:by
5260::
3472:/
3203:.
3112:.
2987:.
2810:,
2673:.
2599:,
2496:.
2466:,
2379:,
2355:,
2289:,
2285:,
2271:,
2092:WY
2090:-
2088:WV
2086:-
2084:WI
2082:-
2080:WA
2078:-
2076:VT
2074:-
2072:VI
2070:-
2068:VA
2066:-
2064:UT
2062:-
2060:TX
2058:-
2056:TN
2054:-
2052:SD
2050:-
2048:SC
2046:-
2044:RI
2042:-
2040:PR
2038:-
2036:PA
2034:-
2032:OR
2030:-
2028:OK
2026:-
2024:OH
2022:-
2020:NY
2018:-
2016:NJ
2014:-
2012:NV
2010:-
2008:NM
2006:-
2004:NH
2002:-
2000:NE
1998:-
1996:ND
1994:-
1992:NC
1990:-
1988:MT
1986:-
1984:MS
1982:-
1980:MP
1978:-
1976:MO
1974:-
1972:MN
1970:-
1968:MI
1966:-
1964:ME
1962:-
1960:MD
1958:-
1956:MA
1954:-
1952:LA
1950:-
1948:KY
1946:-
1944:KS
1942:-
1940:IN
1938:-
1936:IL
1934:-
1932:ID
1930:-
1928:IA
1926:-
1924:HI
1922:-
1920:GU
1918:-
1916:GA
1914:-
1912:FL
1910:-
1908:DE
1906:-
1904:DC
1902:-
1900:CT
1898:-
1896:CO
1894:-
1892:CA
1890:-
1888:AZ
1886:-
1884:AS
1882:-
1880:AR
1878:-
1876:AL
1874:-
1872:AK
135:on
3243:e
3236:t
3229:v
3213:.
3123:.
3033:.
2999:.
2960:.
2846:.
2839:,
2833:,
2827:,
2821:,
2815:,
2803:,
2797:,
2783:)
2777:(
2772:)
2768:(
2764:.
2750:.
2652:"
2132:e
2125:t
2118:v
1786:e
1779:t
1772:v
572:"
568:"
119:)
115:(
105:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
39:.
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