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784:. Many countries have Air Traffic Control schools, academies or colleges, often operated by the incumbent provider of air traffic services in that country, but sometimes privately. These institutions are structured to provide training to individuals without any prior air traffic control experience. At the completion of academic training, the graduating student will be granted an Air Traffic Control license, which will include one or more Ratings. These are sub-qualifications denoting the air traffic control discipline or disciplines in which the person has been trained. ICAO defines five such ratings: Area (procedural), Area Radar, Approach (procedural), Approach Radar, and Aerodrome. In the United States, controllers may train in several similar specialties: Tower, Ground-Controlled Approach (GCA), Terminal Radar Control, or En route Control (both radar and non-radar). This phase of training takes between six months and several years.
629:(FDA) are either banned or would require an air traffic controller to apply for a Special Consideration Medical Certificate and undergo stringent and continuous monitoring of the underlying medical condition. Almost universally, trainee controllers begin work in their twenties and retire in their fifties. This is due to an FAA requirement that trainees begin their training at the Academy no later than their 31st birthday, and face mandatory retirement at age 56. However, retired military air traffic controllers may qualify for appointment after reaching 31 years of age. Communication is a vital part of the job: controllers are trained to focus on the exact words that pilots and other controllers speak, because a single misunderstanding about altitude levels or runway numbers can have tragic consequences. Controllers communicate with the pilots of aircraft using a
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or approach controllers. In most nations, they are known as "area", "en route", or, colloquially in the US, "center" controllers. Area controllers are responsible for specific sectors of 3D blocks of airspace with defined dimensions. Each sector is managed by at least one area controller, known as an "R-side" (Radar) controller that handles radio communications. During busier times of traffic, there may also be a second area controller, known as a "D-side" (Data), assigned to the same area in order to assist the R-side Area controller. This can be done with or without the use of radar: radar allows a sector to handle much more traffic; however,
846:
to too many white males being hired over minorities. The FAA says it "is blind on the issue of diversity". At the same time, the FAA also stopped giving preference to applicants who were military veterans with aviation experience. In addition, group of external experts appointed by the
Federal Aviation Administration emphasized the need for immediate action on Wednesday, November 15, 2023, to address safety concerns in the nation's aviation system. The two primary issues they highlighted were inadequate staffing levels among air traffic controllers and the existence of outdated technology.
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609:, among many others) almost always disqualify people from obtaining medical certification from the overseeing aviation authority without explicit testing and waivers signed by the overseeing medical authority, demonstrating that the disorder does not impact the individuals ability to do the job. Almost universally, controllers are subjected to rigid medical and mental exams to ensure safety in the air traffic system. In the United States, for example, all air traffic controllers are required to take and pass a
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aircraft and is termed On the Job
Training (OJT), with a fully qualified and trained mentor or On the Job Training Instructor (OJTI) also 'plugged into' the position to give guidance and ready to immediately take over should it become necessary. The length of this phase of training varies from a matter of months to years, depending on the complexity of the sector.
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Whenever an air traffic controller is posted to a new unit or starts work on a new sector within a particular unit, they must undergo a period of training regarding the procedures peculiar to that particular unit and/or sector. The majority of this training is done in a live position controlling real
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However, there are problems envisaged with technology that normally takes the controller out of the decision loop but requires the controller to step back in to control exceptional situations: air traffic control is a skill that has to be kept current by regular practice. This in itself may prove to
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Despite years of effort and billions of dollars spent on computer software designed to assist air traffic control, success has been largely limited to improving the tools at the disposal of the controllers, such as computer-enhanced radar. It is likely that in the next few decades, future technology
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Area controllers are responsible for the safety of aircraft at higher altitudes, in the en-route phase of their flight surrounding busier airports and airspace. Area controllers may also handle aircraft at lower altitudes as well as air traffic around small airports that do not have their own towers
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In 2014, it was reported that in the United States, the
Federal Aviation Administration had stopped giving preferential treatment to air-traffic controller applicants who had passed classes from the 36 FAA-approved college aviation programs across the United States, with some speculating it was due
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User acceptance or willingness to use such technology is another important consideration air service providers need to consider prior to implementing any new technology. In a recent study with over 500 air traffic controllers from around the world, Bekier and colleagues found that once the focus of
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Many countries regulate work hours to ensure that controllers are able to remain focused and effective. Research has shown that when controllers remain "on position" for more than two hours without a break, performance can deteriorate rapidly, even at low traffic levels. Many national regulations,
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to keep aircraft at a safe distance from each other and within proper airspace in their area of responsibility and move all aircraft safely and efficiently through their assigned sector of airspace, as well as on the ground. Because controllers have an incredibly large responsibility while on duty
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Typically, controllers work "on position" for 90 to 120 minutes followed by a 30-minute break. Except at quieter airports, air traffic control is a 24-hour, 365-day-a-year job where controllers usually work rotating shifts, including nights, weekends, and public holidays. These are usually set 28
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In some countries, all air traffic control is performed by the military. In other countries, military controllers are responsible solely for military airspace and airbases; civilian controllers maintain airspace for civilian traffic and civilian airports. Historically, in most countries, this was
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documented the stresses and challenges faced by air traffic controllers in her 1984 study "The politics of stress: the case of air traffic control." published in the
International journal of health services. In a study which compared stress in the general population and in this kind of systems
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Aerodrome or Tower controllers control aircraft within the immediate vicinity of the airport and use visual observation from the airport tower. The tower's airspace is often a 5-nautical-mile (9.3 km) radius around the airport, but can vary greatly in size and shape depending on traffic
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profession is consistently regarded around the world as one of the most mentally challenging careers, and can be notoriously stressful depending on many variables (equipment, configurations, weather, traffic volume, traffic type, special activities, governmental actions, human factors). Many
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that is significantly better than the population average. In 'games' involving short-term memory, peer-induced stresses, and real-time risk analysis, air traffic control specialists scored better than the control group in every experiment . Excellent hearing and
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The tower positions are typically split into many different positions such as Flight Data/Clearance
Delivery, Ground Control, and Local Control (known as Tower by the pilots); at busier facilities, a limited radar approach control position may be needed.
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days in advance. In many countries, the structure of controllers' shift patterns is regulated to allow for adequate time off. In the UK, the most common pattern is two mornings, two late afternoons, and two evenings/nights followed by a four-day break.
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decision-making shifts from the air traffic controller, support for the technology dramatically decreases. Unsurprisingly, they also found that air traffic controllers enjoy the core tasks of their role: namely, conflict detection and resolution.
621:, while not disqualifying, are taken seriously and must be monitored with medical examinations by certified doctors. Controllers must take precautions to remain healthy and avoid certain medications that are banned for them; all medications, even
557:, and are well organized. Other skills that are essential include a fast processing of numeric computations and mathematics, assertive and firm decision-making skills, the ability to maintain their composure under pressure, and an excellent
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will make the controller more of a systems manager overseeing decisions made by automated systems and manually intervening to resolve situations not handled well by the computers, rather than being automated out of existence altogether.
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Approach: Issues instructions to aircraft who are intending to land at the airport. This involves vectoring aircraft in a safe, orderly, and expeditious manner and, if needed, stacking the aircraft at different holding
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Bekier, M., Molesworth, B. R. C., & Williamson, A. (2011). Why air traffic controllers accept or refuse automated technology. Paper presented at the 16th
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Dayton,
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instructions and authorizes aircraft/vehicle movements on the airport except the active runway(s); controllers are not responsible for aircraft movement on ramps or other designated non-movement areas.
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Most countries' armed forces employ air traffic controllers, often in most if not all branches of the forces. Although actual terms vary from country to country, controllers are usually enlisted.
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system which has many attendant issues, such as the fact that only one transmission can be made on a frequency at a time and can either merge or block each other and become unintelligible.
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part of the government and controllers were civil servants. However, many countries have partly or wholly privatized their air traffic control systems; others are looking to do the same.
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Moreover, the position of the air traffic controller requires some of the strictest physical and mental health requirements for any profession in the world; conditions such as
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Bekier, M., Molesworth, B. R. C., & Williamson, A. (2012). Tipping point: the narrow path between automation acceptance and rejection in air traffic management.
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983:...chart shows the median, or middle, annual income figure for full-time workers in this sector compared to the national median figure for all sectors.
625:, must be reported to the medical authority, and failure to do so can result in a revocation of medical certification. Numerous drugs approved by the
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Costa, Giovanni (1991). "Shiftwork and
Circadian Variations of Vigilance and Performance". In Wise, J. A.; Hopkin, V. D.; Smith, M. L. (eds.).
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by radio. The position of air traffic controller is one that requires highly specialized knowledge, skills, and abilities. Controllers apply
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In the United States, en-route controllers work at air route traffic control centers or ARTCCs. In other countries, area controllers work in
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markedly showed more stress level for controllers. This variation can be explained, at least in part, by the characteristics of the job.
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controllers, however, cite high salaries, and a large, unique, and privileged degree of autonomy as major advantages of their jobs.
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is used in many areas where traffic levels do not justify radar or the installation of radar is not feasible, such as over oceans.
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Local (Tower): Issues takeoff and landing instructions/clearances and authorizes aircraft/vehicle movements on or across runways.
643:. Controllers who do not speak English as a first language are generally expected to show a certain minimum level of competency.
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561:. Through numerous studies throughout the decades, it has been demonstrated that traffic controllers usually have a superior
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Besides Brazil, the only nations in which the military retains complete control of civilian traffic are
Paraguay and Uganda.
969:. Skills Funding Agency on behalf of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, Government of U.K. Archived from
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Arghami Sh; Nasl Seraji J; Mohammad K; Zamani Gh; Farhangi A; van Vuuren W (2005). "Mental health in high-tech system".
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A military air traffic controller works approach control in
Carrier Air Traffic Control Center (CATCC) aboard the
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Only once a person has passed all these training stages they will be allowed to control a position alone.
950:...graph shows median weekly earnings for the occupation compared with the median across all occupations.
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Although local languages are used in ATC communications, the default language of aviation worldwide is
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1117:"Circadian performance rhythms: some practical and theoretical implications [and discussion]"
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be the largest stumbling block to the introduction of highly automated air traffic control systems.
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Civilian Air
Traffic Controllers' licensing is standardized by international agreement through
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on the ground, they monitor the position, speed, and altitude of aircraft in their assigned
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903:(2014–15 ed.). Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Archived from
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Tesh, Sylvia Noble (1984). "The politics of stress: the case of air traffic control".
1086:. NATO ASI Series. Vol. F73. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. pp. 267–280.
936:. Canberra, Australia: Department of Employment, Australian Government. Archived from
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are a requirement, and trainees undergo rigorous physical and psychological testing.
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711:(weather). FD/CD is commonly known in the profession as the secretary of the tower.
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Half of air traffic controller job offers go to people with no aviation experience
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rules and regulations. Majority from military and/or four-year degree CTI schools
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
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The median annual wage for air traffic controllers was $ 122,530 in May 2012.
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1011:. Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA). 11 September 2008. Archived from
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475:, are personnel responsible for the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of
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For the position responsible for aiding and directing space flight, see
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Air traffic controllers are generally individuals who possess superior
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Public and private sectors, both military and civil. Varies by country.
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Although the media in the United States frequently refers to them as
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1295:"Staffing and Technology Woes Threaten Aviation Safety, Report Says"
225:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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998:". Footnote 1. Disciples of Flight. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
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Hopkin, V. David (5 September 1995). "17.7 Work-rest cycles".
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system. Usually stationed in air traffic control centers and
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Controllers often work from a control tower like this one at
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aircraft, helps with coordination for GC/LC, and cuts the
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1243:"FAA Closes a Hiring Runway for Air-Traffic Controllers"
1009:"Air traffic control still causing disruption in Brazil"
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532:. For a more detailed article on the job itself, see
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Automation and Systems Issues in Air Traffic Control
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therefore, require breaks at least every two hours.
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Unique Aviation Career as an Air Traffic Controller
119:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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703:flight plan clearances, obtains squawk codes for
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934:Job Outlook: An Australian Government Initiative
675:, controlling high-level en-route aircraft, or
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520:, most air traffic professionals use the term
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877:National Air Traffic Controllers Association
611:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
82:Learn how and when to remove these messages
442:Certification by aviation authority (e.g.
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1048:
963:"Air traffic controller: Job Information"
872:The Guild of Air Traffic Control Officers
824:Next Generation Air Transportation System
342:Learn how and when to remove this message
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
179:Learn how and when to remove this message
1158:International Journal of Health Services
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589:, and many psychiatric disorders (e.g.,
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856:Air traffic controllers' strike of 1981
699:Flight Data/Clearance Delivery: Issues
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366:Military air traffic controllers in a
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1058:Human Factors In Air Traffic Control
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117:adding citations to reliable sources
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32:Air Traffic Controller (video game)
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1115:Folkard, S.; Rosen, S. D. (1990).
760:Civilian air traffic controllers,
730:Civilian/military – public/private
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1038:"FAQs – Jobs and careers at NATS"
841:2014 changes in the United States
627:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
63:This article has multiple issues.
1264:, Chicago Tribune, July 30, 2014
1201:Iranian Journal of Public Health
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695:The roles of the positions are:
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1061:. CRC Press. pp. 366–367.
994:Clark, Anders (17 June 2015). "
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71:or discuss these issues on the
30:For the video game series, see
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1241:Carey, Susan (May 22, 2014).
930:"Air Transport Professionals"
901:Occupational Outlook Handbook
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762:Memphis International Airport
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36:Air Traffic Controller (band)
1283:, Fox Business, May 20, 2015
1092:10.1007/978-3-642-76556-8_27
996:FAA Hiring Scandal Follow Up
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1293:Walker, Mark (2023-11-15).
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545:Core skills of a controller
270:to comply with Knowledge's
221:the claims made and adding
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128:"Air traffic controller"
1374:Occupations in aviation
522:air traffic controllers
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617:. Conditions such as
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551:situational awareness
430:situational aversives
422:situational awareness
1274:Trouble in the Skies
673:area control centers
113:improve this article
34:. For the band, see
1364:Air traffic control
1015:on 13 December 2014
973:on 13 December 2014
940:on 13 December 2014
907:on 13 December 2014
591:clinical depression
540:Features of the job
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481:air traffic control
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27:Aviation specialist
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683:Aerodrome or tower
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518:flight controllers
438:Education required
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1127:(1241): 543–553.
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911:13 December
530:controllers
477:air traffic
408:Description
1358:Categories
1312:2023-11-19
883:References
822:See also:
725:altitudes.
607:drug abuse
458:employment
416:Excellent
386:Profession
375:Occupation
215:improve it
139:newspapers
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1344:ATSA Test
1307:0362-4331
776:Education
752:(CVN-72).
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281:talk page
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169:May 2013
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716:taxi
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473:ATCs
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420:and
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