African penguin - Knowledge

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challenges. These penguins usually breed during the winter when temperatures are cooler. African penguins often will abandon their eggs if they become overheated in the hot sun and abandoned eggs never survive the heat. The eggs are three to four times bigger than chicken eggs. Ideally, the eggs are incubated in a burrow dug into the guano layer (which provides suitable temperature regulation), but the widespread human removal of guano deposits has rendered this type of nest unfeasible in many colonies. To compensate, penguins burrow holes in the sand, nest under rocks or bushes or make use of nest boxes if they are provided. The penguins spend three weeks on land caring for their offspring, after which chicks may be left alone during the day while the parents forage. The chicks are frequently killed by predators or succumb to the hot sun. Parents usually feed hatchlings during dusk or dawn.

1059:, South Africa. It released 400–1,000 tonnes (390–980 long tons; 440–1,100 short tons) of fuel oil, causing an unprecedented coastal bird crisis and oiling 19,000 adult penguins at the height of the best breeding season on record for this vulnerable species. The oiled birds were brought to an abandoned train repair warehouse in Cape Town to be cared for. An additional 19,500 un-oiled penguins were removed from Dassen Island and other areas before they became oiled and were released about 800 kilometres east of Cape Town. This gave workers enough time to clean up the oiled waters and shores before the birds could complete their long swim home (which took the penguins between one and three weeks). Some of the penguins were named and 1223: 1314: 1350: 1338: 1366: 254: 769: 746: 1302: 31: 1326: 580: 108: 509: 490: 66: 868: 467: 733:

seabirds, it is believed that the interaction of diet choice and breeding success helps the penguins maintain their population size. Although parent penguins are protective of their chicks, they will not incur nutritional deficits themselves if food is scarce and hunting requires a greater time or energy commitment. This may lead to higher rates of brood loss under poor food conditions.

891: 536:; the males are slightly larger than the females and have longer beaks. Juveniles do not possess the bold, delineated markings of the adult, but instead have dark upperparts that vary from greyish-blue to brown; the pale underparts lack both spots and the band. The beak is more pointed than that of the 926:

The practice of collecting African penguin eggs involved smashing those found a few days before a collecting effort to ensure that only freshly laid eggs were sold. This added to the drastic decline of the African penguin population around the Cape coast, a decline which was hastened by the removal

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is still a notable determinant of penguin population development and breeding success. While a diet of anchovies appears to be generally sufficient for the penguins, it is not ideal due to anchovies' lower concentrations of fat and protein. The Penguin's diet changes throughout the year; as in many

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penguins. African penguins have a very recognisable appearance, with a thick band of black that is in the shape of an upside-down horseshoe. They have black feet and black spots that vary in size and shape between individuals. Magellanic penguins share a similar bar marking that often confuses the

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for a marine habitat. Adults weigh an average of 2.2–3.5 kg (4.9–7.7 lb) and are 60–70 cm (24–28 in) tall. The species has distinctive pink patches of skin above the eyes and a black facial mask. The body's upper parts are black and sharply delineated from the white underparts,

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and sold in nearby towns. In 1953, 12,000 eggs were collected. In the late 1950s, some French chefs expressed interest in recipes including African penguin eggs collected from the islands off the west coast of South Africa and placed annual orders for small quantities. In the mid-1960s, eggs were

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In 2015, when foraging conditions were favourable, more male than female African penguin chicks were produced in the colony on Bird Island. Male chicks also had higher growth rates and fledging mass and therefore may have higher post-fledging survival than females. This, coupled with higher adult

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African penguins are a commonly seen species in zoos across the world. Because they do not require particularly low temperatures, they are often kept in outside enclosures. They adapt fairly well to this captive environment and are rather easy to breed compared to other species of the family. In

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in Pittsburgh, and Raggy Charters with the Penguin Research Fund in Port Elizabeth are working to halt the decline of the African penguin. Measures include: monitoring population trends, hand-rearing and releasing abandoned chicks, establishing artificial nests and proclaiming marine reserves in

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African penguins grow to 60–70 cm (24–28 in) tall and weigh between 2.2–3.5 kg (4.9–7.7 lb). The beak length of the African penguin varies, usually growing between 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in). They have a black stripe and black spots on the chest, the pattern of which is

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Makhado, A. B., B. N. Dyer, R. Fox, D. Geldenhuys, L. Pichegru, R. M. Randall, R .B. Sherley, L. Upfold, J. Visagie., L. J. Waller, P. A. Whittington, and R. J .M. Crawford. 2013. Estimates of numbers of twelve seabird species breeding in South Africa, updated to include 2012. Branch Oceans and

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African penguins spend most of their lives at sea until it comes time for them to lay their eggs. Females remain fertile for about 10 years. Due to high predation on the mainland, African penguins will seek protection on offshore islands, where they are safer from larger mammals and natural

1071:(SANCCOB) and took more than three months to complete. This was the largest animal rescue event in history; more than 91% of the penguins were successfully rehabilitated and released – an amazing feat that could not have been accomplished without such a tremendous international response. 808:, they are unable to forage in the sea as their new feathers are not yet waterproof; therefore, they fast over the entire moulting period. African penguins typically take around three weeks to moult and lose about half of their body weight by burning up their fat reserves in the process. 625:

Roughly 4 million African penguins existed at the beginning of the 19th century. Of the 1.5 million African penguins estimated in 1910, only some 10% remained at the end of the 20th century. African penguin populations, which breed in Namibia and South Africa, have declined by 95% since

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at 60 to 130 days, the timing depending on environmental factors such as the quality and availability of food. The fledged chicks then go to sea on their own, where they spend the next one to nearly two years. They then return to their natal colony to moult into adult plumage.

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and will serve as a hub for seabird research carried out by the Dyer Island Conservation Trust. The centre will also run local education projects, host international marine volunteers and seek to improve seabird handling techniques and rehabilitation protocols.

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date back to the 1930s. African penguins' exposure to oil spills is both chronic (higher frequency small discharges of oil at sea) and acute (rare maritime disasters where large volumes of oil are released in a single event). Penguins of many species have been

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In 1979, an oil spill prompted the collection and treatment of 150 African penguins from St. Croix Island near Port Elizabeth. The animals were later released at Robben Island and four of them promptly swam back to St. Croix Island, surprising scientists.

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activities started there in 2016. Bunkering is a ship refuelling process that can result in oil spills and oil slicks entering the water. Hundreds of African penguins have been harmed following these spills due to the port's close proximity to penguin

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Ludynia, K.; L. J. Waller; R. B. Sherley; F. Abadi; Y. Galada; D. Geldenhuys; R. J. M. Crawford; L. J. Shannon & A. Jarre (2014). "Processes influencing the population dynamics and conservation of African penguins on Dyer Island, South Africa".

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Weller, Florian; Sherley, Richard B.; Waller, Lauren J.; Ludynia, Katrin; Geldenhuys, Deon; Shannon, Lynne J.; Jarre, Astrid (2016). "System dynamics modelling of the Endangered African penguin populations on Dyer and Robben islands, South Africa".

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Established in 1968, SANCCOB is currently the only organisation mandated by the South African government to respond to crises involving seabirds along South Africa's coastline and is internationally recognised for the role it played during the MV

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When foraging, African penguins carry out dives that reach an average depth of 25 m (82 ft) and last for 69 seconds, although a maximum depth of 130 m (430 ft) and duration of 275 seconds has been recorded.

1133:, the two main prey species of the penguins, have forced these penguins to search for prey farther offshore, as well as having to switch to eating less nutritious prey. Restricting commercial fishing near colony sites such as 725:. Penguins normally swim within 20 km (12 mi) of the shore. A penguin may consume up to 540 grams (1.19 lb) of prey every day, but this may increase to over 1 kg (2.2 lb) when raising older chicks. 532:

unique to each penguin, like human fingerprints. The sweat glands above the eyes cool the birds' blood and as the temperature rises, increased blood flow causes the glands to get pinker. This species exhibits slight

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or nests in the sand under boulders or bushes. Incubation is undertaken equally by both parents for around 40 days. At least one parent guards the chicks for about one month, whereafter the chicks join a

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two; the Magellanic has a double bar on the throat and chest, whereas the African has a single bar. These penguins have the nickname "jackass penguin", which comes from the loud penguin noises they make.

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Sherley, R. B.; Crawford, R. J.; de Blocq, A. D.; Dyer, B. M.; Geldenhuys, D.; Hagen, C.; Kemper, J.; Makhado, A. B.; Pichegru, L.; Upfold, L.; Visagie, J.; Waller, Lauren J.; Winker, Henning (2020).

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sank, subsequently oiling and killing thousands of penguins of the Dyer Island colony. In 1953, dead penguins were among a range of dead birds, fish and other marine life that washed ashore after the

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female mortality in this species, may result in a male-biased adult sex ratio and may indicate that conservation strategies focused on benefiting female African penguins may be necessary.

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Makhado, A. B.; M. A. Meÿer; R. J. M. Crawford; L. G. Underhill & C. Wilke (2009). "The efficacy of culling seals seen preying on seabirds as a means of reducing seabird mortality".

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oil spill, the species is considered a good "candidate for a captive-breeding programme which aims to release offspring into the wild"; however, worry about the spread of new strains of

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In 2010, the total African penguin population was estimated at 55,000. At the rate of decline seen from 2000 to 2010, the African penguin is expected to be extinct in the wild by 2026.

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may prey on the penguins and their chicks. Mortality from terrestrial predators is higher if penguins are forced to breed in the open in the absence of suitable burrows or nest boxes.

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African penguin eggs were considered a delicacy and were still being eaten and collected for sale as recently as the 1970s. In the 1950s, they were being collected from

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Nel, D. C.; Crawford, R. J. M.; Parsons, N. J. (2003). "The conservation status and impact of oiling on the African penguin". In Nel, D. C.; Whittington, P. A. (eds.).

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Wolfaardt, A. C.; Underhill, L. G.; Altwegg, R.; Visagie, J. (2008). "Restoration of oiled African penguins Spheniscus demersus a decade after the Apollo Sea spill".

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Due to the marked decline of sardines in the waters near its habitat, African penguins' diet has shifted towards anchovies to some extent, although available sardine

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and feeds primarily on fish and squid. Once extremely numerous, the African penguin is declining rapidly due to a combination of several threats and is classified as

544:. The white undersides of the birds are difficult to spot by predators under the water and the penguins' black backs blend in with the water when viewed from above. 2859: 1186:

and may benefit from the culling of individual problem animals, which has been found effective (although requiring a large amount of management effort) in trials.

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Today, their breeding is largely restricted to 24 islands from Namibia to Algoa Bay, South Africa, with the Boulders Beach colony being an exception to this rule.

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for short periods (3 years) was shown to markedly improve penguin breeding success. Longer closure periods and closures near other colonies are being evaluated.

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Breeding populations of African penguins are being kept in numerous zoos worldwide. No colonies are known outside the southwestern coast of Africa, although

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as they swam back to their breeding grounds. Tens of thousands of volunteers helped with the rescue and rehabilitation process, which was overseen by the

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at sea had killed tens of thousands of African penguins. At the time, the Dassen Island colony was being passed by 650 oil tankers each month because the

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Boulders Beach is a tourist attraction due to the beach, swimming and the penguins. The penguins will allow people to approach them as close as a meter.

2113: 368:. He used the English name "The Black-Footed Penguins". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on two preserved specimens that had been brought to 1833: 3821: 3004:

Sherley, R. B.; Underhill, L. G.; Barham, B. J.; Barham, P. J.; Coetzee, J. C.; Crawford, R. J.; Dyer, B. M.; Leshoro, T. M.; Upfold, L. (2013).

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Wolfaardt, A. C.; Underhill, L. G.; Visagie, J. (2009). "Breeding and moult phenology of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Dassen Island".

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Crawford, R. J. M.; Ryan, P. G.; Williams, A. J. (1991). "Seabird consumption and production in the Benguela and western Agulhas ecosystems".

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Whittington, P. A.; Hofmeyr, J. H.; Cooper, J. (1996). "Establishment, growth and conservation of a mainland colony of Jackass Penguins

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Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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was also a topic of concern given the penguins' conservation status at the time, but owing to the prevailing wind and current, only

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Barham, P. J.; L. G. Underhill; R. J. M. Crawford; R. Altewegg; T. M. Leshoro; D. A. Bolton; B. M. Dyer & L. Upfold (2008).

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Shannon, L. J.; Crawford, R. J. M. (1999). "Management of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus — insights from modelling".

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The African penguin is only found on the southwestern coast of Africa, living in colonies on 24 islands between Namibia and

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The total breeding population across both South Africa and Namibia fell to a historic low of about 20,850 pairs in 2019.

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Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés

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and a subsequent oil slick in 1994. 10,000 penguins were collected and cleaned, of which less than half survived.

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Spelt, A.; Pichegru, L. (2017). "Sex allocation and sex-specific parental investment in an endangered seabird".

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In February 2015, the Dyer Island Conservation Trust opened the African Penguin and Seabird Sanctuary (APSS) in

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such as mosquitoes carrying avian malaria, which has caused 27% of the rehabilitated penguin deaths annually.

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collision oiled roughly 500 penguins. In 1975, newspapers reported that oil pollution from shipwrecks and the

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The average lifespan of an African penguin is 10 to around 25 years in the wild and up to 30 in captivity.

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collected in the thousands and sold by the dozen, with each customer limited to two dozen eggs in total.

361: 1837: 2040:"The conservation status and population decline of the African penguin deconstructed in space and time" 1597: 1540:. Vol. Part II. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 94, Plate 94. 1422: 572:, South Africa. It is the only penguin species that breeds in Africa and its presence gave name to the 436:) meaning "wedge" and is a reference to the animal's thin, wedge-shaped flippers. The specific epithet 107: 1074:

Due to the positive outcome of African penguins being raised in captivity after tragedies such as the

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had become blocked with wrecked vessels, thus increasing maritime traffic past the Cape of Good Hope.

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The total population fell to approximately 150,000–180,000 in 2000. Of those, 56,000 belonged to the

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In 2012, about 18,700 breeding pairs were estimated to live in South Africa, with the majority on

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and cited Edwards' work. The African penguin is now placed with the banded penguins in the genus

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Two colonies were established by penguins in the 1980s on the mainland near Cape Town, namely

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included an illustration and a description of the African penguin in the second volume of his

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Small-scale oil spills (of less than 400 litres (110 US gal)) have occurred at the

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found in the Pacific Ocean near the equator. All are similar in shape, colour and behaviour.

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from islands for use as fertiliser, eliminating the burrowing material used by penguins.

781: 690: 513: 391: 55: 3182: 3139: 3021: 2883: 2808: 2356: 2236: 1489: 790: 3733: 3509: 3151: 3102: 3077: 2962: 2946: 2860:""Jackass Penguins Freed after Rehab", National Geographic's Video News, June 17, 2009" 2820: 2248: 2064: 2039: 1865:"Vanishing African Penguin, Threatened by Climate Change and Fishing, Wins Protections" 1508: 1469: 1282: 972: 614: 548: 456: 329: 266: 102: 3316: 2838: 2266: 4071: 4008: 3912: 3764: 3746: 3571: 3519: 3455: 3349: 3190: 3107: 2954: 2069: 1672: 1666: 1644: 1513: 979:

impacted the African penguin colony of Dyer Island. In 1972, oil spilt following the

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FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology: Conserving Benguela endemic seabirds

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from spills, shipwrecks and cleaning of tankers while at sea. Accounts of African

253: 3969: 3886: 3561: 3549: 3429: 3382: 3147: 2244: 1834:"Boulders Beach, Swimming with Penguins – Swimming with Penguins in South Africa" 1498: 1174: 768: 694: 596: 573: 382: 333: 313: 43: 3865: 3230:"First Class African Penguin and Seabird Sanctuary Opens in Kleinbaai, Overberg" 2206: 1868: 1583: 1579: 745: 325: 3576: 3499: 3481: 3460: 2175: 1356: 1183: 1098: 1086: 940: 773: 600: 592: 584: 579: 569: 541: 540:. The African penguin's colouring is a form of protective colouration known as 478: 179: 39: 30: 3311: 3301: 2906: 2886:"The efficacy of hand-rearing penguin chicks: evidence from African penguins ( 2885: 2643: 2055: 1468:

Favaro, Livio; Ozella, Laura; Pessani, Daniela; Pavan, Gianni (30 July 2014).

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with other chicks and both parents spend most of the day foraging in the sea.

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In 1983, the exposure of penguins of Dassen Island to the oil slick from the

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Bringing the birds inland led to the exposure of penguins to parasites and

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African penguin casualties were significant following the sinking of the

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African penguins resemble and are thought to be related to the Humboldt,

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Rehabilitation of Oiled African Penguins: a Conservation Success Story

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in South Africa fell from 46,000 in the early 1970s to 3,000 in 2008.

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Banded penguins are found mainly in the Southern Hemisphere with the

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African penguins from the International Penguin Conservation website

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Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil; Tarboton, Warwick; Ryan, Peter (2011).

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Ropert-Coudert Y; Kato A; Robbins A; Humphries GRW (October 2018).

1983:"Experiments seek to house declining South African penguins (2009)" 1202: 1126: 844: 832: 682: 521: 502: 399: 139: 2981:"Refuelling under scrutiny as S. Africa penguins hit by oil spill" 332:. It is a charismatic species and is popular with tourists. Other 3697: 3404: 3372: 1578:(in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. 1319:

Colony of African penguins nesting on Boulders Beach in Cape Town

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and seabird habitat on neighbouring Jahleel and Brenton Islands.

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In 2008, 5,000 breeding pairs were estimated to live in Namibia.

604: 498: 349: 316:, with a streamlined body and wings stiffened and flattened into 305: 169: 159: 3904: 3326: 2794: 2114:"African penguin videos, photos and facts – Spheniscus demersus" 3684: 2696:"South Africa's penguins die from oil pollution effects (1975)" 1788:"CapeNature increases protection from predators at Stony Point" 1244: 1231: 876: 797: 722: 369: 309: 129: 3251:""Rehab center goes to the birds", iol SciTech, March 3, 2015" 1711: 1157:. Its population is approximately 50,000 birds and declining. 1069:

South African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds

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Penguins remain susceptible to pollution of their habitat by

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African penguins forage in the open sea, where they feed on

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Disaster struck on 23 June 2000, when the iron ore tanker

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oil spill. A modelling exercise conducted in 2003 by the

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The primary predators of African penguins at sea include

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California Academy of Sciences Live African Penguin Cams

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Coasts, Department of Environmental Affairs, Cape Town.

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which fishing is prohibited. Some colonies (such as on

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The African penguin is one of the species to which the

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African penguins on Boulders Beach, south of Cape Town

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associated with mortality in black-footed penguins (

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that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist

403:. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the 2550:"Must Ration Penguin Eggs at $ 2.10 a Dozen (1965)" 2080: 3307:Images and movies of the African penguin on ARKive 1423:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697810A157423361.en 2862:. National Geographic. 2009-06-17. Archived from 2450:"French Gourmet Finds Penguin Egg Recipes (1959)" 1092: 4023: 1725:. Dyer Island Conservation Trust. Archived from 1685: 1606:"Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins" 902:(video) African penguin swims in an aquarium in 321:which are spotted and marked with a black band. 2573: 1755: 3389:: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae) 3207: 1470:"The Vocal Repertoire of the African Penguin ( 1205:, South Africa. The centre was opened by then- 1015: 3357: 3286:"Nature conservation project African penguin" 3043: 3041: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1691: 1117: 2417: 2343:at Stony Point, Betty's Bay, South Africa". 2321:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. 2010-02-01 2155: 1883:"Know your Georgia Aquarium penguins (2006)" 1633:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1343:African penguins on a rock at Boulders Beach 3222: 3069: 2997: 2721:""Homing" Penguins Travel 500 Miles (1979)" 2688: 2500:"Penguin eggs sent to French eaters (1959)" 2467: 2259: 2218: 2216: 1950: 1908:"Penguins begin swim home (Treasure, 2000)" 1780: 1461: 862: 559: 3364: 3350: 3038: 2392: 2182: 2000: 1851: 1263:programme is cooperatively managed by the 1034: 913: 252: 64: 29: 3198: 3101: 3076:Sherley, Richard B.; et al. (2018). 3029: 2905: 2788: 2738: 2713: 2636: 2492: 2108: 2106: 2063: 1733: 1507: 1497: 1421: 390:, he placed the African penguin with the 2929:) admitted to a rehabilitation center". 2920: 2586: 2454:The Racine Journal-Times Sunday Bulletin 2213: 2008:"African Penguin; Endangered; Cape Town" 1826: 1805: 1550: 1221: 889: 866: 772:Nesting burrows of the African penguin, 767: 744: 578: 507: 488: 465: 459:found in southern South America and the 3162: 3118: 3075: 2831: 2763: 2567: 2517: 2400:"Dassen Island African penguins (1955)" 2332: 2319:"ADW: Spheniscus demersus: Information" 2164:South African Journal of Marine Science 2136: 2134: 2091:"Spheniscus demersus (Jackass penguin)" 2031: 1925: 1875: 1862: 1765:. Bettysbay. 2010-04-08. Archived from 1739: 1630: 1570: 1530: 4024: 2877: 2475:"Penguin-egg eating may spread (1959)" 2442: 2103: 1958:"Flight of the African penguin (2000)" 1836:. Goafrica. 2010-06-14. Archived from 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1140: 376:. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist 3623: 3622: 3345: 3327:African Penguin and Seabird Sanctuary 3278: 2890:) orphaned in the Treasure oil spill" 2666: 2664: 2542: 1635:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 1612:. International Ornithologists' Union 1082:is a major concern in the situation. 1065:International Fund for Animal Welfare 2973: 2931:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 2914: 2371: 2284: 2131: 1900: 1160: 1147:African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement 261:Distribution of the African penguin 246: Extant at-sea range (resident) 3317:African penguins at the Toronto Zoo 3264: 3243: 2746:"Penguins baffle scientists (1979)" 2594:"Oily penguin, South Africa (1936)" 2311: 1537:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds 1474:): Structure and Function of Calls" 1409:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1382: 709:) and marine invertebrates such as 366:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds 13: 3082:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2661: 1590: 1331:African penguins on Boulders Beach 1259:, whilst in the United States the 1169:, Dyer Island Conservation Trust, 14: 4088: 3295: 3128:African Journal of Marine Science 2797:African Journal of Marine Science 2225:African Journal of Marine Science 2142:"The African Penguin Simons Town" 1863:Kilduff, Catherine (2010-09-28). 1371:Adult (front) and juvenile (back) 312:waters. Like all penguins, it is 4032:IUCN Red List endangered species 3191:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00966.x 2199:The Penguiness book, version 3.0 1867:. seaturtles.org. Archived from 1610:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 1364: 1348: 1336: 1324: 1312: 1300: 1273:(wild population) conservation. 952:across the southern hemisphere. 512:African penguin skeleton at the 360:In 1747, the English naturalist 106: 3063:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.01.011 2894:Bird Conservation International 2852: 2644:"Ship Oil Kills Fish, Penguins" 2611: 2021: 1975: 1398:BirdLife International (2020). 3322:Dyer Island Conservation Trust 3010:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2648:Newcastle Sun (NSW: 1918-1954) 1813:"Table Mountain National Park" 1624: 1564: 1544: 1524: 1437: 1093:2016 & 2019 Port of Ngqura 484: 1: 2817:10.2989/ajms.2008.30.2.14.564 2365:10.1080/00306525.1996.9639700 1376: 934: 620: 3490:(or northern little penguin) 3371: 3148:10.2989/1814232X.2014.929027 2245:10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.2.1.873 2010:. Globalpost.com. 2011-06-19 1790:. CapeNature. Archived from 1499:10.1371/journal.pone.0103460 1355:African penguin part of the 1217: 819: 667: 7: 4042:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 3592:Northern rockhopper penguin 3587:Southern rockhopper penguin 2207:10.13140/RG.2.2.32289.66406 1669:Sasol Birds Of South Africa 1276: 1165:Many organisations such as 749:Egg from the collection of 740: 355: 10: 4093: 3232:. SceinicSouth. 2015-02-26 3171:African Journal of Ecology 2176:10.2989/025776191784287709 1694:"The Black-footed Penguin 1631:Jobling, James A. (2010). 1293: 1118:Competition with fisheries 493:African penguin diving in 3631: 3559: 3533: 3497: 3469: 3438: 3412: 3394: 3385:: Sphenisciformes · 3379: 2907:10.1017/S0959270908000142 2056:10.1101/2020.01.15.907485 1989:. 2009-03-30. pp. A6 1889:. 2006-11-17. pp. G6 1572:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques 1416:: e.T22697810A157423361. 1247:, the breeding programme 965:was holed and spilled oil 636:colony and 14,000 to the 444:meaning "plunging" (from 324:The African penguin is a 272: 265: 260: 251: 235: 231: 208: 201: 103:Scientific classification 101: 84: 62: 53: 37: 28: 23: 4057:Birds of Southern Africa 3484:(or little blue penguin) 2923:Plasmodium juxtanucleare 2752:. 1979-09-18. p. 27 2625:. 1949-04-29. p. 22 2600:. 1936-08-02. p. 70 2556:. 1965-05-09. p. 49 2531:. 1965-05-30. p. 32 2506:. 1959-05-24. p. 48 2481:. 1956-07-23. p. 14 2456:. 1959-08-09. p. 17 2406:. 1955-01-09. p. 10 2116:. ARKive. Archived from 1939:. 2000-07-21. p. 12 1887:The Atlanta Constitution 1288:Wildlife of South Africa 945:penguins impacted by oil 885:United States of America 863:Threats and conservation 707:Southern African anchovy 560:Distribution and habitat 418:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 4037:Birds described in 1758 3488:White-flippered penguin 3444:(brush-tailed penguins) 3253:. iol.co.za. 2015-03-03 2777:. 1983-08-08. p. 6 2727:. 1979-09-17. p. 4 2702:. 1975-05-01. p. 1 2650:. 1953-11-03. p. 8 2431:. 1954-10-23. p. 4 1964:. 2000-07-08. p. 2 1914:. 2000-10-12. p. 6 1307:Nesting African penguin 1226:African penguin at the 1196:University of Cape Town 914:Historical exploitation 871:African penguin at the 780:The African penguin is 672: 336:of the species include 240: Extant (resident) 3094:10.1098/rspb.2017.2443 2429:Press and Sun-Bulletin 1692:Mahard, Tyler (2012). 1671:. Struik. p. 22. 1239: 1151:Endangered Species Act 950:impacted by oil spills 910: 887: 777: 765: 695:red-eye round herrings 640:colony. The colony at 626:pre-industrial times. 588: 528: 505: 481: 4062:Fauna of South Africa 4047:Birds of South Africa 3939:Paleobiology Database 3926:Paleobiology Database 3582:Erect-crested penguin 1763:"The African Penguin" 1742:"The African Penguin" 1228:Dallas World Aquarium 1225: 1207:Department of Tourism 901: 870: 771: 748: 583:Penguin with chicks, 582: 511: 492: 476: 308:confined to southern 302:South African penguin 3051:Ecological Modelling 2096:Animal Diversity Web 1604:, eds. (July 2021). 1445:"Appendices | CITES" 1123:Commercial fisheries 955:In 1948, the tanker 873:New England Aquarium 691:Cape horse mackerels 448:meaning "to sink"). 338:black-footed penguin 4009:Spheniscus-demersus 3765:spheniscus-demersus 3690:spheniscus-demersus 3677:Spheniscus_demersus 3663:Spheniscus demersus 3633:Spheniscus demersus 3545:Yellow-eyed penguin 3183:2009AfJEc..47..335M 3140:2014AfJMS..36..253L 3022:2013MEPS..473..291S 2927:Spheniscus demersus 2888:Spheniscus demersus 2809:2008AfJMS..30..421W 2504:The Daily Oklahoman 2357:1996Ostri..67..144W 2341:Spheniscus demersus 2237:2009AfJMS..31..119W 2193:Spheniscus demersus 1721:Spheniscus demersus 1696:Spheniscus demersus 1490:2014PLoSO...9j3460F 1472:Spheniscus demersus 1402:Spheniscus demersus 1141:Conservation status 1006:Castillo de Bellver 599:and Stony Point in 514:Museum of Osteology 457:Magellanic penguins 392:wandering albatross 293:Spheniscus demersus 278:Linnaeus, 1758 212:Spheniscus demersus 56:Conservation status 3565:(crested penguins) 3510:Magellanic penguin 3088:(1871): 20172443. 2921:Grim, C. (2003). " 2725:The Charlotte News 2576:Marine Ornithology 2554:Sioux City Journal 2529:Arizona Daily Star 2191:"African Penguin ( 1719:"African Penguin ( 1700:. Wildlife Monthly 1600:; Donsker, David; 1283:Endangered species 1240: 911: 888: 778: 766: 701:(specifically the 589: 529: 506: 482: 477:Penguin colony at 304:, is a species of 4019: 4018: 3913:Open Tree of Life 3625:Taxon identifiers 3616: 3615: 3572:Fiordland penguin 3520:Galapagos penguin 3503:(banded penguins) 3475:(little penguins) 3456:Chinstrap penguin 3272:"African Penguin" 3031:10.3354/meps10070 2676:www.adu.uct.ac.za 2379:"African penguin" 2305:10.1111/ibi.12457 2267:"African Penguin" 2050:(15): 8506–8516. 1912:York Daily Record 1650:978-1-4081-2501-4 1602:Rasmussen, Pamela 1161:Mediation efforts 991:pumping of bilges 899: 835:. While nesting: 534:sexual dimorphism 474: 461:Galápagos penguin 420:. The genus name 374:Cape of Good Hope 296:), also known as 284: 283: 96: 79: 4084: 4067:Flightless birds 4052:Birds of Namibia 4012: 4011: 3999: 3998: 3986: 3985: 3973: 3972: 3960: 3959: 3947: 3946: 3934: 3933: 3921: 3920: 3908: 3907: 3895: 3894: 3882: 3881: 3869: 3868: 3866:NHMSYS0000533799 3856: 3855: 3843: 3842: 3830: 3829: 3817: 3816: 3804: 3803: 3791: 3790: 3781: 3780: 3768: 3767: 3755: 3754: 3742: 3741: 3729: 3728: 3716: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3703:9B183BDD66511DD8 3693: 3692: 3680: 3679: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3620: 3619: 3602:Macaroni penguin 3515:Humboldt penguin 3418:(great penguins) 3366: 3359: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3105: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2866:on June 19, 2009 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2700:Arizona Republic 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2623:The Morning Call 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2598:Hartford Courant 2590: 2584: 2583: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2351:(3–4): 144–150. 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2144:. Simonstown.com 2138: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2110: 2101: 2100: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1987:The Boston Globe 1979: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1860: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1749: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1664: 1655: 1654: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1511: 1501: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1395: 1368: 1352: 1340: 1328: 1316: 1304: 1251:is regulated by 1112:St. Croix Island 900: 751:Museum Wiesbaden 703:European anchovy 655:St. Croix Island 538:Humboldt penguin 475: 453:Humboldt penguin 408:Diomedea demersa 334:vernacular names 279: 275:Diomedea demersa 256: 245: 239: 214: 194:S. demersus 111: 110: 90: 73: 68: 67: 33: 24:African penguin 21: 20: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4007: 4002: 3994: 3989: 3981: 3976: 3968: 3963: 3955: 3950: 3942: 3937: 3929: 3924: 3916: 3911: 3903: 3898: 3890: 3887:Observation.org 3885: 3877: 3872: 3864: 3859: 3851: 3846: 3838: 3833: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3807: 3799: 3794: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3771: 3763: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3737: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3675: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3627: 3617: 3612: 3607:Chatham penguin 3555: 3550:Waitaha penguin 3529: 3525:African penguin 3493: 3465: 3451:Adélie penguin 3434: 3430:Emperor penguin 3408: 3390: 3375: 3370: 3298: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3235: 3233: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3212: 3208: 3167: 3163: 3123: 3119: 3074: 3070: 3046: 3039: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2919: 2915: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2793: 2789: 2780: 2778: 2775:The Baytown Sun 2769: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2678: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2557: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2532: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2482: 2479:The Troy Record 2473: 2472: 2468: 2459: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2409: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2221: 2214: 2201:. Unpublished. 2187: 2183: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2111: 2104: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1992: 1990: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1965: 1962:Tampa Bay Times 1956: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1892: 1890: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1861: 1852: 1843: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1795: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1747: 1745: 1738: 1734: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1701: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1665: 1658: 1651: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1595: 1591: 1569: 1565: 1549: 1545: 1532:Edwards, George 1529: 1525: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1451: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1396: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1369: 1360: 1353: 1344: 1341: 1332: 1329: 1320: 1317: 1308: 1305: 1296: 1279: 1253:Artis Royal Zoo 1238:, United States 1220: 1175:National Aviary 1163: 1143: 1120: 1095: 1087:disease vectors 1067:(IFAW) and the 1041: 1022: 982:Oswego-Guardian 971:. In 1971, the 937: 916: 890: 865: 822: 743: 685:(including the 675: 670: 623: 574:Penguin Islands 562: 487: 466: 383:Systema Naturae 358: 342:jackass penguin 288:African penguin 277: 247: 243: 241: 237: 227: 216: 210: 197: 160:Sphenisciformes 105: 97: 80: 69: 65: 58: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 4090: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4000: 3987: 3974: 3961: 3948: 3935: 3922: 3909: 3896: 3883: 3870: 3857: 3844: 3831: 3818: 3805: 3792: 3782: 3769: 3756: 3743: 3730: 3717: 3707: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3653: 3637: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3577:Snares penguin 3574: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3482:Little penguin 3478: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3461:Gentoo penguin 3458: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3400: 3392: 3391: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3296:External links 3294: 3292: 3291: 3277: 3263: 3242: 3221: 3206: 3161: 3117: 3068: 3037: 2996: 2972: 2943:10.1638/02-070 2913: 2876: 2851: 2830: 2803:(2): 421–436. 2787: 2762: 2750:The Daily News 2737: 2712: 2687: 2660: 2635: 2610: 2585: 2566: 2541: 2516: 2491: 2466: 2441: 2416: 2404:The Pantagraph 2391: 2370: 2331: 2310: 2299:(2): 272–284. 2283: 2258: 2231:(2): 119–132. 2212: 2181: 2170:(1): 357–375. 2154: 2130: 2102: 2079: 2030: 2020: 1999: 1974: 1949: 1937:Calgary Herald 1924: 1899: 1874: 1871:on 2013-12-03. 1850: 1825: 1804: 1779: 1754: 1732: 1729:on 2009-10-26. 1710: 1684: 1677: 1656: 1649: 1623: 1589: 1563: 1552:Linnaeus, Carl 1543: 1523: 1484:(7): e103460. 1460: 1436: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1363: 1361: 1354: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1278: 1275: 1219: 1216: 1184:Cape fur seals 1162: 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