999:. One megadrought lasted from 1450 to 1700, 250 years. There was a major drought in the Sahel in 1914 caused by annual rains far below average, leading to large-scale famine. From 1951 to 2004, the Sahel experienced some of the most consistent and severe droughts in Africa. The 1960s saw a large increase in rainfall in the region, making the northern drier region more accessible. There was a push, supported by governments, for people to move northwards. When the long drought period from 1968 through 1974 began, grazing quickly became unsustainable and large-scale denuding of the terrain followed. Like the drought in 1914, this led to a large-scale famine, but this time somewhat tempered by international visibility and an outpouring of aid. This catastrophe led to the founding of the
1322:
61:
900:
86:
3080:
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889:
583:
119:
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months in the middle of the year, while the other months may remain absolutely dry. The interior of the Sahel region generally receives between 200 mm and 700 mm of rain yearly. A system of subdivisions often adopted for the
Sahelian climate based on annual rainfall is as follows: the Saharan-Sahelian climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 100 and 200 mm (such as
949:
more than three months, while the average low temperatures are around 25 to 31 °C (77 to 88 °F). During the "coldest period", the average high temperatures are between 27 and 33 °C (81 and 91 °F) and the average low temperatures are between 15 and 21 °C (59 and 70 °F). Everywhere in the Sahel, the average mean temperature is over 18 °C (64 °F).
130:
1211:. The difference between the dry North with higher levels of soil nutrients and the wetter South with more vegetation, is utilized by having the herds graze on high-quality feed in the North during the wet season, and trek several hundred kilometers to the South to graze on more abundant, but less nutritious feed during the dry period.
1109:
of the region. This has affected shelter construction, making it necessary to change the used materials. The
Woodless Construction project was introduced in Sahel in 1980 by the Development Workshop, achieving since then a high social impact in the region. A major initiative to combat desertification
3012:
The
Growing Crisis in Africa's Sahel Region: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations and the Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Trade of the Committee in
948:
The Sahel is characterized by constant, intense heat, with an unvarying temperature. The Sahel rarely experiences cold temperatures. During the hottest period, the average high temperatures are generally between 36 and 42 °C (97 and 108 °F) (and even more in the hottest regions), often for
928:
The Sahel mainly receives a low to very low amount of precipitation annually. The steppe has a very long, prevailing dry season and a short rainy season. The precipitation is also extremely irregular, and varies considerably from season to season. Most of the rain usually falls during four to six
1060:
1470:, an al-Qaeda-affiliated group, identified as the world's fastest-growing terrorist organization. In 2023, fatalities from conflict in the central Sahel rose by 38%, according to data from the research organization Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project.
1017:
Between June and August 2010, famine struck the Sahel. Niger's crops failed to mature in the heat, 350,000 faced starvation, and 1,200,000 were at risk of famine. In Chad the temperature reached 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) on 22 June in
1050:
appealed for international food aid and took serious steps to call on overseas help. On 26 July, the heat reached near-record levels over Chad and Niger, and in northern Niger about 20 people reportedly died of dehydration by 27 July.
1349:
like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. All of these empires were quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy.
956:
year-round, between 2,400 hours (about 55% of the daylight hours) and 3,600 hours (more than 80% of the daylight hours). The sunshine duration in the Sahel approaches desert levels, and is comparable to that in the
666:
The topography of the Sahel is mainly flat; most of the region lies between 200 and 400 meters (660 and 1,310 ft) in elevation. Several isolated plateaus and mountain ranges rise from the Sahel (e.g.
1289:
Around 4000 BC, the climate of the Sahara and the Sahel started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace. This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing
1489:(AQIM), have greatly exacerbated the violence, extremism and instability of the region. In March 2020, the United States sent a special envoy for the Sahel region to combat the rising violence from
2096:
3020:
2008. "Strengthening
Livelihoods in Sahelian West Africa: The Geography of Development and Underdevelopment in a Peripheral Region." Geographische Rundschau International Edition, 4(4): 44–50.
1500:
As of 2024, a wave of new military juntas in Africa, favoring
Russian mercenaries over Western forces and UN peacekeepers, has intensified violence. This led Mauritania and Chad to disband the
3160:
945:
in the steppe is low to very low, often between 10% and 25% during the dry season and between 25% and 75% during the rainy season. The least humid places have a relative humidity under 35%.
691:
The Sahel is mostly covered in grassland and savanna, with areas of woodland and shrubland. Grass cover is fairly continuous across the region, dominated by annual grass species such as
1026:. That record was broken the next day, when Bilma hit 48.2 °C (118.8 °F). The hottest temperature recorded in Sudan was reached on 25 June, at 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) in
3026:
1173:
2490:
174:
1934:
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2762:
622:
in the east, in a belt several hundred to a thousand kilometers (c. 600 miles) wide. It covers an area of 3,053,200 square kilometers (1,178,850 sq mi).
2910:
1259:
literally means "coast, shore", which has been explained as a figurative reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara. However, such use is unattested in
1169:
3053:
761:
2644:
1388:, as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests. In addition, the horses and camels were susceptible to the humidity and diseases of the tropics.
921:). The climate is typically hot, sunny, dry and somewhat windy all year long. The Sahel's climate is similar to, but less extreme than, the climate of the
703:
2561:
3115:
1329:
The
Sahelian kingdoms were a series of monarchies centered in the Sahel between the 9th and 18th centuries. The wealth of the states, like the legendary
683:). Annual rainfall varies from around 100–200 mm (4–8 in) in the north of the Sahel to around 700–1,000 mm (28–39 in) in the south.
2088:
2858:
1650:
1956:
1904:
765:, alternate with areas of grassland and savanna. During the long dry season, many trees lose their leaves and the predominantly annual grasses die.
1424:
2876:
1293:. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and caused migrations of farming communities to the more humid climate of
1022:, breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Niger tied its highest temperature record set in 1998, also on 22 June, at 47.1 °C in
1000:
2739:
1093:, it is only a matter of time before countries like Niger lose their entire landmass to desert due to unchecked unsustainable human practices.
2048:"Training and employment of locals. [Social Impact]. WConstruction. The promotion of Woodless Construction in West Africa (1980–2017)"
1983:
1862:
1621:
1524:
released documents regarding the same on 1 July. Reports in March 2022 show militants are expanding and spreading out south of the Sahel.
557:
2831:
2479:"The Suez Crisis of 1956 and Its Aftermath: A Comparative Study of Constitutions, Use of Force, Diplomacy and International Relations"
1548:
2215:
839:. The larger species have been greatly reduced in number by over-hunting and competition with livestock, and several species are
2173:
1574:
The Sahel is experiencing more severe weather due to climate change, exemplified by the extreme heatwave of March-April 2024 in
1544:
2689:
2542:
2372:
2346:
2294:
1596:
1467:
679:), but are designated as separate ecoregions because their flora and fauna are distinct from the surrounding lowlands (e.g.
139:
The Sahel region in Africa: a belt up to 1,000 km (620 mi) wide that spans 5,400 km (3,360 mi) from the
2714:
2505:
680:
227:
192:
2506:"An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885"
2008:
3021:
1814:
937:, Niger) and the Sahelian-Sudanese climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 700 and 900 mm (such as
217:
2924:
3130:
2918:
1885:
1606:
1436:
2925:
Lagha CHEGROUCHE, "L'arc géopolitique de l'énergie : le croissant énergétique, in Le Soir d'Algérie, 19/12/2010
3155:
2118:
1474:
1440:
1316:
3061:
1497:
has highlighted the fact that the Sahel has become one of the most dangerous regions in the world for
Christians.
933:, Sudan), the strict Sahelian climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 200 and 700 mm (such as
915:
1486:
565:
549:
903:
10 year average precipitation during the summer rainy season (May - September) in the Sahel and adjacent regions
3150:
3140:
2987:
2941:
3165:
3110:
17:
1071:
630:
587:
510:
416:
3145:
3135:
2594:
2364:
Timbuktu and the
Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613, and Other Contemporary Documents
541:
1960:
1912:
3125:
3120:
2817:
1165:
3105:
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3013:
Foreign
Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, May 21, 2013
2089:"Dust from the Sahara Desert stretches across the tropical Atlantic Ocean in late June/early July 2018"
1552:
60:
899:
2296:
Vocabulaire Français-Arabe des dialectes vulgaires
Africains; D'Alger, de Tunis, de Marok et d'Égypte
2144:
1494:
1223:
1111:
1086:
826:
819:
212:
202:
2459:
Since political independence, France has maintained a privileged sphere of influence—the so-called '
2065:
1504:, an anti-terrorism alliance, after the military regimes in Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali withdrew.
1616:
1413:
1409:
1321:
877:
634:
420:
412:
323:
85:
2251:
1380:
to their south, the Sahelian states were hindered from expanding into the north Akan state of the
222:
1263:, and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from the Arabic word
2047:
1626:
1517:
1126:
697:
31:
2662:
2338:
2326:
2223:
1428:
1397:
1377:
911:
537:
232:
197:
71:
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1601:
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1121:
are a frequent occurrence as well. During November 2004, a number of major dust storms hit
1043:
737:
1716:
1270:
1253:
1245:
471:
8:
2478:
1840:
1338:
1312:
860:
790:
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across the region, resulting in a rapid increase in population. In recent times, various
157:
2960:
2465:'—in sub-Saharan Africa, based on a series of family-like ties with its former colonies.
2245:
1582:. This event, intensified by a 1.2°C global temperature increase from human activities.
3017:
2972:
2417:
1591:
1521:
1420:
1401:
1181:
844:
840:
595:
162:
2034:
1129:. This is a common area for dust storms, occurring on average on 100 days every year.
3000:
2992:
2914:
2740:"Sahel: Atrocities by the security forces are fueling recruitment by armed Islamists"
2569:
2538:
2409:
2368:
2342:
1659:
1564:
1354:
1306:
1192:
1012:
953:
942:
743:
719:
693:
545:
207:
2976:
2964:
2763:"Militants Are Edging South Toward West Africa's Most Stable and Prosperous States"
2448:
2401:
2334:
1560:
1260:
1094:
852:
812:
805:
768:
The Sahel was formerly home to large populations of grazing mammals, including the
755:
668:
637:
530:
502:
435:
3040:
2799:
2781:
1689:
672:
2362:
1290:
1235:
1106:
1098:
1035:
725:
713:
648:
478:
462:
277:
2453:
2436:
570:
3100:
1611:
1556:
1532:
1219:
1177:
1082:
1047:
958:
892:
873:
783:
676:
641:
615:
582:
522:
259:
140:
2940:
Dai, A.; Lamb, P.J.; Trenberth, K.E.; Hulme, M.; Jones, P.D.; Xie, P. (2004).
2012:
1419:
The Sahel's easternmost region did not fall to the European powers but to the
995:
For hundreds of years, the Sahel region has experienced frequent droughts and
3094:
3084:
3004:
2996:
2573:
2413:
1663:
1513:
1482:
1477:
beginning in 2011, terrorist organizations operating in the Sahel, including
1458:
1385:
1196:
1137:
1090:
1067:
990:
922:
888:
769:
394:
961:, for example, even though the Sahel is only a steppe and not a desert. The
529:. Although geographically located in the tropics, the Sahel does not have a
2619:
1575:
1208:
1145:
1102:
1039:
1019:
978:
848:
776:
518:
490:
308:
75:
67:
1520:
and abuses by state security forces in Sahel. The US response came after
1358:
1346:
1330:
1294:
1153:
996:
962:
938:
663:
in honour of its most prominent and very drought tolerant genus of tree.
398:
368:
2504:
Frankema, Ewout; Williamson, Jeffrey; Woltjer, Pieter (12 August 2017).
2122:
1466:, contributing to 35% of all global deaths from terrorism by 2021, with
2421:
1795:
1478:
1381:
1334:
1133:
1118:
1085:. If the change in climate in the Sahel region "is not slowed-down and
856:
402:
348:
338:
318:
2663:"U.S. creates new envoy position to counter rising terrorism in Sahel"
2537:(Reprint New York 1942 ed.). Westport, Conn: Negro Univ. Press.
2268:
1759:
753:. In the northern part of the Sahel, areas of desert shrub, including
3011:
2968:
1905:"NOAA: June 2010 the globe's 4th consecutive warmest month on record"
1796:"N'Djamena Climate N'Djamena Temperatures N'Djamena Weather Averages"
1528:
1490:
1463:
1110:
in the Sahel region via reforestation and other interventions is the
1081:
The Sahel region faces environmental issues that are contributing to
1031:
865:
799:
561:
553:
2405:
2389:
1741:
1370:
1568:
1501:
1362:
1215:
974:
930:
908:
568:
have taken place in many Sahel countries, especially across former
313:
118:
1760:"Timbuktu Climate Timbuktu Temperatures Timbuktu Weather Averages"
1777:
1555:
and other countries in the Sahel region have been exacerbated by
1342:
1149:
1059:
1027:
659:
626:
619:
607:
526:
514:
498:
363:
358:
333:
273:
144:
92:
2715:"Allegations of Human Rights Violations and Abuses in the Sahel"
2216:"Definition grid different of Sahel (British and World English)"
1863:"Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis – Channel 4 News"
1535:
currently ruling in Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, and Sudan.
1507:
1089:
possibly reversed through sustainable practices and any form of
1030:, breaking a record set in 1987. Niger reported on 14 July that
602:
2877:"Africa's Sahel Can Expect More Deadly Heat Waves, Study Shows"
2690:"Sahel: ACN comes to the aid of Christians displaced by terror"
1141:
966:
934:
708:
655:
644:
506:
494:
96:
2197:
1203:
Traditionally, most of the people in the Sahel have been semi-
3161:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2562:"Mauritania is a beacon of stability in the coup-prone Sahel"
1204:
1132:
On 23 March 2010, a major sandstorm hit Mauritania, Senegal,
1063:
1023:
373:
353:
249:
245:
175:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
169:
38:
1886:"Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies"
1742:"Niamey Climate Niamey Temperatures Niamey Weather Averages"
1357:
emerged from 750 AD and erected several large cities in the
3029:. Brussels: European Parliament (DG for External Policies).
1579:
1567:. Droughts and food shortages have been also linked to the
1405:
1122:
1075:
833:
591:
450:
441:
343:
328:
269:
1651:"The world's centre of terrorism has shifted to the Sahel"
2782:"How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria"
2503:
2437:"Chirac and 'la Françafrique': No Longer a Family Affair"
1717:"Global Surface Temperature | NASA Global Climate Change"
1366:
970:
843:(Dorcas gazelle, cheetah, lion and red-fronted gazelle),
586:
The lush green of the Sahelian acacia savanna during the
1462:, in recent years the Sahel has become the epicenter of
129:
2800:"The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali"
2390:"The Conference at Berlin on the West-African Question"
614:
The Sahel spans 5,900 km (3,670 mi) from the
2985:
Ellis, William S. (August 1987). "The Stricken Land".
2911:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
2859:"Climate change, food shortages, and conflict in Mali"
1516:
raised concerns over growing number of allegations of
1170:
Sylvo-Pastoral and Partial Faunal Reserve of the Sahel
3068:
2939:
2168:
2166:
872:
The seasonal wetlands of the Sahel are important for
438:
2314:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23.
895:
is located at the border of the Sahara and the Sahel
453:
3051:
1778:"Gao Climate Gao Temperatures Gao Weather Averages"
1622:
Tipping points in the climate system#Sahel greening
447:
444:
70:construction is widespread, as exemplified by this
2163:
1649:
2327:"Precolonial Metallurgy and Mining across Africa"
540:shortages of food and water due to its very high
3092:
1054:
3025:Simon, L., A. Mattelaer and A. Hadfield (2012)
2991:. Vol. 172, no. 2. pp. 140–179.
2818:"Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa"
2535:The Berlin West African Conference, 1884 - 1885
2331:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
1984:"Managing Climate Reality in Sub-Sahara Africa"
1949:
1207:, farming and raising livestock in a system of
1001:International Fund for Agricultural Development
1341:routes across the desert, especially with the
1046:had sickened or killed many children. The new
3060:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
2269:"Sahel dictionary definition – Sahel defined"
1981:
1508:Human rights issues and political instability
292:3,053,200 km (1,178,800 sq mi)
2460:
1325:1905 depiction of ethnic groups in the Sahel
1264:
1239:
969:, Niger has 3,082 hours of bright sunshine;
2309:
1896:
1446:
1412:. The French territories in the Sahel were
869:and the Bubal hartebeest are now extinct).
536:Especially in the western Sahel, there are
3116:Ecoregions of the Central African Republic
2532:
2208:
2086:
1975:
1911:. Jeff Masters' WonderBlog. Archived from
811:, along with large predators, such as the
386:200 and 400 meters (660 and 1,310 ft)
2856:
2452:
2324:
2250:. E. Huntington & Co. 1834. pp.
2145:"SERIES 2 | Rising tensions in the Sahel"
1721:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
973:, Mali has near 3,385 hours of sunshine;
2907:Conflict and Growth in Africa: The Sahel
2760:
2325:Chirikure, Shadreck (26 February 2018),
1320:
1191:
1058:
898:
887:
601:
581:
2387:
2360:
2009:"Causes and Effects of Desertification"
1152:, inland Mauritania, Mali and northern
625:Representing a climatic and ecological
14:
3093:
3027:"A Coherent EU Strategy for the Sahel"
2779:
2434:
2339:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.148
2292:
1815:"Africa trapped in mega-drought cycle"
1234:The term "Sahel" is borrowed from the
859:(the Scimitar-horned oryx is probably
2984:
2761:Phillips, Michael M. (2 March 2022).
2556:
2554:
2476:
2066:"Dust Storm in the Bodele Depression"
1684:
1682:
1680:
1345:. Their power came from having large
1164:Protected areas in the Sahel include
631:hot semi-desert and steppe conditions
477:
2949:International Journal of Climatology
2637:
1644:
1642:
1431:in the 1820s. By 1899 it came under
1400:in the late 19th century as part of
1300:
1284:
1226:is also practiced across the Sahel.
981:, Chad has 3,205 hours of sunlight.
228:West Saharan montane xeric woodlands
193:East Saharan montane xeric woodlands
2687:
2533:Crowe, Sibyl; Crowe, Sibyl (1970).
2522:from the original on 21 March 2020.
2493:from the original on 19 March 2020.
2361:Hunwick, John O. (1 January 2003).
2052:SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository
1959:. Wonder-ground.com. Archived from
1902:
1883:
1538:
1265:
1240:
548:. This is exacerbated by very high
24:
2942:"The recent Sahel drought is real"
2933:
2857:Arsenault, Chris (27 April 2015).
2551:
2099:from the original on 2 August 2023
2033:Schmidt, Laurie J. (18 May 2001).
1957:"wonder Blog: Weather Underground"
1838:
1812:
1714:
1677:
1545:herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
1468:Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
1391:
1159:
984:
977:, Mali has 3,409 sunny hours, and
952:The Sahel has a high to very high
809:(Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus)
686:
218:South Saharan steppe and woodlands
25:
3177:
3052:World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001).
3033:
2310:O'Brien, Patrick K., ed. (2005).
2087:Di Liberto, John (13 July 2018).
2035:"From the Dust Bowl to the Sahel"
1639:
1607:Rainwater harvesting in the Sahel
1597:Community of Sahel–Saharan States
1529:a high prevalence of coups d'état
965:is low to very low. For example,
3078:
2645:"Violent Extremism in the Sahel"
2595:"Violent Extremism in the Sahel"
2441:Modern & Contemporary France
2198:"UNICEF West and Central Africa"
1317:Islamization of the Sudan region
876:moving within Africa and on the
796:, the giant prehistoric buffalo
434:
128:
117:
84:
59:
27:Biogeographical region in Africa
2869:
2850:
2824:
2810:
2792:
2773:
2754:
2742:. Human Rights Watch. July 2020
2732:
2707:
2681:
2655:
2612:
2587:
2526:
2497:
2470:
2428:
2381:
2354:
2318:
2303:
2286:
2261:
2238:
2190:
2137:
2111:
2080:
2058:
2040:
2027:
2001:
1935:"Niger: famine on the horizon?"
1927:
1877:
1855:
1487:al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
1101:of marginal lands, and natural
1006:
830:(Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii)
633:, the Sahel region borders the
2780:Nugent, Ciara (28 June 2018).
1832:
1806:
1788:
1770:
1752:
1734:
1708:
509:to the north. The Sahel has a
413:Tropical savanna climates (Aw)
99:at the beginning of the short
13:
1:
2312:Oxford Atlas of World History
2293:Marcel, Jean Jacques (1837).
2119:"Earth Snapshot • Sand Storm"
1715:Change, NASA Global Climate.
1632:
1493:groups. The Catholic charity
1408:was added in 1900 as part of
1174:Ansonga-Ménake Faunal Reserve
1148:. Another struck in southern
1055:Desertification and soil loss
916:Köppen climate classification
729:. Other tree species include
711:are the dominant trees, with
2599:Council on Foreign Relations
2483:Boston University Law Review
2477:Lahav, Pnina (1 July 2015).
2247:A System of Modern Geography
1800:www.n-djamena.climatemps.com
1451:
1337:, came from controlling the
1229:
717:the most common, along with
577:
100:
7:
3058:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile
2820:. ReliefWeb. 6 August 2018.
2513:Journal of Economic History
2454:10.1080/0963948052000341196
2394:Political Science Quarterly
1884:Foy, Henry (21 June 2010).
1865:. Channel4.com. 1 July 2010
1764:www.timbuktu.climatemps.com
1585:
1271:
1254:
1246:
1166:Ferlo Nord Wildlife Reserve
925:located just to the north.
647:desert to the north. This
606:Herders with livestock and
505:to its south and the drier
472:
10:
3182:
2899:
2719:U.S. Embassy in Mauritania
1396:The Western Sahel fell to
1310:
1304:
1279:
1187:
1010:
988:
883:
485: 'coast, shore'), or
36:
29:
3054:"Sahelian Acacia savanna"
3041:"Sahelian Acacia savanna"
1937:. France 24. 14 July 2010
1841:"Map Room: Hidden Waters"
1746:www.niamey.climatemps.com
1690:"Sahelian Acacia savanna"
1495:Aid to the Church in Need
1224:Female genital mutilation
827:Northeast African cheetah
820:Northwest African cheetah
513:and stretches across the
408:
390:
382:
296:
288:
283:
265:
255:
241:
213:Lake Chad flooded savanna
203:Ethiopian montane forests
180:
168:
156:
151:
111:
53:
48:
3131:Ecoregions of Mauritania
2388:De Leon, Daniel (1886).
1617:Sahara Conservation Fund
1447:Instability and violence
1410:French Equatorial Africa
878:African-Eurasian flyways
823:(Acinonyx jubatus hecki)
324:Central African Republic
37:Not to be confused with
3156:Afrotropical ecoregions
2767:The Wall Street Journal
2688:ACN (8 February 2024).
1527:The area has also seen
1518:human rights violations
501:between the more humid
487:Sahelian acacia savanna
223:Sudd flooded grasslands
3047:. World Wildlife Fund.
3045:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2461:
2273:www.yourdictionary.com
1982:Orioha, M. K. (2018).
1843:. World Policy Journal
1782:www.gao.climatemps.com
1694:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1627:Trans-Sahelian Highway
1326:
1200:
1105:, have caused serious
1078:
904:
896:
698:Schoenefeldia gracilis
681:East Saharan woodlands
611:
599:
515:southernmost latitudes
66:Throughout the Sahel,
32:Sahel (disambiguation)
3151:Flora of North Africa
3141:Ecoregions of Senegal
2832:"The Sahel in flames"
2435:Chafer, Tony (2005).
2299:(in Arabic). Hingray.
2256:sahara ocean of sand.
2068:. NASA. December 2004
1696:. World Wildlife Fund
1324:
1311:Further information:
1238:name for the region,
1195:
1125:, originating in the
1062:
989:Further information:
941:, Burkina Faso). The
902:
891:
640:to its south and the
605:
585:
566:foreign interventions
542:government corruption
511:hot semi-arid climate
233:West Sudanian savanna
198:East Sudanian savanna
3166:Grasslands of Africa
3111:Ecoregions of Africa
2836:The New Humanitarian
1602:Pan Sahel Initiative
1512:On 9 July 2020, the
1437:granted independence
1044:respiratory diseases
770:scimitar-horned oryx
738:Balanites aegyptiaca
30:For other uses, see
3146:Ecoregions of Sudan
3136:Ecoregions of Niger
2988:National Geographic
2961:2004IJCli..24.1323D
2220:Oxford Dictionaries
1909:Weather Underground
1813:Brahic, Catherine.
1473:In the wake of the
1339:trans-Saharan trade
1313:Trans-Saharan trade
861:extinct in the wild
794:(Gazella rufifrons)
791:red-fronted gazelle
762:Aristida sieberiana
750:Boscia senegalensis
732:Commiphora africana
651:is also called the
618:in the west to the
598:amongst the acacia.
588:rainy summer season
417:Hot Semi-arid (BSh)
101:summer rainy season
3126:Ecoregions of Mali
3121:Ecoregions of Chad
2806:. 22 January 2019.
2015:on 2 December 2013
1989:. Morganorioha.com
1592:2012 Sahel drought
1522:Human Rights Watch
1464:terrorist violence
1421:Khedivate of Egypt
1402:French West Africa
1361:region, including
1327:
1214:In Western Sahel,
1201:
1182:Waza National Park
1156:at the same time.
1079:
905:
897:
704:Aristida stipoides
612:
600:
3106:Regions of Africa
2955:(11): 1323–1331.
2694:ACN International
2544:978-0-8371-3287-7
2374:978-90-04-12822-4
2348:978-0-19-027773-4
2151:. 7 February 2022
1565:population growth
1355:Sahelian kingdoms
1307:Sahelian kingdoms
1301:Sahelian kingdoms
1285:Early agriculture
1276:"plain" instead.
1172:in Burkina Faso,
1127:Bodélé Depression
1013:2010 Sahel famine
954:sunshine duration
943:relative humidity
912:semi-arid climate
744:Faidherbia albida
720:Senegalia senegal
694:Cenchrus biflorus
638:Sudanian savannas
610:dogs in the Sahel
594:. Note the large
546:semi-arid climate
503:Sudanian savannas
479:[ˈsaːħil]
426:
425:
208:Inner Niger Delta
95:and its namesake
16:(Redirected from
3173:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3065:
3064:on 8 March 2010.
3048:
3008:
2980:
2969:10.1002/joc.1083
2946:
2929:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2510:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2456:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2226:on 3 August 2012
2222:. Archived from
2212:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2149:The Informant247
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2125:on 29 April 2011
2121:. Archived from
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2044:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2011:. Archived from
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1653:
1646:
1561:land degradation
1539:Other challenges
1274:
1268:
1267:
1261:Classical Arabic
1257:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1112:Great Green Wall
1097:, over-grazing,
907:The Sahel has a
853:African wild dog
813:African wild dog
806:Bubal hartebeest
787:(Gazella dorcas)
756:Panicum turgidum
669:Marrah Mountains
531:tropical climate
481:
475:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
421:Hot Desert (BWh)
132:
121:
88:
63:
46:
45:
21:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3039:
3036:
2944:
2936:
2934:Further reading
2927:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2883:. 18 April 2024
2875:
2874:
2870:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2778:
2774:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2475:
2471:
2433:
2429:
2406:10.2307/2139304
2386:
2382:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2323:
2319:
2308:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:"Archived copy"
2172:
2171:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1963:on 27 June 2010
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1915:on 19 July 2010
1903:Masters, Jeff.
1901:
1897:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1811:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1588:
1541:
1533:military juntas
1510:
1454:
1449:
1394:
1392:Colonial period
1333:at the time of
1319:
1309:
1303:
1291:desertification
1287:
1282:
1232:
1199:herders in Mali
1190:
1162:
1160:Protected areas
1107:desertification
1099:over-population
1087:desertification
1057:
1036:gastroenteritis
1015:
1009:
993:
987:
985:Recent droughts
886:
874:migratory birds
816:(Lycaon pictus)
726:Senegalia laeta
714:Acacia tortilis
689:
687:Flora and fauna
627:transition zone
580:
499:transition zone
491:biogeographical
437:
433:
378:
305:
304:
278:African buffalo
260:Migratory birds
237:
189:
188:
147:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
124:
123:
122:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
89:
80:
79:
78:
72:medieval mosque
64:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3088:
3087:
3067:
3066:
3049:
3035:
3034:External links
3032:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3009:
2982:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2868:
2849:
2823:
2809:
2791:
2772:
2753:
2731:
2706:
2680:
2669:. 6 March 2020
2654:
2636:
2611:
2586:
2550:
2543:
2525:
2496:
2469:
2427:
2400:(1): 103–139.
2380:
2373:
2353:
2347:
2317:
2302:
2285:
2260:
2237:
2207:
2202:www.unicef.org
2189:
2162:
2136:
2110:
2079:
2057:
2039:
2026:
2000:
1974:
1948:
1926:
1895:
1876:
1854:
1839:Scholl, Adam.
1831:
1805:
1787:
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1733:
1707:
1676:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Sudan (region)
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1557:climate change
1540:
1537:
1509:
1506:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:Egypt's behest
1393:
1390:
1386:Yoruba peoples
1305:Main article:
1302:
1299:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1231:
1228:
1220:child marriage
1189:
1186:
1180:in Niger, and
1178:Tadres Reserve
1161:
1158:
1083:global warming
1056:
1053:
1048:military junta
1034:, starvation,
1011:Main article:
1008:
1005:
986:
983:
959:Arabian Desert
893:Ennedi Plateau
885:
882:
837:(Panthera leo)
784:Dorcas gazelle
780:(Gazella dama)
688:
685:
677:Ennedi Plateau
616:Atlantic Ocean
579:
576:
523:Atlantic Ocean
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141:Atlantic Ocean
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3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:Moseley, W.G.
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2919:92-64-17101-0
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2882:
2881:Bloomberg.com
2878:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2838:. 31 May 2019
2837:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2741:
2735:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:The Economist
2563:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2488:
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2473:
2466:
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2274:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2067:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1985:
1978:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1936:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1864:
1858:
1842:
1835:
1820:
1819:New Scientist
1816:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:The Economist
1652:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
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1558:
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1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:United States
1505:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:Islamic State
1480:
1476:
1475:Libyan Crisis
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1459:The Economist
1456:According to
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1184:in Cameroon.
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:, and inland
1143:
1139:
1138:Guinea-Bissau
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:reforestation
1088:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:watering hole
1065:
1061:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
991:Sahel drought
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
926:
924:
923:Sahara desert
920:
917:
913:
910:
901:
894:
890:
881:
879:
875:
870:
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18:African Sahel
3062:the original
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2905:Azam (ed.),
2885:. Retrieved
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2624:Crisis Group
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2224:the original
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2017:. Retrieved
2013:the original
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
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1965:. Retrieved
1961:the original
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1929:
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1913:the original
1908:
1898:
1890:The Guardian
1889:
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1720:
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1693:
1667:. Retrieved
1655:
1576:Burkina Faso
1573:
1563:, and rapid
1543:The violent
1542:
1526:
1511:
1499:
1472:
1457:
1455:
1433:British rule
1429:Muhammad Ali
1423:when it was
1418:
1395:
1378:wooded areas
1375:
1359:Niger valley
1352:
1347:pack animals
1328:
1288:
1269:
1252:
1244:
1233:
1222:are common.
1213:
1209:transhumance
1202:
1168:in Senegal,
1163:
1146:Sierra Leone
1131:
1116:
1103:soil erosion
1095:Over-farming
1080:
1040:malnutrition
1020:Faya-Largeau
1016:
1007:2010 drought
997:megadroughts
994:
951:
947:
927:
918:
906:
871:
864:
849:Dama gazelle
836:
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779:
777:dama gazelle
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613:
571:Françafrique
569:
558:insurgencies
535:
521:between the
519:North Africa
497:. It is the
486:
482:
469:
466:
430:Sahel region
429:
427:
409:Climate type
309:Burkina Faso
256:Bird species
163:Afrotropical
76:Burkina Faso
68:rammed earth
43:
2928:(in French)
2515:: 231–267.
2489:(4): 1297.
2155:16 February
2103:26 February
2093:climate.gov
1847:17 December
1824:17 December
1669:29 November
1414:decolonized
1376:Due to the
1353:The larger
1331:Mali Empire
1295:West Africa
1154:Ivory Coast
1119:dust storms
963:cloud cover
939:Ouagadougou
863:, and both
461:; from
369:South Sudan
3095:Categories
2863:Al-Jazeera
2230:10 October
1993:19 January
1941:25 October
1700:7 December
1633:References
1479:Boko Haram
1335:Mansa Musa
1134:The Gambia
845:endangered
841:vulnerable
832:, and the
635:more humid
550:birthrates
493:region in
349:Mauritania
339:The Gambia
319:Cape Verde
3005:643483454
2997:0027-9358
2604:16 August
2579:10 August
2574:0013-0613
2462:pré carré
2414:0032-3195
2367:. BRILL.
2278:30 August
1892:. London.
1726:26 August
1664:0013-0613
1491:terrorist
1452:Terrorism
1443:in 1956.
1425:conquered
1416:in 1960.
1230:Etymology
1176:in Mali,
1074:Sahel in
1072:semi-arid
1032:diarrhoea
979:N'Djamena
866:Pelorovis
800:Pelorovis
653:Sahelian
649:ecoregion
578:Geography
562:terrorism
383:Elevation
297:Countries
284:Geography
2913:(1999),
2887:18 April
2804:BBC News
2699:26 April
2673:11 March
2517:Archived
2491:Archived
2447:: 7–23.
2097:Archived
1586:See also
1569:Mali War
1502:G5 Sahel
1363:Timbuktu
1247:al-sāḥil
1216:polygamy
975:Timbuktu
931:Khartoum
909:tropical
544:and the
538:frequent
525:and the
314:Cameroon
274:Gazelles
2977:6955930
2957:Bibcode
2900:Sources
2842:23 June
2667:Reuters
2629:23 June
2620:"Sahel"
2422:2139304
2129:18 June
2072:19 June
2037:. NASA.
2019:19 June
1967:28 July
1919:21 July
1869:28 July
1531:, with
1382:Bonoman
1343:Maghreb
1280:History
1188:Culture
1150:Algeria
1070:in the
1028:Dongola
884:Climate
857:extinct
660:savanna
620:Red Sea
608:azawakh
527:Red Sea
489:, is a
395:Senegal
364:Senegal
359:Nigeria
334:Eritrea
242:Animals
181:Borders
152:Ecology
145:Red Sea
143:to the
97:acacias
93:savanna
3085:Africa
3071:Portal
3003:
2995:
2975:
2917:
2746:1 July
2724:9 July
2572:
2541:
2420:
2412:
2371:
2345:
2182:5 June
1662:
1435:until
1398:France
1371:Djenné
1241:الساحل
1236:Arabic
1205:nomads
1197:Fulani
1142:Guinea
1117:Major
1064:Camels
967:Niamey
935:Niamey
855:), or
825:, the
818:, the
804:, and
747:, and
709:acacia
656:Acacia
645:Sahara
596:baobab
507:Sahara
495:Africa
463:Arabic
391:Rivers
250:horses
246:Camels
91:Sahel
3101:Sahel
2973:S2CID
2945:(PDF)
2520:(PDF)
2509:(PDF)
2418:JSTOR
2177:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1553:Sudan
1255:Sāḥil
1066:at a
1024:Bilma
629:with
554:coups
473:sāḥil
465:
399:Niger
374:Sudan
354:Niger
170:Biome
158:Realm
49:Sahel
39:Sahul
3001:OCLC
2993:ISSN
2915:ISBN
2889:2024
2844:2019
2786:Time
2748:2020
2726:2020
2701:2024
2675:2020
2649:CSIS
2631:2019
2606:2023
2581:2024
2570:ISSN
2539:ISBN
2410:ISSN
2369:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2280:2020
2232:2015
2184:2017
2157:2022
2131:2010
2105:2024
2074:2010
2021:2010
1995:2019
1969:2010
1943:2012
1921:2010
1871:2010
1849:2012
1826:2012
1728:2022
1702:2009
1671:2023
1660:ISSN
1580:Mali
1578:and
1549:Mali
1485:and
1406:Chad
1384:and
1369:and
1315:and
1272:sahl
1218:and
1123:Chad
1076:Chad
1042:and
851:and
834:lion
759:and
723:and
701:and
592:Mali
564:and
468:ساحل
428:The
403:Nile
344:Mali
329:Chad
303:List
289:Area
270:Oryx
187:List
2965:doi
2449:doi
2402:doi
2335:doi
2252:287
1439:at
1427:by
1367:Gao
1266:سهل
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919:BSh
642:dry
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