Airbag - Knowledge

1155:. The electric match, which consists of an electrical conductor wrapped in a combustible material, activates with a current pulse between 1 and 3 amperes in less than 2 milliseconds. When the conductor becomes hot enough, it ignites the combustible material, which initiates the gas generator. In a seat belt pre-tensioner, this hot gas is used to drive a piston that pulls the slack out of the seat belt. In an airbag, the initiator is used to ignite solid propellant inside the airbag inflator. The burning propellant generates inert gas which rapidly inflates the airbag in approximately 20 to 30 milliseconds. An airbag must inflate quickly to be fully inflated by the time the forward-traveling occupant reaches its outer surface. Typically, the decision to deploy an airbag in a frontal crash is made within 15 to 30 milliseconds after the onset of the crash, and both the driver and passenger airbags are fully inflated within approximately 60–80 milliseconds after the first moment of vehicle contact. If an airbag deploys too late or too slowly, the risk of occupant injury from contact with the inflating airbag may increase. Since more distance typically exists between the passenger and the instrument panel, the passenger airbag is larger and requires more gas to fill it. 138: 195:, who filed for an airbag patent on 5 August 1952, that was granted #2,649,311 by the United States Patent Office on 18 August 1953. German engineer Walter Linderer, who filed German patent #896,312 on 6 October 1951, was issued on 12 November 1953, approximately three months after American John Hetrick. The airbags proposed by Hetrick and Linderer were based on compressed air released by a spring, bumper contact, or by the driver. Later research during the 1960s showed that compressed air could not inflate the mechanical airbags fast enough to ensure maximum safety, leading to the current chemical and electrical airbags. In patent applications, manufacturers sometimes use the term "inflatable occupant restraint systems". 2083: 297:

driver-side knee restraint. The passenger-side airbag protected both front passengers, and unlike most modern systems, integrated a knee and torso cushion while also having a dual-stage deployment dictated by force of the impact. The cars equipped with ACRS had lap belts for all seating positions, but lacked shoulder belts. Shoulder belts were already mandatory in the United States on closed cars without airbags for the driver and outer front passenger, but GM chose to market its airbags as a substitute for shoulder belts. Prices for this option on Cadillac models were US$ 225 in 1974, $ 300 in 1975, and $ 340 in 1976 (US$ 1,820 in 2023 dollars ).

599:, this new airbag design features three inflatable chambers connected across the front by a "noninflatable sail panel." The two outer chambers are larger than the middle chamber. When the airbag deploys, the sail panel cushions the occupant's head from the impact of hitting the airbag, and the three chambers hold the occupant's head in place, like a catcher's mitt. The goal of the tri-chamber airbag is to help "arrest high-speed movement" of the head, thereby reducing the likelihood of concussion injuries in a collision. The first vehicle to come with the tri-chamber airbag installed from the factory was in 2020 (for the 2021 model year) for the 1362: 172: 1985: 2184: 152: 782: 1095: 160: 40: 1898: 1698:

stages in moderate crashes than in very severe crashes. Occupant sensing devices let the airbag control unit know if someone is occupying a seat adjacent to an airbag, the mass/weight of the person, whether a seat belt or child restraint is being used, and whether the person is forward in the seat and close to the airbag. Based on this information and crash severity information, the airbag is deployed at either a high force level, a less forceful level, or not at all.

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installations indicated that some fatalities and serious injuries were in fact caused by airbags. In 1998, NHTSA initiated new rules for advanced airbags that gave automakers more flexibility in devising effective technological solutions. The revised rules also required improved protection for occupants of different sizes regardless of whether they use seat belts, while minimizing the risk to infants, children, and other occupants caused by airbags.

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forward in the seat during precrash braking, and properly belted drivers sitting very close to the steering wheel. A good reason for the driver not to cross hands over the steering wheel, a rule taught to most learner drivers, but quickly forgotten by most, is that an airbag deployment while negotiating a turn may result in the driver's hand(s) being driven forcefully into his or her face, exacerbating any injuries from the airbag alone.

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force for most collisions; reserving the maximum force airbag only for the severest of collisions. Additional sensors to determine the location, weight or relative size of the occupants may also be used. Information regarding the occupants and the severity of the crash are used by the airbag control unit, to determine whether airbags should be suppressed or deployed, and if so, at various output levels.

887: 825: 813: 345: 336: 327: 2268: 2126:. The ammonium nitrate-based inflators have a flaw where old inflators with long-term exposure to hot and humid climate conditions could rupture during deployment, projecting metal shards through the airbag and into the driver. As of December 2022, the defect has caused 33 deaths worldwide, with up to 24 in the U.S. and the remaining in Australia and Malaysia. The 2861: 1378:

in a real-world crash can be much higher than an equivalent barrier crash. Because airbag sensors measure deceleration, the vehicle speed is not a good indicator of whether an airbag should be deployed. Airbags can deploy due to the vehicle's undercarriage striking a low object protruding above the roadway due to the resulting deceleration.

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deceleration to a 23 km/h (14 mph) barrier collision, or similarly, striking a parked car of similar size across the full front of each vehicle at about twice the speed. International regulations are performance-based, rather than technology-based, so airbag deployment threshold is a function of overall vehicle design.

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mandated that all new vehicle models introduced in India after 1 April 2021 have dual front airbags; the regulation also requires that all existing models be equipped with dual front airbags by 31 August 2021. India also mandated that all passenger vehicles sold after October 2023 must have a minimum

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In 1998, FMVSS 208 was amended to require dual front airbags, and reduced-power, second-generation airbags were also mandated. This was due to the injuries caused by first-generation airbags, though FMVSS 208 continues to require that bags be engineered and calibrated to be able to "save" the life of

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with integrated micromechanical elements. The microscopic mechanical element moves in response to rapid deceleration, and this motion causes a change in capacitance, which is detected by the electronics on the chip that then sends a signal to fire the airbag. The most common MEMS accelerometer in use

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qualifies as an active-safety device, while both its seat belts and airbags qualify as passive-safety devices. Terminological confusion can arise from the fact that passive devices and systems—those requiring no input or action by the vehicle occupant—can operate independently in an active manner; an

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During a crash, the vehicle's crash sensors provide crucial information to the airbag electronic controller unit (ECU), including collision type, angle, and severity of impact. Using this information, the airbag ECU's crash algorithm determines if the crash event meets the criteria for deployment and

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In vehicles with side airbags, it is dangerous for occupants to lean against the windows, doors, and pillars, or to place objects between themselves and the side of the vehicle. Articles hung from a vehicle's clothes hanger hooks can be hazardous if the vehicle's side-curtain airbags are deployed. A

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designed to absorb collision energy are completely bypassed, and the airbags may not deploy in time because the car does not decelerate appreciably until the windshield and roof pillars have already impacted the trailer bed. Even delayed inflation of airbags may be useless because of major intrusion

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Adaptive airbag systems may utilize multi-stage airbags to adjust the pressure within the airbag. The greater the pressure within the airbag, the more force the airbag will exert on the occupants as they come in contact with it. These adjustments allow the system to deploy the airbag with a moderate

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into barriers, real-world crashes typically occur at angles other than directly into the front of the vehicle, and the crash forces usually are not evenly distributed across the front of the vehicle. Consequently, the relative speed between a striking and struck vehicle required to deploy the airbag

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Front airbags normally do not protect the occupants during side, rear, or rollover collisions. Since airbags deploy only once and deflate quickly after the initial impact, they will not be beneficial during a subsequent collision. Safety belts help reduce the risk of injury in many types of crashes.

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The signals from the various sensors are fed into the airbag control unit, which determines from them the angle of impact, the severity, or the force of the crash, along with other variables. Depending on the result of these calculations, the ACU may also deploy various additional restraint devices,

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Improvements in sensing and gas-generator technology have allowed the development of third-generation airbag systems that can adjust their deployment parameters to the size, weight, position, and restraint status of the occupant. These improvements have demonstrated a reduced injury risk factor for

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lacking a rear underride guard, or hits the side of such a trailer not equipped with a side underride guard. The platform bed of a typical trailer is roughly at the head height of a seated adult occupant of a typical passenger car. This means not much of a barrier exists between a head and the edge

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Inadvertent airbag deployment while the vehicle is being serviced can result in severe injury, and an improperly installed or defective airbag unit may not operate or perform as intended. Those servicing a vehicle, as well as first responders, must exercise extreme awareness, as many airbag control

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propellant to rapidly inflate a fabric bag. As the vehicle occupant collides with and squeezes the bag, the gas escapes in a controlled manner through small vent holes. The airbag's volume and the size of the vents in the bag are tailored to each vehicle type, to spread out the deceleration of (and

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Airbag(s) mounted to the exterior of vehicles, so-called "pedestrian airbags", are designed to reduce injuries in the event of a vehicle to a pedestrian collision. When a collision is detected the airbag will deploy and cover hard areas, such as a-pillars and bonnet edges, before they can be struck

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Roll-sensing curtain airbags are designed to stay inflated for a longer duration of time, cover a larger proportion of the window, and be deployed in a roll-over crash. They offer protection to occupants' heads and help to prevent ejection. SUVs and pickups are more likely to be equipped with RSCAs

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and then deflate afterwards. It consists of an airbag cushion, a flexible fabric bag, an inflation module, and an impact sensor. The purpose of the airbag is to provide a vehicle occupant with soft cushioning and restraint during a collision. It can reduce injuries between the flailing occupant and

379:. In the Mercedes system, the sensors automatically tensioned the seat belts to reduce occupants' motion on impact and then deployed the airbag on impact. This integrated the seat belts and the airbag into a restraint system, rather than the airbag being considered an alternative to the seat belt. 2138:

From 1990 to 2000, the United States NHTSA identified 175 fatalities caused by airbags. Most of these (104) have been children. About 3.3 million airbag deployments have occurred during that interval, and the agency estimates more than 6,377 lives were saved and countless injuries were prevented.

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The bag itself and its inflation mechanism are concealed within the steering wheel boss (for the driver), or the dashboard (for the front passenger), behind plastic flaps or doors that are designed to tear open under the force of the bag inflating. Once the requisite threshold has been reached or

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Side-impact airbags or side-torso airbags are a category of airbags usually located in the seat or door panel, and inflate between the seat occupant and the door. These airbags are designed to reduce the risk of injury to the pelvic and lower abdomen regions. Most vehicles are now being equipped

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The emergence of the airbag has contributed to a sharp decline in the number of deaths and serious injuries on the roads of Europe since 1990, and by 2010, the number of cars on European roads lacking an airbag represented a very small percentage of cars, mostly the remaining cars dating from the

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became the first United States automaker to fit a driver-side airbag as standard equipment, which was offered in six different models. The following year, Chrysler became the first US auto manufacturer to offer driver-side airbags in all its new passenger models. Chrysler also began featuring the

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with his desire to protect his family on the road. Despite working with the major automobile manufacturers of his time, Hetrick was unable to attract investment. Although airbags are now required in every automobile sold in the United States, Hetrick's 1951 patent filing serves as an example of a

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Serious injuries are less common, but severe or fatal injuries can occur to vehicle occupants very near an airbag or in direct contact when it deploys. Such injuries may be sustained by unconscious drivers slumped over the steering wheel, unrestrained or improperly restrained occupants who slide

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Under some rare conditions, airbags can injure and in some very rare instances kill vehicle occupants. To provide crash protection for occupants not wearing seat belts, United States airbag designs trigger much more forcefully than airbags designed to the international ECE standards used in most

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1973 Chevrolet Impala sedans. These cars came with a 1974-style Oldsmobile instrument panel and a unique steering wheel that contained the driver-side airbag. Two of these cars were crash tested after 20 years and the airbags deployed perfectly. An early example of the airbag cars survives as of

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Advanced airbag technologies are being developed to tailor airbag deployment to the severity of the crash, the size, and posture of the vehicle occupant, belt usage, and how close that person is to the actual airbag. Many of these systems use multi-stage inflators that deploy less forcefully in

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produced the first gas-inflated airbag in 1994, with sensors and low inflation-force bags becoming common soon afterward. Dual-depth (also known as dual-stage) airbags appeared on passenger cars in 1998. By 2005, deaths related to airbags had declined, with no adult deaths and two child deaths

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Airbags are designed to deploy in frontal and near-frontal collisions more severe than a threshold defined by the regulations governing vehicle construction in whatever particular market the vehicle is intended for: United States regulations require deployment in crashes at least equivalent in

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were fitted with tubular-shaped head side airbags (inflatable tubular structure), the "Head Protection System (HPS)" as standard equipment. This airbag was designed to offer head protection in side impact collisions and also maintained inflation for up to seven seconds for rollover protection.

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In 1974, GM made its ACRS system (which consisted of a padded lower dashboard and a passenger-side air bag) available as a regular production option (RPO code AR3) in full-sized Cadillac, Buick and Oldsmobile models. The GM cars from the 1970s equipped with ACRS had a driver-side airbag, and a

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and showed the reliability of airbags as well as their operation in crash testing, which also was promoted by the insurance company in popular magazine advertisements. General Motors followed in 1973 using full-sized Chevrolet vehicles. The early fleet of experimental GM vehicles equipped with

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in a collision. Moreover, the dust-like particles and gases can cause irreparable cosmetic damage to the dashboard and upholstery, meaning that minor collisions that result in the deployment of airbags can be costly, even if there are no injuries and there is only minor damage to the vehicle

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of 1991 required passenger cars and light trucks built after 1 September 1998 to have airbags for the driver and the front passenger. In the United States, NHTSA estimated that airbags had saved over 4,600 lives by 1 September 1999; however, the crash deployment experience of the early 1990s

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A chemical reaction produces a burst of nitrogen to inflate the bag. Once an airbag deploys, deflation begins immediately as the gas escapes through vent(s) in the fabric (or, as it is sometimes called, the cushion) and cools. Deployment is frequently accompanied by the release of dust-like

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The first commercial designs were introduced in passenger automobiles during the 1970s, with limited success and caused some fatalities. Broad commercial adoption of airbags occurred in many markets during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Many modern vehicles now include six or more units.

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Nearly all airbags are designed to automatically deploy in the event of a vehicle fire when temperatures reach 150–200 °C (302–392 °F). This safety feature, often termed auto-ignition, helps to ensure that such temperatures do not cause an explosion of the entire airbag module.

5434: 2724: 615:. The W223 S-Class is the first car equipped with rear seat airbags that use gas to inflate supporting structures that unfold and extend a bag that fills with ambient air, instead of conventional fully gas-inflated airbags that are widely used in automotive airbag systems. 1836:

vehicle safety rating encourages manufacturers to take a comprehensive approach to occupant safety; a good rating can only be achieved by combining airbags with other safety features. Almost every new car sold in Europe is equipped with front and side airbags, but in the

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For most people, the only effect the dust may produce is some minor irritation of the throat and eyes. Generally, minor irritations only occur when the occupant remains in the vehicle for many minutes with the windows closed and no ventilation. However, some people with

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Kiowa Warrior helicopter fleets. The Cockpit Air Bag System (CABS) consists of forward and lateral airbags, and an inflatable tubular structure (on the OH-58D only) with an Electronic Crash Sensor Unit (ECSU). The CABS system was developed by the United States Army

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or death if the airbag deploys. Some modern cars include a switch to disable the front-passenger airbag, in case a child-supporting seat is used there (although not in Australia, where rear-facing child seats are prohibited in the front where an airbag is fitted).

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motorcycle. Honda claims that sensors in the front forks can detect a severe frontal collision and decide when to deploy the airbag, absorbing some of the forward energy of the rider and reducing the velocity at which the rider may be thrown from the motorcycle.

1129:; not all EDRs are ACUs, and not all ACUs include EDR features. An ACU typically includes capacitors within its circuitry, so that the module remains powered and able to deploy the airbags if the vehicle's battery connection to the ACU is severed during a crash. 935:

Another feature of the Toyota iQ was a seat-cushion airbag in the passenger seat to prevent the pelvis from diving below the lap belt during a frontal impact or submarining. Later Toyota models such as the Yaris added the feature to the driver's seat, as well.

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The azide-containing pyrotechnic gas generators contain a substantial amount of the propellant. The driver-side airbag would contain a canister containing about 50 grams of sodium azide. The passenger side container holds about 200 grams of sodium azide.

1125:, and seat occupancy sensors. Oftentimes, ACUs log this—and other—sensor data in a circular buffer and record it to onboard non-volatile memory, to provide a snapshot of the crash event for investigators. As such, an ACU frequently functions as the vehicle's 5510: 685:

with different types of designs, to help reduce injury and ejection from the vehicle in rollover crashes. More recent side-airbag designs include a two-chamber system; a firmer lower chamber for the pelvic region and softer upper chamber for the ribcage.

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Similarly, companies such as Helite and Hit-Air have commercialized equestrian airbags, which attach to the saddle and are worn by the rider. Other sports, particularly skiing and snowboarding, have started introducing airbag safety mechanisms.

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From the onset of the crash, the entire deployment and inflation process is about 0.04 seconds. Because vehicles change speed so quickly in a crash, airbags must inflate rapidly to reduce the risk of the occupant hitting the vehicle's interior.

222:(小堀保三郎), started developing an airbag "safety net" system. His design harnessed an explosive to inflate an airbag, for which he was later awarded patents in 14 countries. He died in 1975, before seeing the widespread adoption of airbag systems. 758:

In many vehicles, the curtain airbags are programmed to deploy during some/all frontal impacts to manage passenger kinetics (e.g. head hitting B-pillar on the rebound), especially in offset crashes such as the IIHS's small overlap crash test.

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about fatal collisions caused by defective ignition switches that would abruptly shut down a car (including its airbags). Between 13 and 74 deaths have been directly attributed to this defect, depending on how the fatalities are classified.

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Curtain airbags have been said to reduce brain injury or fatalities by up to 45% in a side impact with an SUV. These airbags come in various forms (e.g., tubular, curtain, door-mounted) depending on the needs of the application. Many recent

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may contain up to ten airbag modules in various configurations, including driver, passenger, side-curtain, seat-mounted, door-mounted, B and C-pillar mounted side-impact, knee bolster, inflatable seat belt, and pedestrian airbag modules.

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In 2009, Toyota developed the first production rear-seat center airbag designed to reduce the severity of secondary injuries to rear passengers in a side collision. This system deploys from the rear center seat first appearing in on the

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against air-bag requirements, claiming that the devices were unfeasible and inappropriate. Chrysler made driver-side airbags standard on 1988 and 1989 models, but airbags did not become widespread in American cars until the early 1990s.

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pre-tensioners, and/or airbags (including frontal bags for driver and front passenger, along with seat-mounted side bags, and "curtain" airbags which cover the side glass). Each restraint device is typically activated with one or more

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Airbags are considered "passive" restraints and act as a supplement to "active" restraints. Because no action by a vehicle occupant is required to activate or use the airbag, it is considered a "passive" device. This is in contrast to

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process designed to be used once as a supplemental restraint system for the vehicle's seat belt systems. Newer side-impact airbag modules consist of compressed-air cylinders that are triggered in the event of a side-on vehicle impact.

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reported on the 2003 Avensis, "There has been much effort to protect the driver's knees and legs and a knee airbag worked well." Since then certain models have also included front-passenger knee airbags, which deploy near or over the

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came with airbags starting for the 1991 model year. In 1993, The Lincoln Motor Company boasted that all vehicles in their model line were equipped with dual airbags, one for the driver's side and another for the passenger's side. The

2130:(NHTSA) recalled over 33 million vehicles in May 2015, and fined Takata $ 70 million in November 2015. Toyota, Mazda, and Honda have said that they will not use ammonium-nitrate inflators. In June 2017, Takata filed for bankruptcy. 265:

was the first domestic U.S. vehicle to include a passenger airbag in 1973. General Motors marketed its first airbag modules under the "Air Cushion Restraint System" name, or ACRS. The automaker discontinued the option for its 1977

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The seat-belt airbag is designed to better distribute the forces experienced by a buckled person in a crash using an increased seat belt area. This is done to reduce possible injuries to the rib cage or chest of the belt wearer.

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is one example of the European automotive mass-market evolution: starting in early 1993, most of these models did not even offer a driver's airbag as an option, but by 1999, even side airbags were available on several variants.

1178:, with the larger passenger-side airbag containing about 250 g. Within about 40 milliseconds of impact, all these components react in three separate reactions that produce nitrogen gas. The reactions, in order, are as follows. 2016:

Airbags are designed to deploy once only, so are ineffective if any further collisions occur after an initial impact. Multiple impacts may occur during rollovers or other incidents involving multiple collisions, such as many

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Although the millions of installed airbags in use have an excellent safety record, some limitations on their ability to protect car occupants exist. The original implementation of front airbags did little to protect against

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vehicles indicate an expiry date of 14 years from the date of manufacture. In this case, replacement would be uneconomic as the car would have negligible value at 14 years old, far less than the cost of fitting new airbags.

743:, which received an enlarged side-torso airbag that also protects the head of front-seat occupants. The second-generation C70 convertible received the world's first door-mounted, side-curtain airbags that deployed upwards. 1765:

Because of the airbag exit flap design of the steering wheel boss and dashboard panel, these items are not designed to be recoverable if an airbag deploys, meaning that they have to be replaced if the vehicle has not been

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in front of the passenger compartment is completely bypassed. Side airbags and protective airbag curtains are increasingly being required in modern vehicles to protect against this very common category of collisions.

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gases evolved made up 99% of all gases evolved. Nearly all the starting materials will not decompose until reaching temperatures of 500 °C or higher, so this could be a viable option as an airbag gas generator.

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was late to offer airbag systems on a broader scale, since even in the 1994 model year, its popular models did not offer airbags. Instead, the German automaker until then relied solely on its proprietary cable-based

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The auto industry and research and regulatory communities have moved away from their initial view of the airbag as a seat-belt replacement, and the bags are now nominally designated as supplemental restraint systems

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Mars lander also tried to use airbags for landing; the landing was successful, and the lander touched down safely, but several of the spacecraft's solar panels failed to deploy, thereby disabling the spacecraft.

211:"valuable" invention with little economic value to its inventor. Its first commercial use was not implemented until after the patent expired in 1971, at which point the airbag was installed in a few experimental 1967:) call for the replacement of undeployed airbags after a certain time to ensure their reliability in a collision. One example is the 1992 S500, which has an expiry date sticker attached to the door pillar. Some 1952:

systems may remain powered for roughly 30 minutes after disconnecting the vehicle's battery. Some countries impose restrictions on the sale, transport, handling, and service of airbags and system components. In

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Airbags for passenger cars were introduced in the United States in the 1970s. When seat-belt usage rates in the country were quite low compared to modern-day, Ford built experimental cars with airbags in 1971.

1408:". A rolamite is a mechanical device, consisting of a roller suspended within a tensioned band. As a result of the particular geometry and material properties used, the roller is free to translate with little 386:

Turbo became the first car to have driver and passenger airbags as standard equipment. The Porsche 944 and 944S had this as an available option. The same year also had the first airbag in a Japanese car, the

2296:). It is the first conventional airbag system for occupant injury prevention (worldwide) designed and developed and placed in service for an aircraft, and the first specifically for helicopter applications. 4957: 4491: 5121: 1824:

rather than the United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. ECE airbags are generally smaller and inflate less forcefully than United States airbags because the ECE specifications are based on

191:, Arthur Parrott and Harold Round. The patent was approved in 1920. Air-filled bladders were in use as early as 1951. The airbag specifically for automobile use is credited independently to the American 1281:

There are ongoing efforts to find alternative compounds so that airbags have less toxic reactants. In a journal article by Akiyoshi et al., it was found that for the reaction of the Sr complex nitrate,

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was given roof-mounted curtain airbags to protect both front and rear passengers. Curtain airbags were then made standard equipment on all new Volvo cars from 2000 except for the first-generation

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Essentially, two types of side airbags are commonly used today - the side-torso airbag and the side-curtain airbag. More recently, center airbags are becoming more common in the European market.

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With EuroNCAP updating its testing guidelines in 2020, European and Australian market vehicles increasingly use front-center airbags, rear torso airbags, and rear seat belt pre-tensioners.

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airbags in advertisements showing how the devices had saved lives that helped the public know the value of them and safety became a selling advantage in the late 1980s. All versions of the

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deployed in a static out-of-position test: The purpose of the test was to find out how this airbag affects a 3-year-old child who is out of his seat and in the direct reach of the airbag.

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Legislation passed in 1991 required driver and front passenger airbags for passenger vehicles offered for sale in the US after September 1997 and for other vehicles after September 1998.

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Olson, Carin M.; Cummings, Peter; Rivara, Frederick P. (2006). "Association of First- and Second-Generation Airbags with Front Occupant Death in Car Crashes: A Matched Cohort Study".

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In vehicles equipped with a rollover sensing system, accelerometers, and gyroscopes are used to sense the onset of a rollover event. If a rollover event is determined to be imminent,

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is because it is less hygroscopic. The materials used in this reaction must not be hygroscopic because absorbed moisture can de-sensitize the system and cause the reaction to fail.

108:, which are, respectively, systems designed to prevent collisions in the first place, and systems designed to minimize the effects of collisions once they occur. In this use, a car 1746:

nearly always are initially present. In small amounts this chemical can cause minor irritation to the eyes and/or open wounds; however, with exposure to air, it quickly turns into

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requires secondary oxidation of the reaction products to avoid buildup of carbon monoxide), or high-oxygen nitrogen-free organic compounds with inorganic oxidizers (e.g., di or tri

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company for Ford, was soon also offered as an automatic safety system in the United States, while the Italian Eaton-Livia company offered a variant with localized air cushions.

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systems in new cars are compulsory in many Latin American countries. Some require the installation of a minimum of only two airbags in new cars which many in this market have.

4752: 5448: 1750:(baking soda). However, this transformation is not 100% complete, and invariably leaves residual amounts of hydroxide ions from NaOH. Depending on the type of airbag system, 1435:. Experimental algorithms may take into account such factors as the weight of the occupant, the seat location, and seat belt use, as well as even attempt to determine if a 1353:

airbags are deployed to help protect the occupant from contact with the side of the vehicle interior, and also to help prevent occupant ejection as the vehicle rolls over.

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Newer designs produce effluent primarily consisting of harmless talcum powder/cornstarch and nitrogen gas. In older designs using an azide-based propellant (usually NaN

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are much more complex, being able to adapt the deployment speed to the crash conditions, and prevent unnecessary deployments. The algorithms are considered valuable

3989: 2775: 4953: 3905: 5915: 4307: 1342:. It was found that these non-azide reagents allowed for a less toxic, lower combustion temperature reaction, and more easily disposable airbag inflation system. 5143: 6338: 5113: 5308: 2050:

in even low-speed collisions. Western European standards for underride guards have been stricter than North American standards, which typically have allowed

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They help to properly position occupants to maximize the airbag's benefits and they help restrain occupants during the initial and any following collisions.

4273:"Johnson Controls develops and manufactures the instrument panel, seating system, door panels and acoustic parking system for the new Mercedes-Benz A-Class" 4844: 4703: 6606: 5069: 4093: 3457:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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other countries. Recent "smart" airbag controllers can recognize if a seat belt is used, and alter the airbag cushion deployment parameters accordingly.

2069:, and can be the direct cause of a collision. If a violent collision occurs, the disabled airbags will not deploy to protect vehicle occupants. In 2014, 420:

sedans ahead of any safety regulations. Early 1993 saw the 4-millionth airbag-equipped Chrysler vehicle roll off the assembly line. In October 1993, the

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The airbag "for the covering of aeroplane and other vehicle parts" traces its origins to a United States patent, submitted in 1919 by two dentists from

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has stated that "airbags do not require replacement during the lifetime of the vehicle," though this cannot be taken as a guarantee on the device.

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due to their higher probability of rolling over and often a switch can disable the feature in case the driver wants to take the vehicle off-road.

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occupant-protection standard rather than one mandating a particular technical solution (which could rapidly become outdated and prove to not be a

6226: 5845: 5576: 4411: 3387: 517:

By 1999, finding a new mass-market car without an airbag at least as optional equipment was difficult, and some late 1990s products, such as the

113:

airbag is one such device. Vehicle safety professionals are generally careful in their use of language to avoid this sort of confusion. However,

2510: 5933: 4385: 3129: 2127: 1908: 1793: 1420:. Rolamite and similar macro-mechanical devices were used in airbags until the mid-1990s after which they were universally replaced with MEMS. 408:

became the first SUV to offer a driver-side airbag when it was launched in 1992. Driver and passenger airbags became standard equipment in all

474:– offered the airbag on some of their higher-end models, but shortly afterward, airbags became a common feature on more mainstream cars, with 5546: 5168: 4521: 3257: 1028:(which owns Breed, Key Safety Systems, and Takata). The majority of impact sensors of airbags are manufactured by the Lanka Harness Company. 6528: 2449: 79:

triggers various firing circuits to deploy one or more airbag modules within the vehicle. Airbag module deployments are activated through a

6249: 5667: 5811: 3492: 927:

microcar featured the first production rear-curtain shield airbag to protect the rear occupants' heads in the event of a rear-end impact.

5182: 3234: 664:

From around 2000, side-impact airbags became commonplace on even low- to mid-range vehicles, such as the smaller-engined versions of the

300:

The early development of airbags coincided with international interest in automobile safety legislation. Some safety experts advocated a

6270: 5432:, Coodly P. Ramaswamy & Francis Souriraja, "Gas generating composition for air bags", published 18 February 1992 4612: 4355: 3283: 3068:

Source of creative ideas, started the development of the air bag as a starting point to develop a safety net of motor vehicles in 1964.

2655: 2627: 2597: 1004:

included the world's first pedestrian airbag as standard. As a result, the V40 ranked highest (88%) in the EuroNCAP's pedestrian tests.

6732: 6110: 5047: 4582: 4039: 1243:

The first two reactions create 4 molar equivalents of nitrogen gas, and the third converts the remaining reactants to relatively inert

5778: 4778: 3609: 2142:

A rear-facing infant restraint put in the front seat of a vehicle places an infant's head close to the airbag, which can cause severe

5711: 4220: 2984: 4900: 711:

have combined head- and torso-side airbags. These are fitted in the backrest of the front seats and protect the head and the torso.

6140: 5455: 894:

after a frontal collision test, the driver-side knee airbag was also deployed. Blue and yellow markings indicate the dummy's knees.

3477:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

2887: 2332:– either integrated into the motorcyclist's jacket or worn over it – have started to become used by regular riders on the street. 6069: 2289: 2164: 1880: 1463: 5286: 5017: 4664: 1788:(FMVSS 208) to require cars produced after 1 April 1989 to be equipped with a passive restraint for the driver. An airbag or an 6852: 4866: 4151: 2694: 5614: 5490: 5473: 4272: 1310:

as the oxidizing agent resulted in the most vigorous reaction as well as the lowest initial temperature of the reaction. The N

6584: 6012: 4258: 3540: 611:

Mercedes began offering rear passengers protection in frontal collisions in September 2020 (for the 2021 model year) for the

6702: 6638: 5793: 5761: 3822: 447:, causing both driver airbags to deploy. The drivers suffered only minor injuries despite extensive damage to the vehicles. 7317: 5644: 4931: 3051: 241:

was used instead of compressed air during inflation for the first time. Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation to

137: 3897: 3357: 2954: 1808:. The technical performance and validation requirements for the inflator assembly used in airbag modules are specified in 7297: 5241: 5219: 3981: 2172: 840:. In late 2012, General Motors with supplier Takata introduced a front center airbag; it deploys from the driver's seat. 308:

approach). Less emphasis was placed on other designs as countries successfully mandated seat belt restrictions, however.

4299: 3798:

Air Bag Safety: Hearing Before the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportations US Senate 104 Congress 2nd session

62:

The airbag provides an energy-absorbing surface between the vehicle's occupants and a steering wheel, instrument panel,

3309: 915:

in a crash. Knee airbags are designed to reduce leg injury. The knee airbag has become increasingly common since 2000.

5135: 4173: 3185: 7213: 6330: 6165: 3806: 3771: 3668: 3586: 3028: 2931: 2816: 2751: 1938: 1521: 1081: 6807: 2532:

Warner, Kenneth E. (1983). "Bags, Buckles, and Belts: The Debate over Mandatory Passive Restraints in Automobiles".

7292: 5877: 4124: 1856:

Since January 2014, except for micro vehicles, all new cars made or imported in Argentina must have front airbags.

1493: 5316: 6387:

The statement "they've saved some 26,000 lives, according to estimates from the ... (NHTSA)" has been published.

5859: 5737: 4634: 2211:. As with later missions, these would use the airbags to bounce along the surface, absorbing landing energy. The 981: 6773: 4852: 4695: 3284:"Impalas' 1973 experimental airbags held up: Fleet customers tested 1,000 vehicles with cutting-edge technology" 3098: 2252: 6374: 4195: 2567: 2228: 2122:–based gas-generating compositions in airbag inflators instead of the more stable, but more expensive compound 1566:

gas with a pyrotechnic operated valve ("hybrid gas generator"), while other technologies use various energetic

1478: 1382: 1138:

thus force experienced by) the occupant over time and over the occupant's body, compared to a seat belt alone.

1063: 105: 6613: 6037: 4575:"Toyota to Make Side Airbags and Curtain Shield Airbags Standard on All New Passenger Vehicle Models in Japan" 3639: 2103:

attributed to airbags that year. However, injuries remain fairly common in collisions with airbag deployment.

1500: 6925: 2305: 846:

announced its development of a center-side airbag on September 18, 2019, installed inside the driver's seat.

649:

Most vehicles equipped with side-curtain airbags also include side-torso airbags. However, some, such as the

6300: 4101: 3514: 1995:

at 30–40 km/h (19–25 mph)—the truck platform at head height has been prevented from impacting the

7302: 7251: 6885: 3484: 3464: 2719:, Parrott, Arthur Hughes & Round, Harold, published 17 February 1920, assigned to 1845:, and most other developed countries there is no direct legal requirement for new cars to feature airbags. 1417: 971: 612: 219: 6676: 4544: 692:

was granted a patent on side-impact airbags, and they were first offered as an option in 1994 on the 1995

293:

airbags experienced seven fatalities, one of which was later suspected to have been caused by the airbag.

7287: 7167: 7011: 1578:) were common in early inflator designs, little to no toxic sodium azide has been found on used airbags. 588:

provided the first "shaped" driver airbag, made possible by this car's unusual fixed-hub steering wheel.

305: 4800: 4435:"Real World Data Driven Evolution of Volvo Cars' Side Impact Protection Systems and their Effectiveness" 4012: 2175:

have incorporated airbag systems in various aircraft and spacecraft applications as early as the 1960s.

1558:) to fill the airbag making it deploy through the module cover. Some airbag technologies use compressed 1507: 728:

However, this tubular-shaped airbag design has been quickly replaced by an inflatable 'curtain' airbag.

7057: 6935: 6845: 6747: 6503: 6415:"Splenic trauma as an adverse effect of torso-protecting side airbags: biomechanical and case evidence" 6234: 3084: 2082: 2070: 573: 145: 5584: 5505: 4407: 2716: 2695:"University of Birmingham to unveil new 'blue plaque' celebrating the work of two innovative dentists" 2671: 5375: 2502: 2111:

small adults and children, who had an increased risk of injury with first-generation airbag systems.

1105:

The airbags in the vehicle are controlled by a central airbag control unit (ACU), a specific type of

229:

came when Allen K. Breed invented a ball-in-tube mechanism for crash detection. Under his system, an

5508:, Ivan V. Mendenhall, Robert D. Taylor, "Substituted basic metal nitrates in gas generation" 4381: 3763:

Air Bag Safety: Hearing Before the Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation, U.S. Senate

5554: 3919: 3876:"Va. Crash Shines Spotlight on Air Bags; Safety Experts Say They Feel Vindicated in 20-Year Battle" 1489: 405: 109: 5160: 4545:"BMW Head Protection System Sets New Standard in Side-Impact Protection in Latest IIHS Crash Test" 883:

SUV and has been standard equipment since then. The airbag is located beneath the steering wheel.

591:

In 2019, Honda announced it would introduce a new front passenger airbag technology. Developed by

6890: 6536: 5703: 2720: 2453: 2018: 1106: 1059: 1052: 431:

The first known collision between two airbag-equipped automobiles took place on 12 March 1990 in

206:. His airbag design, however, only came about when he combined his experiences working with navy 31: 17: 6132: 5678: 5374:

Gabler, Hampton C.; Gabauer, Douglas J.; Newell, Heidi L.; O’Neill, Michael E. (December 2004).

2992: 2367: 1723:

particles, and gases in the vehicle's interior (called effluent). Most of this dust consists of

54:

is a vehicle occupant-restraint system using a bag designed to inflate in milliseconds during a

7312: 6970: 6814: 4359: 3475: 3455: 2806: 1361: 400: 199: 5189: 3920:"Dueling Air Bags Allow Two Virginia Drivers to Walk Away from a Horrifying Head-on Collision" 3761: 3658: 2921: 101:, which are considered "active" devices because the vehicle occupant must act to enable them. 7072: 6838: 4896: 4604: 3848: 3734: 3691: 3570: 3018: 2739: 2652: 2631: 2605: 1432: 1025: 752: 748: 121:

caution in the consumer marketing of safety features. Further confusing the terminology, the

6102: 5039: 4574: 3796: 2151:

seat-mounted airbag may also cause internal injury if the occupant leans against the door.

1681:-) and eventually metallic oxides; the nitrogen-free formulation avoids formation of toxic 837: 440: 5896: 4228: 1868:

Since 1 January 2017, all cars made or imported in Colombia must have dual front airbags.

991:

also introduced seat belt airbags. They are as of 2003 standard on the 172, 182, and 206.

676:, launched in 2003, was the first mass-market car to be sold in Europe with nine airbags. 171: 8: 2025: 1984: 1350: 1126: 858: 843: 708: 654: 596: 518: 499: 262: 4067:"¿Por qué los carros que se venden en América Latina no son tan seguros como en Europa?" 2628:"Circular Letter No. 10 (1991): Auto Insurance Premium Discounts For Passive Restraints" 2183: 1404:

did not work well. Before MEMS, the primary system used to deploy airbags was called a "

1298:) of carbohydrazide (SrCDH) with various oxidizing agents resulted in the evolution of N 795:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

731:

In May 1998, Toyota began offering a side-curtain airbag deploying from the roof on the

151: 6920: 6900: 6480: 6455: 6431: 6414: 4459: 4434: 2895: 2476: 2394: 2276: 2267: 2115: 1792:

would meet the requirements of the standard. Airbag introduction was stimulated by the

1751: 1747: 1630: 1601:) or another nonmetallic oxidizer, and a nitrogen-rich fuel different from azide (e.g. 1389: 1244: 1114: 828: 817: 724: 720: 475: 376: 212: 203: 6227:"NHTSA Recalls Spotlight – Takata Air Bag Recalls – November 3, 2015 Press Conference" 6066: 1262:

The particle size of the initial reactants is important to reliable operation. The NaN

462:, airbags were almost unheard of until the early 1990s. By 1991, four manufacturers – 7257: 7177: 7131: 7095: 6485: 6456:"Biomechanical and injury response to posterolateral loading from torso side airbags" 6436: 6208: 5282: 5009: 4464: 4446: 4276: 3924: 3802: 3767: 3664: 3582: 3024: 2927: 2812: 2783: 2747: 2678:, "Safety cushion assembly for automotive vehicles", published 18 August 1953 2549: 2384: 2309: 1809: 1547: 1327: 912: 557: 444: 417: 246: 55: 6550: 5092:"Ford Mondeo Introduces Inflatable Seatbelts, a Ford First for Australian customers" 4874: 4867:"Euro NCAP praises the new Driver-Side SRS Knee Airbag manufactured by Toyoda Gosei" 4152:"2021 Mercedes-Benz S-Class safety tech: Rear-seat airbags and 48-volt architecture" 2336:

has made it compulsory since 2018 for riders to wear suits with integrated airbags.

1609:, and their salts). The burn rate modifiers in the mixture may be an alkaline metal 1514: 732: 7282: 7136: 7067: 6475: 6467: 6426: 6254: 6200: 5606: 5485: 5352:

Garcia, P. (December 2011). "A Methodology for the Deployment of Sensor Networks".

4454: 3471: 3451: 2541: 2404: 2389: 2280: 2240: 2119: 1805: 1743: 1590: 1331: 672:, and curtain airbags were also becoming regular features on mass-market cars. The 650: 436: 289: 230: 6576: 6004: 4250: 3544: 1657:

based propellants (which have high gas yield but bad storage stability, and their

906:

became the first vehicle sold in Europe equipped with a driver's knee airbag. The

6646: 6085: 6073: 5765: 5758: 4013:"Latin NCAP: los vehículos de Latinoamérica, dos décadas por detrás en seguridad" 2675: 2659: 2399: 2212: 2188: 2029: 1992: 1821: 1662: 1248: 1122: 1094: 988: 902:

introduced the first driver-side SRS knee airbag on the Japanese market in 2002.

854: 697: 565: 538: 479: 301: 192: 159: 122: 5636: 4329: 3055: 2630:. New York State Department of Financial Services. 12 April 1991. Archived from 1916: 1871:

Since 1 January 2020, all new cars sold in Mexico must have dual front airbags.

1859:

Since 1 January 2014, all new cars sold in Brazil must have dual front airbags.

1474: 43:

The driver and passenger front airbag modules, after having been deployed, in a

7162: 7036: 7031: 7021: 7006: 6950: 6945: 6748:"Exploding the myths: Everything you need to know about motorbike airbag vests" 3541:"240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology – Subaru Legend airbag system" 3365: 2962: 2256: 2227:

landing thrusters. This prototype successfully tested the concept, and the two

2062: 2051: 2005: 1842: 1838: 1789: 1682: 1658: 1654: 1586: 1401: 1394: 1339: 1335: 1152: 1110: 1021: 1001: 903: 899: 673: 569: 409: 253: 39: 5233: 5215: 5010:"Takata First to Commercialize Front Seat Safety "Airbelt" for Passenger Cars" 4196:"2021 Mercedes-Benz S-Class gets rear-axle steering and trick new airbag tech" 3717: 1865:

Since December 2016, all new cars sold in Chile must have dual front airbags.

603:. Honda hopes that the new technology will soon make its way to all vehicles. 7307: 7276: 7241: 7208: 7182: 7026: 6975: 6895: 4450: 4433:

Jakobsson, Lotta; Lindman, Magdalena; Svanberg, Bo; Carlsson, Henrik (2010).

4015:[Latin NCAP: Latin American vehicles, two decades behind in safety]. 3875: 3014: 2098:

In 1990, the first automotive fatality attributed to an airbag was reported.

2008:, which can be more dangerous than frontal collisions because the protective 1964: 1957: 1732: 1543: 1385: 1134: 950: 891: 541:

front airbags were developed to help minimize injury from the airbag itself.

486:

among the manufacturers to introduce the airbag to its model ranges in 1992.

368: 257: 164: 6827:

History of airbags and how the technology gave rise to today's "smart cars".

5607:"ET 08/00: Sodium azide in car airbags poses a growing environmental hazard" 4069:[Why are the cars sold in Latin America not as safe as in Europe?]. 2545: 1968: 1862:

Since July 2014, all new cars sold in Uruguay must have dual front airbags.

700:

introduced the first combined head and torso airbags with the launch of the

640: 585: 6991: 6489: 6440: 6212: 5704:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations (Standard No. 208)" 5429: 5376:

Use of Event Data Recorder (EDR) Technology for Highway Crash Data Analysis

4753:"Center-Side, External Airbags to Be Introduced for Euro NCAP Requirements" 4468: 3193: 2744:

Innovative Materials and Techniques in Concrete Construction: ACES Workshop

2329: 2224: 2066: 2058: 2047: 2009: 1728: 1585:

The alternative propellants may incorporate, for example, a combination of

1571: 1159: 880: 425: 413: 388: 372: 238: 80: 63: 6413:

Hallman, J.J.; Brasel, K.J.; Yoganandan, N.; Pintar, F.A. (October 2009).

6301:"Takata fined $ 70 million for defective airbags as recalls nearly double" 6169: 5637:"Thermally stable nonazide automotive airbag propellants – Patent 6306232" 4042:[Why does a car protect better in Europe than in Latin America?]. 2553: 1820:

Some countries outside North America adhere to internationalized European

1762:

may develop a potentially lethal asthmatic attack from inhaling the dust.

7261: 7192: 7141: 7126: 7082: 7062: 6955: 6905: 6471: 6204: 4980:"Ford Expands Availability of Rear Inflatable Safety Belt to 2014 Fusion" 2293: 2284: 2251:

Airbags have also been used on military fixed-wing aircraft, such as the

2216: 2143: 2043: 1920: 1674: 1626: 1148: 1109:. The ACU monitors several related sensors within the vehicle, including 958: 669: 665: 628: 553: 522: 383: 353:

Three photos of a crash test dummy whose head lands right into the airbag

176: 141: 114: 44: 4439:

Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine / Annual Scientific Conference

2575: 696:, and as standard equipment on all Volvo cars made after 1995. In 1997, 7218: 7121: 7016: 6965: 6960: 6930: 4174:"An Airbag for the Back Seat? Mercedes-Benz Is Developing a Clever One" 2317: 2215:

lander employed an innovative airbag landing system, supplemented with

2038: 2034: 1996: 1988: 1767: 1724: 1710: 1567: 1428: 1413: 1374: 1066: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 865: 850: 755:

have a long inflatable curtain airbag that protects all rows of seats.

623: 532: 511: 267: 237:

would inflate an airbag in under 30 milliseconds. A small explosion of

188: 67: 5916:"Mayor protección en los autos, la nueva normatividad en la industria" 5733: 5524: 5114:"The Ford inflatable seat belt: How it affects car seats and children" 3332:"Allstate fleet cars show the reliability of air bags (advertisement)" 2424: 2243:

uses six airbags to cushion the ground landing of the crewed capsule.

487: 7223: 7187: 7172: 7146: 7077: 7052: 6088:

Reauthorization of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

5491:

10.1002/1521-4087(200011)25:5<224::AID-PREP224>3.0.CO;2-O

3106: 2598:"U.S. patent 6272412 – Passive restraint control system for vehicles" 2321: 2220: 2160: 2123: 2087: 1833: 1785: 1602: 1436: 1143: 1118: 1099: 964: 954: 924: 740: 736: 693: 658: 600: 421: 118: 98: 6808:

Pictures and details about the 1970s GM Air Cushion Restraint System

5428: 5062:"Extended protection in the rear: The seat belt gets into top shape" 1705: 1452: 1174:. A typical driver-side airbag contains approximately 50–80 g of NaN 1041: 7100: 6940: 6915: 5449:"Tests on Airbags: Analyses of Gases, Dusts, Structures and Squibs" 4726:"New ID.3: 'Today, safety wouldn't be possible without simulation'" 4382:"All New Volvo S80: Style, Sophistication, Safety and Scandinavian" 2232: 2099: 1666: 1606: 1559: 1551: 1409: 1405: 907: 701: 432: 395: 285: 271: 270:, citing a lack of consumer interest. Ford and GM then spent years 256:

began offering cars equipped with airbags, initially in government

242: 6045: 5838:"Começa a valer obrigatoriedade de airbag e ABS para carros novos" 3947: 2057:

Typical airbag systems are completely disabled by turning off the

2042:

into the passenger space, leaving occupants at high risk of major

1853:

Ecuador requires dual front airbags in new car models since 2013.

1796:. However, airbags were not mandatory on light trucks until 1997. 7116: 5934:"Dual airbags mandatory for new cars from April 1- Business News" 5381:(Report). Transportation Research Board of the National Academies 4490:(Press release). Volvo Group Global. 17 July 1998. Archived from 4125:"Honda's New Airbag Will Give Front Passengers Better Protection" 4040:"¿Por qué un coche protege mejor en Europa que en Latinoamérica?" 2208: 2200: 2192: 1953: 1650: 1618: 1610: 1326:

driven airbags, the gas-generating materials involved the use of

1133:

exceeded, the airbag control unit will trigger the ignition of a

1013: 689: 635: 592: 561: 549: 507: 503: 207: 71: 6168:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from 4432: 3571:"Form, Function, and Fantasy – seventy years of Chrysler design" 3310:"Air Bag – Who Made That? The Magazine's 2013 Innovations Issue" 3258:"Whats this 73 Chevrolet Impala doing at a classic car auction?" 3130:"Allen K. Breed, 72, a Developer of Air Bag Technology for Cars" 2923:

Big Ideas: 100 Modern Inventions That Have Transformed Our World

1542:

When the frontal airbags are to deploy, a signal is sent to the

879:

The second driver-side and separate knee airbag was used in the

7001: 6910: 6830: 6699:"Simula Receives Orders for its Cockpit Air Bag Systems - CABS" 6103:"GM Disputes Report Tying Ignition Switch Problem to 74 Deaths" 5402: 4358:(Press release). American Honda. 21 August 2007. Archived from 3490: 2333: 2204: 1759: 1646: 1017: 495: 459: 234: 226: 30:

This article is about a car safety device. For other uses, see

6250:"US reports another Takata air bag death, bringing toll to 33" 5472:

Akiyoshi, Miyako; Nakamura, Hidetsugu; Hara, Yasutake (2000).

3020:

Litigation services handbook: the role of the financial expert

2054:

of older equipment that may still be on the road for decades.

6996: 6454:

Hallman, J.J.; Yoganandan, N.; Pintar, F.A. (November 2010).

6412: 6375:"Takata, brought down by airbag crisis, files for bankruptcy" 6271:"Air bag defect to trigger largest auto recall in US history" 6005:"Curtain air bag Hyundai Sonata: Manuals and Car Information" 2313: 1973: 1960:

with special training are allowed to service airbag systems.

1563: 1365:

Some cars provide the option to turn off the passenger airbag

886: 824: 812: 471: 467: 5734:"USCAR24-22: Inflator Technical Requirements and Validation" 3054:(in Japanese). Japan Automotive Hall of Fame. Archived from 2028:", in which a passenger vehicle collides with the rear of a 1735:, which are used to lubricate the airbag during deployment. 1271: 245:. A similar "Auto-Ceptor" crash-restraint, developed by the 2168: 1642: 1638: 1322:

In a patent containing another plausible alternative to NaN

984:

has optional rear seat belt airbags for the two outer seats

527: 491: 483: 6133:"NHTSA 49 CFR Parts 552, 571, 585, and 595, Docket Notice" 6086:

United States Congressional Committee on Commerce (1997).

5668:"Advanced designs for side impact and rollover protection" 5373: 3982:"Sep 1, 1998: Federal legislation makes airbags mandatory" 3735:"Jeep Grand Cherokee – another home run for the home team" 3543:. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan. Archived from 1546:

within the airbag control unit. An igniter starts a rapid

853:

vehicles in 2022 equipped with center airbags include the

344: 335: 326: 6870: 5897:"Con bolsas de aire, el país se pone a tono con el mundo" 4488:"Second-Generation Sips-Bag protects both chest and head" 2090:

and airbags in the United States of America over 10 years

572:, are often sold without airbags, as neither airbags nor 463: 5527:. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 30 March 2014 957:: optional rear seat belt airbags; standard on the 2013 6453: 6331:"Takata's Woes Are Complete: Now Toyota Has Dropped It" 4665:"Toyota Develops World's First Rear-seat Center Airbag" 2061:. Unexpected turnoffs usually also disable the engine, 125:

community uses the terms "active" and "passive" in the

6353:"Japan air bag maker Takata reports $ 46 million loss" 5577:"What You Need to Know About Air Bags, DOT HS 809 575" 5547:"What You Need to Know About Air Bags, DOT HS 809 575" 4300:"1996 Mercedes-Benz E-Class – Roadtest – European Car" 3415: 3413: 3338:. Vol. 72, no. 22. 9 June 1972. pp. 8–9 2154: 1784:

On 11 July 1984, the United States government amended

1470: 5222:

from the original on 2 June 2017 – via YouTube.

4771:"Kia Motors' Knee Airbag System | Firehouse.com" 3855:. Vol. 171, no. 1. January 1994. p. 24 2292:, through a contract with Simula Safety Systems (now 762: 311: 5471: 5183:"Pedestrian Airbag Technology – a Production System" 4542: 2452:. Valient Automotive Market Research. Archived from 2178: 1956:, airbags are regulated as harmful explosives; only 155:

John W. Hetrick's 1953 safety cushion patent drawing

6190: 5812:"Airbags y ABS, sistemas obligatorios en Argentina" 5354:

IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering

3948:Office of Research and Development (21 June 2001). 3943: 3941: 3939: 3410: 2805:Mastinu, Giampiero; Ploechl, Manfred, eds. (2014). 1570:. Although propellants containing the highly toxic 639:Deployed curtain airbag and side torso airbag in a 225:In 1967, a breakthrough in developing airbag crash 5405:MCFRS Driver Certification Program: Vehicle Safety 4514:"Zodiac Coating – Medical Silicone Gel Components" 4384:(Press release). Volvo Cars US. 28 February 2006. 3823:"Chrysler air bag production hits 4 million units" 2808:Road and Off-Road Vehicle System Dynamics Handbook 2246: 1397:, but there are other MEMS manufacturers as well. 6504:"NASA's Boeing Crew Flight Test Mission Overview" 6403:Toyota Aurion: User Manual 2006 model – Australia 4924:"Toyota develops rear curtain airbag for tiny iQ" 4482: 4480: 4478: 3698:. Vol. 173, no. 5. May 1996. p. 59 3218:Fenton, John (24 January 1969). "Safety Design". 3166:. Vol. 192, no. 5. May 1968. p. 94 2167:have applied airbag technologies for many years. 2071:General Motors admitted to concealing information 714: 278: 233:sensor with a steel ball attached to a tube by a 7274: 5216:"Land Rover Discovery Sport – Pedestrian Airbag" 5155: 5153: 3950:"Air Bag Technology in Light Passenger Vehicles" 3936: 3017:; Frank, Peter B.; Kreb, Kevin D., eds. (2009). 2955:"Airbag History – When Was The Airbag Invented?" 2024:An extremely dangerous situation occurs during " 1113:, impact sensors, side (door) pressure sensors, 1000:by the pedestrian. When introduced in 2012 the 452:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 6160: 6158: 5860:"Todo lo que hay que saber de la ley Nº 19.061" 5844:. G1. São Paulo. 1 January 2014. Archived from 5410:(Report). Montgomery Maryland County Government 4330:"Dual chamber side airbag apparatus and method" 3874:Cohn, D'Vera; Henderson, Nell (31 March 1990). 5369: 5367: 5257:"Volvo offers world's first pedestrian airbag" 4475: 2804: 2231:landers employed similar landing systems. The 2128:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1794:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 967:had seat belt airbags for driver and passenger 548:Many new cars in Latin America, including the 6846: 6669:"BNET News Release on AHS Annual Forum award" 6166:"Statistical Breakdown of Air Bag Fatalities" 6032: 6030: 5213: 5150: 4873:(Press release). 30 June 2003. Archived from 3898:"Air Bags Save 2 Lives in Historic Collision" 3873: 3513:Callas, Tony; Prine, Tom (30 November 2009). 3013: 2450:"The Global Automotive Airbag Market Outlook" 2429:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) 2133: 1905:The examples and perspective in this section 144:commemorating Round and Parrott's patent, at 6551:"Cockpit Air Bag System (CABS) for UH-60A/L" 6389:Bohr, Peter (July–August 2010), "Air Time", 6155: 5986:Bohr, Peter (July–August 2010), "Air Time", 5961:"6 Airbags In Cars A Must From October 2023" 5895:Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (7 October 2015). 5794:"Nuevo reglamento de calidad para vehículos" 4972: 4065:Quinchía, Alejandra Zapata (10 April 2023). 3928:, vol. 33, no. 16, 23 April 1990, 3443: 3235:"Impalas' 1973 experimental airbags held up" 2915: 2913: 2740:"1 Non Finito: challenges in rehabilitation" 2715: 1848: 1774: 1692: 1479:introducing citations to additional sources 1158:Older airbag systems contained a mixture of 91: 5999: 5997: 5364: 3741:. Vol. 170, no. 7. pp. 25–27 3564: 3562: 3512: 3213: 3211: 2842:. United States Patent and Trademark Office 2697:. Birmingham Dental Hospital. 13 March 2019 443:and hit another 1989 Chrysler LeBaron in a 375:as an option on its flagship saloon model, 6853: 6839: 6027: 4921: 4823:"Technical Development: Electronics Parts" 3829:(Press release). PRNewswire. 19 April 1993 3610:"Chrysler Introduces Driver-Side Air Bags" 2919: 2653:Rotorcraft Active Crash Protection Systems 2534:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 2077: 1923:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1653:, glass, etc. Other alternatives are e.g. 6812: 6479: 6430: 6381: 5878:"Doble Airbag: Será obligatorio en Chile" 5489: 5398: 5396: 4458: 2910: 1939:Learn how and when to remove this message 1786:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 1151:devices, commonly called an initiator or 1082:Learn how and when to remove this message 631:inflated permanently for display purposes 364:) or supplemental inflatable restraints. 218:In 1964, a Japanese automobile engineer, 6745: 6247: 5994: 5979: 5791: 4543:BMW of North America (30 October 1997). 4171: 4064: 4010: 3794: 3759: 3559: 3470: 3450: 3281: 3232: 3208: 2266: 2182: 2081: 2033:of the trailer platform, except a glass 1983: 1704: 1469:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1360: 1356: 1093: 885: 823: 811: 634: 622: 170: 158: 150: 136: 38: 5254: 5146:from the original on 14 September 2015. 5124:from the original on 16 September 2015. 5050:from the original on 14 September 2015. 4122: 4037: 3493:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 2670: 2290:Aviation Applied Technology Directorate 2037:. In an underride collision, the car's 1881:Ministry of Road Transport and Highways 1804:50th-percentile size and weight "male" 1255:is used rather than something like NaNO 14: 7275: 6731:. UK. 2 September 2005. Archived from 6607:"Microsoft Word - Sunset Brochure.doc" 6393:, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 24 6100: 5990:, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 24 5959:Sharma, Akhilesh (29 September 2022). 5958: 5894: 5792:Comercio, Grupo El (20 January 2014). 5617:from the original on 17 September 2014 5393: 5351: 4801:"New Air Bag Will Aim For Knees, Legs" 4757:AAA weekly - Asian Automotive Analysis 4750: 4693: 4193: 4091: 3932:from the original on 14 September 2016 3320:from the original on 15 February 2014. 3307: 3217: 2885: 2531: 2500: 2474: 2262: 930: 918: 661:do not feature the side-torso airbag. 6834: 6813:Magratten, Drew (14 September 2014). 6341:from the original on 9 November 2015. 6268: 5752: 5665: 5478:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 5403:Montgomery County Fire & Rescue. 5207: 4960:from the original on 25 February 2016 4922:Abuelsamid, Sam (30 September 2008). 4811:from the original on 8 December 2015. 4149: 3962:from the original on 15 December 2014 3886:from the original on 13 October 2017. 3491:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 3255: 3160:"Pillow protects you in auto crashes" 3127: 2737: 2513:from the original on 15 November 2017 1822:ECE vehicle and equipment regulations 7247: 6587:from the original on 14 October 2006 6388: 6363:from the original on 2 January 2016. 6311:from the original on 3 November 2015 5985: 5913: 5736:. SAE International. 30 April 2013. 5289:from the original on 15 October 2013 5263:from the original on 2 December 2014 5255:Dowling, Joshua (17 February 2013). 5171:from the original on 2 January 2016. 4414:from the original on 2 February 2017 4297: 4221:"IIHS-HLDI: Chevrolet Cobalt 4-door" 4038:Herráez, Mario (13 September 2021). 3908:from the original on 18 August 2016. 3732: 3656: 3568: 3421:"1974 Oldsmobile Air Cushion Folder" 3052:"Achievements of Yasuzaburou Kobori" 2926:. Sterling Publishing. p. 136. 2773: 1891: 1446: 1064:adding citations to reliable sources 1035: 994: 890:Deployed passenger knee airbag in a 775: 679: 428:with a standard driver-side airbag. 129:sense from the automotive industry. 5740:from the original on 6 January 2014 4833:from the original on 24 March 2015. 4696:"GM debuts new front center airbag" 4615:from the original on 2 January 2016 4261:from the original on 10 April 2010. 4172:Stoklosa, Alexander (22 May 2019). 4011:Iglesias, Denís (10 October 2017). 3644:National Museum of American History 3282:Phillips, David (31 October 2011). 3233:Phillips, David (31 October 2011). 2687: 2195:system on simulated Martian terrain 2173:United States Department of Defense 2155:Aerospace and military applications 939: 579: 104:This terminology is not related to 24: 6535:. 18 February 1999. Archived from 6281:from the original on 8 August 2016 6143:from the original on 16 March 2014 5647:from the original on 16 March 2014 5068:. 19 November 2012. Archived from 5020:from the original on 26 April 2014 5016:(Press release). 6 December 2010. 4706:from the original on 16 March 2014 4694:Bowman, Zach (29 September 2011). 4675:from the original on 16 March 2014 4645:from the original on 16 March 2014 4585:from the original on 16 March 2014 4555:from the original on 16 March 2014 4150:Ewing, Steven (2 September 2020). 4123:Wendler, Andrew (23 August 2019). 3992:from the original on 16 March 2014 3766:. Dianne Publishing. p. 147. 3663:. Wadsworth/Cengage. p. 220. 3620:from the original on 16 March 2014 3398:from the original on 16 March 2014 2774:Khan, Moin.S (10 September 2012). 1717: 1278:must be between 5 and 10 µm. 763:Roll-sensing curtain airbag (RSCA) 521:, also featured side airbags. The 312:As a supplemental restraint system 117:principles sometimes prevent such 25: 7329: 7214:Automobile auxiliary power outlet 6796: 6746:Franklin, Emma (8 October 2021). 6701:. allbusiness.com. Archived from 6248:Krishner, Tom (9 December 2022). 6015:from the original on 14 July 2014 5244:from the original on 2 June 2017. 4903:from the original on 24 June 2013 4388:from the original on 2 March 2017 4310:from the original on 4 March 2018 3692:"1990 Government Mandates Safety" 3140:from the original on 2 April 2015 2179:Spacecraft airbag landing systems 2114:One model of airbags made by the 1012:Suppliers of SRS airbags include 316: 7256: 7246: 7237: 7236: 6869:Part of a series of articles on 6860: 6766: 6739: 6717: 6691: 6661: 6631: 6599: 6569: 6543: 6521: 6496: 6447: 6406: 6397: 6367: 6345: 6323: 6293: 6262: 6241: 6219: 6193:American Journal of Epidemiology 6184: 6125: 6113:from the original on 3 June 2014 6094: 6079: 6060: 5952: 5926: 5907: 5888: 5870: 5852: 5830: 5804: 5785: 5771: 5726: 5696: 5659: 5629: 5599: 5569: 5539: 5517: 5498: 5465: 5441: 5422: 5345: 5323: 5301: 5275: 5248: 5226: 5214:LandRoverMENA (1 October 2014). 5175: 4092:Wilson, Robert (3 August 2005). 3795:Pressler, Larry (2 March 1996). 2501:Varela, Kristin (19 June 2013). 2366: 2345: 2316:introduced the first production 2279:has incorporated airbags in its 1896: 1779: 1462:relies largely or entirely on a 1451: 1040: 1007: 780: 771: 343: 334: 325: 175:A deployed curtain airbag in an 6774:"Airbags: Compulsory from 2018" 5759:Frontal impact test description 5714:from the original on 7 May 2014 5337:(Press release). Archived from 5128: 5106: 5084: 5054: 5032: 5002: 4946: 4915: 4889: 4859: 4837: 4815: 4793: 4763: 4744: 4718: 4687: 4657: 4627: 4597: 4567: 4536: 4506: 4426: 4400: 4374: 4348: 4322: 4291: 4265: 4243: 4213: 4187: 4165: 4143: 4116: 4085: 4058: 4031: 4004: 3974: 3912: 3890: 3867: 3849:"Design and Engineering Awards" 3841: 3815: 3787: 3753: 3726: 3710: 3684: 3650: 3632: 3602: 3533: 3506: 3380: 3350: 3324: 3301: 3275: 3249: 3226: 3186:"Inventor of the Week: Archive" 3178: 3152: 3128:Ravop, Nick (14 January 2000). 3121: 3105:. 21 March 2015. Archived from 3091: 3073: 3044: 3007: 2977: 2947: 2879: 2854: 2840:"United States Patent #2649311" 2832: 2798: 2767: 2742:. In Fardis, Michael N. (ed.). 2731: 2709: 2664: 2247:Aircraft airbag landing systems 1416:. This device was developed at 1270:must be between 10 and 20 1051:needs additional citations for 868:also includes a center airbag. 6675:. 13 June 2002. Archived from 6462:. SAE Technical Paper Series. 6269:Rushe, Dominic (19 May 2015). 6067:Underride Guard on Everything2 5161:"Are Airbags Worth the Money?" 3427:. pp. 6–7. Archived from 2886:Bellis, Mary (19 April 2017). 2646: 2620: 2590: 2560: 2525: 2503:"How Many Airbags Are Enough?" 2494: 2475:Bellis, Mary (9 August 2019). 2468: 2442: 2417: 2229:Mars Exploration Rover Mission 1979: 1887: 874: 715:Side tubular or curtain airbag 655:Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 618: 606: 279:As a substitute for seat belts 13: 1: 6926:Electronic instrument cluster 6101:Feeney, Nolan (3 June 2014). 6076:; Retrieved: 29 November 2007 5136:"AmSafe Inflatable Seatbelts" 4635:"Side-Impact Air Bags (SABs)" 3760:Pressler, Larry, ed. (1996). 3099:"エアバッグ - airbag.jpg – 日刊SPA!" 3081:"「エアバッグ」生みの親は日本人だった（週刊SPA!）" 2410: 2306:Transport Research Laboratory 2299: 2199:The first use of airbags for 514:followed shortly afterwards. 6886:Automotive navigation system 6815:"The Promise of the Air Bag" 6639:"Air Defense concept papers" 4751:Fourin, FOURIN (June 2024). 4356:"2008 Honda Accord – Safety" 4298:Paul, Rik (1 January 1996). 4194:Palmer, Zac (29 July 2020). 3485:American Antiquarian Society 3465:American Antiquarian Society 3308:Tullis, Paul (7 June 2013). 3023:. John Wiley. p. 22.6. 2320:airbag safety system on its 1879:On 5 March 2021, the Indian 1442: 1418:Sandia National Laboratories 1031: 972:Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222) 707:Some cars, such as the 2010 613:Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223) 7: 7318:Vehicle safety technologies 7012:Electronic throttle control 4408:"Dual-chamber Side Airbags" 4251:"IIHS-HLDI: Dodge Ram 1500" 3733:Lamm, Michael (July 1993). 3256:Lorio, Joe (15 June 2009). 2811:. CRC Press. p. 1613. 2378: 1919:, discuss the issue on the 10: 7334: 7298:Aircraft emergency systems 7058:Automatic vehicle location 5285:. Euro NCAP. August 2013. 2776:"Air Bags for Automobiles" 2134:Airbag fatality statistics 1709:Post-deployment view of a 182: 146:Birmingham Dental Hospital 132: 29: 7232: 7201: 7155: 7091: 7045: 6984: 6878: 6866: 5504: 3955:. U.S. NHTSA. p. 1. 3657:Shaw, William H. (2011). 3174:– via Google Books. 2920:Hutchinson, Alex (2009). 2304:In the mid-1970s, the UK 1963:Some automakers (such as 1849:Central and South America 1815: 1775:Regulatory specifications 1693:Variable-force deployment 1637:), etc. The coolants and 1427:Today, airbag triggering 1334:, bitetrazole dihydrate, 816:Front-center airbag of a 789:This section needs to be 539:Variable force-deployment 371:introduced the airbag in 106:active and passive safety 92:Active vs. passive safety 6803:Chemistry behind airbags 3515:"Porsche Airbag Systems" 3388:"1975 Cadillac Brochure" 2985:"The History of Airbags" 2888:"The History of Airbags" 2746:. Springer. p. 12. 2308:tested several types of 2187:NASA engineers test the 2165:United States government 1874: 406:1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee 288:operated a fleet of 200 59:the vehicle's interior. 7293:20th-century inventions 6891:Automotive night vision 2546:10.1215/03616878-8-1-44 2477:"Who Invented Airbags?" 2078:Injuries and fatalities 2019:multivehicle collisions 1400:Initial attempts using 1381:The airbag sensor is a 247:Eaton, Yale & Towne 110:antilock braking system 32:Airbag (disambiguation) 6725:"'06 Wing gets airbag" 6577:"OH-58D Kiowa Warrior" 4073:(in Spanish). Colombia 3719:1993 Lincoln safety ad 3364:. 2001. Archived from 2574:. 2000. Archived from 2568:"U.S. air bag history" 2373:Airbag on a motorcycle 2272: 2196: 2091: 2000: 1742:), varying amounts of 1714: 1366: 1123:brake pressure sensors 1102: 895: 832: 821: 643: 632: 545:mid-1990s or earlier. 179: 168: 156: 148: 47: 7073:Remote keyless system 6529:"Defenselink article" 6072:15 March 2008 at the 5666:Bloch, Byron (1998). 5641:freepatentsonline.com 5506:US patent 6958101 5309:"Airbag control unit" 4334:freepatentsonline.com 2270: 2186: 2085: 1987: 1754:may also be present. 1708: 1550:generating primarily 1433:intellectual property 1364: 1357:Triggering conditions 1251:. The reason that KNO 1097: 889: 827: 815: 638: 626: 595:and Honda R&D in 470:, Mercedes-Benz, and 174: 162: 154: 140: 42: 27:Vehicle safety device 6735:on 12 February 2009. 6619:on 13 September 2005 6472:10.4271/2010-22-0012 6377:. CNN. 25 June 2017. 6042:underridenetwork.org 4518:zodiacautomotive.com 3722:– via YouTube. 3575:Automobile Quarterly 2658:23 June 2017 at the 2026:underride collisions 1917:improve this section 1907:may not represent a 1829:crash test dummies. 1641:formers may be e.g. 1475:improve this article 1060:improve this article 709:Volkswagen Polo Mk.5 252:In the early 1970s, 7303:American inventions 6419:Ann Adv Automot Med 6172:on 26 February 2008 6139:. 1 December 2000. 5684:on 25 November 2014 5587:on 26 November 2009 5461:on 2 February 2014. 5319:on 5 December 2008. 5167:. 20 January 2011. 5118:consumerreports.org 5046:. 20 October 2009. 4730:Volkswagen Newsroom 4410:. 23 October 2009. 4046:(in Spanish). Spain 4019:(in Spanish). Spain 3880:The Washington Post 3640:"Automobile Safety" 3569:Godshall, Jeffery. 3547:on 23 November 2014 3519:Excellence Magazine 3431:on 13 December 2014 3425:oldcarbrochures.com 3392:oldcarbrochures.com 3368:on 23 February 2014 3262:Automobile Magazine 2989:inventors.about.com 2959:airbagsolutions.com 2892:The Thought Company 2786:on 18 November 2012 2738:Meier, Urs (2012). 2578:on 22 February 2001 2263:Occupant protection 2253:escape crew capsule 1841:in 2020 and in the 1790:automatic seat belt 1589:, phase-stabilized 1388:, which is a small 1127:event data recorder 1115:wheel speed sensors 931:Seat cushion airbag 919:Rear curtain airbag 844:Hyundai Motor Group 597:Ohio, United States 519:Volkswagen Golf Mk4 263:Oldsmobile Toronado 200:industrial engineer 7288:1973 introductions 6921:Check engine light 6901:Blind spot monitor 6780:. 21 December 2017 6679:on 3 December 2010 6557:. 18 November 1999 6237:on 2 January 2016. 6205:10.1093/aje/kwj167 5914:Martínez, Marcos. 5848:on 2 January 2014. 5781:. 17 October 2016. 5764:6 May 2008 at the 5102:on 2 January 2016. 4579:theautochannel.com 4549:theautochannel.com 3827:thefreelibrary.com 3314:The New York Times 3134:The New York Times 2721:Robert Henry Davis 2395:List of auto parts 2361:Airbag for cycling 2310:motorcycle airbags 2277:United States Army 2273: 2197: 2116:Takata Corporation 2092: 2001: 1752:potassium chloride 1748:sodium bicarbonate 1715: 1631:sodium borohydride 1393:is the ADXL-50 by 1390:integrated circuit 1367: 1245:potassium silicate 1103: 896: 833: 822: 818:Chevrolet Traverse 644: 633: 535:restraint system. 450:The United States 220:Yasuzaburou Kobori 204:United States Navy 202:and member of the 180: 169: 157: 149: 48: 7270: 7269: 7178:Glove compartment 7132:Child safety lock 6649:on 12 August 2010 6539:on 16 March 2014. 6460:Stapp Car Crash J 6038:"Getting Started" 5768:Euro NCAP website 5195:on 4 October 2016 5072:on 2 January 2016 5014:us.aving.net/news 4990:on 6 October 2015 4928:autobloggreen.com 4827:toyota-global.com 4805:Los Angeles Times 4775:cms.firehouse.com 4671:. 11 March 2009. 4551:(Press release). 4524:on 9 January 2015 4257:. 16 March 2014. 3853:Popular Mechanics 3739:Popular Mechanics 3696:Popular Mechanics 3237:. Automotive News 2385:Airbag dermatitis 2356: 2163:industry and the 1949: 1948: 1941: 1548:chemical reaction 1540: 1539: 1525: 1328:guanidine nitrate 1306:gases. Using KBrO 1092: 1091: 1084: 995:Pedestrian airbag 982:Ford Mondeo Mk IV 923:In 2008, the new 913:glove compartment 810: 809: 680:Side torso airbag 627:Side airbag on a 574:automatic braking 558:Hyundai Grand i10 445:head-on collision 424:became the first 418:Chrysler Concorde 401:Chrysler minivans 302:performance-based 290:Mercury Montereys 231:electromechanical 66:, headliner, and 16:(Redirected from 7325: 7260: 7250: 7249: 7240: 7239: 7137:Rear-view mirror 7068:Power door locks 6855: 6848: 6841: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6673:findarticles.com 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6645:. Archived from 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6618: 6612:. 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Archived from 4767: 4761: 4760: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4669:worldcarfans.com 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4609:volvoclub.org.uk 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4581:. 23 July 2007. 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4520:. Archived from 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4473: 4472: 4462: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4275:. Archived from 4269: 4263: 4262: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4227:. Archived from 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4100:. Archived from 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3945: 3934: 3933: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3904:. 1 April 1990. 3902:Orlando Sentinel 3894: 3888: 3887: 3882:. p. A.01. 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3614:Automotive Fleet 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3488: 3482: 3468: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3196:on 18 March 2009 3192:. Archived from 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3109:on 23 March 2015 3095: 3089: 3088: 3083:. Archived from 3077: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3058:on 2 August 2013 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2991:. Archived from 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2965:on 16 March 2014 2961:. Archived from 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2894:. Archived from 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2866:pdfpiw.uspto.gov 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2782:. Archived from 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2676:Hetrick, John W. 2668: 2662: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2634:on 16 March 2014 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2604:. Archived from 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2421: 2405:Safety standards 2390:Airplane airbags 2370: 2358: 2357: 2271:OH-58D CABS test 2241:Boeing Starliner 2120:ammonium nitrate 1944: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1900: 1899: 1892: 1884:of six airbags. 1806:crash test dummy 1744:sodium hydroxide 1663:carboxylic acids 1591:ammonium nitrate 1535: 1532: 1526: 1524: 1483: 1455: 1447: 1402:mercury switches 1332:5-aminotetrazole 1087: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1044: 1036: 940:Seat-belt airbag 831:seat belt airbag 805: 802: 796: 784: 783: 776: 688:Swedish company 653:, 2007–09 model 651:Chevrolet Cobalt 580:Shape of airbags 437:Chrysler LeBaron 347: 338: 329: 21: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7228: 7197: 7151: 7105: 7087: 7041: 6980: 6936:Head-up display 6874: 6862: 6859: 6820: 6818: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6752:Motorcycle News 6744: 6740: 6729:Motorcycle News 6723: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6590: 6588: 6583:. 29 May 2000. 6575: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6512: 6510: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6452: 6448: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6386: 6382: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6267: 6263: 6246: 6242: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6189: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6099: 6095: 6084: 6080: 6074:Wayback Machine 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6048:on 14 July 2014 6036: 6035: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5912: 5908: 5893: 5889: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5864:autoblog.com.uy 5858: 5857: 5853: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5790: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5766:Wayback Machine 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5350: 5346: 5335:continental.com 5329: 5328: 5324: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5253: 5249: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5165:Flying Magazine 5159: 5158: 5151: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4877:on 19 June 2013 4865: 4864: 4860: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4807:. 24 May 1996. 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4781:on 31 July 2007 4769: 4768: 4764: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4732:(Press release) 4724: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4494:on 30 June 2015 4486: 4485: 4476: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4362:on 2 March 2017 4354: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4279:on 2 March 2017 4271: 4270: 4266: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3937: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3731: 3727: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3660:Business ethics 3655: 3651: 3646:. 24 July 2017. 3638: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3567: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3480: 3472:McCusker, J. J. 3460: 3452:McCusker, J. J. 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3419: 3418: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3362:airbagcrash.com 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3288:Automotive News 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3231: 3227: 3216: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3164:Popular Science 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3087:on 19 May 2015. 3079: 3078: 3074: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2995:on 22 July 2012 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2918: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2898:on 14 July 2017 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2862:"Patent Images" 2860: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2780:Textile Learner 2772: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2669: 2665: 2660:Wayback Machine 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2608:on 12 June 2011 2596: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2456:on 23 June 2015 2448: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2400:Precrash system 2381: 2374: 2371: 2362: 2359: 2346: 2328:More commonly, 2302: 2283:Black Hawk and 2265: 2249: 2213:Mars Pathfinder 2189:Mars Pathfinder 2181: 2157: 2136: 2086:Lives saved by 2080: 2030:tractor-trailer 2006:side collisions 1993:underride guard 1982: 1945: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1914: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1877: 1851: 1818: 1782: 1777: 1741: 1720: 1718:Post-deployment 1695: 1683:nitrogen oxides 1680: 1672: 1636: 1624: 1616: 1600: 1596: 1577: 1557: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1484: 1482: 1468: 1456: 1445: 1359: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1274:, while the SiO 1269: 1265: 1258: 1254: 1249:sodium silicate 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1088: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1057: 1045: 1034: 1010: 997: 989:Cessna Aircraft 942: 933: 921: 877: 806: 800: 797: 794: 785: 781: 774: 765: 735:. In 1998, the 717: 682: 621: 609: 582: 566:Chevrolet Spark 357: 356: 355: 354: 350: 349: 348: 340: 339: 331: 330: 319: 314: 281: 258:fleet-purchased 198:Hetrick was an 193:John W. Hetrick 185: 135: 123:aviation safety 94: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7331: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7254: 7244: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7168:Center console 7165: 7159: 7157: 7156:Other elements 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7037:Steering wheel 7034: 7032:Power steering 7029: 7024: 7022:Manettino dial 7019: 7014: 7009: 7007:Cruise control 7004: 6999: 6994: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6951:Radar detector 6948: 6946:Parking sensor 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6817:. Retro Report 6810: 6805: 6798: 6797:External links 6795: 6792: 6791: 6765: 6738: 6716: 6705:on 22 May 2010 6690: 6660: 6643:csat.au.af.mil 6630: 6598: 6568: 6542: 6520: 6495: 6446: 6405: 6396: 6380: 6366: 6344: 6322: 6292: 6261: 6240: 6218: 6183: 6154: 6124: 6093: 6078: 6059: 6026: 5993: 5978: 5951: 5940:. 5 March 2021 5925: 5906: 5887: 5869: 5851: 5829: 5803: 5784: 5770: 5751: 5725: 5710:. March 1999. 5695: 5658: 5628: 5598: 5568: 5557:on 28 May 2010 5538: 5516: 5497: 5484:(5): 224–229. 5464: 5440: 5421: 5392: 5363: 5344: 5331:"Media Center" 5322: 5300: 5274: 5247: 5225: 5206: 5174: 5149: 5127: 5105: 5083: 5053: 5044:Car and Driver 5031: 5001: 4971: 4945: 4914: 4888: 4858: 4836: 4814: 4792: 4762: 4743: 4717: 4686: 4656: 4626: 4596: 4566: 4535: 4505: 4474: 4425: 4399: 4373: 4347: 4336:. 20 June 2006 4321: 4290: 4264: 4242: 4231:on 23 May 2013 4212: 4186: 4164: 4142: 4129:Car and Driver 4115: 4104:on 12 May 2006 4098:The Australian 4084: 4057: 4030: 4003: 3973: 3935: 3911: 3889: 3866: 3840: 3814: 3807: 3786: 3772: 3752: 3725: 3709: 3683: 3669: 3649: 3631: 3601: 3587: 3558: 3532: 3505: 3489:1800–present: 3442: 3409: 3394:. p. 25. 3379: 3349: 3323: 3300: 3274: 3248: 3225: 3207: 3177: 3151: 3120: 3090: 3072: 3043: 3029: 3015:Weil, Roman L. 3006: 2976: 2946: 2932: 2909: 2878: 2853: 2831: 2817: 2797: 2766: 2752: 2730: 2708: 2686: 2663: 2645: 2619: 2602:patentstorm.us 2589: 2572:motorvista.com 2559: 2524: 2493: 2467: 2441: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2344: 2301: 2298: 2264: 2261: 2257:F-111 Aardvark 2248: 2245: 2180: 2177: 2156: 2153: 2135: 2132: 2079: 2076: 2063:power steering 2052:grandfathering 1981: 1978: 1947: 1946: 1929:September 2008 1911:of the subject 1909:worldwide view 1904: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1876: 1873: 1850: 1847: 1843:United Kingdom 1839:European Union 1817: 1814: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1739: 1719: 1716: 1694: 1691: 1678: 1670: 1659:oxygen balance 1655:nitrocellulose 1634: 1629:or its salts, 1622: 1614: 1598: 1594: 1587:nitroguanidine 1575: 1555: 1538: 1537: 1473:. Please help 1460:This section 1459: 1457: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1395:Analog Devices 1358: 1355: 1340:copper nitrate 1336:nitroimidazole 1323: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1252: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1153:electric match 1111:accelerometers 1098:An ACU from a 1090: 1089: 1048: 1046: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1009: 1006: 996: 993: 986: 985: 978: 974:has rear seat 968: 961: 941: 938: 932: 929: 920: 917: 904:Toyota Avensis 900:Toyota Caldina 876: 873: 808: 807: 788: 786: 779: 773: 770: 764: 761: 716: 713: 681: 678: 674:Toyota Avensis 657:, and 2009–12 620: 617: 608: 605: 581: 578: 570:Chevrolet Onix 435:, USA. A 1989 410:Dodge Intrepid 377:S-Class (W126) 352: 351: 342: 341: 333: 332: 324: 323: 322: 321: 320: 318: 317:Frontal airbag 315: 313: 310: 306:cost-effective 280: 277: 254:General Motors 184: 181: 134: 131: 93: 90: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7330: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7313:Vehicle parts 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7253: 7245: 7243: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7183:Molded carpet 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7027:Parking brake 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6976:Trip computer 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6896:Backup camera 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6865: 6856: 6851: 6849: 6844: 6842: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6816: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6615: 6608: 6602: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6400: 6392: 6384: 6376: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6357:The Big Story 6354: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6159: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6090:. p. 39. 6089: 6082: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5989: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5921: 5920:El Economista 5917: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5882:autocosmos.cl 5879: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5774: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5581:nhtsa.dot.gov 5578: 5572: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5526: 5520: 5507: 5501: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5457: 5450: 5444: 5431: 5425: 5406: 5399: 5397: 5377: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5191: 5184: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4902: 4899:. Euro NCAP. 4898: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4849:Toyota Europe 4846: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4175: 4168: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4072: 4071:El Colombiano 4068: 4061: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3810: 3808:9780788170676 3804: 3800: 3799: 3790: 3775: 3773:9780788170676 3769: 3765: 3764: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3672: 3670:9780495808763 3666: 3662: 3661: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3619: 3616:. July 1988. 3615: 3611: 3605: 3590: 3588:9781596139275 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3563: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3494: 3486: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3236: 3229: 3221: 3214: 3212: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3032: 3030:9780470286609 3026: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3010: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2935: 2933:9781588167224 2929: 2925: 2924: 2916: 2914: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2841: 2835: 2820: 2818:9780849333224 2814: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2755: 2753:9789400719965 2749: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2696: 2690: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2369: 2364: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2330:air bag vests 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2144:head injuries 2140: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1965:Mercedes-Benz 1961: 1959: 1955: 1943: 1940: 1932: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1885: 1882: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1780:United States 1772: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1733:talcum powder 1730: 1726: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544:inflator unit 1534: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1492: – 1491: 1487: 1486:Find sources: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1464:single source 1458: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1386:accelerometer 1384: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1363: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1279: 1273: 1260: 1250: 1246: 1211: 1193:10 Na + 2 KNO 1192: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1135:gas generator 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1101: 1096: 1086: 1083: 1075: 1065: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1049:This section 1047: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1008:Manufacturers 1005: 1003: 992: 990: 983: 979: 977: 973: 969: 966: 962: 960: 956: 952: 951:Ford Explorer 948: 947: 946: 937: 928: 926: 916: 914: 909: 905: 901: 893: 892:Toyota Tundra 888: 884: 882: 872: 869: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 839: 838:Crown Majesta 830: 826: 819: 814: 804: 801:February 2019 792: 787: 778: 777: 772:Center airbag 769: 760: 756: 754: 750: 744: 742: 738: 734: 729: 726: 722: 719:In 1997, the 712: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 677: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 647: 642: 637: 630: 625: 616: 614: 604: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 542: 540: 536: 534: 529: 524: 520: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 453: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390: 385: 382:In 1987, the 380: 378: 374: 370: 369:Mercedes-Benz 365: 363: 346: 337: 328: 309: 307: 303: 298: 294: 291: 287: 276: 273: 269: 264: 259: 255: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 223: 221: 216: 214: 209: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 178: 173: 166: 165:Buick Electra 161: 153: 147: 143: 139: 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 107: 102: 100: 89: 85: 82: 76: 73: 69: 65: 60: 57: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7111: 6992:Bowden cable 6868: 6861:Car interior 6819:. 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Retrieved 2428: 2419: 2338: 2327: 2303: 2274: 2250: 2238: 2225:solid rocket 2198: 2158: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2067:power brakes 2059:ignition key 2056: 2048:decapitation 2023: 2015: 2010:crumple zone 2002: 1962: 1950: 1935: 1926: 1906: 1878: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1812:USCAR 24–2. 1801: 1798: 1783: 1764: 1756: 1737: 1729:french chalk 1721: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1675:perchlorates 1584: 1580: 1572:sodium azide 1541: 1528: 1518: 1511: 1504: 1497: 1485: 1461: 1439:is present. 1426: 1422: 1399: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1351:side-curtain 1348: 1344: 1338:, and basic 1321: 1280: 1261: 1242: 1186:→ 2 Na + 3 N 1160:sodium azide 1157: 1140: 1131: 1104: 1078: 1069: 1058:Please help 1053:verification 1050: 1011: 998: 987: 975: 943: 934: 922: 897: 881:Kia Sportage 878: 870: 863: 848: 842: 834: 798: 790: 766: 757: 745: 730: 721:BMW 7 Series 718: 706: 687: 683: 663: 648: 645: 610: 590: 583: 547: 543: 537: 516: 457: 449: 439:crossed the 430: 426:pickup truck 414:Eagle Vision 393: 389:Honda Legend 381: 373:West Germany 366: 361: 358: 299: 295: 282: 251: 239:sodium azide 224: 217: 197: 186: 126: 103: 95: 86: 77: 61: 51: 49: 36: 7202:Convenience 7193:Vehicle mat 7142:Rumble seat 7127:Bucket seat 7083:VIN etching 7063:Immobiliser 6956:Speedometer 6906:Boost gauge 6879:Instruments 6533:defense.gov 6285:10 December 6009:hsguide.net 5798:El Comercio 5414:22 February 5385:22 February 5283:"Volvo V40" 5238:youtube.com 5066:daimler.com 4605:"Volvo S80" 4528:3 September 4445:: 127–136. 4304:Motor Trend 4205:11 February 4179:11 February 4157:11 February 3986:history.com 3525:14 November 3498:29 February 3469:1700–1799: 3449:1634–1699: 3358:"GM's Acrs" 3293:16 November 3200:27 February 3190:web.mit.edu 2517:14 November 2294:BAE Systems 2217:aerobraking 2044:head trauma 2039:crush zones 1980:Limitations 1888:Maintenance 1771:structure. 1768:written off 1627:dicyanamide 1568:propellants 1375:crash tests 1149:pyrotechnic 959:Lincoln MKT 875:Knee airbag 670:Peugeot 206 666:Ford Fiesta 629:Porsche 996 619:Side airbag 607:Rear airbag 554:Kia Picanto 523:Peugeot 306 441:center line 384:Porsche 944 261:2009. GM's 177:Opel Vectra 142:Blue plaque 115:advertising 81:pyrotechnic 64:body pillar 45:Peugeot 306 7277:Categories 7219:Cup holder 7163:Boot liner 7122:Bench seat 7046:Anti-theft 7017:Gear stick 6966:Telematics 6961:Tachometer 6931:Fuel gauge 6709:15 January 6683:17 October 6653:17 October 6623:17 October 6561:15 January 6466:: 227–57. 6315:3 November 5816:La Capital 5561:17 October 5525:"Air Bags" 5430:US 5089069 4954:"Mobility" 4785:8 December 4498:15 January 4418:26 January 4108:3 November 3702:5 November 3113:13 October 2717:US 1331359 2672:US 2649311 2612:17 October 2486:15 January 2411:References 2318:motorcycle 2312:. In 2006 2300:Other uses 2088:seat belts 2035:windshield 1997:windshield 1989:Crash test 1725:cornstarch 1711:SEAT Ibiza 1603:tetrazoles 1501:newspapers 1429:algorithms 1414:hysteresis 1119:gyroscopes 866:Polestar 2 851:Volkswagen 690:Autoliv AB 641:Citroën C4 586:Citroën C4 533:procon-ten 512:Volkswagen 268:model year 189:Birmingham 99:seat belts 68:windshield 7224:Car phone 7188:Sun visor 7173:Dashboard 7147:Seat belt 7078:Smart key 6971:Tell-tale 6555:helis.com 6425:: 13–24. 6391:AAA World 6231:nhtsa.gov 5988:AAA World 5971:2 October 5901:El Tiempo 5551:nhtsa.gov 5234:"YouTube" 4845:"Airbags" 4451:1943-2461 3801:. 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