Airborne leaflet propaganda

376: 572:

who find leaflets must submit it to the government. If the leaflet would not be submitted, the person was sent to the prisons for 3 months or had to pay a penalty. At first, 70 or 80% leaflets were submitted, but it was not reached 50% around the end of the war. As another government deal, popular persons announced the warning about leaflets in newspapers, magazines, and street speech. They said "do not read, do not listen to the US leaflet" to normal citizens. After a while, the Japanese government tried to spread fake information about the US strategy that the US military drops chocolate laced with poisons and pencils with explosives inside and they were willing to kill even children. However, there was no evidence that the US military dropped such goods, so it was just a lie as one solution by the government toward the US leaflet strategy. It was called the "atrocity stories" strategy that emphasizing cruelty of people in enemy countries, and the strategy was used well in other countries after World War 1. The effect of US leaflets can be seen during the controversy of whether Japan should surrender or continue resistance. Because the leaflets might cause soldiers who read it to riot, the Japanese emperor decided to surrender.

712: 395:

that few can have reached their targets and, being printed, they were sometimes out of date by the time they were ready to distribute. The front-line distribution of leaflets was quite another matter and these were dropped by aircraft or fired by shells, the messages they bore being less careful about the general principles of consistency and frankness and only truthful about matters on which the enemy had contradictory information". It was found that psychological warfare was not effective when distributing surrender leaflets to an enemy which currently had a high morale amongst its troops. Despite the limitation of airborne leaflets' ineffectiveness on opposing sides with high morale, enemies used this tactic "to cause the men to begin talking to each other about their poor military position, their desire to stay alive for their families' sakes, and the reasonableness of honorable surrender", which often led men to desert. According to

560:

the present situation of war. Moreover, treating Japanese citizens and the Japanese emperor as victims of the war was another strategy of psychological warfare. They expressed that the emperor and citizens are pacifist, but the cabinet which caused the war is evil in their leaflet. Leaflets also accused the Japanese government of disturbing the peace between the emperor and citizens. The Japanese emperor is an existence who a top of Japan in terms of spirit. He had been treated as a god, and there was a manner to write his name and to speak of his picture, where to live, name of his body, and so on. Therefore, if the leaflet would hurt the Japanese emperor's dignity, Japanese people couldn't accept the contents of the leaflet. Instead, the US side pointed up the inefficiency of the Japanese cabinet and tried to weaken their credibility.

286: 568:

and they felt the contents of leaflets were childish at first. That can say early leaflet propaganda strategy by the US was unsuccessful. However, the result was starting to appear around the end of the war. The US dropped the leaflet which clarified the fact that Japan is overwhelmed by the US, the present predicament such as food shortage, and a fear of air raids. As a result, the worse the war situation was getting, the more Japanese people were affected by the leaflet.

76: 474: 20: 536:

States. This leaflet was a transformation of a famous Japanese poem, and the designer seems to have hoped it would end the war. However, according to W. H. de Roos, the head of Australia's propaganda to Japan in the Far East Liaison Bureau, due to an inappropriate choice of words and the design appearing to show tobacco rather than autumn leaves, Kirihitoha was not able to appeal to the Japanese people.

485:. To create leaflets, Japan specialists and also Japanese prisoners of war were involved, and more than 500 million leaflets were dropped in Japan by the USAAF during the Pacific War. The leaflets aimed to not criticize Japan overall but to make citizens and soldiers demoralized and hostile toward Japanese military commanders. In mid-1945 it became apparent that 513:

are determined to destroy all of the tools of the military clique that they are using to prolong this useless war. Unfortunately, bombs have no eyes. So, in accordance with America's well-known humanitarian policies, the American Air Force, which does not wish to injure innocent people, now gives you warning to evacuate the cities named and save your lives.

413:

enjoying parties galore ..., listening to the tunes of your favorite band ...". The leaflet's back side reminds the soldier that his loved one is longing for him and that most of the men he had come with are now dead. In comparison, one Allied propaganda leaflet simply showed a picture of a large open field with thousands of German graves.

419:, a Scottish psychiatrist, summed up the WW2 experience with the observation that "Propaganda is successful only when directed at those who are willing to listen, absorb the information, and if possible act on it, and this happens only when the other side is in a condition of lowered morale and is already losing the campaign." 540:

the Japanese leaflet design department. It was pointed out that the picture style was outdated, the core of the story was not clarified, and the background of the story was not suitable for the time. In addition, according to Linebarger who wrote "Psychological War", there was no remarkable effect caused by this leaflet.

564:

characteristics which favor money. In addition, there was an intention to cause inflation in Japan by dropping fake money without such a psychological message for civilians. That fake bill was produced secretly during Operation "Toy Horse" in California. These fake bills appeared in a Japanese newspaper.

788:

It was in this new period that underground propaganda, demonstrating the effectiveness of the ANC machinery and projecting its voice, became of incalculable value. Underground leaflets began to appear in the townships, factories and city streets. Passed on from hand to hand, these reminded the people

571:

For the reaction of the Japanese government toward the leaflet dropped by the US, they showed much reaction according to Kiyoshi Kiyosawa who was a Diplomatic critic and journalist. Basically, the counterplan was settled after leaflets were dropped. The Japanese government issued the rule that people

547:

There was also a characteristic theme in the US leaflet which was to promote the rebellious spirit of Japanese people toward Germany. Some leaflets pointed to an internal discord by expressing that "Hitler will betray Japan". Besides, the US side decided to drop leaflets at areas which were dominated

543:

The US side also created leaflets which utilized Japanese superstition. Gyoen-no-asa (御苑の朝) , one of the leaflets, attempted to persuade Japanese people by their loyalty for the emperor. It was well known that if the emperor's honor was damaged, Japanese people would be infuriated, so the US side was

551:

Leaflets of the enemy country were sometimes used as a strategy to raise hostility towards the enemy country. The US and Japan utilized each other's leaflet. They claimed in their own country's leaflet that "people in the US/Japan insult us, so we should hate them" while showing the enemy's leaflet.

539:

Another famous leaflet is Unga-naizō (運賀無蔵) which shows a story designed by Tato Yajima, a painter and a communist. The story of this leaflet portrayed soldiers dying meaninglessly while their commanders became rich, using "their lives as stepping stones". However, the leaflet was assessed badly by

555:

During the Pacific War, the Japanese military sprinkled airborne leaflets to promote surrender and lose fighting spirit. To attract the attention of people who find leaflets, manga artists were involved because it was guessed that only proclamation of a rigid military commander might not work well.

531:

B-29s dropped approximately 10 million propaganda leaflets in May, 20 million in June, and 30 million in July. The Japanese government implemented harsh penalties against civilians who kept copies of such leaflets, including surrender passes. In contrast, US soldiers could pick up leaflets dropped

512:

Read this carefully as it may save your life or the life of a relative or a friend. In the next few days, some or all of the cities named on the reverse side will be destroyed by American bombs. These cities contain military installations and workshops or factories, which produce military goods. We

412:

leaflets which appealed to American troops was one that depicted a passionate kiss between a man and woman. The leaflet read: "FAREWELL Remember her last kiss ... ? Gee were you happy then ... ! Together, you spent marvelous times ..., lounging on beaches ..., dancing,

394:

Although leaflets were seen as effective in manipulating troops when morale was low, "During the early months of the war, leaflets or pamphlets were scattered over enemy territory by aircraft and balloons but it was more than doubtful whether these had any useful effect, their obvious defects being

823:

used "propaganda bombs". It was favored by urban militia groups and used in public places like markets or parks. The "bombs" consisted of a cardboard box with a small, low-power explosive underneath a large number of propaganda leaflets. The explosive was set off by a homemade time igniter. The

567:

After the war, the US sent 1,150 people to Japan to search about the result of psychological warfare by leaflet propaganda. According to the survey, 49% of Japanese people answered that they saw the leaflet during the war. For the reaction of civilians, they did not care about leaflets from the US

559:

After the Pacific War, US psychological strategy's aim shifted to Japanese civilians. They cherished telling the truth and avoiding criticizing the Japanese emperor. By telling the truth, they expected that it could keep the credibility of information on the leaflet and cause disappointment toward

250:

The Germans began shooting the leaflet-dropping pilots, prompting the British to develop an alternative method of delivery. A. Fleming invented the unmanned leaflet balloon in 1917, and these were used extensively in the latter part of the War, with over 48,000 units produced. The hydrogen balloon

860:

In Ecuador several groups have used leaflet bombs. The Revolutionary Armed Corps (CAR) was according to the Ecuadorian police "an extreme leftist group" which is only known for one attempted attack on February 20, 2001, when a leaflet bomb containing 150 pamphlets was discovered and successfully

535:

There were several types of leaflets produced by the OWI (Office of War Information) in the US. One of the famous leaflets is Kirihitoha (桐一葉) which was suggested by Ayako Ishigaki a critic of the Japanese government who led a movement for military intervention against Japan in the United

563:

As one of the leaflets by the US which was given to Japanese civilians, a leaflet which resembles a Japanese money bill and included the message on the back was created. This money leaflet can draw the attention of people who find the leaflet and prompt them to read by utilizing human's natural

544:

careful about that aspect when making the leaflet. The leaflet is written to say "even though the emperor hopes for peace, Japanese military leaders focus on their self-interests and deceive the emperor" and it was an attempt to cause Japanese civilians to lose their motivation towards the war.

367:

Allied airborne leaflets printed during WWII were "factual, in the main truthful, and served (or so it was claimed) to create a reputation for reliability both in supplying information and refuting German accounts which we said to be untruthful". Often the leaflets did not reach their intended

723:

One method is dropping leaflets from an open hatchway. Another method is the "leaflet bomb": a bomb-shaped but non-explosive container that drops from the aircraft and opens in mid-air to disperse leaflets – up to tens of thousands of leaflets per "bomb". U.S. leaflet bombs include the

183:

Paris defies the enemy. The whole of France rallies. Death to the invaders. Foolish people, shall we always throttle one another for the pleasure and proudness of Kings? Glory and conquest are crimes; defeat brings hate and desire for vengeance. Only one war is just and holy; that of

728:, the LBU30 and the older M129E1/E2. The M129 weighs 52 kilograms (115 lb) when empty and about 100 kilograms (220 lb) loaded. It can contain 60,000 to 80,000 leaflets. At a pre-determined time after release, the two halves of the bomb's outer shell are blown apart by 779:

as the "ideological bomb", was used was in 1967. This was one of the most important propaganda weapons of the ANC who devoted major resources to it and used it frequently during the 1960s and 1970s, spreading tens of thousands of leaflets. A 1970 article from the ANC's journal

831:– which meant to experience fire or fire-harden something – which was the process by which the recruits "were toughened and the weak and fainthearted were weeded out". The process began with low-level information-gathering and propaganda activities in support of FMLN. 262:

admitted that "Unsuspectingly, many thousands consumed the poison" and POWs admitted to being disillusioned by the propaganda leaflets that depicted the use of German troops as mere cannon fodder. In 1915, the British began airdropping a regular leaflet newspaper

711: 344:

The first proposal to construct a special bomb with which to disperse airborne leaflets was put forward by British air force officers during World War II. The most successful "leaflet bomb" model of the War was the Monroe bomb, invented in 1943 by

520:

but is fighting the military clique, which has enslaved the Japanese people. The peace, which America will bring, will free the people from the oppression of the Japanese military clique and mean the emergence of a new and better Japan.

868:(GCP) has used leaflet bombs on several occasions during 2001–2005. In 2001 it was blamed by authorities for a pamphlet bomb and later the same year the group claimed responsibility for detonating a pamphlet bomb in downtown 405:, many German soldiers caught US surrender passes which were dropped despite this being punishable by death; 75% of German people, or 11,302 out of 12,000 who had a surrender pass from the US, surrendered in fact. 672:

Some messages called on the troops to stop hostilities and not to harm their compatriots, while other messages broadcast by NATO included female voices asking Gaddafi's forces to "stop killing children".

375: 438:

through leaflets over the Third Reich early in 1944 that hinted at what sorts of American heavy bombers were likely to appear over Germany in the future. Partly in conjunction with use of YB-29-BW

508:, consequently ordered the dropping of leaflets hoping to reduce the needless killing of innocent people. One of the leaflets dropped on targeted Japan's cities, with the text on the back, read: 372:

and often drifted over lakes and rural areas. Furthermore, there were various elements which made dropping leaflets on targets difficult, like slow airspeed, short range, and attack by enemy.

556:

Furthermore, the Japanese leaflet design department interviewed knowledgeable people about US and detective writers, like Yūsuke Tsurumi and Ranpo Edogawa, to study and design leaflets.

801:

The South African press and security forces also saw it as a weapon of the ANC and police threatened to take action against the South African press for publishing ANC leaflets.

1803:

Clark, Andrew M. and Christie, Thomas B. "Ready ... Ready ... Drop". Gazette: The International Journal For Communication Studies. 2005, London. Sage Publications.

1897:

Oyen, Orjar and De Fleur, Melvin L. "The spatial Diffusion of an Airborne Leaflet Message". The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 59, No 2. Sep., 1953, 144–149.

270: 102:

and encouraging enemy combatants and non-combatants (who may be engaged in wartime production) to abandon their duties, reducing the target's military effectiveness.

527:

We cannot promise that only these cities will be among those attacked, but some or all of them will be, so heed this warning and evacuate these cities immediately.

586:

Although leaflet propaganda has been an effective "weapon", its use has been on a decline due to the advancements of satellite, television, and radio technology.

548:

by Japan because they thought Japanese soldiers in those areas may have more free time to read leaflets compared with areas where fights are conducted harshly.

797:" and "Long Live the ANC". As modest as these propaganda efforts were ... they showed that the ANC could survive the most severe measures of the regime. 1880: 775:(SACP) and South Africans living in exile in London. The first time this leaflet bomb, known to South African activists as the "bucket bomb" and to the 1523: 258:

At least one in seven of these leaflets were not handed in by the soldiers to their superiors, despite severe penalties for that offence. Even General

67:

Leaflet droppings have also been used to limit civilian casualties by alerting civilians of imminent danger allowing time to evacuate targeted areas.

696: 667: 274: 824:

box was disguised to look like any ordinary package or box that might be carried by someone going or returning from a trip to the marketplace.

1800:

Brockmann, R.J., & Sinatra, S. (1995). How the iterative process helped the Allies win the Persian Gulf War. STC Intercom, 42 (9), 1, 44.

364:

carried leaflets in a cardboard tube at the tail of a missile. This would be ejected by a small gunpowder charge while the V1 was in flight.

2006: 1920:

Schmulowitz, Nat and Luckmann, Lloyd D. "Foreign Policy by Propaganda Leaflets". The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4. 1945–1946.

816: 1413: 147:

Create a friendly atmosphere for the enemy by promoting the leaflets dropper's ideologies or to convince the enemy of "noble intentions"

470:

in 1944, were dropped over the Reich, with the intent to deceive the Germans into believing that the B-29 would be deployed to Europe.

3008: 27:

container is loaded with leaflets during the Korean War at a US military printing plant in Japan; the container holds 22,500 leaflets

752:

developed a bomb that was deposited in the street and scattered leaflets over a wide area. In September 1945 three leaflet bombs in

3013: 2301: 1924:

Szasz, Ferenc Morton (2009). ""Pamphlets Away": The Allied Propaganda Campaign Over Japan During the Last Months of World War II".

745: 850: 732:, dispersing the leaflet payload. Soviet/Russian leaflet bombs include the AGITAB-250-85 and the AGITAB-500-300 (used during the 614: 453: 167:

Airborne leaflets have been used for military propaganda purposes at least since the 19th century. One early example is from the

1242: 1849:

Leitenberg, Milton (1998), "New Russian Evidence on the Korean War Biological Warfare Allegations: background and analysis",

1481: 1064: 980: 633:

troops not to fight during the first Gulf War, which contributed to eighty-seven thousand Iraqi troops surrendering in 1991.

427: 789:

that the spirit of resistance must never die. These were often complemented by slogans painted on walls proclaiming: "Free

1709: 622: 330: 1596:

Terror Out of Zion: The Fight for Israeli Independence 1929–1949: Irgun Zvai Leumi, Lehi and the Palestine Underground

1431: 660:

aircraft to broadcast radio signals and drop leaflets over Gaddafi controlled areas. The messages predominantly asked

1301: 1216: 447: 2957: 1999: 1730:

Weinberg, Leonard, Ami Pedahzur and Sivan Hirsch-Hoefler (2004). "The Challenges of Conceptualizing Terrorism", in

764: 446:, one of the service test aircraft flown around several British airfields in early 1944, four-page German language 1861:

Strategy and Tactics of the Salvadoran FMLN Guerillas: Last Battle of the Cold War, Blueprint for Future Conflicts

2950: 2738: 839: 98:

Warn enemy combatants and non-combatants that their area will be targeted. This has the dual purpose of reducing

1964: 1845:

Haulman, Dr. Daniel L. "USAF Psychological Operations, 1990–2003". Air Force Historical Research Agency, 2003.

1498: 1326:"U.S. Psychological Warfare against the Japanese Homeland and Their Reactions during the Pacific War of 1941-45" 1811: 172: 1869: 1003: 1449: 772: 594: 431: 3023: 1186:

S. G., Brian (Spring 1988). "Leaflet Dropping Operation in World War II. Air Force Historical Foundation".

1979: 353:. It was developed from laminated paper containers that had been used to transport M-17 incendiary bombs. 1992: 865: 60:. Humanitarian air missions, in cooperation with leaflet propaganda, can turn the populace against their 1962:

PsyWar.Org - The history of psychological warfare with a large collection of aerial propaganda leaflets

843: 581: 409: 213: 176: 1547: 137:

Advise radio listeners about frequencies/times of propaganda broadcasts and methods for circumventing

2718: 2079: 760: 688: 423: 1569: 2257: 2252: 1267: 645: 356:

The British improved the use of hydrogen balloons to carry leaflets over German lines. Some of the

121:

Rewards could be offered to encourage individuals to provide assistance, or to encourage defection.

915: 2982: 2919: 2630: 2567: 2509: 2451: 2441: 2154: 2139: 664:'s troops to return to their families and homes for their safety, but also included the message: 435: 265: 87: 1745: 857:

also used leaflet bombs. In 1996 the group occupied a radio station and set off a leaflet bomb.

2635: 2331: 877: 383: 350: 338: 243:

planes in a 1,100-kilometre (700 mi) round trip to drop 50,000 propaganda leaflets on the

232: 1902: 2902: 2854: 2834: 2753: 2743: 2527: 2411: 725: 692: 618: 1032:"Propaganda leaflets of World War 2: Psychological Warfare, Psywar with airdropped leaflets" 86:

leaflet. It promises a $ 100,000 reward to the first North Korean pilot to deliver a Soviet

2869: 2660: 2610: 2346: 2341: 2311: 2174: 893: 854: 820: 776: 205: 153:

Inform people where to find airdropped food, how to open and consume it, and when it comes.

106: 1113: 827:

The use of leaflet bombs played a part in the FMLN's recruitment process known to them as

8: 2829: 2819: 2776: 2547: 2374: 2336: 2232: 1976:: A website about airdropped, shelled or rocket fired propaganda leaflets in World War 2. 1109: 505: 259: 228: 168: 329:

to be the first country to begin strategic bombing of civilian areas to avoid deterring

289:"Fortress Europe has no roof" - British propaganda leaflet dropped over Germany in 1943. 3018: 2940: 2703: 2602: 2592: 2542: 2461: 2242: 2237: 2129: 2015: 1195: 809: 501: 493: 477:"Curtis LeMay Bombing Leaflet" from 1945 warning Japanese civilians to evacuate cities. 236: 912:

Quote from "Cassell's History of the Wars Between France and Germany (1870–1871)" via

2849: 2786: 2562: 2532: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2389: 2369: 2227: 2212: 2164: 2109: 1937: 1477: 1297: 1068: 1060: 976: 733: 189: 99: 212:

detailing their humane conditions, surrender notices and general propaganda against

2987: 2811: 2791: 2693: 2655: 2640: 2431: 2406: 2280: 2262: 2222: 2119: 2034: 1933: 1783:

United States Department of State – Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism

1691: 1333: 1246: 1056: 677: 416: 361: 302: 285: 252: 209: 83: 35: 1973: 1473:

The perfect soldier: special operations, commandos, and the future of U.S. warfare

1031: 2977: 2962: 2907: 2728: 2504: 2351: 2326: 2291: 2134: 1968: 1471: 970: 876:. In 2002 the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Ecuador set off a leaflet bomb in an 729: 661: 653: 517: 379: 357: 318: 306: 244: 41: 1749:, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, January 30, 1997 524:

You can restore peace by demanding new and better leaders who will end the War.

2859: 2723: 2708: 2670: 2650: 2587: 2426: 2401: 2306: 2189: 2169: 2124: 2102: 1591: 1217:"PsyWar.Org - PsyWar Leaflet Archive - 11, FAREWELL Remember her last kiss...?" 790: 699:

taken during the conflict and urging civilians living in the north half of the

649: 590: 322: 53: 1139: 175:, a French balloon coming from the city dropped government proclamations over 3002: 2967: 2924: 2733: 2713: 2552: 2296: 2144: 2049: 1834: 1338: 1325: 873: 805: 794: 695:

dropped thousands of leaflets over Gaza, offering rewards for information on

681: 657: 467: 334: 294: 138: 1759: 1717: 2972: 2892: 2887: 2771: 2615: 2557: 2537: 2044: 1806:

Friedman, Herbert A. "Falling Leaves". Print: Krause Publications, 2003.

1072: 949: 784:, looking back at the uses of leaflets as propaganda in the 1960s, stated: 768: 598: 497: 326: 24: 1695: 2864: 2824: 2675: 2582: 2577: 2446: 2436: 2421: 2247: 2217: 2199: 2064: 1669: 1667: 1652: 1220: 637: 610: 482: 298: 240: 201: 75: 57: 1199: 2945: 2844: 2801: 2766: 2685: 2625: 2519: 2456: 2275: 2159: 2149: 2074: 2059: 2054: 2029: 1524:"Israel drops leaflets in Gaza offering reward for hostage information" 700: 630: 602: 401: 396: 314: 128: 79: 61: 49: 1664: 1640: 473: 19: 2665: 2645: 2620: 2499: 2471: 2384: 2321: 2207: 2069: 2039: 1984: 1961: 1613:

pp. 635–637 South African Democracy Education Trust, Zebra Press

1609:

Houston, Gregory (2004), "The Post-Rivonia ANC/SACP Underground", in

881: 753: 457: 112: 1839:

The Secret History of PWE: The Political Warfare Executive 1939–1945

884:

that injured three people and caused severe damage to the property.

2796: 2572: 2396: 2379: 2316: 2179: 2097: 2089: 1819: 835: 626: 606: 387: 369: 45: 2912: 2897: 2781: 2698: 2416: 2184: 2114: 489: 217: 1053:

Appeasement: Chamberlain, Hitler, Churchill, and the Road to War

2839: 716: 1114:"ROYAL AIR FORCE: 2ND TACTICAL AIR FORCE, 1943–1945 (CL 1963)" 972:

British Propaganda in the Twentieth Century: Selling Democracy

2879: 2479: 869: 749: 641: 609:. Other conflicts where leaflet propaganda has been used are 346: 321:'s operations consisted of airborne leaflet dropping, as the 293:

Distribution of airborne leaflet propaganda was used by both

204:

by all parties. The British dropped packets of leaflets over

188:

Leaflet propaganda has been delivered by airplanes since the

56:

in enemy-controlled territory, sometimes in conjunction with

1414:"Le Canada s'associe à une opération de propagande en Libye" 1355:

Tainichisendenbira ga kataru Taiheiyō Sensō (対日宣伝ビラが語る太平洋戦争)

2361: 1766:. Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) 1746:

Guatemala Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996

1611:

The Road to Democracy in South Africa. Vol 1. (1960–1970)

1499:"Ground invasion of Gaza 'imminent,' Israeli officials say" 486: 310: 221: 1945:

Willey, Scott A (2002), "Secret Squadrons of the Eighth",

1812:"Psychological Warfare of the Malayan Emergency 1948–1960" 456:

leaflets mentioning a "battle of annihilation against the

239:: a famous propaganda operation during the war, leading 9 64:

while preparing them for the arrival of enemy combatants.

1078: 481:

Leaflets were also used by the USAAF on Japan during the

1858: 1673: 1658: 1646: 200:

Aerial leaflets were first used on a large scale during

1366: 1364: 1903:"Paper Bullets: An Interview with Herbert A. Friedman" 1859:

Moroni Bracamonte, José Angel; Spencer, David (1995).

1521: 872:

that let out hundreds of pamphlets protesting against

719:

drops a leaflet bomb during a training exercise (2005)

1522:

Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (2023-10-24).

48:

to drop leaflets to attempt to alter the behavior of

1915: 1361: 771:. This bomb was developed in collaboration with the 1628: 1616: 1137: 1108: 1090: 913: 846:(FPM) also used propaganda bombs during the 1990s. 1907:Cabinet: A Quarterly Magazine of Art & Culture 532:by Japan freely, and some kept them as souvenirs. 1570:"M129E1/E2 Psychological Operations Leaflet Bomb" 1357:(in Japanese). Japan: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan (吉川弘文館). 968: 629:. Coalition forces dropped pamphlets encouraging 368:targets because they were dropped from such high 3000: 1690:. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 135–136. 1685: 763:(ANC) used a version of the leaflet bomb in the 666:"The forces of the Gaddafi regime are violating 496:without meeting significant resistance. General 1851:Cold War International History Project Bulletin 739: 179:troops that stated the following (in German): 2000: 1211: 1209: 1879:. Vol. 10, no. 4. pp. 38–44. 1853:, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 185–199 1712:[Morazanist Patriotic Front (FPM)]. 1686:Weinberg, Leonard B.; Pedahzur, Ami (2004). 461: 224:had distributed almost 26 million leaflets. 2007: 1993: 1949:, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 54–55 1848: 1206: 1974:WW2 propaganda - Allied and Axis leaflets 1337: 1138:Herbert A. Friedman (December 19, 2003). 1001: 1809: 1469: 1463: 1432:"US Drops Anti-ISIS Leaflets Over Syria" 1382: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 746:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine 710: 676:Leaflet propaganda was also used in the 472: 463:Vernichtungsschlacht gegen die Luftwaffe 374: 284: 74: 18: 1833: 1397: 1140:"The German V1 Rocket Leaflet Campaign" 1084: 944: 942: 851:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 605:while only 31 million were used in the 593:and 40 million leaflets dropped by the 399:who was a correspondent for the London 16:Leaflets dropped via air during wartime 3001: 2014: 1944: 1900: 1688:Political Parties and Terrorist Groups 1402:(in Japanese). Japan: Dōsei-sya (同成社）. 1387:(in Japanese). Japan: Kōdan-sha (講談社). 1291: 1096: 636:During the 2011 enforcement of a NATO 1988: 1980:DXing.info - leaflets in Iraq in 2003 1923: 1867: 1710:"Frente Patriótico Morazanista (FPM)" 1634: 1622: 1370: 1352: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1154: 589:Six billion leaflets were dropped in 575: 124:Disseminate or counter disinformation 1674:Moroni Bracamonte & Spencer 1995 1659:Moroni Bracamonte & Spencer 1995 1647:Moroni Bracamonte & Spencer 1995 1590: 1496: 1323: 1173:, Victoria, Australia: Penguin Books 1026: 1024: 939: 914:Herbert A. Friedman (May 17, 2004). 706: 1901:Peffer, John (Autumn–Winter 2003), 1400:Tennō to nihon no kindai (天皇と日本の近代） 1008:roadstothegreatwar-ww1.blogspot.com 804:The leaflet bomb has been used in 744:Leaflet bombs were used during the 601:. One billion were used during the 208:trenches containing postcards from 13: 1476:. New York: Citadel. p. 261. 1310: 1176: 14: 3035: 1955: 1785:Country Reports on Terrorism 2005 1760:"Revolutionary Armed Corps (CAR)" 1021: 1002:Worcester, Kimball (2019-02-08). 171:when, in October 1870 during the 3009:Psychological warfare techniques 1938:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2009.00694.x 1732:Terrorism and Political Violence 765:internal resistance to apartheid 360:launched by the Germans against 3014:Propaganda techniques by medium 2651:Party platforms (or manifestos) 1886:from the original on 2024-07-03 1794: 1777: 1752: 1737: 1724: 1702: 1679: 1603: 1584: 1562: 1540: 1515: 1490: 1442: 1424: 1406: 1391: 1385:Senjyō ni matta bira (戦場に舞ったビラ) 1376: 1346: 1296:. London: Putnam. p. 323. 1285: 1268:"Der Sternenbanner_1 (Photo 1)" 1260: 1235: 1131: 1102: 840:Popular Movement for Liberation 684:recruits from joining in 2015. 426:'s exclusive deployment to the 390:, The Netherlands, January 1945 280: 255:to land in the enemy trenches. 231:writer, poet and fighter pilot 150:Provide humanitarian assistance 1926:The Journal of Popular Culture 1497:Ward, Alexander (2023-10-13). 1045: 995: 975:. Edinburgh University Press. 962: 926: 906: 668:United Nations Resolution 1973 313:in September 1939. During the 309:leaflet drop over the port of 195: 1: 1810:Friedman, Herbert A. (2006). 1764:MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base 1714:MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base 899: 808:by various groups advocating 773:South African Communist Party 595:United States Army Air Forces 454:American-published propaganda 432:United States Army Air Forces 70: 2739:Rally 'round the flag effect 516:America is not fighting the 349:Captain James Monroe of the 162: 134:Neutralize enemy propaganda. 127:Reduce enemy morale through 38:) are scattered in the air. 7: 1470:Dunnigan, James F. (2004). 887: 866:Group of Popular Combatants 777:South African police forces 740:Use by revolutionary groups 227:In August 1918, the famous 10: 3040: 1909:, vol. 1, no. 12 1598:, The Academy Press Dublin 1548:"LBU 30 Leaflet Bomb Unit" 1420:(in French). 29 July 2011. 1383:Ichinose, Toshiya (2007). 1294:Boeing Aircraft since 1916 969:Taylor, Philip M. (1999). 844:Morazanist Patriotic Front 597:over Japan in 1945 during 582:Balloon campaigns in Korea 579: 177:North German Confederation 157: 2933: 2878: 2810: 2752: 2684: 2601: 2518: 2470: 2360: 2271: 2198: 2088: 2080:Manipulation (psychology) 2022: 1744:U.S. Department of State 1292:Bowers, Peter M. (1989). 761:African National Congress 32:Airborne leaflet dropping 2258:Criticism of advertising 1353:Reiko, Tsuchiya (2011). 1339:10.29212/mh.2013..87.303 1171:Techniques of Persuasion 934:Encyclopedia of ephemera 646:Royal Canadian Air Force 220:. By the end of the war 144:Facilitate communication 2920:Promotional merchandise 2631:Character assassination 2568:Narcotizing dysfunction 2442:Photograph manipulation 2155:Guerrilla communication 1398:Tetsuya, Ohama (2010). 1169:Brown, J. A. C. (1963) 861:defused by the police. 436:disinformation campaign 351:305th Bombardment Group 111:Explain to prospective 2903:Product demonstrations 2332:Historical negationism 1868:Ngani, Jethro (1976). 1272:www.384thbombgroup.com 1118:IWM Collections Search 1051:Bouverie, Tim (2019). 1004:"Le Courrier de l'Air" 799: 759:In the late 1960s the 720: 529: 494:raiding Japan's cities 478: 462: 391: 386:shells with leaflets. 290: 271:German-occupied France 186: 91: 28: 2835:Reputation management 2754:Psychological warfare 2603:Political campaigning 2412:Firehose of falsehood 1863:. Praeger Publishers. 1696:10.4324/9780203888377 950:"ALLIED PSYOP OF WWI" 932:"Aerial leaflet", in 916:"Psyop Dissemination" 786: 756:injured nine people. 726:PDU-5B dispenser unit 714: 510: 476: 378: 288: 181: 78: 22: 2870:Corporate propaganda 1572:. Globalsecurity.org 1550:. Globalsecurity.org 1450:"phần mềm in tờ rơi" 1142:. www.psywarrior.com 894:Operation Cornflakes 855:Guatemalan Civil War 821:Salvadoran Civil War 693:Israel Defense Force 337:from supporting the 266:Le Courrier de l'Air 206:Imperial German Army 105:Prompt the enemy to 95:Threaten destruction 3024:Aviation mass media 2958:Media concentration 2830:Non-apology apology 2820:Cult of personality 2548:Emotive conjugation 2302:Burying of scholars 1841:. St. Ermins Press. 1110:Imperial War Museum 1087:, pp. 189–190. 1055:(1 ed.). New York: 506:Twentieth Air Force 500:, commander of the 260:Paul von Hindenburg 233:Gabriele D'Annunzio 229:Italian nationalist 169:Franco-Prussian War 34:is where leaflets ( 2941:Influence-for-hire 2734:National mythology 2704:Crowd manipulation 2593:Tabloid journalism 2462:Video manipulation 2407:Fictitious entries 2130:Civil disobedience 2016:Media manipulation 1967:2014-03-26 at the 1870:"Voice of Freedom" 1223:on 13 January 2021 810:political violence 721: 680:to deter possible 576:After World War II 502:XXI Bomber Command 492:of the USAAF were 479: 392: 305:, starting with a 291: 237:Flight over Vienna 92: 29: 23:An American M16M1 2996: 2995: 2762:Airborne leaflets 2641:Election promises 2495:Product placement 2370:Alternative facts 2110:Alternative media 1947:Air Power History 1734:, 16(4), 777-794. 1661:, pp. 68–69. 1483:978-0-8065-2416-0 1438:. March 26, 2015. 1188:Air Power History 1065:978-0-451-49984-4 982:978-0-7486-1039-6 815:In the 1980s the 734:First Chechen War 707:Means of delivery 617:(both during the 410:German propaganda 269:for civilians in 251:would drift over 214:Kaiser Wilhelm II 190:Italo-Turkish War 115:how to surrender. 100:collateral damage 3031: 2988:Media proprietor 2812:Public relations 2792:Public diplomacy 2777:Information (IT) 2656:Name recognition 2281:Media regulation 2263:Annoyance factor 2120:Call-out culture 2035:Crowd psychology 2009: 2002: 1995: 1986: 1985: 1950: 1941: 1914:Richards, Lee. 1910: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1874: 1864: 1854: 1842: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1818:. Archived from 1788: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1756: 1750: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1716:. Archived from 1706: 1700: 1699: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1330:Military History 1324:Jang, H (2013). 1321: 1308: 1307: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1245:. Archived from 1243:"WW2 Propaganda" 1239: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1219:. Archived from 1213: 1204: 1203: 1183: 1174: 1167: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1057:Tim Duggan Books 1049: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1028: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1014: 999: 993: 992: 990: 989: 966: 960: 959: 957: 956: 946: 937: 930: 924: 923: 910: 689:Israel-Hamas war 678:Syrian civil war 621:and more recent 465: 442:, the so-called 417:James A.C. Brown 362:southern England 358:V-1 flying bombs 303:Second World War 245:Austro-Hungarian 235:, organized the 210:prisoners of war 84:Operation Moolah 3039: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3028: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2983:Media influence 2978:Media franchise 2963:Media democracy 2929: 2874: 2806: 2748: 2729:Loaded language 2680: 2597: 2514: 2466: 2356: 2285: 2267: 2194: 2135:Culture jamming 2084: 2018: 2013: 1969:Wayback Machine 1958: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1872: 1825: 1823: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1767: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1621: 1617: 1608: 1604: 1592:Bell, J. Bowyer 1589: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1532: 1530: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1505: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1396: 1392: 1381: 1377: 1369: 1362: 1351: 1347: 1332:(87): 303–336. 1322: 1311: 1304: 1290: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1184: 1177: 1168: 1155: 1145: 1143: 1136: 1132: 1122: 1120: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1079: 1059:. pp. 380-381. 1050: 1046: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1022: 1012: 1010: 1000: 996: 987: 985: 983: 967: 963: 954: 952: 948: 947: 940: 931: 927: 911: 907: 902: 890: 742: 730:detonating cord 709: 662:Muammar Gaddafi 654:C-130J Hercules 584: 578: 518:Japanese people 428:Pacific Theater 408:One example of 380:Royal Artillery 319:Royal Air Force 307:Royal Air Force 283: 216:and the German 198: 165: 160: 73: 42:Military forces 17: 12: 11: 5: 3037: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2860:Understatement 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2724:Indoctrination 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709:Disinformation 2706: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2671:Smear campaign 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2588:Sensationalism 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2528:Agenda-setting 2524: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2402:False document 2399: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2307:Catch and kill 2304: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2140:Demonstrations 2137: 2132: 2127: 2125:Cancel culture 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2094: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2011: 2004: 1997: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1971: 1957: 1956:External links 1954: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1932:(3): 530–540. 1921: 1918: 1912: 1898: 1895: 1865: 1856: 1846: 1843: 1835:Garnett, David 1831: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1776: 1751: 1736: 1723: 1720:on 2005-09-13. 1701: 1678: 1663: 1651: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1602: 1583: 1561: 1539: 1514: 1489: 1482: 1462: 1441: 1423: 1405: 1390: 1375: 1373:, p. 535. 1360: 1345: 1309: 1302: 1284: 1259: 1234: 1205: 1175: 1153: 1130: 1101: 1089: 1077: 1044: 1020: 994: 981: 961: 938: 925: 904: 903: 901: 898: 897: 896: 889: 886: 880:restaurant in 864:The communist 741: 738: 708: 705: 650:U.S. Air Force 623:NATO invasions 591:Western Europe 577: 574: 504:, part of the 331:neutral powers 323:United Kingdom 301:forces in the 282: 279: 197: 194: 173:Siege of Paris 164: 161: 159: 156: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 135: 132: 125: 122: 119: 116: 109: 103: 96: 72: 69: 54:non-combatants 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3036: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3004: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2968:Media ecology 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951:United States 2949: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2925:Telemarketing 2923: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2714:Fearmongering 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553:False balance 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2510:Word of mouth 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2297:Broadcast law 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2145:Deplatforming 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2050:False balance 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1822:on 2021-02-24 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1786: 1780: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1676:, p. 70. 1675: 1670: 1668: 1660: 1655: 1649:, p. 68. 1648: 1643: 1637:, p. 44. 1636: 1631: 1625:, p. 39. 1624: 1619: 1612: 1606: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1571: 1565: 1549: 1543: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1485: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1466: 1451: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1401: 1394: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1356: 1349: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1305: 1303:0-85177-804-6 1299: 1295: 1288: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1249:on 2009-10-13 1248: 1244: 1238: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1182: 1180: 1172: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1141: 1134: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1099:, p. 55. 1098: 1093: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1009: 1005: 998: 984: 978: 974: 973: 965: 951: 945: 943: 935: 929: 921: 917: 909: 905: 895: 892: 891: 885: 883: 879: 878:Arcos Dorados 875: 874:Plan Colombia 871: 867: 862: 858: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 825: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 806:Latin America 802: 798: 796: 792: 785: 783: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 748:in 1945. The 747: 737: 735: 731: 727: 718: 713: 704: 703:to evacuate. 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 674: 671: 669: 663: 659: 658:CP-140 Aurora 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 583: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 525: 522: 519: 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 488: 484: 475: 471: 469: 468:Leap Year Day 464: 459: 455: 451: 450: 449:Sternenbanner 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 411: 406: 404: 403: 398: 389: 385: 382:gunners fill 381: 377: 373: 371: 365: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 342: 340: 336: 335:United States 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 287: 278: 276: 272: 268: 267: 261: 256: 254: 253:no-man's land 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 193: 191: 185: 184:independence. 180: 178: 174: 170: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139:radio jamming 136: 133: 130: 126: 123: 120: 118:Offer rewards 117: 114: 110: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 93: 90:to UN forces. 89: 85: 81: 77: 68: 65: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 37: 33: 26: 21: 2973:Media ethics 2893:Door-to-door 2888:Cold calling 2865:Weasel words 2772:Fifth column 2761: 2666:Push polling 2616:Astroturfing 2578:Pseudo-event 2558:Infotainment 2533:Broadcasting 2452:Urban legend 2375:April Fools' 2248:Testimonials 2218:Infomercials 2045:Dumbing down 1946: 1929: 1925: 1906: 1888:. Retrieved 1876: 1860: 1850: 1838: 1824:. Retrieved 1820:the original 1815: 1795:Bibliography 1787:(2006), 165. 1784: 1779: 1768:. Retrieved 1763: 1754: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1726: 1718:the original 1713: 1704: 1687: 1681: 1654: 1642: 1630: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1595: 1586: 1574:. Retrieved 1564: 1552:. Retrieved 1542: 1531:. Retrieved 1527: 1517: 1506:. Retrieved 1502: 1492: 1472: 1465: 1453:. Retrieved 1444: 1435: 1426: 1418:Radio-Canada 1417: 1408: 1399: 1393: 1384: 1378: 1354: 1348: 1329: 1293: 1287: 1275:. Retrieved 1271: 1262: 1251:. Retrieved 1247:the original 1237: 1225:. Retrieved 1221:the original 1191: 1187: 1170: 1144:. Retrieved 1133: 1121:. Retrieved 1117: 1104: 1092: 1085:Garnett 1947 1080: 1052: 1047: 1035:. Retrieved 1011:. Retrieved 1007: 997: 986:. Retrieved 971: 964: 953:. Retrieved 933: 928: 919: 908: 863: 859: 848: 833: 828: 826: 814: 803: 800: 787: 781: 769:South Africa 758: 743: 722: 686: 675: 665: 635: 599:World War II 588: 585: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 523: 515: 511: 498:Curtis LeMay 480: 466:), dated to 452:-headlined, 448: 443: 439: 434:initiated a 421: 415: 407: 400: 393: 366: 355: 343: 333:such as the 327:Nazi Germany 317:most of the 292: 281:World War II 264: 257: 249: 226: 199: 192:of 1911–12. 187: 182: 166: 66: 40: 31: 30: 25:cluster bomb 2845:Sound bites 2825:Doublespeak 2676:Wedge issue 2636:Dog whistle 2611:Advertising 2437:Lying press 2422:Gaslighting 2200:Advertising 2175:Occupations 2065:Obfuscation 2055:Half-truths 1097:Willey 2002 1013:21 February 920:Pay Warrior 638:No-Fly Zone 625:), and the 615:Afghanistan 483:Pacific War 430:began, the 422:Before the 241:Ansaldo SVA 202:World War I 196:World War I 58:air strikes 3003:Categories 2946:Media bias 2802:Subversion 2767:False flag 2744:Techniques 2686:Propaganda 2646:Lawn signs 2626:Canvassing 2520:News media 2276:Censorship 2208:Billboards 2160:Hacktivism 2150:Grassroots 2075:Persuasion 1916:PsyWar.Org 1890:2024-07-03 1826:2007-01-22 1816:PsyWar.org 1770:2007-02-22 1635:Ngani 1976 1623:Ngani 1976 1576:18 October 1554:18 October 1533:2023-11-09 1508:2023-11-09 1371:Szasz 2009 1277:1 November 1253:2009-04-06 1146:30 October 1073:1042099346 1037:1 November 988:2013-02-07 955:2012-12-17 900:References 842:(MPL) and 715:A US Navy 701:Gaza Strip 631:Iraqi Army 603:Korean War 580:See also: 444:Hobo Queen 402:Daily Mail 397:Noel Monks 384:25-pounder 315:Phoney War 129:propaganda 80:Korean War 71:Objectives 62:leadership 50:combatants 44:have used 3019:Pamphlets 2908:Promotion 2787:Political 2694:Bandwagon 2621:Attack ad 2500:Publicity 2472:Marketing 2385:Fake news 2347:Religious 2342:Political 2322:Euphemism 2317:Cover-ups 2312:Corporate 2180:Petitions 2070:Orwellian 2040:Deception 882:Guayaquil 793:", "Free 754:Jerusalem 458:Luftwaffe 370:altitudes 247:capital. 163:Early use 113:deserters 107:surrender 2855:Transfer 2797:Sedition 2661:Negative 2573:Newspeak 2563:Managing 2505:Research 2480:Branding 2432:Literary 2397:Fakelore 2390:websites 2380:Deepfake 2337:Internet 2228:Modeling 2185:Protests 2165:Internet 2098:Advocacy 2090:Activism 1965:Archived 1881:Archived 1837:(1947). 1600:1985:144 1594:(1977), 1503:POLITICO 1436:ABC News 1200:26287829 1123:11 March 1112:(2013). 936:, 10-11. 888:See also 836:Honduras 697:hostages 627:Gulf War 607:Iraq War 440:41-36393 388:Roermond 218:generals 46:aircraft 2934:Related 2913:Spaving 2898:Pricing 2840:Slogans 2782:Lawfare 2719:Framing 2699:Big lie 2490:Product 2485:Loyalty 2417:Forgery 2362:Hoaxing 2243:Slogans 2223:Mobiles 2115:Boycott 2023:Context 1877:Sechaba 1528:Reuters 853:in the 819:in the 791:Mandela 782:Sechaba 687:During 611:Vietnam 490:bombers 325:wanted 275:Belgium 158:History 82:, 1953 2538:Circus 2447:Racial 1480: 1300: 1198: 1071: 1063: 979: 838:, the 829:fogueo 795:Sisulu 717:F/A-18 691:, the 644:, the 619:Soviet 339:Allies 295:Allied 88:MiG-15 36:flyers 2880:Sales 2583:Scrum 2543:Cycle 2457:Virus 2327:Films 2292:Books 2233:Radio 2213:False 2190:Youth 2170:Media 2103:group 2060:Media 1884:(PDF) 1873:(PDF) 1455:3 May 1227:6 May 1196:JSTOR 870:Quito 750:Irgun 652:used 642:Libya 640:over 347:USAAF 2850:Spin 2427:List 2352:Self 2030:Bias 1578:2011 1556:2011 1478:ISBN 1457:2012 1298:ISBN 1279:2018 1229:2023 1148:2011 1125:2013 1069:OCLC 1061:ISBN 1039:2018 1015:2019 977:ISBN 849:The 817:FMLN 682:ISIS 656:and 648:and 487:B-29 424:B-29 311:Kiel 299:Axis 297:and 273:and 222:MI7b 52:and 2238:Sex 1934:doi 1692:doi 1334:doi 834:In 767:in 736:). 460:" ( 3005:: 2253:TV 1930:42 1928:. 1905:, 1875:. 1814:. 1762:. 1666:^ 1526:. 1501:. 1434:. 1416:. 1363:^ 1328:. 1312:^ 1270:. 1208:^ 1194:. 1192:45 1190:. 1178:^ 1156:^ 1116:. 1067:. 1023:^ 1006:. 941:^ 918:. 812:. 670:." 613:, 341:. 277:. 2008:e 2001:t 1994:v 1951:. 1940:. 1936:: 1911:. 1893:. 1855:. 1829:. 1773:. 1698:. 1694:: 1580:. 1558:. 1536:. 1511:. 1486:. 1459:. 1342:. 1336:: 1306:. 1281:. 1256:. 1231:. 1202:. 1150:. 1127:. 1075:. 1041:. 1017:. 991:. 958:. 922:. 141:. 131:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index