32:
447:
586:, many of whom had served with the 1st Provisional Air Brigade, dominated the faculty of the Tactical School at Maxwell. With their students, they developed a theory of warfare that invoked the superiority of the long-range bomber over all other types of aircraft. Going beyond Mitchell's ideas, they de-emphasized balanced forces and support of ground troops in favor of a doctrine that heavily armed bombers could fight their way to industrial targets in daylight, unescorted by fighters, and with precision bombing (made possible by the introduction of the
38:
548:, and as a result the Tactical School ended its role as a preparatory school. Instead the ACTS became the equivalent for Air Corps officers of C&GSS, and increased the emphasis on air subjects to more than half of the total course hours by 1934–1935, with an accompanying decrease in hours for ground and administrative subjects. Classroom studies were similarly altered. Lectures occupied only half of a classroom hour, with the remainder given over to discussion and debate of concepts presented and of alternative ideas.
521:
368:
courses were scheduled in mornings. Naiden added courses in the history of the Air
Service and map reading to the academics, and a 126-hour afternoon course in practical flying, instituted to provide refresher training to pilots but required of all students, including those of non-aviation branches. The course structure remained the same until 1939, with changes only in individual course subjects, averaging 25 hours per week of classroom study and 3.7 hours weekly of flying.
214:, that while ideally the service should be separate from the Army, it at the least should be centralized under an Air Service commander with some missions independent of direct support of troops. In reorganizing the post-war Army, the Armed Forces Reorganization Act of 1920 (41 Stat. 759) rebuked these ideas but did establish the Air Service as a statutory entity (previously it had existed by executive order only) and assigned it status as a "combatant arm of the line."
293:
in August 1924 when the Chief of the Air
Service authorized extended duty for instructors, most of whom afterwards served four-year tours on the faculty, with an overlap between incoming and outgoing staff. Between 1925 and 1929 the number of instructors gradually doubled to 16 but even that number proved insufficient to research the vast collection of aviation literature the school's library was collecting to establish doctrine.
197:
641:, chief of the pursuit section between 1931 and 1936, reasoned that the same technology that would increase the performance of the bomber would also eventually enable the single-engine fighter to challenge the bomber at high altitude, which it could not do in the years when the daylight bombing doctrine was formulated. Combined with a centralized early warning and control system (which came with the development of
692:
regular duty and class sizes would be reduced from 60 to 20 students. However World War II in Europe began on 1 September 1939, before the staff and class reductions could be implemented. The Air Corps permitted the short courses to be finished, but suspended all instruction on 30 June 1940. The
Tactical School was reduced to a caretaker staff of seven officers, including two librarians.
716:
School also trained 17 officers from foreign countries. Of the 320 general officers in the Army Air Forces at the end of World War II, 261 were
Tactical School graduates, including 14 of the 18 highest-ranking AAF generals. 134 officers (including 21 from the Army and Navy) served on the faculty of the Tactical School during its 20 years of existence, 58 of whom became general officers.
533:
as its members, the Board was directed by the War
Department to formulate Air Corps doctrine. The Board became indistinguishable from the Tactical School and undertook 77 projects between 1935 and 1942, a third of which dealt with tactical doctrine, and the remainder with equipment, armaments, field manuals, and training texts.
579:
military forces in a war of attrition. By 1931 the
Tactical School was teaching that "a determined air attack, once launched, is most difficult, if not impossible to stop." This shift in emphasis from pursuit to bombardment was the result of two factors: the air war theories of the time and the state of aviation technology.
712:, Florida and absorbed by the Air Corps Proving Ground, while all remaining staff of the Tactical School were transferred to Washington, D.C., where they continued work (mainly the production of training literature) until 30 June 1942, after which the school went unstaffed until its formal dissolution in 1946.
618:, which did not view airpower as a major striking arm but as an auxiliary to the ground forces. Despite the poor performance of what few bombers the Air Corps possessed, the air theorists persisted in their beliefs, testifying in favor of a separate air force before commissions set up in the wake of the
719:
The senior service school function was abandoned for the duration of World War II in favor of development of an actual tactical center, responsible for the mass teaching of all aspects of air warfare to inexperienced officers who would become commanders of newly created units. Although commandants at
715:
The ACTS at
Maxwell graduated 870 officers, 400 of them in the short courses. During its entire history, the Tactical School trained 1,091 officers, 916 of them in the Air Service or Air Corps. 158 graduates from other arms included 118 Army officers, 35 Marines, and five Naval officers. The Tactical
666:
However he also stated that ignorance of radar was fortuitous in the long run. He surmised that had radar been a factor in doctrine, many theorists would have reasoned that massed defenses would make all strategic air attacks too costly, inhibiting if not entirely suppressing the concepts that proved
540:
In 1938 the
Department of Flying Instruction was dissolved and its functions parceled out to the remaining departments. The Department of Air Tactics and Strategy became the dominant division at the school, and its Air Force Section the most important course, in which airpower theories were presented
494:
to house the
Tactical School, and $ 200,000 to purchase acreage on which to build new officer quarters. Delays in construction caused two postponements of the relocation until June 1931, when Austin Hall was completed. On 15 July 1931, the school completed its move, although officer quarters were not
375:
texts in 1924. This development of the tactics portion of the school led to increased emphasis, and in 1925 aeronautical engineering was eliminated from the curriculum. Theoretical use of airpower was first advanced in 1928, and beginning in 1929 a new course was taught at the end of each class, "The
323:
The academic curriculum was standardized in 1922 by the Army's board tasked with preparing "programs of instruction" for all Army schools. 1,345 hours of instruction in 20 subjects, taught over a nine-month period beginning on or about 1 September of each school year, included approximately 900 hours
311:
The functioning of the school was also handicapped by a lack of permanent facilities, especially in quarters, and the school did not have a permanent academic building. When the five-year expansion program outlined in the Air Corps Act of 1926 failed to address these problems, and the creation of new
292:
While at
Langley, the ACTS was hampered by a chronic shortage of instructors, caused by a lack of policy within the Army for filling vacancies despite a rapid turnover in staff in the first three years. School administrators were forced to double as instructors. The situation was somewhat ameliorated
280:
In the first two classes, despite the school's title and function, only six of the first 23 graduates were field grade officers. A board reviewing all service schools of the United States Army observed that the Field Officers School had a course load that in other branches of the Army was distributed
268:
on 10 February 1921, after its primary function. The Air Service ordered 17 officers to Langley, eight as students and nine as instructors, although several officers swapped roles and some instructors were students as well. The 1920–1921 class opened on 1 November 1920, and although scheduled to last
263:
was assigned as officer-in-charge of the Field Officers Course at the new school and sent to Langley in July 1920 to set it up. War Department General Order No. 18 authorized the school on 14 August 1920. The balloon courses were split off into a separate school in a different area of Langley and the
648:
Chennault, however, also had a blind spot in his zealous advocacy of fighters as the offensive weapon of the Air Corps. He consciously avoided acknowledging the role of accompanying escort fighters as part of an offensive air strike. When his tour at ACTS ended, the fighter-versus-bomber controversy
556:
The limited class size at the Tactical School led the Air Corps in 1938 to study the feasibility of using a series of shorter courses to allow a greater number of officers to attend. The study concluded that a significant number of potential staff and command officers had not attended the school and
388:
Course instruction assumed a pattern combining both theory and practical instruction. Subjects were generally scheduled in blocks, particularly tactics, beginning with those of other branches and services, along with logistics and staff functions, from the beginning of each class until December. The
602:
The formulators of this doctrine were relatively young junior officers, nearly all of them former reservists commissioned during or immediately after World War I. They viewed war in the abstract, admitted (and even apologized for) being unable to offer conclusive proof of their theories, but firmly
532:
Four faculty committees were also established to administrate scheduling, the school library, and publication of doctrine. The Air Corps Board, which had been inactive since the move from Langley, was permanently relocated to Maxwell in 1933. Restructured by the Tactical School faculty, who doubled
379:
Army regulations also made the commander of the 2nd Wing, as the base commander at Langley, the commandant of the Tactical School. However, during its first four years this caused little disruption as Milling, first as officer in charge and then as assistant commandant, remained in actual charge of
731:
The experiences of World War II created a new impetus for professional education of air commanders, as it had after World War I, but on a much vaster scale. The expectation of becoming a separate service from the Army resulted in planning for a service-wide educational system, the nucleus of which
652:
Although the proponents of daylight precision bombing at the Tactical School had a "failure of imagination" in not expanding the doctrine to include establishing air superiority as a prerequisite for success, and thus contributed to the delay in the development of a long-range escort fighter until
560:
The plan had the drawbacks of limiting the amount of detail to which students could be exposed, and would require a rebuilding of the staff and curriculum when the long course was reinstated. Nevertheless, the curriculum was changed from 712 academic hours to 298. The short courses began on 1 June
536:
After the move to Maxwell, the practice of requiring students to fly actual missions as part of the instruction process was discontinued for safety reasons. Plans for a composite school group were suspended by the Chief of the Air Corps because of a service-wide shortage of personnel and aircraft,
367:
The curriculum was altered in July 1923 by the newly created Director of Instruction, Capt. Earl Naiden, cutting the academic course by 500 hours to 845 total hours. 450 hours of the cuts came from the various tactics subjects, although the equitation courses were also eliminated, and all academic
168:
doctrine of daylight precision bombing. This doctrine held that a campaign of daylight air attacks against critical targets of a potential enemy's industrial infrastructure, using long-range bombers heavily armed for self-defense, could defeat an enemy nation even though its army and navy remained
629:") became the primary airpower strategy of the United States in the planning for World War II. Four former instructors of the school, the core of the "Bomber Mafia", produced the two airpower war plans (AWPD-1 and AWPD-42) that guided the wartime expansion and deployment of the Army Air Forces.
578:
that compared the importance of pursuit to the Air Service to that of infantry to the Army. However, in 1926 the Tactical School modified this principle by asserting for the first time that airpower could strike at vital points deep inside enemy territory rather than merely targeting an enemy's
245:
On 25 February 1920, the War Department authorized the Air Service to establish its service schools. In addition to six pilot and advanced pilot training schools, and two technical training schools, an Air Service School was planned. It proposed to host courses for enlisted personnel as balloon
691:
called for an expansion of the Air Corps in January 1939. The need for experienced officers to supervise the expansion led to plans to reduce the size of the faculty and long course classes as a compromise to keep the school functioning. Six of the 24 Air Corps instructors would be returned to
528:
In 1934 Curry, now ACTS Commandant, reorganized the academic structure of the school along functional lines into three principal departments: Air Tactics, Ground Tactics, and Basic and Special Instruction. Flying was a fourth department. The "Air Force", "Attack", "Bombardment", "Pursuit", and
384:
became the first commandant to exercise control over school activities. The assistant commandant then became responsible for academics, assisted by the director of instruction, directors of the individual academic departments, and the school secretary (formerly the school adjutant).
489:
Plans were developed for a campus to accommodate a tactical school of 75 students, a squadron officers school of 50 junior officer students, and a school demonstration flying group of four squadrons. Congress appropriated almost $ 700,000 by July 1929 for new buildings, including
661:
It was recognized that fighter escort was inherently desirable, but no one could quite conceive how a small fighter could have the range of the bomber yet retain its combat maneuverability. Failure to see this issue through proved one of the Air Corps Tactical School's major
183:
In a broader sense, the strategic bombing doctrine, adapted by factors encountered during combat, was also the foundation for the final separation of the Air Force from the Army as a military service independent of and equal to the other services. In 1946 the AAF created the
277:. 11 officers, including four instructors, graduated the first course. The second class, beginning in October 1921, was devoted to the further training of instructors, the creation of a sound administrative system, and development of a well-rounded course curriculum.
281:
among several schools. Because all other Air Service schools were technical training in nature, the board recommended that the school be opened to all air service officers regardless of rank. Accordingly, Army regulations changed the name of the school to that of
499:
designed 99 residences for officers in an elegant style they deemed "French Provencial," and placed them in a neighborhood setting that became "the showplace of the Air Corps." The construction program at Maxwell continued until 1938, funded primarily by the
679:. However, the press of the enormous tasks confronting the Air Corps and the primacy of strategic bombing doctrine meant that development of a long-range capability for these new fighters was not undertaken until combat losses to bombers forced the issue.
217:
The Air Service followed the precedent of the other combat arms and began planning for its own service schools. An "Air Service School of Application" for technical training in aeronautical engineering, similar to the Ordnance School of Application at
590:
in 1931), defeat an enemy by destroying key war production targets, rather than engaging in costly and prolonged ground campaigns aimed at destroying enemy armies. While the theory was based on tenets of strategic airpower developed by Mitchell,
152:
In addition to the training of officers in more than 20 areas of military education, the school became the doctrine development center of the Air Corps, and a preparatory school for Air Corps officers aspiring to attendance at the U.S. Army's
699:, headquartered at Maxwell, with the objective of re-opening the school immediately. After completion of a study, the center recommended in July 1941 that the Tactical School curriculum be modified into a ten-week basic course in tactics for
392:
Practical instruction came in the form of "field problems," initiated in the classroom, then demonstrated and practiced in the practical flying course. Annual inspection trips were also undertaken until 1930 to the Engineering Division at
707:
level junior grade officers, to instruct 2,000 officers its first year and 5,000 officers thereafter, ending its twin missions of senior officer service school and doctrine development center. Instead the Air Corps Board was moved to
529:"Observation" sections were placed within the Department of Air Tactics. The next year these departments became the Department of Air Tactics and Strategy, Department of Ground Tactics, and Department of Command, Staff and Logistics.
429:. However, by 1931 doctrinal disagreements between the schools and the exclusion of ACTS staff from the planning process created a perceived misuse of airpower on the part of AWC planners that ACTS assistant commandant Maj.
645:), defending interceptors would inflict serious losses on unescorted forces. The doctrine also ran counter to the theories of Billy Mitchell, who believed that pursuit support was essential for daylight bombing operations.
145:, Alabama, in July 1931. Instruction at the school was suspended in 1940, anticipating the entry of the United States into World War II, and the school was dissolved shortly after. ACTS was replaced in November 1942 by the
537:
and attempts to have demonstrations by existing combat units were mostly unsatisfactory. The demonstration group was not authorized until August 1939 and was utilized for less than a year before classes were suspended.
653:
two years into the war, the doctrine nonetheless became the foundation for the separation of the Air Force from the Army, and the basis for modern airpower theory. ACTS graduate, instructor, and "Bomber Mafia" member
1413:
Hansell noted that when Chennault commanded the China Air Task Force/14th Air Force a few years later, he both demanded more fighters as bomber escorts and made extravagant claims regarding the effectiveness of his
603:
believed that the dominance of airpower lay ahead in the future, when existing limitations of technology had been overcome. Nine key advocates, all of whom instructed at the Tactical School, became known as the "
557:
was growing annually. It recommended that the nine-month course be discontinued for a year and four 12-week courses scheduled, each having 100 students, all drawn from the group of prospective senior staff.
544:
Association with the Infantry School increased, but inspection trips formerly used at Langley first became voluntary and then were discontinued. Only a handful of graduates had gone on to attend the
657:, concurred that both the theorists and the authors of the AWPD-1 war plan (he was both) made a serious mistake in neglecting long-range fighter escort in their ideas. Hansell wrote:
180:
to produce the two war-winning plans—AWPD-1 and AWPD-42—based on the doctrine of precision daylight bombing that guided the wartime expansion and deployment of the Army Air Forces.
433:
criticized as not being of value to students of either school. Although Air Corps input resulted in some improvements, a lack of funds eliminated ACTS participation after 1933.
1602:
296:
Despite school recommendations to the contrary, class size gradually increased, reaching 40 students by 1931. The first student from a branch other than the Air Service (an
1563:
1322:, who died in 1937. Their impact was such that when the fighter community worked to gain primacy in the USAF in the 1970s, the initial driving force, led by Col.
736:. Established in 1946, AU coordinated all professional education for Air Force officers, and "fell heir to the purpose and tradition of the old Tactical School".
720:
ACTS had lobbied throughout its existence for the Tactical School to serve as the nucleus of such a center, it instead became the function of a new school, the
671:. Development of fighters was not ignored; by October 1940, over a year before Pearl Harbor, every type of piston-driven single-engine fighter used by the
1587:
1388:
574:
In its first years, the Tactical School taught that pursuit aviation was the most important of air operations, epitomized by the 1925–1926 class text
312:
units at Langley interrupted the functioning of the practical flying course, the Air Service began seeking a new location for the Tactical School.
300:
officer) attended ASTS in 1923–1924. This became standard when the 1926–1927 class had five officers representing the other combat branches of the
607:." The unofficial leader of the group was the bombardment section chief and later director of the Department of Air Tactics and Strategy, Major
328:, including those of other services and combined arms tactics, although more than half (480 hours) were devoted to air tactics in observation,
1559:
599:, it rejected the concept of terror-bombing of civil populations as a means of destroying the morale and coercing the will of an enemy state.
458:
was rejected by the staff for lack of year-round flying weather, urban restrictions on flying, and a lack of support facilities. Locations at
1024:
1612:
844:
733:
721:
242:, to train field grade officers in the operation and tactics of the Air Service as a requirement for higher command or staff work.
185:
146:
269:
nine months, was concluded in May when both students and instructors were assigned to the 1st Provisional Air Brigade, as part of
925:
592:
1578:
270:
696:
315:
The 1930–1931 class was the last at Langley. In its eleven years at Langley, the Tactical School graduated 221 students.
210:. However, air combat and limited bombardment operations indicated to veterans of the Air Service, including Brig. Gen.
352:, and photography, and 150 to administrative studies, covering staff duties, combat orders, organization of the Army,
1441:
955:
902:
545:
154:
1607:
285:
on 8 November 1922. With the passage of the Air Corps Act of 1926, the school again changed its name, becoming the
1323:
231:
17:
849:
418:
246:
observers, balloon mechanics, and aerial photography, but its main course was to be the Field Officers Course.
207:
130:
672:
501:
165:
1558:, Air Force Historical Division, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. (Air Force Historical Study No. 100:
1392:
134:
72:
505:
305:
454:
Difficulties with dilapidated facilities at Langley were not resolved, and a proposed relocation to
446:
169:
intact. The Tactical School, in formulating the doctrine, rejected the idea of attacking civilians.
1307:
491:
337:
31:
1349:
1315:
874:
864:
668:
625:
Although flawed and tested only under optimal conditions, the doctrine (originally known as the "
389:
courses in air tactics followed, described by one student as coming with "bewildering rapidity."
649:
became a moot point among the staff, to the detriment of developing a role for escort fighters.
479:
459:
422:
235:
219:
177:
142:
138:
95:
90:
688:
626:
260:
728:, both for the training of unit cadres and the continuing development of tactical doctrine.
709:
414:
971:, Center for Air Force History, March 1955 edition, as are all references listed, pp. 4–5.
8:
700:
638:
509:
496:
483:
1167:
1291:
805:
788:
654:
463:
301:
274:
336:, and attack aviation. Approximately 290 hours involved technical subjects, including
1437:
1311:
951:
898:
895:
Masters of the Air: America's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany
869:
859:
854:
751:
704:
357:
37:
1575:
725:
676:
619:
608:
587:
333:
325:
1582:
1521:
771:
406:
227:
982:
From Huffman Prairie to the Moon: The History of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
1525:
1299:
1295:
798:
758:
583:
541:
and explored, doctrine emerging as much from the students as from the faculty.
478:; and another area of Langley Field were studied before the choice was made of
381:
211:
200:
1596:
1327:
778:
615:
596:
455:
430:
520:
604:
410:
402:
398:
394:
353:
223:
173:
1303:
1015:. 1944, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, p. 6.
948:
The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II
467:
349:
329:
172:
Four former instructors of the school, the core of a group known as the "
1365:
USAF Historical Studies No. 89. Office of Air Force History, pp. 63–65.
1200:, Vol. I 1907–1950. Air Force History and Museums Program. pp. 111–112.
471:
372:
361:
345:
1196:
Shiner, John F. (1997). "The Coming of the GHQ Air Force, 1925–1935",
129:", was a military professional development school for officers of the
1319:
1290:
In addition to George, the Bomber Mafia consisted of future generals
1198:
Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force
206:
At the end of World War I, observation remained the main role of the
637:
The doctrine was not universally held among air officers, however.
426:
417:. Beginning in 1924, ACTS students also participated in the annual
341:
297:
239:
164:
The Air Corps Tactical School was notable as the birthplace of the
1464:
The Army and its Air Corps: Army Policy Toward Aviation 1919–1941
695:
One year later the Tactical School came under the control of the
376:
Air Force", coordinating all air topics covered during the year.
234:
in October 1919 for permission to establish a tactical school at
196:
475:
1363:
The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941
1352:
of ACTS and a "Bomber Mafia" member is credited with the term.
794:
Col. Albert L. Sneed (acting), 19 September – 21 November 1938
667:
decisive in World War II and essential to the creation of the
675:(USAAF) in World War II had made its first flight except the
642:
967:
Finney, Robert T. (1955). USAF Historical Studies No. 100:
1013:
The Development of Tactical Doctrines at AAFSAT and AAFTAC
1011:
Reither, Joseph. Army Air Forces Historical Study No. 13:
745:
Unless otherwise noted, tours ran from 1 July to 30 June.
137:, the first such school in the world. Created in 1920 at
226:, and began its first class 10 November 1919. Maj. Gen.
831:
Col. Elmer J. Bowling, 3 November 1941 – 5 January 1942
1168:
Maxwell AFB Senior Officers Quarters Historic District
371:
The first printed texts covering air tactics replaced
1603:
Military education and training in the United States
828:
Col. William D. Bowling, 20 August – 2 November 1941
822:
Col. Edgar P. Sorenson, 8 August 1940 – 16 July 1941
614:
The doctrine brought them in conflict with the Army
254:
819:
Brig. Gen. Walter R. Weaver, 1 July – 7 August 1940
754:, 1920–1924 (assistant commandant, directed school)
508:. A bombing and gunnery range was also set up near
1556:History of the Air Corps Tactical School 1920–1940
495:begun until 1932. Architects commissioned by the
188:to carry on the work and traditions of the ACTS.
157:. The motto of the Air Corps Tactical School was
1594:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1095:
984:, AFLC, US Government Printing Office, p. 399.
825:Col. David S. Seaton, 17 July – 19 August 1941
569:
1104:
1092:
834:Col. John A. Greene, 6 January – 30 June 1942
318:
271:the experimental bombing of captured warships
682:
632:
436:
249:
784:Col. Arthur G. Fisher, 1935 – 5 March 1937
687:Before the short courses began, President
201:Brig.Gen. William Lendrun "Billy" Mitchell
161:—"We Make Progress Unhindered by Custom".
1588:Warden and the Air Corps Tactical School
969:History of the Air Corps Tactical School
845:Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics
722:Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics
519:
445:
195:
147:Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics
1520:Notable non-Air Corps instructors were
1382:
1380:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
561:1939, and continued for the next year.
1595:
1564:1998 scanned edition, with photographs
1391:. Air University, USAF. Archived from
564:
515:
450:Austin Hall, Air Corps Tactical School
1025:Air University Chronology 1920s–1930s
764:Lt.Col. Clarence C. Culver, 1926–1929
739:
230:, Director of Air Service, wrote the
1377:
980:Laubenthal, Capt. Sanders A. (1982)
908:
767:Lt.Col. Jacob W. S. Wuest, 1929–1930
524:Aerial view of Maxwell Field in 1937
1560:PDF of March 1955 edition photostat
1386:
801:, 22 November 1938 to 31 March 1939
791:, 14 March 1937 – 19 September 1938
697:Southeast Air Corps Training Center
264:Air Service School was renamed the
13:
897:, New York: Simon & Schuster.
14:
1624:
1569:
1434:The Air Plan That Defeated Hitler
1035:Finney, p. 6, and note 18, p. 44.
923:
266:Air Service Field Officers School
255:Air Service Field Officers School
155:Command and General Staff College
1432:Hansell, Haywood S. Jr. (1979).
724:, activated 27 October 1942, in
576:Employment of Combined Air Force
546:Command and General Staff School
176:", were grouped together in the
36:
30:
1613:1920 establishments in Virginia
1540:
1531:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1466:, Air University Press, p. 163.
1456:
1447:
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1333:
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1029:
551:
18:Army Air Forces Tactical Center
1018:
1005:
996:
987:
974:
961:
940:
887:
850:Air University (United States)
486:, as the site for the school.
131:United States Army Air Service
1:
880:
808:, 1 April 1939 – 30 June 1940
673:United States Army Air Forces
441:
191:
141:, Virginia, it relocated to
135:United States Army Air Corps
7:
1462:Tate, Dr. James P. (1998).
838:
570:Ascendance of bomber theory
512:, for Tactical School use.
283:Air Service Tactical School
273:by the Air Service and the
82:25 instructors, 50 students
10:
1629:
1554:Finney, Robert T. (1955).
946:Griffith, Charles (1999).
893:Miller, Donald L. (2006).
405:, when trips began to the
319:Tactical School curriculum
306:United States Marine Corps
28:Air Corps Tactical School
15:
1361:Greer, Thomas H. (1985).
1348:Griffith, p. 45. Lt.Col.
683:School closure and legacy
633:Failure of pursuit theory
380:the school. In 1924 Maj.
287:Air Corps Tactical School
159:Proficimus More Irretenti
119:Air Corps Tactical School
107:Proficimus More Irretenti
102:
86:
78:
68:
60:
52:
44:
27:
492:Building 800-Austin Hall
437:Maxwell Field, 1931–1940
360:, supply and courses in
338:aeronautical engineering
250:Langley Field, 1920–1931
64:United States of America
16:Not to be confused with
1608:United States Air Force
1581:3 November 2006 at the
950:. Air University Press
875:Fairchild Memorial Hall
669:United States Air Force
364:and stable management.
1576:Maxwell Air Force Base
1140:Finney, pp. 13–14, 20.
664:
525:
451:
308:assigned as students.
220:Sandy Hook, New Jersey
203:
178:Air War Plans Division
1389:"AWPD-1, The Process"
926:"The Tactical School"
689:Franklin D. Roosevelt
659:
627:industrial web theory
523:
449:
261:Thomas DeWitt Milling
199:
1387:Hansell, Haywood S.
1263:Griffith, pp. 49–50.
1218:Griffith, pp. 39–40.
928:. AIR FORCE Magazine
462:, Washington, D.C.;
639:Claire L. Chennault
565:Theory and doctrine
516:Course restructured
510:Valparaiso, Florida
497:Quartermaster Corps
484:Montgomery, Alabama
304:and three from the
127:the Tactical School
1511:Finney, pp. 53–63.
1484:Finney, pp. 41–42.
1326:, was dubbed the "
1292:Haywood S. Hansell
1272:Miller, pp. 39–40.
1122:Finney, pp. 12–13.
789:Henry Conger Pratt
740:School commandants
655:Haywood S. Hansell
526:
464:Richmond, Virginia
452:
302:United States Army
275:United States Navy
204:
1312:Robert M. Webster
870:Muir S. Fairchild
860:Kenneth N. Walker
855:Laurence S. Kuter
799:Millard F. Harmon
752:Thomas D. Milling
746:
358:international law
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111:
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1002:Finney, pp. 5–6.
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978:
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944:
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937:
935:
933:
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891:
813:Without students
806:Walter R. Weaver
744:
726:Orlando, Florida
677:P-47 Thunderbolt
620:Air Mail scandal
609:Harold L. George
588:Norden bombsight
419:Army War College
289:on 2 July 1926.
222:, was set up at
121:, also known as
40:
34:
25:
24:
1628:
1627:
1623:
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1570:External links
1568:
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1549:
1548:
1546:Finney, p. 43.
1539:
1537:Finney, p. 42.
1530:
1526:Miles Browning
1513:
1504:
1502:Finney, p. 25.
1495:
1493:Finney, p. 24.
1486:
1477:
1475:Finney, p. 41.
1468:
1455:
1446:
1436:, Ayer Press,
1425:
1423:Miller, p. 41.
1416:
1406:
1395:on 21 May 2002
1376:
1367:
1354:
1341:
1332:
1308:Kenneth Walker
1300:Muir Fairchild
1296:Laurence Kuter
1283:
1281:Finney, p. 26.
1274:
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1209:Finney, p. 20.
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1142:
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1089:Finney, p. 14.
1082:
1080:Finney, p. 12.
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1062:Finney, p. 10.
1055:
1053:Reither, p. 6.
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759:Oscar Westover
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593:Hugh Trenchard
584:Billy Mitchell
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382:Oscar Westover
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232:War Department
212:Billy Mitchell
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186:Air University
113:
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1453:Greer, p. 60.
1450:
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1442:0-405-12178-4
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1429:
1420:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1383:
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1371:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1350:Donald Wilson
1345:
1336:
1329:
1328:Fighter Mafia
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:Donald Wilson
1313:
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1305:
1301:
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1044:Finney, p. 6.
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993:Finney, p. 5.
990:
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748:
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732:would be the
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662:shortcomings.
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617:
616:General Staff
612:
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597:Giulio Douhet
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498:
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487:
485:
482:, a depot in
481:
480:Maxwell Field
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Bolling Field
457:
456:Staten Island
448:
434:
432:
431:John F. Curry
428:
424:
421:maneuvers at
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Wright Fields
396:
390:
386:
383:
377:
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369:
365:
363:
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344:and gunnery,
343:
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243:
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237:
236:Langley Field
233:
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143:Maxwell Field
140:
139:Langley Field
136:
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114:Military unit
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96:Maxwell Field
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91:Langley Field
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1397:. Retrieved
1393:the original
1370:
1362:
1357:
1344:
1335:
1318:, and Major
1286:
1277:
1268:
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1250:
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1183:
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1007:
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989:
981:
976:
968:
963:
947:
942:
930:. Retrieved
894:
889:
812:
811:
743:
730:
718:
714:
694:
686:
665:
660:
651:
647:
636:
624:
613:
605:Bomber Mafia
601:
582:Devotees of
581:
575:
573:
559:
555:
552:Short course
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
488:
453:
411:Fort Benning
403:Dayton, Ohio
391:
387:
378:
373:mimeographed
370:
366:
322:
314:
310:
295:
291:
286:
282:
279:
265:
258:
244:
224:McCook Field
216:
205:
182:
174:Bomber Mafia
171:
163:
158:
151:
126:
122:
118:
116:
106:
29:
22:
1304:Robert Olds
787:Brig. Gen.
781:, 1931–1935
774:, 1930–1931
761:, 1924–1926
710:Eglin Field
468:San Antonio
350:meteorology
330:bombardment
208:Air Service
87:Garrison/HQ
1597:Categories
881:References
472:Fort Riley
442:Relocation
423:Ft. DuPont
362:equitation
346:navigation
192:Background
93:, Virginia
61:Allegiance
1324:John Boyd
1320:Odas Moon
958:, pp. 42.
470:, Texas;
98:, Alabama
48:1920–1940
1579:Archived
1444:, p. 22.
1414:bombers.
905:, p. 38.
839:See also
770:Lt.Col.
701:squadron
427:Delaware
354:military
342:armament
298:infantry
240:Virginia
103:Motto(s)
932:27 July
415:Georgia
334:pursuit
326:tactics
53:Country
1440:
1399:10 May
1314:, and
954:
901:
595:, and
476:Kansas
395:McCook
259:Major
69:Branch
45:Active
804:Col.
797:Col.
777:Col.
757:Maj.
750:Maj.
705:group
643:radar
125:and "
1524:and
1438:ISBN
1401:2009
952:ISBN
934:2008
899:ISBN
703:and
504:and
397:and
356:and
133:and
123:ACTS
117:The
79:Size
506:PWA
502:WPA
409:at
401:in
324:of
56:USA
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936:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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