385:- UVGI can be used to sterilize air that passes UV lamps via forced air. Air purification UVGI systems can be freestanding units with shielded UV lamps that use a fan to force air past the UV light. Other systems are installed in forced air systems so that the circulation for the premises moves micro-organisms past the lamps. Key to this form of sterilization is the placement of the UV lamps and a good filtration system to remove the dead micro-organisms. For example, forced air systems by design impede line-of-sight, thus creating areas of the environment that will be shaded from the UV light. However, a UV lamp placed at the coils and drain pan of the cooling system will keep micro-organisms from forming in these naturally damp places. The most effective method for treating the air rather than the coils is in-line duct systems, these systems are placed in the center of the duct and parallel to the airflow.
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long-lived ROS ones are
Hydrogen Peroxide – Gas Phased, and Ozone. Due to the long-lived Hydrogen Peroxide (gas phased) and with low levels of Ozone (30ppb - 50 ppb) It is very effective in killing pathogens that include mold, bacteria, viruses, and germs in the air and on surfaces and provide odor control. Unlike Ozone generators that produce a high amount of ozone that is used as "shock treatment" is only effective in empty rooms without people present whereas ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) purifiers can be effective safely 24/7 while people are present when ozone is (30ppb - 50 ppb). ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) has very effective long-distance surface treatment due to its output of ozone (30ppb - 50ppb) and Hydrogen Peroxide it has, unlike Titanium dioxide that produces 2 ROS which are Hydroxyl radicals and superoxide that are a very short distance on surface treatment.
270:
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particles have a charge and many are even bi-polar. As airborne particles pass through the electric field the polarized field re-orients the particle to adhere to a disposable fiber media pad. Ultra-fine particles (UFPs) that are not collected on their initial pass through the media pad are polarized and agglomerate to other particles, odor and VOC molecules and are collected on subsequent passes. The collection efficiency varies significantly by particle size. The efficiency of polarized-media electronic air cleaners increases as they load, providing high-efficiency filtration, with air resistance typically equal to or less than passive filters. Polarized-media technology is non-ionizing, which means no ozone is produced.
221:
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410:(PCO) is an emerging technology in the HVAC industry. In addition to the prospect of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) benefits, it has the added potential for limiting the introduction of unconditioned air to the building space, thereby presenting an opportunity to achieve energy savings over previous prescriptive designs. As of May 2009 there was no more disputable concern raised by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory data that PCO may significantly increase the amount of
581:
2016:
337:, must be arranged so that no air bypasses the HEPA filter. In dusty environments, a HEPA filter may follow an easily cleaned conventional filter (prefilter) which removes coarser impurities so that the HEPA filter needs cleaning or replacing less frequently. HEPA filters do not generate ozone or harmful byproducts in the course of operation.
400:
solid phase, when aggravated or disturbed contaminants can be regenerated in indoor air sources. Activated carbon can be used at room temperature and has a long history of commercial use. It is normally used in conjunction with other filter technology, especially with HEPA. Other materials can also absorb chemicals but at a higher cost.
455:. While technically a type of PCO, PECO involves electrochemical interactions among the catalyst material and reactive species (e.g., through emplacement of cathodic materials) to improve quantum efficiency; in this way, it is possible to use lower energy UVA radiation as the light source and yet achieve improved effectiveness.
1822:
Anandan, Sudharshan; Fix, Andrew J.; Freeman, Andrew J.; Miller, Lance; Scheg, Devon P.; Morgan, Xavier; Park, Jae Hong; Horton, William T.; Blatchley, Ernest R.; Warsinger, David M. (2024). "Framework for assessing collection-based photocatalytic oxidation systems in HVAC applications for bioaerosol
641:
Other aspects of some air cleaners are hazardous gaseous by-products from ozone-generating units, noise level, frequency of filter replacement, electrical consumption, and visual appeal. Ozone production is typical for air ionizing purifiers. A high concentration of ozone is dangerous, although most
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of ozone, an industrial safety standard. There are two major subdivisions: the fanless ionizer and fan-based ionizer. Fanless ionizers are noiseless and use little power, but are less efficient at air purification. Fan-based ionizers clean and distribute air much faster. Permanently mounted home and
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volatile chemicals on a molecular basis, but does not remove larger particles. The adsorption process when using activated carbon must reach equilibrium thus it may be difficult to completely remove contaminants. Activated carbon is merely a process of changing contaminants from a gaseous phase to a
344:
14 or above are rated to remove airborne particles of 0.3 micrometers or larger. A high-efficiency MERV 14 filter has a capture rate of at least 75% for particles between 0.3 and 1.0 micrometers. Although the capture rate of a MERV filter is lower than that of a HEPA filter, a central air system can
735:
In
September 2007, the California Air Resources Board announced a ban of indoor air cleaning devices which produce ozone above a legal limit. This law, which took effect in 2010, requires testing and certification of all types of indoor air cleaning devices to verify that they do not emit excessive
511:
gas which can oxidize many other chemicals. The only safe use of ozone generators is in unoccupied rooms, utilising "shock treatment" commercial ozone generators that produce over 3000 mg of ozone per hour. Restoration contractors use these types of ozone generators to remove smoke odors after
487:
Plasma air purifiers are a form of ionizing air purifier. Instead of precipitating particles on a plate, they are primarily intended to destroy volatile organic compounds, bacteria, and viruses by chemical reactions with generated ions. While promising in laboratory conditions, their usefulness and
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has requirements manufacturers must pass to meet HEPA requirements. The HEPA specification requires removal of at least 99.97% of 0.3 micrometers airborne pollutants. Products that claim to be "HEPA-type", "HEPA-like", or "99% HEPA" do not satisfy these requirements and may not have been tested in
716:
Ozone can damage the lungs, causing chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath and throat irritation. It can also worsen chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and compromise the ability of the body to fight respiratory infections—even in healthy people. People who have asthma and allergy are
565:
Reactive Oxygen
Species (ROS) Technology also known as "ROS Purifier" - There are 7 airborne ROS. Some are short-lived and some are long-lived. The five short-lived ones are going to be hydroxyl radical, Singlet Oxygen (dioxidene), Superoxide, Atomic Oxygen, Peroxynitrite (peroxynitrite). The two
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system. PCO is not a filtering technology, as it does not trap or remove particles. Like polarized electric media, the effectiveness of PCO approaches are highly dependent on particle size, and system geometries must be tailored accordingly. PCO systems are sometimes coupled with other filtering
240:
One fluid dynamic modelling study from
January 2021 suggests that operating air purifiers or air ventilation systems in confined spaces, such as an elevator, during their occupancy by multiple people leads to air circulation effects that could, theoretically, enhance viral transmission. However,
403:
Polarized-media electronic air cleaners use active electronically enhanced media to combine elements of both electronic air cleaners and passive mechanical filters. Most polarized-media electronic air cleaners use safe 24-volt DC voltage to establish the polarizing electric field. Most airborne
553:
Thermodynamic sterilization (TSS) - This technology uses heat sterilization via a ceramic core with microcapillaries, which are heated to 200 °C (392 °F). It is claimed that 99.9% of microbiological particles - bacteria, viruses, dust mite allergens, mold and fungus spores - are
650:, while others need to be replaced every few months or years. Sometimes suitable filters are only sold by the manufacturer for a high cost, some have DRM control so only replacement filters authorised by the manufactuere can be used. In the United States, some purifiers are certified as
313:
is permanently removed from the air and collected in the filters. Several different processes of varying effectiveness can be used to purify air. As of 2005, the most common methods were high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI).
712:
regulated by health-related US federal and state standards. In a controlled experiment, in many cases, ozone concentrations were well in excess of public and/or industrial safety levels established by US Environmental
Protection Agency, particularly in poorly ventilated rooms.
642:
air ionizers produce low amounts, low rates of ozone reduce the effectiveness. A build up can cause detrimental health effects especially for vulnerable people. The noise level of a purifier can often be obtained through a customer service department and is usually reported in
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646:(dB). The noise levels for most purifiers can vary and may be dependent on fan speed. Frequency of filter replacement and electrical consumption are the major operation costs for any purifier. There are many types of filters; some can be cleaned by water, by hand or by
345:
move significantly more air in the same period of time. Using a high-grade MERV filter can be more effective than using a high-powered HEPA machine at a fraction of the initial capital expenditure. Unfortunately, most furnace filters are slid in place without an
520:), and the stench caused by decaying flesh which cannot be removed by bleach or anything else except for ozone. However, it is not healthy to breathe ozone gas, and one should use extreme caution when buying a room air purifier that also produces ozone.
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generators are used by cleanup contractors on unoccupied rooms to oxidize and permanently remove smoke, mold, and odor damage, and are considered a valuable and effective industrial tool. However, these machines can produce undesirable by-products.
418:
oxidation systems are able to completely oxidize and degrade organic contaminants. For example, Volatile
Organic Compounds found low concentrations within a few hundred ppmv or less are the most likely to be completely oxidized. PCO uses short-wave
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for a device comprising a copper helmet with an attached flexible collar and garment. A long leather hose attached to the rear of the helmet was to be used to supply air, the original concept being that it would be pumped using a double
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has advised against using ozone producing air purifiers. Some manufacturers falsely claim outdoor and indoor ozone are different. Claims that these devices restore a hypothesized ionic balance are unsupported by science.
558:, and is then cooled using heat transfer plates and released. TSS is not a filtering technology, as it does not trap or remove particles. TSS is claimed not to emit harmful by-products (although the byproducts of partial
677:; energy usage; and the cost of the replacement filters. Two other important factors to consider are the length that the filters are expected to last (measured in months or years) and the noise produced (measured in
1556:
Watson, Rowan; Oldfield, Morwenna; Bryant, Jack A.; Riordan, Lily; Hill, Harriet J.; Watts, Julie A.; Alexander, Morgan R.; Cox, Michael J.; Stamataki, Zania; Scurr, David J.; de Cogan, Felicity (9 March 2022).
109:
wrote about his invention, a fireman's respirator, as a result of a combination of protective features of the
Stenhouse's respirator and other breathing devices. This invention was later described in 1875.
1424:
1330:
Conway Morris, Andrew; Sharrocks, Katherine; Bousfield, Rachel; Kermack, Leanne; Maes, Mailis; Higginson, Ellen; Forrest, Sally; Pereira-Dias, Joana; Cormie, Claire; Old, Tim; Brooks, Sophie (2021-10-30).
2136:
Eadie, Ewan; Hiwar, Waseem; Fletcher, Louise; Tidswell, Emma; O'Mahoney, Paul; Buonanno, Manuela; Welch, David; Adamson, Catherine S.; Brenner, David J.; Noakes, Catherine; Wood, Kenneth (23 March 2022).
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in real indoor environments. As with other advanced technologies, sound engineering principles and practices should be employed by the HVAC designer to ensure proper application of the technology.
237:
filter as a way to reduce transmission of COVID-19 virus, saying "Portables with a high-efficiency HEPA filter and sized for the appropriate room can capture 99.97 percent of airborne particles."
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333:) filters remove at least 99.97% of 0.3-micrometer particles and are usually more effective at removing larger and smaller particles. HEPA purifiers, which filter all the air going into a
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purification traps airborne particles by size exclusion. Air is forced through a filter and particles are physically captured by the filter. Various filters exist notably including:
132:
The first residential HEPA filter was reportedly sold in 1963 by brothers
Manfred and Klaus Hammes in Germany, who created the Incen Air Corporation which was the precursor to the
507:
are designed to produce ozone and are sometimes sold as whole-house air cleaners. Unlike ionizers, ozone generators are intended to produce significant amounts of ozone, a strong
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301:. Active air purifiers release negatively charged ions into the air, causing pollutants to stick to surfaces, while passive air purification units use air filters to remove
2014:, Goswami Dharendra Yogi, "Photoelectrochemical air disinfection", published December 16, 2004, assigned to University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.
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removes microfine particulate matter from the air by attracting charged particulates to a bio-reactive mass, or bioreactor, which enzymatically renders them inert.
717:
most prone to the adverse effects of high levels of ozone. For example, increasing ozone concentrations to unsafe levels can increase the risk of asthma attacks.
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technologies for air purification. UV sterilization bulbs must be replaced about once a year; manufacturers may require periodic replacement as a condition of
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unit found in the medical, industrial, and commercial industries. Air purifiers may also be used in industry to remove impurities from air before processing.
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Joseph Allen, director of the
Healthy Buildings program at Harvard's School of Public Health, recommends that school classrooms use an air purifier with a
1163:
Wang, Shaobin; Ang, H. M.; Tade, Moses O. (July 2007). "Volatile organic compounds in indoor environment and photocatalytic oxidation: State of the art".
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708:. Because of the nature of the ionization process, ionic air purifiers tend to generate the most ozone. This is a serious concern because ozone is a
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90:. A short pipe allowed breathed air to escape. The garment was to be constructed from leather or airtight cloth, secured by straps. In the 1860s,
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2729:"U.S. Residential Air Purifiers Market Poised to Surge from USD 2.02 Billion in 2015 to USD 2.72 Billion by 2021 – ZionMarketResearch.Com"
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349:, which allows air to pass around the filters. This problem is worse for the higher-efficiency MERV filters because of the increase in
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185:(VOCs) can pose a risk to health. Exposure to various components such as VOCs increases the likelihood of experiencing symptoms of
61:
The commercially graded air purifiers are manufactured as either small stand-alone units or larger units that can be affixed to an
2202:
2038:
689:
As with other health-related appliances, there is controversy surrounding the claims of certain companies, especially involving
241:
real-life testing of portable HEPA/UV air filters in COVID-19 wards in hospital demonstrated complete elimination of air-borne
744:
As of 2015, the United States residential air purifier total addressable market was estimated at around $ 2 billion per year.
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353:. Higher-efficiency MERV filters are usually denser and increase air resistance in the central system, requiring a greater
269:
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treated air filters (i.e. air filters coated with antimicrobial agents) for preventing the spread of airborne pathogens.
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1333:"The removal of airborne SARS-CoV-2 and other microbial bioaerosols by air filtration on COVID-19 surge units"
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17:
2484:"Quantification of Ozone Levels in Indoor Environments Generated by Ionization and Ozonolysis Air Purifiers"
681:) by the various settings that the purifier runs on. This information is available from most manufacturers.
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1559:"Efficacy of antimicrobial and anti-viral coated air filters to prevent the spread of airborne pathogens"
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245:. Interestingly this report also showed a significant reduction in other bacteria, fungal and viral
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Do-it-yourself (DIY) air cleaners: Evidence on effectiveness and considerations for safe operation
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to air purification (patents 19 July 1860 and 21 May 1867), thereby creating the first practical
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HEPA technology is used in portable air purifiers as it removes common airborne allergens. The
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Fragments of
Science for Unscientific People: A series of detached essay, lectures and reviews
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Park, Dae Hoon; Joe, Yun Haeng; Piri, Amin; An, Sanggwon; Hwang, Jungho (5 September 2020).
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A related technology relevant to air purification is photoelectrochemical oxidation (PECO)
1764:
Ao, C. H.; Lee, S. C. (January 30, 2004). "Combination effect of activated carbon with TiO
1727:
Zeltner, Walter A.; Tompkins, Dean T. (January 2005). "Shedding light on photocatalysis".
1525:"New antimicrobial air filters tested on trains rapidly kill SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses"
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1626:"Determination of Air Filter Anti-Viral Efficiency against an Airborne Infectious Virus"
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2546:"Health Effects of Ozone in Patients with Asthma and Other Chronic Respiratory Disease"
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2139:"Far-UVC (222 nm) efficiently inactivates an airborne pathogen in a room-sized chamber"
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use charged electrical surfaces or needles to generate electrically charged air or gas
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1471:"Particle size for greatest penetration of HEPA filters - and their true efficiency"
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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport § Research and development
1948:
Bono, Nina; Ponti, Federica; Carlo, Puna; Candiani, Gabriele (February 25, 2021).
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are not addressed) and also reduces the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere.
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attracted to a charged collector plate. This mechanism produces trace amounts of
55:
249:, suggesting that portable filters such as this may be able to prevent not only
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incinerated. The air passes through the ceramic core by the natural process of
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An air purifier which can use HEPA, ionization, PCO, UVGI, and ozone generation
350:
91:
2276:"Air Purifiers Fact Sheet | Environmental Health & Safety | UMass Amherst"
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for the photodegradation of binary pollutants at typical indoor air level".
673:(which determines how well air has been purified); efficient area coverage;
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2203:"Air Cleaners Designed to Intentionally Generate Ozone (Ozone Generators)"
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2039:"Which Air Purifiers Are Ozone-Free? Comparing Ionizers, UV-C, and HEPA"
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and other oxidants as by-products. Most ionizers produce less than 0.05
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1978:
1882:"Photocatalysis - Considerations for IAQ-Sensitive Engineering Designs"
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448:. Photocatalytic Oxidation systems often have high commercial costs.
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2482:
Britigan, Nicole; Alshawa, Ahmad; Nizkorodov, Sergey A. (May 2006).
2107:"New type of ultraviolet light makes indoor air as safe as outdoors"
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initiates the decomposition of airborne contaminants at the surface.
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gasses that may be adsorbed, is mixed into slightly porous paint.
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Potera, C. (2011), Wood-Burning Stoves Get Help from HEPA Filters
1249:"On airborne virus transmission in elevators and confined spaces"
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Due to the below average performance and potential health risks,
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2454:"How to pick the right air purifier for coronavirus protection"
1742:
1215:"Can an air purifier help protect you against the coronavirus?"
908:
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148:
51:
2833:
1954:-Photocatalysis on Airborne Bacteria and Viruses: An Overview"
1911:"Residential Air Cleaners: A Summary of Available Information"
669:
Air purifiers may be rated on a variety of factors, including
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728:
472:
439:. PCO in-duct units can be mounted to an existing forced-air
436:
289:
and may feature oscillation and adjustment of air flow angle.
166:
159:
133:
46:. These devices are commonly marketed as being beneficial to
2800:
Air purifiers are not listed under Durable Medical Equipment
2620:"What are ionizers and other ozone generating air cleaners?"
121:, after being put to use in the 1940s in the United States'
73:
or other adsorption techniques are typically used for this.
4540:
3580:
3500:
1555:
543:
440:
330:
306:
234:
144:
114:
66:
2135:
1817:
1815:
2794:
by National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health
2481:
701:
atoms, and in the presence of humidity, small amounts of
467:. These ions attach to airborne particles which are then
464:
427:, to energize the catalyst (usually titanium dioxide (TiO
360:
There is ongoing research to enable viable and effective
2423:"Specification for HEPA Filters Used by DOE Contractors"
2762:
1821:
1812:
828:
Newton, William; Partington, Charles Frederick (1825).
693:. Many air purifiers generate some ozone, an energetic
94:
filed two patents applying the absorbent properties of
27:
Device that removes contaminants from the air in a room
2010:
1947:
1391:"Best Air Purifiers: Why to Buy Air Purifier in India"
2489:
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
1247:
Dbouk, Talib; Drikakis, Dimitris (January 26, 2021).
305:. Passive purifiers are more efficient since all the
1092:
White, Mason (May–June 2009). "99.7 Per Cent Pure".
488:
safety has not been established in air purification.
293:There are two types of air purifying technologies,
2394:"Air Filter DRM? Hacker Opts Out With NFC Sticker"
1418:Medical Advisory, Secretariat (November 1, 2005).
1131:"An Interview with Michael Rubino, The Mold Medic"
4675:
2581:"Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners"
1417:
827:
117:filters were commercialized as highly efficient
2646:"How Long To Wait After Using Ozone Generator?"
2069:"Residential Air Cleaners: A Technical Summary"
1726:
1683:"Validation of In-Room UV-C-Based Air Cleaners"
2771:HEPA filter specifications for DOE contractors
2765:Information on Clean Air Delivery Rate by AHAM
1476:Office of Scientific and Technical Information
357:drop and consequently increasing energy costs.
4214:
2819:
2787:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2586:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2551:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2077:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1919:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1681:Li, Xing; Blatchley, Ernest R. (2023-11-30).
1623:
1246:
495:air purification systems (under development).
2036:
834:Newton's London Journal of Arts and Sciences
214:A Sharp FU-888SV Plasmacluster air purifier.
2798:Health Insurance do not cover Air Purifiers
2244:"Smog-busting paint soaks up noxious gases"
1922:(2nd ed.). August 2009. Archived from
1680:
1425:Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series
1162:
609:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4221:
4207:
3586:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2835:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2826:
2812:
2671:AB-2276 Ozone: indoor air cleaning devices
1771:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology
1722:
1720:
1718:
1432:(17). Medical Advisory Secretariat: 1–52.
981:
684:
512:fire damage, musty smells after flooding,
2505:
2364:"Air Purifiers and the Cost of Clean Air"
2178:
1987:
1977:
1795:
1698:
1657:
1600:
1488:
1445:
1366:
1306:
629:Learn how and when to remove this message
281:Air-purifiers with air flow generated by
4020:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1851:"Polarized-Media EACs Are Coming Of Age"
480:industrial ionizer purifiers are called
372:
329:High-efficiency particulate arrestance (
276:
268:
2610:
2608:
2303:
1879:
1715:
1468:
902:
739:
264:
14:
4676:
2709:from the original on February 17, 2021
2677:from the original on September 5, 2018
2451:
844:from the original on February 16, 2017
4202:
3893:Programmable communicating thermostat
2807:
2741:from the original on January 11, 2019
2575:
2573:
2433:from the original on 14 December 2023
2241:
1763:
1211:
1158:
1156:
1091:
1037:Gantz, Carroll (September 26, 2012).
1036:
982:Ogunseitan, Oladele (June 28, 2011).
830:"Charles Anthony Deane - 1823 patent"
226:The same air purifier, cover removed.
4015:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
2605:
2037:Grabianowski, Ed (16 January 2019).
1808:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1674:
1228:from the original on January 7, 2021
1141:from the original on 9 December 2022
1128:
607:adding citations to reliable sources
574:
570:
285:. Some models can act as heaters or
273:An air purifier placed under a table
4228:
2558:from the original on April 27, 2021
2464:from the original on 22 August 2020
2087:from the original on March 19, 2021
1757:
1469:da Roza, R. A. (December 1, 1982).
862:
139:
24:
3876:Minimum efficiency reporting value
2697:"Air Cleaner Regulation (AB 2276)"
2626:from the original on April 5, 2024
2570:
2391:
2256:from the original on March 8, 2021
2117:from the original on 28 March 2022
1537:from the original on 19 April 2022
1153:
1129:King, Haldane (9 September 2022).
383:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
42:from the air in a room to improve
25:
4720:
3918:Standard temperature and pressure
3631:Packaged terminal air conditioner
3167:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2896:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
2756:
2242:Hogan, Jenny (February 4, 2004).
2049:from the original on 27 June 2022
1950:"Effect of UV Irradiation and TiO
1505:from the original on May 16, 2021
1212:Daily, Laura (October 19, 2020).
1030:
959:from the original on July 1, 2024
81:In 1830, a patent was awarded to
54:, and at reducing or eliminating
2987:Absorption-compression heat pump
2778:US National Institutes of Health
2673:(Act 2276). September 29, 2006.
2593:from the original on May 2, 2020
2452:Morris, David (22 August 2020).
2335:"Best Air Purifier Buying Guide"
1073:from the original on May 9, 2021
1018:from the original on May 9, 2021
866:Dictionary of National Biography
771:(Photoelectrochemical oxidation)
579:
368:
219:
207:
3882:Normal temperature and pressure
3262:Vapor-compression refrigeration
2721:
2689:
2663:
2652:from the original on 2021-12-21
2638:
2616:Environmental Protection Agency
2538:
2475:
2445:
2415:
2404:from the original on 2023-05-05
2385:
2374:from the original on 2024-07-01
2356:
2345:from the original on 2024-07-01
2327:
2316:from the original on 2023-05-05
2297:
2286:from the original on 2023-05-04
2268:
2235:
2216:. March 9, 2000. Archived from
2195:
2129:
2099:
2061:
2030:
2004:
1941:
1903:
1892:from the original on 2021-11-24
1873:
1861:from the original on 2020-10-30
1843:
1617:
1549:
1517:
1462:
1411:
1383:
1323:
1240:
1205:
759:Air-purifier with bladeless fan
423:light (UVC), commonly used for
2702:California Air Resources Board
2507:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464467
2210:Environmental Air Cleaning Ltd
1837:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111593
1630:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1122:
1085:
975:
927:
896:
856:
821:
453:Photoelectrochemical oxidation
13:
1:
4030:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3974:Building information modeling
3969:Building services engineering
3546:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
3074:Demand controlled ventilation
3022:Building insulation materials
1880:Branson, David (April 2006).
1788:10.1016/S1010-6030(03)00276-4
1642:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122640
1040:The Vacuum Cleaner: A History
985:Green Health: An A-to-Z Guide
815:
317:
3591:High-pressure cut-off switch
3142:Ice storage air conditioning
3063:Dedicated outdoor air system
2304:Association, American Lung.
1338:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1179:10.1016/j.envint.2007.02.011
940:The Manufacturer and Builder
259:hospital-acquired infections
7:
4484:Instant hot water dispenser
3934:Thermostatic radiator valve
3736:Thermostatic radiator valve
3247:Underfloor air distribution
3182:Radiant heating and cooling
3100:Energy recovery ventilation
3012:Automobile air conditioning
2876:Domestic energy consumption
2080:(3rd ed.). July 2018.
1420:"Air Cleaning Technologies"
747:
499:Immobilized cell technology
482:electrostatic precipitators
192:
177:in sensitive people. Smoke
10:
4725:
4083:Institute of Refrigeration
3964:Architectural technologist
3436:Electrostatic precipitator
2163:10.1038/s41598-022-08462-z
1585:10.1038/s41598-022-06579-9
666:independent laboratories.
196:
183:volatile organic compounds
76:
38:is a device which removes
4650:
4236:
4145:
4136:Volatile organic compound
4111:
4038:
3995:Environmental engineering
3959:Architectural engineering
3942:
3790:
3761:Ultra-low particulate air
3346:Automatic balancing valve
3293:
3274:Variable refrigerant flow
3126:Heat recovery ventilation
3069:Deep water source cooling
2979:
2841:
2769:DOE HEPA Filter Standards
2427:U.S. Department of Energy
2012:US patent US7063820B2
1166:Environment International
1045:Jefferson, North Carolina
990:Thousand Oaks, California
863:Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898).
56:second-hand tobacco smoke
4183:Template:Home automation
4005:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3701:Solar-assisted heat pump
3301:Air conditioner inverter
3080:Displacement ventilation
2971:Vapour pressure of water
2956:Thermal destratification
2783:Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
1825:Building and Environment
1530:University of Birmingham
1481:University of California
408:Photocatalytic oxidation
71:Pressure swing adsorbers
4504:Laundry-folding machine
4178:World Refrigeration Day
4025:Refrigerant reclamation
3954:Architectural acoustics
3898:Programmable thermostat
3830:Clean air delivery rate
3726:Thermal expansion valve
3641:Pressurisation ductwork
3551:Ground source heat pump
2992:Absorption refrigerator
1199:Elsevier Science Direct
1049:McFarland & Company
953:2027/coo.31924080794518
685:Potential ozone hazards
671:Clean Air Delivery Rate
663:US Department of Energy
105:In 1871, the physicist
4168:Glossary of HVAC terms
4130:Sick building syndrome
4010:Mechanical engineering
3721:Smoke exhaust ductwork
3152:Mixed-mode ventilation
947:: 168–169. July 1875.
935:"Fireman's Respirator"
903:Tyndall, John (1871).
875:Smith, Elder & Co.
710:criteria air pollutant
378:
290:
274:
187:sick building syndrome
4372:Electric water boiler
4188:Template:Solar energy
3866:Intelligent buildings
3825:Carbon dioxide sensor
3212:Room air distribution
3032:Central solar heating
2024:May 10, 2021, at the
1929:on September 24, 2015
560:thermal decomposition
376:
280:
272:
83:Charles Anthony Deane
4699:Indoor air pollution
3990:Duct leakage testing
3980:Deep energy retrofit
3924:Thermographic camera
3861:Infrared thermometer
3336:Air source heat pump
3285:Water heat recycling
2851:Air changes per hour
2648:. 10 December 2021.
2498:Taylor & Francis
1857:. January 23, 2006.
1700:10.1155/2023/5510449
1095:Architectural Design
780:NASA Clean Air Study
740:Industry and markets
675:air changes per hour
603:improve this section
265:Purifying techniques
125:to control airborne
4663:Appliance recycling
4387:Electric toothbrush
3856:HVAC control system
3846:Home energy monitor
3820:Building automation
3606:Inverter compressor
3268:Variable air volume
3177:Passive ventilation
3147:Kitchen ventilation
3047:Constant air volume
3017:Autonomous building
2737:. August 30, 2016.
2589:. August 28, 2014.
2155:2022NatSR..12.4373E
1970:2021Mate...14.1075B
1730:ASHRAE Transactions
1577:2022NatSR..12.2803W
1399:. September 4, 2017
1351:10.1093/cid/ciab933
1275:2021PhFl...33a1905D
1221:The Washington Post
800:Corsi–Rosenthal Box
691:ionic air purifiers
4519:Robotic lawn mower
4402:Evaporative cooler
4119:Indoor air quality
4063:ASTM International
4000:Hydronic balancing
3777:Wood-burning stove
3656:Radiator reflector
3441:Evaporative cooler
3252:Underfloor heating
3237:Thermal insulation
2554:. March 21, 2016.
2143:Scientific Reports
1979:10.3390/ma14051075
1886:Engineered Systems
1564:Scientific Reports
1263:Melville, New York
840:. W. Newton: 341.
810:Direct air capture
795:Indoor air quality
542:to neutralize any
395:material that can
379:
311:particulate matter
291:
275:
44:indoor air quality
4689:Medical equipment
4671:
4670:
4291:Coffee percolator
4274:Immersion blender
4196:
4195:
4112:Health and safety
3691:Scroll compressor
3646:Process duct work
3401:Convection heater
3396:Condensing boiler
3326:Air-mixing plenum
3222:Solar combisystem
3058:Cross ventilation
2861:Building envelope
2618:(April 3, 2024).
2392:By (2022-08-13).
2113:. 25 March 2022.
1283:10.1063/5.0038180
1254:Physics of Fluids
639:
638:
631:
571:Consumer concerns
540:calcium carbonate
469:electrostatically
461:Ionizer purifiers
123:Manhattan Project
16:(Redirected from
4716:
4709:Gas technologies
4704:Industrial gases
4684:Building biology
4479:Induction cooker
4449:Garbage disposer
4397:Espresso machine
4352:Electric blanket
4223:
4216:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4158:Building science
3913:Smart thermostat
3908:Room temperature
3491:Fireplace insert
3197:Radon mitigation
3095:Electric heating
3090:District heating
3085:District cooling
3002:Air conditioning
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2751:
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2413:
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2409:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2368:Consumer Reports
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2339:Consumer Reports
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2301:
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2265:
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2073:
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2020:
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2015:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1945:
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1928:
1915:
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1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1877:
1871:
1870:
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1866:
1855:www.achrnews.com
1847:
1841:
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925:
924:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
869:. Vol. 54.
860:
854:
853:
851:
849:
825:
722:Consumer Reports
656:energy efficient
634:
627:
623:
620:
614:
583:
575:
538:, together with
524:Titanium dioxide
505:Ozone generators
389:Activated carbon
223:
211:
140:Use and benefits
63:air handler unit
21:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4646:
4642:Washing machine
4637:Water dispenser
4563:Pressure cooker
4546:Convection oven
4474:Ice cream maker
4382:Electric shaver
4377:Electric heater
4362:Electric kettle
4244:Air conditioner
4232:
4230:Home appliances
4227:
4197:
4192:
4153:ASHRAE Handbook
4141:
4125:Passive smoking
4107:
4040:
4034:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3792:
3786:
3767:Whole-house fan
3681:Run-around coil
3676:Reversing valve
3621:Mechanical room
3611:Kerosene heater
3601:Infrared heater
3531:Gasoline heater
3471:Fan filter unit
3386:Condensate pump
3371:Centrifugal fan
3289:
3192:Radiant heating
3187:Radiant cooling
3162:Passive cooling
3157:Microgeneration
3027:Central heating
2975:
2951:Thermal comfort
2843:
2837:
2832:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2727:
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2289:
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2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2223:on May 12, 2021
2220:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2134:
2130:
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2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2031:
2026:Wayback Machine
2017:
2009:
2005:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1932:
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1523:
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1518:
1508:
1506:
1490:10.2172/6241348
1467:
1463:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1396:Kent RO Systems
1389:
1388:
1384:
1345:(1): e97–e101.
1328:
1324:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
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1161:
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1086:
1076:
1074:
1059:
1051:. p. 128.
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1004:
994:SAGE Publishing
980:
976:
962:
960:
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932:
928:
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847:
845:
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750:
742:
706:
687:
635:
624:
618:
615:
600:
584:
573:
537:
530:) technology -
529:
431:)) and oxidize
430:
371:
340:Filter HVAC at
320:
267:
257:but also other
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
224:
216:
215:
212:
201:
195:
142:
79:
65:(AHU) or to an
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4722:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4658:Appliance plug
4654:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4610:Vacuum cleaner
4607:
4602:
4600:Television set
4597:
4592:
4590:Sewing machine
4587:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4573:Crisper drawer
4565:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4551:Microwave oven
4548:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4522:
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4516:
4506:
4501:
4496:
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4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4409:
4407:Food processor
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4367:Electric knife
4364:
4359:
4357:Electric drill
4354:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4335:Domestic robot
4332:
4331:
4330:
4328:drying cabinet
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4264:Barbecue grill
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3903:Psychrometrics
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3800:Air flow meter
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Heating system
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3556:Heat exchanger
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3521:Gas compressor
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Expansion tank
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:Ceramic heater
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Solar air heat
3214:
3209:
3207:Renewable heat
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3118:
3116:Forced-air gas
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2966:Thermodynamics
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:Psychrometrics
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2891:Gas compressor
2888:
2886:Fluid dynamics
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2757:External links
2755:
2753:
2752:
2720:
2688:
2662:
2637:
2604:
2569:
2537:
2474:
2444:
2414:
2384:
2355:
2326:
2296:
2267:
2234:
2194:
2128:
2098:
2060:
2029:
2003:
1951:
1940:
1902:
1872:
1842:
1811:
1765:
1756:
1714:
1673:
1616:
1548:
1516:
1461:
1410:
1382:
1322:
1267:AIP Publishing
1239:
1204:
1173:(5): 694–705.
1152:
1121:
1108:10.1002/ad.883
1084:
1057:
1029:
1002:
996:. p. 13.
974:
926:
895:
855:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
766:
761:
756:
749:
746:
741:
738:
704:
686:
683:
648:vacuum cleaner
637:
636:
587:
585:
578:
572:
569:
568:
567:
563:
556:air convection
551:
548:Photocatalysis
535:
527:
521:
502:
496:
489:
485:
458:
457:
456:
428:
416:Photocatalytic
405:
401:
386:
370:
367:
366:
365:
358:
351:air resistance
338:
319:
316:
266:
263:
225:
218:
217:
213:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
194:
191:
141:
138:
129:contaminants.
113:In the 1950s,
92:John Stenhouse
78:
75:
50:sufferers and
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4721:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Kitchen stove
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
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4435:
4433:
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4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:Clothes dryer
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Bread machine
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:organizations
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Duct cleaning
3983:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Control valve
3834:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Turning vanes
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Thermal wheel
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Solar chimney
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Fan coil unit
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Cooling tower
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:Vapor barrier
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Solar heating
3230:
3228:
3227:Solar cooling
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Refrigeration
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Passive house
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Chilled water
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Sensible heat
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Noise control
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Heat transfer
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2734:GlobeNewswire
2730:
2724:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2432:
2429:. June 2015.
2428:
2424:
2418:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2285:
2281:
2280:ehs.umass.edu
2277:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2249:New Scientist
2245:
2238:
2219:
2215:
2214:Health Canada
2211:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2116:
2112:
2111:Science Daily
2108:
2102:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1944:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:New York City
1736:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:9780786493210
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:9781412996884
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
978:
970:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
936:
930:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
884:
880:
877:p. 149.
876:
872:
868:
867:
859:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
820:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
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757:
755:
754:Air sanitizer
752:
751:
745:
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622:
619:November 2020
612:
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598:
597:
593:
588:This section
586:
582:
577:
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564:
561:
557:
552:
549:
545:
541:
533:
532:nanoparticles
525:
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478:
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438:
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426:
425:sterilization
422:
417:
413:
409:
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398:
394:
390:
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384:
381:
380:
375:
369:Other methods
363:
359:
356:
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348:
347:airtight seal
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
327:
326:
324:
315:
312:
308:
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296:
288:
284:
283:bladeless fan
279:
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210:
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190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:, triggering
172:
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154:
150:
146:
137:
136:corporation.
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:wood charcoal
93:
89:
84:
74:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Air purifiers
4568:Refrigerator
4514:Riding mower
4494:Kitchen hood
4318:Dehumidifier
4308:Clothes iron
4259:Air purifier
4258:
4163:Fireproofing
3947:and services
3943:Professions,
3841:Gas detector
3741:Trickle vent
3716:Smoke damper
3711:Smoke canopy
3706:Space heater
3636:Plenum space
3571:Heating film
3451:Exhaust hood
3421:Dehumidifier
3361:Blast damper
3356:Barrier pipe
3331:Air purifier
3330:
3242:Thermosiphon
3121:Free cooling
3037:Chilled beam
2961:Thermal mass
2946:Stack effect
2931:Particulates
2911:Infiltration
2842:Fundamental
2743:. Retrieved
2732:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2700:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2665:
2654:. Retrieved
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2595:. Retrieved
2584:
2560:. Retrieved
2549:
2540:
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2487:
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2457:
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2435:. Retrieved
2426:
2417:
2406:. Retrieved
2397:
2387:
2376:. Retrieved
2367:
2358:
2347:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2318:. Retrieved
2310:www.lung.org
2309:
2299:
2288:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2247:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2209:
2197:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2110:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2075:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2042:
2032:
2006:
1961:
1957:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1917:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:
1865:November 24,
1863:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1828:
1824:
1775:
1769:
1759:
1734:
1728:
1690:
1686:
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1633:
1629:
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1539:. Retrieved
1528:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1474:
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1423:
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1342:
1336:
1325:
1258:
1252:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1219:
1207:
1197:– via
1170:
1164:
1143:. Retrieved
1134:
1124:
1102:(3): 18–23.
1099:
1093:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1039:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
984:
977:
967:– via
961:. Retrieved
944:
938:
929:
904:
898:
886:. Retrieved
865:
858:
846:. Retrieved
837:
833:
823:
764:Particulates
743:
734:
727:
719:
715:
688:
668:
660:
640:
625:
616:
601:Please help
589:
412:formaldehyde
355:air pressure
321:
298:
294:
292:
239:
232:
143:
131:
112:
107:John Tyndall
104:
80:
60:
40:contaminants
35:
32:air purifier
31:
29:
4632:Waffle iron
4595:Slow cooker
4585:Rice cooker
4526:Leaf blower
4313:Coffeemaker
4254:Air ioniser
4173:Warm Spaces
3815:Blower door
3793:and control
3791:Measurement
3772:Windcatcher
3746:Trombe wall
3686:Sail switch
3666:Refrigerant
3661:Recuperator
3536:Grease duct
3496:Freeze stat
3481:Fire damper
3351:Back boiler
3321:Air ionizer
3316:Air handler
3280:Ventilation
3132:Hybrid heat
2997:Air barrier
2916:Latent heat
2500:: 601–610.
2149:(1): 4373.
1964:(5): 1075.
1797:10397/17192
1782:: 131–140.
1745:: 523–534.
1571:(1): 2803.
775:Nose filter
652:Energy Star
518:toxic molds
516:(including
421:ultraviolet
287:humidifiers
169:can act as
127:radioactive
119:air filters
36:air cleaner
4678:Categories
4509:Lawn mower
4464:Humidifier
4454:Hair dryer
4432:Fan heater
4347:Deep fryer
4340:comparison
4323:Dishwasher
4286:Bug zapper
3929:Thermostat
3851:Humidistat
3782:Zone valve
3751:TurboSwing
3626:Oil heater
3596:Humidifier
3526:Gas heater
3476:Fan heater
3446:Evaporator
3431:Economizer
3406:Compressor
3311:Air filter
3294:Components
3111:Forced-air
3007:Antifreeze
2980:Technology
2926:Outgassing
2866:Convection
2656:2021-12-21
2468:2023-05-05
2408:2023-05-05
2378:2023-05-05
2349:2023-05-05
2320:2023-05-05
2290:2023-05-05
1896:2021-11-24
1831:: 111593.
1823:control".
1687:Indoor Air
1636:: 122640.
1299:1046236368
1269:: 011905.
1012:1089558597
969:HathiTrust
921:1110295907
883:1070574795
816:References
785:Smog tower
335:clean room
323:Air filter
318:Filtration
303:pollutants
253:spread of
251:nosocomial
247:bioaerosol
243:SARS-CoV-2
197:See also:
100:respirator
52:asthmatics
4459:Hair iron
4422:bladeless
4249:Air fryer
4039:Industry
3888:OpenTherm
3566:Heat pump
3561:Heat pipe
3511:Fume hood
3486:Fireplace
3391:Condenser
3341:Attic fan
3137:Hydronics
2630:April 11,
2524:1096-2247
2516:2162-2906
2171:2045-2322
1958:Materials
1806:1010-6030
1751:0001-2505
1709:1600-0668
1650:0304-3894
1593:2045-2322
1499:129345954
1438:1915-7398
1359:1058-4838
1291:1070-6631
1187:0160-4120
1145:6 October
1116:0003-8504
1067:847028529
805:CityTrees
697:of three
695:allotrope
590:does not
179:particles
175:allergies
171:allergens
164:dust mite
4651:See also
4558:Pie iron
4469:Icemaker
4392:Epilator
4146:See also
3871:LonWorks
3805:Aquastat
3671:Register
3651:Radiator
3306:Air door
3106:Firestop
2906:Humidity
2881:Enthalpy
2871:Dilution
2856:Bake-out
2844:concepts
2763:CADR.org
2739:Archived
2707:Archived
2675:Archived
2650:Archived
2624:Archived
2591:Archived
2556:Archived
2532:16739796
2462:Archived
2431:Archived
2402:Archived
2398:Hackaday
2372:Archived
2343:Archived
2314:Archived
2284:Archived
2254:Archived
2189:35322064
2121:28 March
2115:Archived
2082:Archived
2047:Archived
2043:Molekule
2022:Archived
1998:33669103
1890:Archived
1859:Archived
1780:Elsevier
1693:: 1–14.
1668:32339873
1611:35264599
1541:19 April
1535:Archived
1503:Archived
1456:23074468
1377:34718446
1317:33790526
1226:Archived
1195:17376530
1139:Archived
1135:Molekule
1071:Archived
1016:Archived
957:Archived
842:Archived
790:Scrubber
748:See also
679:decibels
654:and are
644:decibels
446:warranty
433:bacteria
255:COVID-19
193:COVID-19
4694:Filters
4625:robotic
4615:central
4605:Toaster
4531:Lighter
4444:Freezer
4427:ceiling
4269:Blender
3945:trades,
3516:Furnace
3381:Chiller
3053:Coolant
2745:May 11,
2713:May 11,
2681:May 11,
2597:May 11,
2562:May 11,
2458:Fortune
2306:"Ozone"
2260:May 11,
2227:May 11,
2180:8943125
2151:Bibcode
2091:May 11,
1989:7956276
1966:Bibcode
1933:May 10,
1778:(2–3).
1659:7152926
1602:8907282
1573:Bibcode
1509:May 10,
1447:3382390
1368:8689842
1308:7984422
1271:Bibcode
913:Longman
736:ozone.
611:removed
596:sources
509:oxidant
437:viruses
362:biocide
299:passive
88:bellows
77:History
48:allergy
4620:manual
4489:Juicer
4437:window
4098:SMACNA
4058:ASHRAE
3878:(MERV)
3832:(CADR)
3810:BACnet
3763:(ULPA)
3616:Louver
3541:Grille
3416:Damper
3366:Boiler
3264:(VCRS)
3065:(DOAS)
2530:
2522:
2514:
2187:
2177:
2169:
2053:8 June
2018:
1996:
1986:
1804:
1749:
1743:ASHRAE
1707:
1666:
1656:
1648:
1609:
1599:
1591:
1497:
1454:
1444:
1436:
1403:May 9,
1375:
1365:
1357:
1315:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1232:May 9,
1193:
1185:
1114:
1077:May 9,
1065:
1055:
1022:May 9,
1010:
1000:
963:May 9,
919:
909:London
888:May 9,
881:
871:London
848:May 9,
699:oxygen
544:acidic
534:of TiO
397:adsorb
393:porous
295:active
162:, and
160:spores
153:dander
151:, pet
149:pollen
4578:smart
4536:Mixer
4417:attic
4301:combo
4237:Types
4138:(VOC)
4132:(SBS)
4121:(IAQ)
4078:CIBSE
4073:BSRIA
3976:(BIM)
3920:(STP)
3884:(NTP)
3506:Freon
3276:(VRF)
3270:(VAV)
3128:(HRV)
3102:(ERV)
3076:(DCV)
3049:(CAV)
2512:eISSN
2496:(5).
2437:5 May
2221:(PDF)
2206:(PDF)
2085:(PDF)
2072:(PDF)
1927:(PDF)
1914:(PDF)
1495:S2CID
1261:(1).
729:Ozone
473:ozone
391:is a
167:feces
134:IQAir
4541:Oven
4093:LEED
4053:AMCA
4048:AHRI
3581:HEPA
3501:Flue
3426:Duct
2747:2021
2715:2021
2683:2021
2632:2024
2599:2021
2564:2021
2528:PMID
2520:ISSN
2439:2023
2262:2021
2229:2021
2185:PMID
2167:ISSN
2123:2022
2093:2021
2055:2022
1994:PMID
1935:2021
1867:2021
1802:ISSN
1747:ISSN
1705:ISSN
1691:2023
1664:PMID
1646:ISSN
1607:PMID
1589:ISSN
1543:2022
1511:2021
1452:PMID
1434:ISSN
1405:2021
1373:PMID
1355:ISSN
1313:PMID
1295:OCLC
1287:ISSN
1234:2021
1191:PMID
1183:ISSN
1147:2022
1112:ISSN
1079:2021
1063:OCLC
1053:ISBN
1024:2021
1008:OCLC
998:ISBN
965:2021
917:OCLC
890:2021
879:OCLC
850:2021
769:PECO
594:any
592:cite
526:(TiO
514:mold
491:Far-
465:ions
441:HVAC
435:and
342:MERV
331:HEPA
309:and
307:dust
297:and
235:HEPA
181:and
157:mold
145:Dust
115:HEPA
67:HVAC
4412:Fan
4103:UMC
4088:IIR
4068:BRE
3461:Fan
2785:by
2502:doi
2175:PMC
2159:doi
1984:PMC
1974:doi
1833:doi
1829:261
1792:hdl
1784:doi
1776:161
1735:111
1695:doi
1654:PMC
1638:doi
1634:396
1597:PMC
1581:doi
1485:doi
1442:PMC
1363:PMC
1347:doi
1303:PMC
1279:doi
1175:doi
1104:doi
949:hdl
605:by
493:UVC
477:ppm
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