204:(ANSPs) were state-controlled monopolies. En-route navigation is still offered by state-run monopolies although in Europe since 1997 they were under a performance review framework and since 2009 and 2013, under performance and risk-sharing charging regulations. In Europe, the organisation of ATM is highly fragmented, with each member state having its own ANSPs operating airport towers and centres under various ownership models. The 37 European ANSPs operate 60 control centres in 10.8 million km. Apart from five largest ANSPs (
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in the UK) bearing 60% of total
European gate-to-gate service provision costs and operating 54% of European traffic, the remaining 40% of gate-to-gate traffic (airport towers and approach services) costs are borne by 32 smaller ANSPs. Such fragmentation leads to delays and costs EUR 4 bn a year. The
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ATM encompasses both airspace and ground airport operations. Since the rise of computer sciences, risk management and decision-making are software-assisted. Recent system developments balance interests of airspace and runways on one side, and capacity overloads for taxiway network and terminals on
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188:(ATFCM) (or Air Traffic Flow Management, ATFM) consisting in regulating the flow of aircraft as efficiently as possible in order to avoid congestion in airspace and
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McEvoy, Keith; Efthymoiu, Marina (2023). "The potential of unbundling air traffic management services in Europe". In
Efthymiou, Marina (ed.).
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Baumgartner, Marc (2007). "The
Organisation and Operation of European Airspace". In Cook, Andrew (ed.).
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Scala, Paolo Maria; Mota, Miguel
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transcending national borders) and research, this has not yet been successful.
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Bourgois, Marc (2016). "Introduction". In Cook, Andrew; Rivas, Damián (eds.).
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European Air
Traffic Management. Principles, Practice and Research
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Traffic Management. Principles, Practice and Research
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Fron, Xavier (2007). "Introduction". In Cook, Andrew (ed.).
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Air
Traffic Management. Principles, Performance, Markets
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IEEE Transactions on
Intelligent Transportation Systems
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Directorate
General for Research, European Parliament.
370:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. p. 218-229.
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453:. European Commission
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