Aksai Chin - Knowledge

126: 106: 915: 425: 2063:, p. 79: "The name 'Aksai Chin' occurred on a map captioned 'Rough sketch of caravan routes through the Pamir steppes and Yarkand, from information collected' from Mahomed Ameen Yarkandi , 'late guide' to the well-known Schlagintweit brothers. This was compiled in the Quartermaster-General's office in 1862. The sketch, which offered no details this side of the Kunlun, had 'Aksai Chin' written right across the blank space south of the Kunlun range. Mahomed Ameen had noted that 'beyond the pass (north of the Chang Chenmo) lies the Aksai Chin. ... it extends to Chinese territory to the East.'" 1340:(subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; 497: 529: 923: 895: 749: 708: 803:, of which 179 km (112 mi) ran south of the Johnson Line through the Aksai Chin region claimed by India. Aksai Chin was easily accessible to the Chinese, but was more difficult for the Indians on the other side of the Karakorams to reach. The Indians did not learn of the existence of the road until 1957, which was confirmed when the road was shown in Chinese maps published in 1958. The construction of this highway was one of the triggers for the 620: 1492:

Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control."

27: 907: 704:, the British officially used the Johnson Line. However they took no steps to establish outposts or assert actual control on the ground. In 1927, the line was adjusted again as the government of British India abandoned the Johnson line in favor of a line along the Karakoram range further south. However, the maps were not updated and still showed the Johnson Line. 1359:(subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; 3274:

the five difficult passes through the Karakorams posed a barrier ... Cayley reconnoitred a route that went through the Changchenmo ranges ... if anything these new passes were higher than the ones they replaced, and the land in between them was also higher. ... The route had another advantage in that

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beginning of the soda-plain Karakash River At a corner on the south side there is a piece of path with a bit of wall built up to support it, and yesterday we passed a group of stone huts: all signs that this road was once in use. (We found afterwards that this valley had formerly been frequented by

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C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in

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The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India

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in China. A visual side-by-side comparison shows a very detailed duplication of Aksai Chin in the camp. The 900 m × 700 m (3,000 ft × 2,300 ft) model was surrounded by a substantial facility, with rows of red-roofed buildings, scores of olive-coloured trucks and a large

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argued that the western border had never been delimited, that the Macartney-MacDonald Line, which left the Aksai Chin within Chinese borders was the only line ever proposed to a Chinese government, and that the Aksai Chin was already under Chinese jurisdiction, and that negotiations should take into

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Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ...

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of May and June 2020 between Indian and Chinese troops near Pangong Tso Lake culminated in a violent clash on 16 June 2020, with at least 20 deaths from the Indian side and no official reported deaths from the Chinese side. In 2021, Chinese state media reported 4 Chinese deaths. Both sides claimed

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Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions:

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to the newly independent India in October 1947, the government of India used the Johnson Line as the basis for its official boundary in the west, which included the Aksai Chin. From the Karakoram Pass (which is not under dispute), the Indian claim line extends northeast of the Karakoram Mountains

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in 1940–1941, they again advocated the Johnson Line. At this point the British had still made no attempts to establish outposts or control over the Aksai Chin, nor was the issue ever discussed with the governments of China or Tibet, and the boundary remained undemarcated at India's independence.

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region including Ladakh to the British, who then installed Gulab Singh as the Maharaja under their suzerainty. The British appointed a boundary commission headed by Alexander Cunningham to determine the boundaries of the state. Chinese and Tibetan officials were invited to jointly demarcate the

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in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below).

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Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir.";

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The Huoshaoyun lead-zinc mine site in Xinjiang province, 5,500 metres above sea level, is reported to contain about 19 million tonnes of lead and zinc, with an average grade of 30%, according to the China Geological Survey. It will be the world's seventh-largest lead-zinc

3297:(p26) The Changchenmo line ... The extra distance and the sojourn for 5 days longer in such a desolate tract (p33) Every endeavour has been made to improve the Changchenmo route—serais having been built at some places, and depots of grain established as far as Gogra 2049:ماقالە يازغۇچى داۋاملاشتۇرۇپ: بۇ تېررىتورىيىنىڭ نامى تۈرك تىلىدا، "ئاقساي چىن " دېيىلىدۇ، بۇ ئىسىمدىكى "چىن" سۆزى جۇڭگونى كۆرسىتىدۇ، ئېيتىشلارغا ئاساسلانغاندا، بۇ سۆزنىڭ مەنىسى – " جۇڭگونىڭ ئاق تاشلىق جىلغىسى ياكى جۇڭگونىڭ ئاق تاشلىق سېيى" دېگەنلىك بولىدۇ دەيدۇ. 605:. At that time, Britain was concerned about the danger of Russian expansion as China weakened, and Ardagh argued that his line was more defensible. The Ardagh line was effectively a modification of the Johnson line, and became known as the "Johnson-Ardagh Line". 3317:

Joining the left bank of the river opposite to Kyam are the Silung Yokma, Silung Burma and Silung Kongma. ... cross the Changchenmo valley journey up the Kiepsang stream ... The traders have now almost entirely given up the Changchenmo-Shahidula route to

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The westerly route via Aksai Chin was an old caravan route and in many ways the best. It was the only route that was open year-round, throughout both the winter and the monsoon season. The Dzungar army that had reached Lhasa in 1717 ... had followed this

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Prior to European exploration in the 1860s, there were some jade mining operations on the Xinjiang side of Aksai Chin. They were abandoned by the time European explorers reached the area. In the 1860s to 1870s, in order to facilitate trade between the

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At 17,000 feet elevation, the desolation of Aksai Chin had no human importance other than an ancient trade route that crossed over it, providing a brief pass during summer for caravans of yaks from Sinkiang to Tibet that carried silk, jade, hemp,

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The Indian position, as stated by Prime Minister Nehru, was that the Aksai Chin was "part of the Ladakh region of India for centuries" and that this northern border was a "firm and definite one which was not open to discussion with anybody".

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Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.

2079:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 197–199 (including Map 5.2: 'Rough Sketch of Caravan Routes through the Pamir Steppes and Yarkund, from Information Collected from Mahomed Ameen Yarkundi, Late Guide to Messrs. De Schlagintweit'), 2916: 1044:, etc. Much of the northern part of Aksai Chin is referred to as the Soda Plains, located near Aksai Chin's largest river, the Karakash, which receives meltwater from a number of glaciers, crosses the Kunlun farther northwest, in 558:, so this line was never presented to the Chinese. Johnson presented this line to the Maharaja of Kashmir, who then claimed the 18,000 square kilometres contained within, and by some accounts territory further north as far as the 3685: 1843: 532:

The map shows the Indian and Chinese claims of the border in the Aksai Chin region, the Macartney-MacDonald line, the Foreign Office Line, as well as the progress of Chinese forces as they occupied areas during the Sino-Indian

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wrote a memo directing that the maps of India be revised to show definite boundaries on all frontiers. Up to this point, the boundary in the Aksai Chin sector, based on the Johnson Line, had been described as "undemarcated."

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had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.

578:, who explored the region in the late 1880s, there was only an abandoned fort and not one inhabited house at Shahidulla when he was there – it was just a convenient staging post and a convenient headquarters for the nomadic 452:

Because of its 5,000-metre (16,000 ft) elevation, the desolation of Aksai Chin meant that it had no human importance. For military campaigns, the region held great importance, as it was on the only route from the

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by some Chinese, Western, and Indian sources. At least one source takes it to mean "pass". Other sources omit "Chin" in their interpretations. Van Driem states that there is no Uyghur word resembling "chin" for China.

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Brines from (i) Pong Kong, (ii) Sarigh Jilgang Kol and (iii) Amtogor lakes were examined for their suitability for salt manufacture. The brines from the first two sources have been found to be uneconomical for salt

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meaning "white stone desert", including several British colonial, modern Western, Chinese, and Indian sources. Some modern sources interpret it to mean "white brook" instead. At least one source interprets

2853: 2764: 3905: 635:, the British consul general at Kashgar, which coincided in broad details. In 1899, Britain proposed a revised boundary, initially suggested by Macartney and developed by the Governor General of India 1754:

Aksai Chin, region between the K'unlun main range and the Loqzung Mountains: T. eq say 'white gravelly plain' + cin '(of) China' (Cin, earliest designation by which China was known in Central Asia).

1852:在西段,印度政府提出爭議的传统习惯綫以东和以北的地区,历来是屬于中国的。这个地区主要包括中国新疆所屬的阿克賽欽地区和西藏阿里地区的一部分,面积共为三万三千平方公里,相当于一个比利时或三个黎巴嫩。这个地区虽然人烟稀少,却历来是联結新疆和西藏阿里的交通命脉。新疆的柯尔克孜族和維吾尔族的牧民經常在这一带放牧。阿克賽欽这个地名就是維吾尔語"中国的白石滩"的意思。这块地方一直到現在是在中国的管轄之下。 2884: 2906: 847:

compound with elevated lookout posts and a large communications tower. Such terrain models are known to be used in military training and simulation, although usually on a much smaller scale.

3416:[Zong Jianming, political commissar of a border defense regiment, and the officers and soldiers at the empty Kazan checkpoint at an altitude of 5,070 meters affectionately embrace]. 639:. This boundary placed the Lingzi Tang plains, which are south of the Laktsang range, in India, and Aksai Chin proper, which is north of the Laktsang range, in China. This border, along the 3391: 3348:...though neither side had any physical presence there. The advantage India had was that she administered the grazing grounds and even collected salt from Amtogor Lake, deep in Aksai Chin. 3164:

Neither party exercised a great extent of administration in Aksai Chin, but the occasional explorer, big-game hunter or nomad from India may be sufficient to establish continuity of title.

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in 1874. In addition of being longer and higher elevation than Karakoram Pass, it also goes through the desolate desert of Aksai Chin. By 1890s, traders had mostly given up on this route.

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Both the Johnson-Ardagh and the Macartney-MacDonald lines were used on British maps of India. Until at least 1908, the British took the Macdonald line to be the boundary, but in 1911, the

3677: 1013:, where the rest of Hotan County is situated. According to a recent detailed Chinese map, no roads cross the Kunlun Range within Hotan Prefecture, and only one track does so, over the 2613: 2639: 2712:消息指，第一起事件發生於5月5日至6日，在中印邊境的班公錯湖（Pangong Tso ）地區，當時解放軍的「侵略性巡邏」（aggressive patrolling）被印度軍方阻攔。「結果發生了混亂，雙方都有一些士兵受傷。」{...}2017年8月，兩國軍隊曾於拉達克地區班公湖附近爆發衝突，當時雙方擲石攻擊對方，雙方均有人受傷，最終兩軍在半小時後退回各自據點。 3650: 654:

watershed in Chinese control, and Chinese control of this tract would present a further obstacle to Russian advance in Central Asia. The British presented this line, known as the

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the Chinese, who objected jade from hence. This industry is now extinct, as the Mussulmans of Tookistan have no taste for ornaments of this stone.) plains full of salt craters

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Despite this region being nearly uninhabitable and having no resources, it remains strategically important for China as it connects Tibet and Xinjiang. During the 1950s, the

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and the chief British negotiator of the conference at Simla. The bilateral agreement between Tibet and Britain was signed by McMahon on behalf of the British government and

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From 1927 to 1950, of course, Aksai Chin was a region of absolutely absolutely no importance. no one visited it except the occasional explorer, big-game hunter and nomad.

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Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir.";

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watersheds. From there, it runs east along the Kunlun Mountains, before turning southwest through the Aksai Chin salt flats, through the Karakoram Mountains, and then to

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The etymology of Aksai Chin is uncertain. Although 'Aksai' is a Turk term for 'white brooks', it is widely believed that the word 'chin' has nothing to do with China.

1159:, a major lead-zinc deposit, and numerous smaller deposits were discovered in the region. Huoshaoyun is a mountain located in Aksai Chin near the Tibetan border. The 2311:. Fernand Grenard. Translated by A. Teixeira de Mattos. Originally published by Hutchison and Co., London. 1904. Reprint: Cosmo Publications. Delhi. 1974, pp. 28–30. 3681: 1232: 105: 1199: 2754: 3859: 407:

told the Chinese Taotai that Aksai Chin was a "loose name for an ill-defined, elevated tableland", part of which lay in Indian and part in Chinese territory.

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Aksai Chin is one of the two large disputed border areas between India and China. India claims Aksai Chin as the easternmost part of the union territory of

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Chinese and Indian troops clashed on May 5 over road construction the Indian side was completing at Pangong Tso, a glacial lake bordering Ladakh and Tibet.

3862:, special issue of ACDIS Swords and Ploughshares, Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois, winter 2007–8. 2663: 3708: 994:) at about 4,300 m (14,100 ft) above sea level. In the southwest, mountains up to 7,000 m (23,000 ft) extending southeast from the 410:

The current meaning of the term is the area under dispute between India and China, having evolved in repeated usage since Indian independence in 1947.

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Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."

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The map given by Hung Ta-chen to the British consul at Kashgar in 1893. The boundary, marked with a thin dot-dashed line, matches the Johnson line

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trade from British India could flow through Kulu via Changchenmo to Yarkand, completely bypassing the customs officials of the Maharaja at Leh.

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The Sino-Indian Border Disputes, by Alfred P. Rubin, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1. (Jan. 1960), pp. 96–125,

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Prior to 1950, the visitors of Aksai Chin were, for the most part, the occasional explorers, hunters, and nomads who passed through the area.

3140: 3080: 2036: 2635: 2603: 2370: 662:. The Qing government did not respond to the note. According to some commentators, China believed that this had been the accepted boundary. 3642: 3424: 3527: 2458: 1696: 984:

Aksai Chin covers an area of approximately 38,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi). The area is largely a vast high-altitude

731:, published in 1925, also put the Aksai Chin in India. When British officials learned of Soviet officials surveying the Aksai Chin for 3493: 2401:, p. 102: The proposed boundary seems never to have been considered in the same form again until Alastair Lamb revived it in 1964 1106:, the British attempted to promote a caravan route via the western side of Aksai Chin as an alternative to the difficult and tariffed 4166: 3678:"The Prospecting Space of Huoshaoyun lead-Zinc Mine in Xinjiang extends to the periphery by nearly 15 km-Shanghai Metals Market" 3047:

At the conclusion of the conflict, China retained control of about 14,700 square miles (38,000 square km) of territory in Aksai Chin.

1565: 419: 2550: 723:, published by the Government of China in Peking had shown the boundary in Aksai Chin as per the Johnson line, which runs along the 111: 1826: 1534:

Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."

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border, but they did not show any interest. The British boundary commissioners fixed the southern part of the boundary up to the

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During these same months, the route across the portion of Ladakh known as Aksai Chin (white stone desert) is highly traversable.

4186: 4181: 1115: 570:), and had troops stationed there for some years to protect caravans. Eventually, most sources placed Shahidulla and the upper 4141: 3774: 3341: 3267: 3190: 3067: 2577: 2532: 2452: 2084: 2009: 1976: 1946: 1913: 1880: 1780: 1690: 1615: 1528: 1507: 1485: 1437: 1417: 1396: 1374: 315: 245: 3468:

Soldiers pose for a picture at the Heweitan sentry post on Karakorum Mountains in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, Sept 30.

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The western part of Aksai Chin region is drained by the Tarim River. The eastern part of the region contains several small

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There was jade mining from the Sinkiang side, and some ancient (if secondary) trade routes crossed it. But that was all

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Visits to High Tartary, Yârkand, and Kâshgar (formerly Chinese Tartary): And Return Journey Over the Karakoram Pass

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which lays north of it, with the latter being the forward headquarters of the Xinjiang Military Command during the

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Ethnolinguistic Prehistory: The Peopling of the World from the Perspective of Language, Genes and Material Culture

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India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic

1262: 954: 889: 876: 3734: 3484:[Enter the army outpost Tianshuihai on the skyward road, experience the hardship and joy of army life]. 4156: 2854:"India China news live: At least 20 Indian Army personnel killed in violent face-off in Ladakh's Galwan Valley" 2660: 582:. The abandoned fort had apparently been built a few years earlier by the Kashmiris. In 1878 the Chinese had 551: 2493: 392: 4146: 1155:

In the 2010s, geological surveys were conducted in the Western Kunlun region, which Aksai Chin is part of.

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On May 5, around 250 Indian and Chinese army personnel clashed in Pangong Tso lake area in Eastern Ladakh.

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Central Asia Atlas, Memoir on Maps: Index of geographical names, by D.M. Farquhar, G. Jarring and E. Norin

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Verma, Virendra Sahai (2006). "Sino-Indian Border Dispute at Aksai Chin – A Middle Path For Resolution".

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In the 1950s, India collected salt from various lakes in Aksai Chin to study the economic feasibility of

1063:, which is fed by the river of the same name. The region as a whole receives little precipitation as the 899: 865: 583: 3867:

Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA

4161: 3447: 2800: 2128: 1204: 1171: 1149: 543: 205: 3845: 3594:"Detection of Pb–Zn mineralization zones in west Kunlun using Landsat 8 and ASTER remote sensing data" 2335: 1326: 4171: 4088: 2016:

Aksai Chin, (Aksai: eastern, Chin: China) ... Most of the names were found to be distinctly Yarkandi.

331: 3883: 2755:"Indian, Chinese Troops Face-off in Ladakh Ahead of Modi-Xi Summit, Army Says Tension De-escalated" 2696: 2689: 2028: 659: 303:

region that has been the subject of a dispute between India and China since 1959. It is claimed by

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Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-western Boundary of British India

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Amin's Aksai Chin was not a defined region, stretching indefinitely east into Tibet south of the

296: 233: 3522:[Death Valley in Xinjiang-a suffocating environment, breathtaking beauty] (in Chinese). 424: 1386: 1160: 947: 854:

claim that their model of Aksai Chin is part of a tank training ground, built in 1998 or 1999.

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proposed the "Johnson Line" in 1865, which put Aksai Chin in Kashmir. This was the time of the

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to explore Central Asia. Amin explained its meaning as "the great white sand desert". Linguist

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Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries

3295:. East India. Vol. XLIX. House of Commons, British Parliament. 1874. pp. 23–33. 902:

map of the western Indo-Chinese border, showing Aksai Chin and other contested territories

8: 4131: 2547: 1099: 594: 496: 481: 3609: 3580:新疆西昆仑地区铅锌找矿取得一批新发现...火烧云铅锌矿已提交333以上铅锌资源储量1704万吨...调查发现多宝山、萨岔口、团结峰、甜水海、鸡冠石、天柱山等10余处中小型矿床 4105: 3359: 3058:

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Road Atlas (中国分省公路丛书：新疆维吾尔自治区), published by 星球地图出版社

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Skutsch, Carl (2015) , "China: Border War with India, 1962", in Ciment, James (ed.),

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Across the Frozen Himalaya: The Epic Winter Ski Traverse from Karakoram to Lipu Lekh

2907:"Chinese military bolsters troops in Aksai Chin region in Sino-India border: Report" 2682: 1048:

and enters the Tarim Basin, where it serves as one of the main sources of water for

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An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century

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border (Line of Actual Control) between Aksai Chin and Indian-controlled Kashmir.

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the "Aksai Chin," or as the term implies the great Chinese white desert or plain.

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service revealed a 1:500 scale terrain model of eastern Aksai Chin and adjacent

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for desert seems to have been corrupted in English transliteration into "chin".

4012: 4007: 3944: 2827: 2298:. John Murray, London. Facsimile reprint: (2005) Elbiron Classics, pp. 223–224. 2220: 1252: 1247: 1107: 1049: 995: 990: 773: 685: 628: 587: 571: 445: 3028: 2793: 1345: 1110:. The route, referred to as the Chang Chenmo line after the starting point in 574:

firmly within the territory of Xinjiang (see accompanying map). According to

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By the end of the 1950s, in addition to having constructed a road, numerous

707: 4035: 3976: 3972: 3934: 1272: 1122: 970: 962: 827: 732: 671: 647: 501: 362:) which could mean "white ravine desert" or "white coomb desert". The word 308: 288: 276: 238: 225: 212: 3559:[New progress in geological survey of mineral resources in 2017] 3451: 3333:

The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective

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built a 1,200 km (750 mi) road connecting Xinjiang and western

701: 681: 651: 644: 513: 468: 464: 454: 115: 3786:

An "agreed" frontier: Ladakh and India's northernmost borders, 1846-1947

2728:"India-China conflict in Ladakh: The importance of the Pangong Tso lake" 2499: 918:

Northern plains of Aksai Chin looking towards Qitai Daban (Khitai Dawan)

566:. The Maharajah of Kashmir constructed a fort at Shahidulla (modern-day 134:

region showing the Chinese-administered territory of Aksai Chin in brown

3742: 3033: 2267: 1802: 1388:

Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M

1156: 815: 636: 619: 559: 521: 517: 433: 432:

map of India. The undefined boundary shown in dashed line runs through

3741:(in Chinese). Ministry of Transport of China. 4 July 2022 – via 3709:"China's highway plans near border expected to spark concern in India" 3215:. Chatham House Online Archive. Oxford University Press. p. 112. 3001:"Transcript of Media Briefing by Official Spokesperson (May 21, 2020)" 2971:"India Voices Unusual Criticism of China's Conduct in South China Sea" 2214: 1082:

is also the subject of ongoing dispute between China and India in the

700:

resulted in the collapse of central power in China, and by the end of

3939: 3929: 3913: 3782: 3418: 2879: 2098: 2060: 1309:

The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of

1242: 1064: 1056: 1025: 1014: 974: 2636:"From sky, see how China builds model of Indian border 2400 km away" 2377:, vol. 26, no. 18, Madras: The Hindu group, archived from 3382:"Indian, Chinese armies decide to improve ties at functional level" 1561: 1183: 1141: 1033: 958: 839: 768:

through the salt flats of the Aksai Chin, to set a boundary at the

736: 567: 555: 284: 220: 2524:

India's Borderland Disputes: China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal

1752:. Sven Hedin Foundation, Statens etnografiska museum. p. 12. 1745: 3915: 3506:从1959年建站起，兵站所有的生活用水，都要到90公里外的"死人沟"泉水湖去拉，来回一趟至少6个小时，如果到了冬季，还得破冰取水。 2608: 2492:

Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963).

1310: 1072: 851: 843: 404: 327: 300: 131: 3880:: maps showing the Indian and Pakistani positions on the border. 3592:

Gao, Ting; Yi, Huan; Han, Ling; Ren, Guangli; Yang, Min (2018).

3360:

Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (India) (1958).

3312:

The Tourist's And—sportsman's Guide to Kashmir and Ladak, &c

2278: 2276: 2163:

Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century

950:(LAC) and is concurrent with the Chinese Aksai Chin claim line. 906: 4019: 3386: 2759: 1267: 1257: 985: 943: 931: 715:

in 1917. The boundary in Aksai Chin is as per the Johnson line.

509: 460: 441: 437: 312: 242: 3759: 3212:

The China-India Border: The Origins of the Disputed Boundaries

2238: 2226: 2197: 2548:

China's Decision for War with India in 1962 by John W. Garver

2273: 1555: 1455:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p. 109, 1453:

The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia

1432:(2nd ed.), London and New York: Routledge, p. 573, 831: 796: 304: 272: 192: 187: 2828:"Ladakh: China reveals soldier deaths in India border clash" 2349: 2347: 2345: 1772:

China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World

1709:

Aksai Chin (as Uyghur name meaning "desert of white stones")

16:

Region in Xinjiang, Tibet, and Kashmir administered by China

2875:"Indian, Chinese troops face off in Eastern Ladakh, Sikkim" 1409:

A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas

1132:

outposts were constructed in a few locations, including at

3675: 3115:

India, China and Sub-regional Connectivities in South Asia

3285: 3283: 2342: 1679:

Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (23 September 2011).

1313:

and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the

2444:

Tribal Women of Arunachal Pradesh: Socio-economic Status

1887:

Aksai Chin - the name, means the desert of white stones.

1801: 868:

troops confronted Indian troops on the northern bank of

3142:

Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China

942:. The line that separates Indian-administered areas of 299:

and constituting the easternmost portion of the larger

3643:"Development starts on China's largest lead-zinc mine" 3280: 2392: 2031:[Is Aksai True or Aksai Desert?] (in Uyghur). 1787:

The name Aksai Chin means 'the desert of white stones'

3329: 2495:

Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh

2473: 1953:'Aksai Chin' in translation means 'White Brook Pass'. 1233:

Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

326:

Aksai Chin was first mentioned by Muhammad Amin, the

3112:

Chandran, D. Suba; Singh, Bhavna (21 October 2015).

2491: 2416:

Journal of Development Alternatives and Area Studies

1901: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1480:, Harvard University Press, pp. 294, 291, 293, 1369:, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, 627:

In 1893, Hung Ta-chen, a senior Chinese official at

516:

is shown in the two-toned purple and pink band with

512:

is near top right corner. The border claimed by the

3563:(in Chinese). China Geological Survey. p. 27. 2942:"Chinese, Indian troops engage in border conflicts" 1719: 1717: 3874:Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list 3178: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 1305: 1303: 597:, proposed a boundary line along the crest of the 81:Territory administered by China in * China * India 1968:China's Foreign Relations and Security Dimensions 1868: 1741: 1739: 1652: 1650: 1624: 4123: 3138: 2485: 1905:Amazing Land Ladakh: Places, People, and Culture 1714: 838:, about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of 3174: 3172: 2369:Noorani, A.G. (30 August – 12 September 2003), 2104: 1300: 857:In August 2017, Indian and Chinese forces near 608: 2166:. University of Washington Press. p. 83. 1997: 1993: 1991: 1930: 1928: 1768: 1736: 1647: 1640:. Lahore: Government Press. pp. xxii. c. 934:. China claims that Aksai Chin is part of the 3899: 3111: 2787: 2725: 2710: 2683: 2409: 2407: 1964: 1897: 1895: 1850: 1841: 1816: 1764: 1762: 1746:Sven Anders Hedin; Nils Peter Ambolt (1967). 1585:地名区。维吾尔语意即"中国的白石滩"。在新疆维吾尔自治区和田县南部、喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山间。 1580: 1089: 334:, who were contracted in 1854 by the British 34:The examples and perspective in this article 3480:陈金财; 徐俊 (7 December 2016). 杜麒麟; 孙和静 (eds.). 3255: 3251: 3249: 3169: 2872: 2604:"Chinese X-file not so mysterious after all" 2569:Territorial Disputes and Resource Management 2251: 2249: 2247: 1678: 1662:. Bishop's College Press. 1868. p. 50. 1430:Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II 463:was conquered in 1842 by the armies of Raja 3676:Geological Survey in China (15 July 2019). 3591: 3231: 3227: 3225: 2514: 1988: 1958: 1941:. Partridge Publishing India. p. 271. 1934: 1925: 1864: 1862: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1502:, Cambridge University Press, p. 166, 1059:basins. The largest of them is that of the 457:to Tibet that was passable all year round. 3914:Regions and administrative territories of 3906: 3892: 3308: 2968: 2404: 2364: 2362: 1892: 1797: 1795: 1759: 1674: 1672: 1477:Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 1223:, Xinjiang travelling through Aksai Chin. 842:, the capital of the autonomous region of 658:, to the Chinese in 1899 in a note by Sir 342:states that the name intended by Amin was 3669: 3634: 3617: 3585: 3439: 3246: 3202: 2338:. Marine Corps Command and Staff College. 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2244: 1566:Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House 1412:, Yale University Press, pp. 28–29, 1384: 420:Origins of the Sino-Indian border dispute 67:Learn how and when to remove this message 3814:Sino-Indian Border Defenses Chushul Area 3302: 3222: 3185:. Univ of California Press. p. 12. 2072: 1859: 1659:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1592: 1391:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, 921: 913: 905: 893: 747: 706: 618: 527: 495: 423: 3802: 3336:. Lancer Publishers. pp. 157–158. 3330:Brig Amar Cheema, VSM (31 March 2015). 3323: 2678: 2676: 2572:. Nova Science Publishers. p. 43. 2479: 2434: 2398: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2282: 2123: 1920:The Aksai Chin (desert of white stones) 1792: 1729:. Naval War College. 1966. p. 98. 1669: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1523:, Oxford University Press, p. 10, 1516: 1427: 484:, but regarded the area north of it as 262:38,000 km (15,000 sq mi) 4124: 3550: 3548: 3374: 2598: 2596: 2541: 2498:. Praeger. p. 101. Archived from 2333: 2314: 2309:Tibet: The Country and its Inhabitants 1971:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 40–. 1823:(Bulletin of the State Council of PRC) 1548: 1495: 1405: 3887: 3706: 3688:from the original on 28 December 2019 3653:from the original on 28 December 2019 3496:from the original on 13 December 2019 3479: 3458:from the original on 29 December 2019 3448:"Keeping watch over highest mountain" 3427:from the original on 14 December 2019 3394:from the original on 14 December 2019 3139:W.F. Van Eekelen (11 December 2013). 3070:. Map of Hotan Prefecture, pp. 18–19. 2447:. Mittal Publications. pp. 60–. 2413: 2203: 2159: 2039:from the original on 5 September 2010 1603: 1450: 1148:. The road was later upgraded to the 752:Map including the Aksai Chin region ( 711:Postal map of China published by the 688:on behalf of the Tibetan government. 554:, when China did not control most of 3733: 3570:from the original on 25 January 2020 3530:from the original on 21 January 2013 3473: 3446:颜玮珏 (30 September 2013). 马丹宁 (ed.). 3315:. Thacker, Spink. pp. 106–107. 3262:. Indus Publishing. pp. 86–87. 3208: 3179:Steven A. Hoffmann (20 April 2018). 3073: 3052: 3021: 2767:from the original on 7 November 2019 2673: 2616:from the original on 13 January 2009 2334:Calvin, James Barnard (April 1984). 2137:from the original on 1 November 2013 1604:Driem, George L. van (25 May 2021). 1537: 1473: 1343: 593:In 1897 a British military officer, 467:(Dogra) under the suzerainty of the 20: 4099:Proposed administrative territories 3554: 3545: 3445: 2642:from the original on 2 January 2011 2593: 2565: 2440: 2076:German Science in the Age of Empire 2021: 1520:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 1328:Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent 1200:China National Highway Network Plan 1174:runs through Aksai Chin connecting 491: 473:British defeat of the Sikhs in 1846 351: 13: 3959:Current administrative territories 3872:University of California, Berkeley 3858:, by Jabin T. Jacob, published in 3640: 3540:死人沟只有五顶帐篷，能为过往行人提供简单的饭菜面食。对面有一个兵站。 3517: 3414:"在海拔5070米的空喀山口哨卡某边防团政委宗建明和官兵深情的拥抱" 2808:from the original on 11 March 2020 2099:Mehra, An "agreed" frontier (1992) 2061:Mehra, An "agreed" frontier (1992) 1875:. Lancer Publishers. p. 156. 1805:(Chou En-Lai) (15 November 1962). 1769:Bertil Lintner (25 January 2018). 1549:夏征农; 陈至立, eds. (September 2009). 391:The word "Chin" was taken to mean 38:include all significant viewpoints 14: 4203: 4071:Former administrative territories 3820: 3809:, Praeger – via archive.org 3598:Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 2520: 2461:from the original on 28 July 2023 2294:Younghusband, Francis E. (1896). 2133:. New York: Pantheon. p. 3. 2029:"ئاقساي چىنمۇ ياكى ئاقساي چۆلمۇ؟" 2004:. Indus Publishing. p. 309. 1935:Bob Butalia (30 September 2015). 1832:from the original on 13 June 2015 1699:from the original on 5 April 2020 1166: 936:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 4167:History of the Republic of India 2919:from the original on 19 May 2020 2887:from the original on 12 May 2020 2441:Rao, Veeranki Maheswara (2003). 1908:. Indus Publishing. p. 61. 1347:Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia 1163:for Huoshaoyun started in 2017. 1071:block the rains from the Indian 946:from Aksai Chin is known as the 926:Aksai Chin high altitude plateau 772:, and incorporating part of the 475:resulted in the transfer of the 428:Boundary of Kashmir in the 1888 403:. In 1895, the British envoy to 124: 104: 25: 3753: 3726: 3700: 3511: 3406: 3353: 3132: 3105: 3089:. 15 March 1963. Archived from 2993: 2962: 2934: 2899: 2866: 2846: 2820: 2779: 2747: 2719: 2654: 2628: 2559: 2301: 2288: 2239:Maxwell, India's China War 1970 2227:Maxwell, India's China War 1970 2198:Maxwell, India's China War 1970 2153: 2066: 2054: 1965:Geeta Kochhar (19 March 2018). 1263:List of locations in Aksai Chin 890:List of locations in Aksai Chin 787:On 1 July 1954, Prime Minister 691: 665: 98:Territory administered by China 3081:"Signing with the Red Chinese" 2711: 2684: 2661:Google Earth Community posting 1851: 1842: 1817: 1664:the Akzai Chin or White Desert 1581: 1385:Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), 1195:Ministry of Transport of China 1020:Aksai Chin area has number of 1009:separates Aksai Chin from the 371:Some sources have interpreted 1: 4187:Territorial disputes of India 4182:Territorial disputes of China 3641:Ma, Echo (24 February 2017). 2726:Sushant Singh (20 May 2020). 2527:. Epitome Books. p. 24. 2073:Brescius, Moritz von (2019), 2001:High Himalaya Unknown Valleys 1998:Harish Kapadia (March 2002). 1902:Sanjeev Kumar Bhasin (2006). 1634:Government of Punjab (1862). 1517:Snedden, Christopher (2015), 1293: 1114:valley, was discussed in the 957:with few settlements such as 743: 631:, gave maps of the region to 141:Interactive map of Aksai Chin 3846:Resources in other libraries 3707:Laura, Zhou (20 July 2022). 3518:罗俊, ed. (18 November 2011). 3006:Ministry of External Affairs 2873:Dinakar Peri (10 May 2020). 2788: 2336:"The China-India Border War" 2257:"The Great India-China Game" 1317:(a) through (e), reflecting 883: 880:provocation from the other. 875:A continued face-off in the 609:The Macartney–Macdonald Line 271:is a region administered by 7: 3789:, Oxford University Press, 3118:. SAGE Publications India. 2612:. Melbourne. 23 July 2006. 1496:Fisher, Michael H. (2018), 1451:Clary, Christopher (2022), 1226: 1028:. The major salt lakes are 910:The Tarim River Basin, 2008 877:2020 China–India skirmishes 861:threw rocks at each other. 546:, a civil servant with the 524:Passes north of the border. 10: 4208: 3182:India and the China Crisis 2969:Drake Long (22 May 2020). 2801:Radio Taiwan International 1869:Gurdip Singh Kler (1995). 1350:, Encyclopaedia Britannica 1331:, Encyclopaedia Britannica 1205:China National Highway 695 1172:China National Highway 219 1150:China National Highway 219 1090:Demographics and economics 887: 797:People's Republic of China 669: 612: 536: 520:and the Kilik, Kilian and 417: 413: 4098: 4070: 4028: 3995: 3965: 3958: 3922: 3841:Resources in your library 3803:Woodman, Dorothy (1969), 3783:Mehra, Parshotam (1992), 3238:. J. Murray. p. 98. 2307:Grenard, Fernand (1904). 2262:30 September 2016 at the 1808:国务院总理周恩来就中印边界問題致亚非国家領导人的信 1775:. OUP India. p. 85. 988:with a low point (on the 834:, built near the town of 384:to mean "eastern" in the 258: 253: 200: 181: 146: 139: 123: 103: 96: 86: 4142:China–Pakistan relations 3713:South China Morning Post 2794: 2700:(in Traditional Chinese) 2697:Hong Kong Economic Times 2690: 2296:The Heart of a Continent 2255:Mohan Guruswamy, Mohan, 1938:In the Shadow of Destiny 1807: 1726:Naval War College Review 1685:. ABC-CLIO. p. 23. 1560:] (in Chinese). 上海. 1558:(Sixth Edition in Color) 1550: 1125:operations in the area. 955:sparely populated region 866:People's Liberation Army 819:account the status quo. 676:The line is named after 656:Macartney–MacDonald Line 615:Macartney–MacDonald Line 3619:10.1117/1.JRS.12.026018 3209:Lamb, Alastair (1964). 2804:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2792:, ed. (10 March 2020). 2666:8 December 2008 at the 2160:Gaver, John W. (2011). 1474:Bose, Sumantra (2009), 940:Tibet Autonomous Region 729:Peking University Atlas 719:From 1917 to 1933, the 680:, foreign secretary of 539:Johnson Line (boundary) 386:Yarkandi Uyghur dialect 321: 3682:Shanghai Metals Market 3555:张作衡 (September 2017). 3482:"走进天路兵站甜水海体会官兵生活的苦与乐" 3060:Xingqiu Ditu Chubanshe 2795:中國在西藏地區軍演頻繁牽動中印未來危機應對 2566:Guo, Rongxing (2007). 2285:, pp. 101, 360ff. 1872:Unsung Battles of 1962 1366:Encyclopedia Americana 948:Line of Actual Control 927: 919: 911: 903: 864:On 11 September 2019, 757: 716: 624: 534: 525: 449: 332:Schlagintweit brothers 130:A map of the disputed 4157:Geography of Xinjiang 4137:China–India relations 3987:Trans-Karakoram Tract 3860:The Future of Kashmir 3423:. 17 September 2009. 3256:Harish Kohli (2000). 2763:. 12 September 2019. 2553:26 March 2009 at the 1610:. BRILL. p. 53. 1288:2013 Depsang standoff 1283:Trans-Karakoram Tract 1080:Trans-Karakoram Tract 925: 917: 909: 897: 850:Local authorities in 751: 721:Postal Atlas of China 710: 622: 531: 514:British Indian Empire 499: 427: 3232:Robert Shaw (1871). 2691:中印邊境再爆衝突 150士兵毆鬥釀12傷 2502:on 30 September 2014 1406:Talbot, Ian (2016), 1052:and Hotan Counties. 1030:Surigh Yilganing Kol 979:1962 Sino-Indian War 953:The Akasy region is 814:The Chinese premier 584:reconquered Xinjiang 576:Francis Younghusband 4147:Geography of Ladakh 3878:Two maps of Kashmir 3610:2018JARS...12b6018Y 3520:"新疆死人沟——窒息的环境惊险的美" 3309:A. E. Ward (1896). 3292:Accounts and Papers 1825:(in Chinese): 228. 1344:Pletcher, Kenneth, 1207:which will go from 1100:Indian subcontinent 641:Karakoram Mountains 482:Chang Chenmo Valley 446:Karakash river bend 162: / 114:service station in 45:improve the article 4192:China–India border 4152:Geography of Tibet 4106:Karakoram Province 3769:, Pantheon Books, 3649:. Metal Bulletin. 3557:"2017年矿产资源地质调查新进展" 3390:. 2 January 2016. 2912:The Economic Times 2859:The Times of India 2834:. 19 February 2021 2733:The Indian Express 2356:, pp. 73, 78. 1197:published updated 1161:mining development 1112:Chang Chenmo River 1024:with many salt or 1005:In the north, the 928: 920: 912: 904: 758: 717: 650:while leaving the 625: 535: 526: 506:T. Douglas Forsyth 450: 336:East India Company 259: • Total 4162:History of Ladakh 4119: 4118: 4089:Jammu and Kashmir 4083:Jammu and Kashmir 4066: 4065: 4003:Jammu and Kashmir 3856:China and Kashmir 3827:Library resources 3776:978-0-394-47051-1 3766:India's China War 3526:Oversea Edition. 3343:978-81-7062-301-4 3269:978-81-7387-106-1 3192:978-0-520-30172-6 3093:on 24 August 2013 3068:978-7-80212-469-1 2638:. 5 August 2006. 2579:978-1-60021-445-5 2534:978-93-80297-25-5 2454:978-81-7099-909-6 2381:on 2 October 2011 2371:"Fact of History" 2130:India's China War 2086:978-1-108-42732-6 2011:978-81-7387-117-7 1978:978-0-429-01748-3 1948:978-1-4828-5791-7 1915:978-81-7387-186-3 1882:978-1-897829-09-7 1844:中华人民共和国中央人民政府门户网站 1782:978-0-19-909163-8 1692:978-0-313-37463-0 1617:978-90-04-44837-7 1530:978-1-84904-621-3 1509:978-1-107-11162-2 1487:978-0-674-02855-5 1439:978-0-7656-8005-1 1419:978-0-300-19694-8 1398:978-0-415-93922-5 1376:978-0-7172-0139-6 1238:Arunachal Pradesh 824:satellite imagery 762:Jammu and Kashmir 713:Republic of China 698:Xinhai Revolution 599:Kun Lun Mountains 564:Kun Lun Mountains 477:Jammu and Kashmir 266: 265: 77: 76: 69: 49:discuss the issue 4199: 4172:Hotan Prefecture 4085:(princely state) 4058:Gilgit-Baltistan 3963: 3962: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3810: 3799: 3779: 3761:Maxwell, Neville 3747: 3746: 3740: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3621: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3363:Technical Report 3357: 3351: 3350: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3287: 3278: 3277: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3077: 3071: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2983: 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1847: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1831: 1822: 1821: 1813: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1766: 1757: 1756: 1743: 1734: 1733: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1676: 1667: 1666: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1601: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1568:. p. 0008. 1546: 1535: 1533: 1512: 1490: 1470: 1447: 1422: 1401: 1379: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1315:tertiary sources 1307: 1188:Hotan Prefecture 1180:Ngari Prefecture 1130:PLA Ground Force 1116:House of Commons 1022:endorheic basins 789:Jawaharlal Nehru 770:Kunlun Mountains 725:Kunlun mountains 660:Claude MacDonald 633:George Macartney 492:The Johnson Line 401:Kunlun Mountains 361: 353: 340:George van Driem 293:Ngari Prefecture 281:Hotan Prefecture 230:Ngari Prefecture 217:Hotan Prefecture 177: 176: 174: 173: 172: 167: 163: 160: 159: 158: 155: 128: 108: 84: 83: 72: 65: 61: 58: 52: 29: 28: 21: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4094: 4062: 4024: 3991: 3954: 3950:Siachen Glacier 3918: 3912: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3835: 3834: 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1278:Shaksgam Valley 1229: 1169: 1092: 1084:Kashmir dispute 1061:Aksai Chin Lake 1038:Aksai Chin Lake 892: 886: 805:Sino-Indian War 746: 733:Sheng Shih-tsai 694: 674: 668: 617: 611: 595:Sir John Ardagh 548:Survey of India 544:William Johnson 541: 494: 486:terra incognita 430:Survey of India 422: 416: 359: 324: 316:Union Territory 307:as part of its 246:Union Territory 170: 168: 164: 161: 156: 153: 151: 149: 148: 142: 135: 119: 99: 92: 89: 82: 73: 62: 56: 53: 42: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4205: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4091:(Indian state) 4086: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4010: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3969: 3967: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3945:Kashmir Valley 3942: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3875: 3863: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821:External links 3819: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3800: 3795: 3780: 3775: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3725: 3699: 3668: 3633: 3584: 3544: 3524:People's Daily 3510: 3490:China Army Net 3472: 3438: 3405: 3373: 3352: 3342: 3322: 3301: 3279: 3268: 3245: 3221: 3201: 3191: 3168: 3151: 3131: 3124: 3104: 3072: 3051: 3020: 2992: 2961: 2933: 2898: 2865: 2845: 2819: 2778: 2746: 2718: 2672: 2653: 2627: 2592: 2578: 2558: 2540: 2533: 2513: 2484: 2472: 2453: 2433: 2403: 2391: 2358: 2341: 2313: 2300: 2287: 2272: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2202: 2190: 2173:978-0295801209 2172: 2152: 2103: 2091: 2085: 2065: 2053: 2020: 2010: 1987: 1977: 1957: 1947: 1924: 1914: 1891: 1881: 1858: 1791: 1781: 1758: 1735: 1713: 1691: 1668: 1646: 1623: 1616: 1591: 1574: 1536: 1529: 1508: 1486: 1461: 1438: 1418: 1397: 1375: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1253:Depsang Plains 1250: 1248:Demchok sector 1245: 1240: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1217:Mazar Township 1203:that includes 1193:In July 2022, 1168: 1167:Transportation 1165: 1108:Karakoram Pass 1091: 1088: 996:Depsang Plains 991:Karakash River 885: 882: 822:In June 2006, 774:Karakash River 745: 742: 693: 690: 686:Lonchen Shatra 670:Main article: 667: 664: 629:St. Petersburg 613:Main article: 610: 607: 588:Karakoram Pass 572:Karakash River 537:Main article: 493: 490: 415: 412: 323: 320: 287:and partly in 264: 263: 260: 256: 255: 251: 250: 249: 248: 236: 223: 208: 198: 197: 196: 195: 190: 183: 179: 178: 144: 143: 140: 137: 136: 129: 121: 120: 109: 101: 100: 97: 94: 93: 90: 87: 80: 75: 74: 57:September 2017 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4204: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4112: 4111:Panun Kashmir 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4078:Gilgit Agency 4076: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 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2408: 2400: 2395: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2337: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2241:, p. 26. 2240: 2235: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2200:, p. 24. 2199: 2194: 2187: 2175: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2149: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2101:, p. 11. 2100: 2095: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1865: 1863: 1855: 1845: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1765: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1742: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1710: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1628: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1575:9787532628599 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1511: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1469: 1464: 1462:9780197638408 1458: 1454: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1431: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1349: 1348: 1330: 1329: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1221:Yining County 1218: 1214: 1213:Lhünzê County 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1046:Pishan County 1043: 1042:Hongshan Lake 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 992: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 924: 916: 908: 901: 896: 891: 881: 878: 873: 871: 867: 862: 860: 855: 853: 848: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 817: 812: 808: 806: 802: 798: 793: 790: 785: 783: 782:Panggong Lake 779: 778:Yarkand River 775: 771: 766: 763: 755: 750: 741: 738: 735:, warlord of 734: 730: 726: 722: 714: 709: 705: 703: 699: 689: 687: 683: 682:British India 679: 678:Henry McMahon 673: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 621: 616: 606: 604: 603:Yarkand River 601:north of the 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 552:Dungan revolt 549: 545: 540: 530: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 489: 487: 483: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 456: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 421: 411: 408: 406: 402: 397: 394: 389: 387: 383: 378: 374: 369: 367: 366: 357: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 330:guide of the 329: 319: 317: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 261: 257: 252: 247: 244: 240: 237: 235: 231: 227: 224: 222: 218: 214: 211: 210: 209: 207: 203: 199: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 184: 180: 175: 166:35.0°N 79.0°E 147:Coordinates: 145: 138: 133: 127: 122: 117: 113: 107: 102: 95: 85: 79: 71: 68: 60: 50: 46: 40: 39: 32: 23: 22: 19: 4046:Muzaffarabad 4036:Azad Kashmir 3980: 3977:Rutog County 3973:Hotan County 3935:Balawaristan 3866: 3831: 3805: 3785: 3765: 3754:Bibliography 3735: 3728: 3716:. Retrieved 3712: 3702: 3690:. Retrieved 3671: 3662: 3655:. Retrieved 3646: 3636: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3579: 3572:. Retrieved 3539: 3532:. Retrieved 3513: 3505: 3498:. Retrieved 3489: 3485: 3475: 3467: 3460:. Retrieved 3441: 3429:. Retrieved 3417: 3408: 3398:14 September 3396:. Retrieved 3385: 3376: 3369:manufacture. 3367: 3362: 3355: 3347: 3332: 3325: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3291: 3273: 3258: 3239: 3234: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3196: 3181: 3163: 3156:. Retrieved 3145:. Springer. 3141: 3134: 3114: 3107: 3095:. Retrieved 3091:the original 3084: 3075: 3059: 3054: 3046: 3039:. Retrieved 3032: 3029:"Aksai Chin" 3023: 3011:. Retrieved 3004: 2995: 2987: 2980:. Retrieved 2974: 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2945: 2936: 2928: 2921:. Retrieved 2910: 2901: 2889:. Retrieved 2878: 2868: 2857: 2848: 2836:. Retrieved 2831: 2822: 2810:. Retrieved 2799: 2781: 2769:. Retrieved 2758: 2749: 2737:. Retrieved 2731: 2721: 2709: 2702:. Retrieved 2695: 2656: 2644:. Retrieved 2630: 2618:. Retrieved 2607: 2583:. Retrieved 2568: 2561: 2543: 2523: 2516: 2504:. Retrieved 2500:the original 2494: 2487: 2480:Woodman 1969 2475: 2463:. Retrieved 2443: 2436: 2419: 2415: 2399:Woodman 1969 2394: 2383:, retrieved 2379:the original 2374: 2354:Woodman 1969 2308: 2303: 2295: 2290: 2283:Woodman 1969 2234: 2222: 2205: 2193: 2184: 2177:. Retrieved 2162: 2155: 2146: 2139:. Retrieved 2129: 2094: 2075: 2068: 2056: 2048: 2041:. Retrieved 2023: 2015: 2000: 1982: 1967: 1960: 1952: 1937: 1919: 1904: 1886: 1871: 1849: 1840:– via 1834:. Retrieved 1819:中华人民共和国国务院公报 1815: 1786: 1771: 1753: 1748: 1730: 1725: 1708: 1701:. Retrieved 1681: 1663: 1658: 1641: 1636: 1606: 1582: 1579: 1554: 1519: 1498: 1476: 1466: 1452: 1443: 1429: 1408: 1387: 1365: 1352:, retrieved 1346: 1333:, retrieved 1327: 1273:Rutog County 1198: 1192: 1170: 1154: 1127: 1120: 1096: 1093: 1077: 1054: 1019: 1007:Kunlun Range 1004: 999: 989: 983: 971:Dahongliutan 963:Khurnak Fort 952: 929: 874: 870:Pangong Lake 863: 856: 849: 836:Huangyangtan 828:Google Earth 821: 813: 809: 794: 786: 759: 728: 720: 718: 695: 692:1899 to 1947 675: 672:McMahon line 666:McMahon line 626: 592: 542: 504:(1873) from 502:Central Asia 485: 459: 451: 409: 398: 390: 381: 375:to have the 372: 370: 363: 343: 325: 309:Leh District 289:Rutog County 277:Hotan County 268: 267: 239:Leh District 226:Rutog County 213:Hotan County 118:, Aksai Chin 78: 63: 54: 35: 18: 3816:(CIA, 1963) 3718:4 September 3692:28 December 3657:28 December 3647:Fastmarkets 3534:13 December 3500:13 December 3462:29 December 3452:China Daily 3431:14 December 3158:13 December 2947:Taiwan News 2838:26 February 2620:17 December 1836:30 December 1564:: 上海辞书出版社. 1363:"Kashmir", 1215:, Tibet to 1209:Lhünzê Town 1146:Tianshuihai 1138:Kongka Pass 1134:Tianwendian 1123:salt mining 1104:Tarim Basin 1078:The nearby 1011:Tarim Basin 967:Tianshuihai 859:Pangong Tso 702:World War I 652:Tarim River 645:Indus River 469:Sikh Empire 465:Gulab Singh 455:Tarim Basin 169: / 116:Tianshuihai 4132:Aksai Chin 4126:Categories 3981:Aksai Chin 3832:Aksai Chin 3743:Wikisource 3574:16 January 3097:28 October 3034:Britannica 2422:(3): 6–8. 2043:18 January 1803:Zhou Enlai 1703:11 January 1319:due weight 1294:References 1157:Huoshaoyun 1026:soda lakes 888:See also: 816:Zhou Enlai 744:Since 1947 637:Lord Elgin 560:Sanju Pass 518:Shahidulla 434:Malubiting 418:See also: 352:ﺋﺎﻗﺴﺎﻱ چۆل 344:Aqsai Chöl 275:partly in 269:Aksai Chin 171:35.0; 79.0 110:Sign of a 88:Aksai Chin 3940:Dardistan 3930:Baltistan 3628:1931-3195 2880:The Hindu 2506:24 August 2428:1651-9728 2385:24 August 2375:Frontline 2179:4 January 2141:4 January 1551:辞海：第六版彩图本 1354:16 August 1335:15 August 1243:Changtang 1069:Karakoram 1065:Himalayas 1057:endorheic 1015:Hindutash 998:form the 975:Kangxiwar 884:Geography 807:of 1962. 648:watershed 360:ақсай чөл 4029:Pakistan 3763:(1970), 3686:Archived 3651:Archived 3604:(2): 1. 3565:Archived 3528:Archived 3494:Archived 3456:Archived 3425:Archived 3421:Military 3392:Archived 3318:Yarkand. 3062:, 2008, 2917:Archived 2885:Archived 2832:BBC News 2806:Archived 2765:Archived 2664:Archived 2640:Archived 2614:Archived 2551:Archived 2459:Archived 2260:Archived 2135:Archived 2127:(1970). 2037:Archived 1827:Archived 1697:Archived 1562:Shanghai 1227:See also 1184:Xinjiang 1142:Heweitan 1067:and the 1034:Tso Tang 1000:de facto 959:Heweitan 840:Yinchuan 737:Xinjiang 568:Xaidulla 556:Xinjiang 444:and the 356:Cyrillic 328:Yarkandi 285:Xinjiang 221:Xinjiang 206:District 91:Aksayqin 36:may not 4013:Kashmir 3923:Regions 3916:Kashmir 3736:国家公路网规划 3606:Bibcode 3041:11 June 2609:The Age 2585:10 June 1381:1947"; 1311:Kashmir 1073:monsoon 1050:Karakax 898:A 1988 852:Ningxia 844:Ningxia 826:on the 765:acceded 756:, 1950) 580:Kirghiz 562:in the 500:Map of 414:History 405:Kashgar 393:"China" 301:Kashmir 182:Country 157:79°00′E 154:35°00′N 132:Kashmir 43:Please 4177:Ladakh 4051:Poonch 4041:Mirpur 4020:Ladakh 3829:about 3793: 3773: 3738: 3626: 3387:News18 3340: 3266: 3189: 3149: 3122: 3066: 3037:. 2013 3013:27 May 2982:27 May 2954:26 May 2923:19 May 2891:13 May 2812:16 May 2771:12 May 2760:News18 2739:21 May 2704:16 May 2646:8 July 2576: 2531: 2465:25 May 2451: 2426: 2268:Rediff 2215:756256 2213: 2186:route. 2170: 2083: 2008: 1975: 1945: 1912: 1879: 1779: 1689: 1614: 1572: 1527: 1506: 1484: 1459: 1436: 1416: 1395: 1373: 1268:Nelang 1258:Ladakh 1182:) and 1017:Pass. 986:desert 944:Ladakh 932:Ladakh 760:After 727:. The 510:Khotan 471:. 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