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25:
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1055:. They formed the JG73 "Steinhoff" squadron, that was partially used as Aggressor squadron. NATO air forces compared the Luftwaffe's Fulcrums with western types during NATO training exercises. Many western pilots were able to train combat tactics against a real Russian fighter flown by highly experienced pilots and to execute air-air-combats against 'the real thing'.
1013:, in 1970. The program was prompted by the poor performance of Soviet-supplied aircraft in the Middle East and by the equivalent American programmes. Before that the Air Force units used some of its own planes in MV roles, the MV standing for Modyeliruyemyiy Vrag which translates as “simulated enemy”.
572:
Aggressor aircraft in the United States are typically painted in colorful camouflage schemes, matching the colors of many Soviet aircraft and contrasting with the gray colors used in most operational US combat aircraft. Camouflage schemes that consist of many shades of blue (similar to those used in
1122:
Some aggressor missions do not require dogfighting, but instead involve flying relatively simple profiles to test the target acquisition and tracking capabilities of radars, missiles and aircraft. Some of these missions had been outsourced on short term or one-time contracts to private companies in
556:
Despite the airframe being strengthened to cope with the continuous high-G loads associated with air combat maneuvering, cracks were detected on the wings after only a few years of operation, leading to grounding of the Navy F-16 fleet by 1992 and complete retirement of the F-16N by 1994. In 2002,
548:
The F-16C won the competition and the F-20 failed to win another order. This, compounded with other lost contracts, led to the demise of the F-20 program and the elimination of one more competitor for the F-16 in the worldwide fighter market. The F-16C as procured by the Navy was equipped with the
552:
Any equipment not necessary for visual-range aerial combat was removed, enhancing their agility and dog-fighting abilities. These F-16s were designated F-16N, and twenty-two single seat aircraft and four twin seat, designated the TF-16N, were built for the US Navy and flown at its famous "TOPGUN"
525:
While aircraft used for the aggressor role are usually older jet fighters, this has not always been the case. During the mid-1980s, the US Navy determined that the A-4s and F-5s flown at Top Gun were not adequate in simulating the air-to-air capabilities of the newest Soviet fighters such as the
917:, all other Hawk T1 aircraft in the British military would be retired and these two squadrons disbanded on 31 March 2022. On 28 March 2022, the RAF announced that a six-year contract to provide these services, now known as the Interim Red Air Aggressor Training Service (IRAATS) was awarded to
277:. Aggressor squadrons use enemy tactics, techniques, and procedures to give a realistic simulation of air combat (as opposed to training against one's own forces). Since it is impractical to use actual enemy aircraft and equipment, surrogate aircraft are used to emulate potential adversaries.
1180:
to simulate potential enemy aircraft and tactics. By outsourcing these missions, customer governments can save costs, save valuable airframe life on combat fleets, and benefit from the flexibility of civilian operations. They also get the benefit of continuing to draw on the expertise of the
537:. According to George Hall's "Top Gun," many instructors at the Navy Fighter Weapons School preferred that the Navy procure the F-20. One reason given was the similarity to the F-5E Tiger aircraft already used by Top Gun and the four active duty adversary squadrons (VF-43,
549:
lighter AN/APG-63 radar set as flown in the F-16A and had a titanium wing spar as in other F-16s. It was not equipped with the M61 Vulcan gun system and had twin lens pods on both sides of the intake to enlarge the relatively small radar cross section of the F-16.
1135:
are now flying advanced radar equipped aircraft in complex training missions including international large force exercises such as Red Flag, Maple Flag, Frisian Flag, and Tiger Meet. They utilize disarmed ex-military jets or small business jets such as
1061:
In Italy since 2015 the
Typhoon squadrons started cooperating with the 212° Gruppo (Squadron) that is responsible for Lead-In Fighter Training course and employs their T-346A Master advanced jet trainers in the Aggressors role. Italian Air Force
1079:, also known as the Flying Dragon or Red Squadron. It is the sole IAF squadron to operate fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters and also ground-based assets. The unit also offers its services to other nations.
823:
aircraft. They provide adversary training to the RCAF and RCN in both jamming and threat replication. The squadron has previously supported
Canadian Army air defense units, but with the retirement of the
1181:
contracted pilots, most of whom are highly experienced weapons school graduates, being either retired or still serving officers concurrently flying in the
Reserve, Air National Guard or equivalent.
565:
that were brand new aircraft originally intended for
Pakistan, but had been embargoed. All 14 are operated by NSAWC for use by TOPGUN in addition to the F/A-18A aircraft already in operation at
530:. At this point, the U.S. Navy held a competition for an adversary platform that could viably represent fourth-generation fighter threats embodied by the MiG-29, Su-27 and the Mirage 2000.
1123:
the late 20th century. In the early 2000s, these programs began steadily evolving to include longer contracts and more advanced mission capabilities. Civilian contractors such as
281:
1504:
696:
1379:
553:
Navy
Fighter Weapons School starting in 1987. They were also flown by VF-43, VF-45 and VF-126, which were still active duty Adversary squadrons at the time.
684:
With the exception of the NSAWC aircraft, all the US Navy and US Marine Corps adversary squadrons are
Reserve Component units and aircraft belonging to the
1069:
NATO integrated opposing force (IOPFOR) Program will mean privately owned lightweight fighters could provide an aggressor training service for NATO.
400:) were flown along with T-38 Talons that were immediately available and served as placeholders until new F-5E/F Tiger II aircraft were introduced.
662:
1297:
707:
near
Ipswich. The 527th initially flew F-5s, then later switched to F-16s. They trained over the North Sea and in Germany, Spain and Italy. The
178:
746:. These wore quasi-Warsaw Pact colours similar to those worn by USAF/USN aircraft. This role ended with the retirement of the CF-5 in 1995.
558:
1058:
Between 1985 and the mid-nineties
Norwegian Air Force 336th squadron was used in the aggressor role on numerous exercises and DACT courses.
1310:
377:
US aggressor squadrons fly small and low-wing loaded fighters that are used to represent those of the potential adversaries. Originally
1072:
Egypt has recently established an
Aggressor squadron Called "95 Aggressor Squadron" Operating F-16s Block 52s that were added lately.
1499:
324:, the antagonists captured each other's aircraft and introduced them into a modest DACT role. The Germans created a unit known as "
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German MiG-29 aircraft were regular visitors to the United States before being sold to Poland and participated in valuable
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411:(for the US Navy), and F-16A models (for the Air Force). At the end of 2005, the USAF started using the larger and faster
109:
1124:
674:
83:
38:
970:
689:
423:, the F-16C became the only dedicated aggressor type at Nellis AFB until 2022, when the 65th was reactivated with the
336:
etc. that visited fighter bases and even let the senior pilots fly the adversary aircraft themselves. The RAF created
296:(DACT) led to transition of Navy Instrument Training Squadrons equipped with the A-4 into Adversary Squadrons at each
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52:
116:
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air defences, but also were used in DACT with RAAF F/A-18 Hornets. The squadron was disbanded in
December 2001.
419:. However, the USAF began phasing out its F-15 aggressors towards the end of 2014. With the deactivation of the
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98:
87:
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sometimes filled an adversary role, using their CT-133s to simulate sea-skimming missiles, such as the
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In 2011, the 3rd Regiment of the FTTC traveled to Pakistan to exercise with the Pakistani Air Force.
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The United Kingdom maintained two units to undertake the aggressor role, both of which operated the
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s. These aircraft are flown by highly experienced retired and current RCAF pilots, based out of
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belonging to the 61° Stormo deployed to Tactical Leadership Programme in the Aggressors role.
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in addition to providing details to overseas locations or hosting US squadrons in Germany. One
695:
The USAF also operated Aggressor squadrons in the UK and in the Philippines. The 527 AS was a
578:
1111:
1076:
1052:
1031:
A third squadron operated drones for target practice for the visiting Soviet Air Force units.
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Foreign aircraft have been used as aggressors in the United States, most notably the Israeli
416:
305:
186:
1412:...And Kill MiGs, Air to Air Combat From Vietnam to the Gulf War - Aircraft Specials series
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918:
906:
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341:
8:
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545:, and VFA-127). However, General Dynamics priced the Falcon for the Navy at below cost.
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have also been flown by the US Air Force as Aggressors over the Nellis ranges, under the
381:
337:
309:
285:
266:
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1141:
1006:
926:
811:, until 2002. The squadron re-formed in 2009, again in the EW adversary role, based in
800:
792:
708:
385:
1028:. Later both were equipped with MiG-29, painted to make them look like the F-15 Eagle.
589:
1457:
1443:
1429:
1415:
1401:
1002:
562:
345:
274:
1016:
The unit was also known as the 1521st Aviation Base, and consisted of 3 squadrons:
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counterpart, the 26th Training Aggressor Squadron, operated F-5s out of the former
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fighters) or of green and mostly-light brown (similar to the colors used in many
538:
325:
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521:
Three F-5E Tiger II from the 527th Tactical Fighter Training Aggressor Squadron.
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was loaned to the US for evaluation providing insight in the threat technology.
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A US Navy Vought EA-7L Corsair II aircraft with a Soviet star and red numbers.
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1005:
began a program known as the 1521st Center for Combat Employment, located in
804:
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669:(US Navy) which is not a squadron per se, but operates F-16A, F/A-18A/B, and
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operates eleven Soviet or Russian aircraft for adversary training, including
989:
fighters as aggressors. The squadron is located at the Zhi-Hang Air Base in
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The first formal use of dissimilar aircraft for training was in 1969 by the
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in 1992. It is supposed to have been disbanded after the collapse of the
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fighter, designated F-21 in its use as an adversary asset. Actual Soviet
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The competing airframes were the General Dynamics F-16C Falcon and the
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859:. FTTC is organized into 3 regiments which simulate enemy aircraft.
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Upgraded A-4N Skyhawks owned by Canadian defence contractor Top Aces.
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TA-4K Kahu Skyhawk, NZ6254 operated by both 75 and 2 Squadrons RNZAF
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aggressor aircraft. The camouflage scheme emulates Soviet markings.
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Two squadrons took “aggressor” roles. Initially they operated the
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Since 2005, the Canadian Forces has employed civilian contractor
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731:(both single- and two-seat) aircraft in the "adversary" role, by
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The current status of 1521st is not known. It was taken over by
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the Navy began to receive fourteen F-16A and F-16B models from
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1440:
Bandits - Pictorial History of American Adversarial Aircraft
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Aggressor squadrons in the US armed forces include the USAF
365:
1263:"China Receives First Advanced Su-35 "Flankers from Russia"
479:
436:
493:
The Navy and Marine Corps briefly operated 2 squadrons of
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The Flight Test and Training Centre (FTTC) is located at
1336:"New Red Air training service for RAF Fighter Squadrons"
304:
followed suit with their first aggressor squadrons at
1484:
969:
was established in 1972 under the guidance of the US
1311:"RAF workhorse Hawk T1s to go into early retirement"
703:
near Cambridge, England, then later from the former
753:to provide aggressor services utilising modernised
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1505:Aggressor squadrons of the United States Air Force
1474:Images and information about VMFT-401's operations
913:It was announced in July 2021 that apart from the
403:These were eventually supplemented by early-model
16:Squadron acting as an enemy in military exercises
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1117:
663:Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans
945:aircraft as aggressors. Since 1990 it has used
415:as an aggressor aircraft alongside the F-16 at
1075:The Israeli Air Force's aggressor squadron is
360:
175:The examples and perspective in this article
1248:"F-16 Air Forces - United States of America"
1214:
1051:Reunified Germany inherited 24 MiG-29s from
427:to better simulate stealth fighter threats.
352:and RAF bases for familiarization training.
1426:Top Gun - The Navy's Fighter Weapons School
699:unit that first operated out of the former
348:) that were fully tested and then taken to
284:(better known as "Topgun"), which used the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1485:Virtual aggressor squadron for Falcon4 AF
965:The 46th Imaginary Enemy Squadron of the
579:Middle Eastern countries' combat aircraft
512:
282:United States Navy Fighter Weapons School
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1308:
1086:
771:
588:
516:
430:
364:
244:
1438:Parsons, Dave and Nelson, Derek (1993)
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1355:"1521st Center for Combat Employment"
828:platform this role was discontinued.
373:painted to resemble an Iranian F-14.
308:equipped with the readily available
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1342:. Ministry of Defence. 5 July 2022.
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985:from 1977 to 1981, and now it uses
675:Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center
288:to simulate the performance of the
13:
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971:Military Assistance Advisory Group
482:training at Nellis AFB as well as
369:An F-14A Tomcat aircraft from the
340:with Luftwaffe captured fighters (
14:
1516:
1467:
1398:Red Eagles: America's Secret MiGs
1309:Sedgwick, Philip (17 July 2021).
941:was established in 1981. It used
896:
769:, Victoria, BC, and Halifax, NS.
665:, as well as the famous "TOPGUN"
34:This article has multiple issues.
1414:, Squadron/Signal Publications.
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1110:primarily served as targets for
981:aircraft from 1972 to 1977, the
845:Canadian Forces Maritime Command
715:near Angeles City, Philippines.
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1500:Military education and training
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939:Tactical Fighter Training Group
874:The 2nd FTTC Regiment operates
863:The 1st FTTC Regiment operates
265:(in the US Navy and USMC) is a
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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294:dissimilar air combat training
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1452:Wilcox, Robert (2005-reissue)
1315:Darlington and Stockton Times
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1118:Private/outsourced aggressors
503:Marine Corps Air Station Yuma
269:that is trained to act as an
1442:, Motorbooks International.
1410:Drendel, Lou (revised 1984)
1261:Yeo, Mike (9 January 2017).
667:Naval Fighter Weapons School
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292:. The success of formalized
7:
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967:Republic of China Air Force
819:, flying aboard contracted
725:Canadian Forces Air Command
497:adversaries at NAS Oceana (
407:(US Navy), specially built
371:Navy Fighter Weapons School
189:, discuss the issue on the
10:
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1106:, in February 1991. Their
885:The 3rd Regiment operates
755:Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet
361:Domestically-made aircraft
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960:
949:aircraft. It is based at
803:(EW) adversary role from
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1480:Nellis AFB Aggressor Ops
1064:Alenia Aermacchi T-346As
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850:
831:Fleet support squadrons
673:aircraft as part of the
611:65th Aggressor Squadrons
535:Northrop F-20 Tigershark
1222:""Soldiers", June 1995"
599:18th Aggressor Squadron
421:65th Aggressor Squadron
326:Touring Zirkus Rosarius
302:United States Air Force
1298:736 Naval Air Squadron
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983:F-5A/B Freedom Fighter
911:736 Naval Air Squadron
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513:Aggressor performances
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1424:Hall, George (1986).
1396:Davies, Steve (2008)
1112:Royal Australian Navy
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1053:East German Air Force
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431:Foreign-made aircraft
417:Nellis Air Force Base
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1133:Draken International
1096:No. 2 Squadron RNZAF
907:No. 100 Squadron RAF
737:Canadian Forces Base
690:Marine Corps Reserve
195:create a new article
187:improve this article
177:may not represent a
99:"Aggressor squadron"
84:improve this article
1228:on 17 November 2006
955:Ishikawa Prefecture
947:Mitsubishi F-15J/DJ
927:Dassault Falcon 20s
759:Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
581:) are most common.
338:No. 1426 Flight RAF
1428:, Presidio Press.
1400:Osprey Publishing
1108:A-4K Kahu Skyhawks
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925:Honey Badgers and
801:electronic warfare
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425:F-35A Lightning II
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263:adversary squadron
259:aggressor squadron
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1406:978-1-84603-378-0
1003:Soviet Air Forces
921:using a fleet of
757:s, Lear 35s, and
563:Davis-Monthan AFB
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36:Please help
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1380:"Luftwaffe"
1340:RAF website
1272:10 February
1232:14 November
1166:A-4 Skyhawk
1083:New Zealand
1011:Turkmen SSR
882:, and JL-9.
677:(NSAWC) at
603:Eielson AFB
526:MiG-29 and
286:A-4 Skyhawk
140:August 2008
1494:Categories
1197:References
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915:Red Arrows
843:, for the
679:NAS Fallon
647:NAS Fallon
639:NAS Oceana
615:Nellis AFB
567:NAS Fallon
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392:(US Navy,
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110:newspapers
39:improve it
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1100:NAS Nowra
1026:MiG-23MLD
1022:MiG-21bis
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727:operated
671:F/A-18E/F
627:MCAS Yuma
585:Squadrons
495:F-21 Kfir
398:Air Force
191:talk page
45:talk page
1185:See also
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1129:Top Aces
1024:and the
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887:Su-30MKK
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346:Fw 190s
342:Bf 109s
320:In the
316:Origins
249:A USAF
124:scholar
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