253:. He later returned to Cairo and lay siege to the Citadel again after his emirs defeated the Burjis. Kitbugha's siege of the Citadel lasted for seven days with daily clashes with the Sultani Mamluks and al-Shuja‘i supporters. Many of al-Shuja‘i's emirs moved over to Kitbugha's side. The emirs of Kitbugha informed Sultan Al-Nassir Muhammed's mother that the dispute was between them and al-Shuja‘i and not with her son. So she locked the gates of the Citadel with al-Shuja‘i trapped in his house outside the Citadel. After that more of his Emirs deserted him and moved over to the side of Kitbugha. Al-Shuja‘i, who was not popular among the Egyptians, was killed while he was on his way to the Citadel to discuss the dispute. When the gate of the Citadel was unlocked Kitbugha and his emirs went in. Kitbugha's followers who were imprisoned by al-Shuja‘i were freed and many Burji Mamluks who supported al-Shuja'i were either arrested or removed from the Citadel. Al-Shuja‘i's properties in the Levant were seized and his deputies there were arrested.
1010:
1003:
183:
133:
273:
would want to seek revenge for the death of Sultan Khalil, to depose Al-Nasir and take on complete power. After the defeat of the rebelling Burji
Mamluks, Kitbugha assembled the emirs at his office and told them: "The system of the Kingdom has been undermined. There can not be respect while Sultan Al-Nasir is young ". The emirs agreed and they decided to replace Al-Nasir Muhammed with Kitbugha. Al-Nasir Muhammed was removed with his mother to another section of the palace and later to
327:, carried arms and went to the Dihliz of Kitbugha and clashed with his Mamluks. A few of Kitbugha's Mamluks were killed or injured. Kitbugha left the Dihliz through a back passage and fled to Damascus, accompanied by five of his Mamluks. The emirs were unable to catch him. Lajin was placed on the throne as the new Sultan of Egypt.
272:
Kitbugha continued as the regent and the actual ruler of Egypt with Al-Nasir
Muhammad, being a child, merely the nominal Sultan. After the murder of Vizier al-Shuja‘i, Kitbugha became more powerful. He was then convinced by Lajin, who was aware that the Mamluks of Khalil and Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammed
592:
and employed them in the army. They had their own army unit, which was called al-Firqah al-Wafidiyah (the arrivals' troop). Throughout the Mamluk era, the
Wafidiyah (Arriving Tatars) were free men and the Mamluk system did not apply to them. Baybars settled the Tatars in Cairo and gave them various
538:
First
Kitbugha refused the advice of Lajin but he became convinced after Lajin warned him that later when Al-Nasir Muhammed is old he will punish him as he was also involved in the murder of Al-Nasir Muhammed's brother Al-Ashraf Khalil. - (Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-nasir Muhammed.) ( See also
310:
Later in the reign of
Kitbugha, Egypt and the Levant faced shortages of water and food in addition to an epidemic that caused the death of many people in Egypt. Kitbugha was not popular among the Egyptians who regarded him as a bringer of ill-omens. Also, the Egyptian were not pleased with
301:
commoners, they converted to Islam and merged with
Egyptian society. However, as Kitbugha was himself of Mongol origin, his extraordinary generosity towards the Oirats made many emirs suspicious about his motives. This would be one of the factors that would later lead to his downfall.
322:
the emirs decided to get rid of him. The emirs went to
Kitbugha and met him while he was on his way to Egypt. Kitbugha was angry with Bisari, who was a prominent emir, and accused him of corresponding with the Mongols. Fearing that Kitbugha would arrest Bisari, the emirs, including
334:, but at last he resigned and recognized Lajin as the new Sultan saying: "al-Sultan al-Malik al-Mansour ( Lajin ) is one of my Khushdashiya. I serve him and I obey him. I will stay inside the Citadel until the Sultan decide(s) what to do with me". Kitbugha left Damascus to rule in
297:. While some of the Oirat group was received warmly in Cairo by Kitbugha and then resided in the Cairene district of al-Hisiniyah, others were sheltered in the coastal towns of the Levant. The Oirats were not Muslims, but after they intermarried with Egyptian emirs and later with
593:
official posts. The largest group of Tatars immigrated to Egypt in 1296 during the reign of Sultan
Kitbugha, who was himself of Mongol origin. They resided at the district of al-Hisiniyah in Cairo and many of their women married Mamluk emirs. (Shayyal, vol. 2, p. 144)
674:
When the palace servants heard that kitbugha took power a kitchen servant exclaimed: " This is an ill omen ! This is an unlucky day ! ". The words of the servant spread around and were repeated by all the people. - ( Al-Maqrizi, p. 260/vol.2
374:
In 1295, during the reign of Sultan
Kitbugha, it was decided for the first time in Egypt, that coins had to be weighed before being exchanged for goods or services. Thus the value of coins were based on their weight and not on their quantity.
237:ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī) he was effectively the ruler of Egypt as Al-Nasir Muhammad was only 9 years old. But Kitbugha faced rivalry from and had a poor relationship with al-Shuja‘i who was an Al-Nasir's
264:, who was involved in the murder of their benefactor, Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil, had arrived in Cairo but was not arrested and punished. The Ashrafiyah Khalil were defeated and many of them were killed and executed.
357:
who were the actual rulers of Egypt. They wanted to bring
Kitbugha back to power, but the attempt failed and the conspiring Oirats were severely punished. After the defeat of Al-Nasir Muhammad's army at the
249:
named Qunghar. Kitbugha lay siege to the Citadel with the support of the Genghis-Khanites and the Shahrzuri Kurds. However, he was defeated by the Burji Mamluks and had to flee to
588:
In 1262, during the reign of Sultan Baybars many Tatars from the Golden Horde tribe escaped from Hulagu to Egypt and were followed later by other Tatars. Baybars welcomed the
1009:
1366:
1002:
260:
rebelled and went on a rampage in Cairo. These Mamluks, known as the al-Mamalik al-Ashrafiyah Khalil (the Mamluks of al-Ashraf Khalil) were enraged because
656:
Al-Maqrizi described the era of Kitbugha as following: "His days were the worst days with high prices, epidemics and death " - (Al-Maqrizi, p.260/vol.2)
952:
786:
221:, he was arrested and released. In 1293, after the assassination of Al-Ashraf Khalil, Kitbugha became the Vice-Sultan and Regent of Sultan
826:
History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D. by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954
579:
According to Abu al-Fida’, Turghai was the husband of the daughter of Mangu Timur the son of Hulagu. - (Abu al-Fida’, year AH 695)
362:, Kitbugha fled to Egypt and served Salar. After Ghazan left Syria Kitbugha became the deputy of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad in
945:
1619:
803:
Idem in English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
1146:
1279:
1158:
851:
837:
811:
1373:
1110:
938:
481:
they deceived al-Malik al-Mughith king of Al Karak and walked over to the Egyptian side. ( Al-Maqrizi, p500/vol.1 )
742:
Ostadar ( أستادار ), supervisor of the royal kitchen and everything connected to the food and drink of the Sultan.
1104:
315:
who were not Muslims while they, the Egyptians, were suffering from high prices of food and economic hardship.
245:, planned to arrest Kitbugha and assassinate his emirs, but Kitbugha was informed about al-Shuja‘i's plan by a
1629:
1309:
1267:
829:
Mahdi, Dr. Shafik, Mamalik Misr wa Alsham ( Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant), Aldar Alarabiya, Beirut 2008
359:
473:
Shahrzuriyah were Kurds who escaped from Mesopotamia after the Mongol invasion. During a battle between
1255:
1609:
1333:
665:
According to Al-Maqrizi the epidemic caused the death of 127.000 persons. - (Al-Maqrizi, p.268/vol.2)
1604:
1243:
965:
876:
446:(Al-Maqrizi - Al-Khitat Al-Maqiziyah, p. 388/vol.3) - (Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-nasir Muhammed)
277:. Kitbugha was installed as Sultan and took the royal name Al-Adil. He made Lajin his Vice-Sultan.
806:
Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar, Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996,
1624:
817:
Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte, Paris 1895
561:
The Oirats were about 10,000 persons with horses and cattle. (Ibn Taghri, Sultanate of Kitbugha )
384:
1424:
706:
Mamluks of kitbugha were called al-Mamalik al-Adilyyah referring to Kitbugha royal name Al-Adil.
1599:
1285:
1219:
1207:
961:
912:
233:
40:
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and became one of his Mamluks then later Qalawun manumitted him and granted him the rank of
19:
This article is about the Sultan of Egypt. For the first Ayyubid sultan called al-Adil, see
1614:
1551:
1541:
1515:
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1152:
843:
203:
8:
1315:
1116:
491:
331:
182:
1321:
1291:
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1092:
289:, Mongol refugees, arrived in the Levant. They were led by Turghai, the son-in-law of
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156:
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al-Malik al-Adil Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha Ben Abd-Allah al-Mansuri al-Turki al-Mughli
144:
132:
100:
al-Malik al-Adil Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha Ben Abd-Allah al-Mansuri al-Turki al-Mughli
349:, some Oirats conspired with some Mamluks of the Sultan to kill the Vice-Sultan
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1505:
1400:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1164:
1140:
1134:
1128:
688:, Bisari, Qara Sunqur, Qabjaq and al-Haj Bahader. - ( Al-Maqrizi, p.273/vol.2 )
823:, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
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1510:
1395:
1175:
1018:
985:
868:
697:
Dihliz, royal tent of the Sultan which he uses during his travels and battles
389:
346:
294:
242:
114:
1536:
856:
The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, H.H. Berton Publisher,1973–1974
345:
was on his way to Syria with the Egyptian army to encounter the invasion of
1490:
1415:
1339:
930:
602:
Also spelled al-Husayniyya. The district still exist in present-day Cairo.
1470:
1439:
1327:
791:
782:
499:
290:
1520:
1459:
1429:
1297:
1080:
832:
Sato Tsugitaka, State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam, Brill 1997,
820:
797:
715:
Khushdashiya ( خشداشية ): Mamluks belonging to the same Amir or Sultan.
495:
354:
1450:
298:
20:
256:
About 300 of the Burji Mamluks who were removed from the Citadel by
1567:
1485:
1038:
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319:
274:
1525:
1303:
1249:
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409:
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250:
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109:
24:
502:, northeast of Cairo. - ( Encyclopædia Britannica, p.15/vol. II)
161:الملك العادل زين الدين كتبغا بن عبد الله المنصورى التركى المغلى
1495:
1382:
1195:
1183:
589:
404:
312:
286:
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199:
195:
191:
186:
Mongol soldiers. BnF. MS. Supplément Persan 1113. 1430-1434 AD.
167:
164:
1068:
991:
979:
922:
800:, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
685:
478:
399:
324:
261:
246:
171:
124:
68:
490:
Bilbays, also spelled Bilbeis or Bilbis, town, southeastern
228:عَلَمُ الدِّينِ سَنْجَرُ الشُّجَاعِيُّ المَنْصُورِيُّ
363:
211:
84:
1351:
760:
Abu al-Fida, Al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar, IV:61-63.
225:. With Emir ‘Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Shuja‘i al-Mansuri (
846:(History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266,
638:
Al-Maqrizi, al-Khitat al-Maqriziyah, vol. 3, pp. 32–36
794:, Al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar, IV, Cairo 1999.
684:the Emirs who attacked Kitbugha's Dihliz included
1586:
1367:
946:
338:. He ruled there for two years and 17 days.
529:Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-Nasir Muhammed.
437:Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-nasir Muhammed.
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
369:
226:
960:
23:. For the Mongol leader Kitbuqa Noyan, see
1374:
1360:
953:
939:
842:Shayal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history,
422:
217:During the reign of Qalawun's son Sultan
181:
136:Dominion of Bahri Mamluks (shown in red)
131:
16:Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1294–1296)
1587:
917:December 1294 – 7 December 1296
241:. Al-Shuja‘i, with the support of the
1355:
934:
174:from December 1294 to November 1296.
455:Al-Maqrizi, p.218 & p.222 /vol.2
194:(al-Turki al-Mughli) soldier in the
293:. They had fled to the Levant from
227:
202:. He was taken prisoner during the
160:
148:
13:
751:Al-Maqrizi, p. 326 and p.329/vol.2
311:Kitbugha's generosity towards the
14:
1641:
1081:Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir
1008:
1001:
330:Kitbugha took refuge inside the
305:
267:
787:The Concise History of Humanity
763:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
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691:
678:
668:
659:
650:
641:
632:
623:
614:
605:
596:
582:
573:
564:
555:
546:
532:
50:December 1294 – 7 December 1296
1464:Tseren Donduk Khan (1723-1735)
1111:Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il
523:
514:
505:
484:
467:
458:
449:
440:
366:, where he died in July 1303.
163:) (died 1303 CE) was the 10th
1:
1468:Donduk Dashi Khan (1741-1761)
1457:Puntsug (Monchak) (1661-1672)
776:
724:Al-Maqrizi, pp. 277-278/vol.2
280:
206:in 1260. He was purchased by
177:
1466:Donduk Ombo Khan (1735-1741)
620:Shayyal, vol. 2, pp. 144–145
511:Al-Maqrizi, pp.252-255/vol.2
7:
1620:13th-century Mamluk sultans
1455:Shukhur Daichin (1644-1661)
570:Oirats, in Arabic Uyratiya.
378:
360:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar
10:
1646:
1381:
1256:Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf
611:Al-Maqrizi, vol. 2, p. 266
18:
1389:
1174:
1017:
999:
972:
919:
913:Sultan of Egypt and Syria
910:
902:
897:
862:
370:Coins of Al-Adil Kitbugha
285:In 1296 a large group of
120:
108:
99:
94:
90:
78:
74:
64:
54:
46:
39:
32:
1244:Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad
844:Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah
733:Al-Maqrizi, p. 274/vol.2
552:Al-Maqrizi, p. 275/vol.2
520:Al-Maqrizi, pp.259/vol.2
464:Al-Maqrizi, p.249/vol. 2
415:
647:Shayyal, vol. 2, p. 145
385:List of rulers of Egypt
1475:Dodbi Khan (1771-1781)
1286:Sayf al-Din Khushqadam
1208:Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz
492:al-Sharqia Governorate
318:While Kitbugha was in
187:
137:
1147:Salah al-Din Muhammad
1087:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
1075:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
1057:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
341:In 1299 while Sultan
185:
135:
1630:13th-century regents
1552:Tenzin Wangchuk Khan
1516:Tsewang Dorji Namjal
1501:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
1477:As Saray Khan (1781)
1437:(d. 7 December 1296)
1427:(d. August 13, 1297)
1328:Sayf al-Din Tumanbay
1304:Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay
1093:Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr
1063:Zayn al-Din Kitbugha
1039:Badr al-Din Salamish
1033:Nasir al-Din Barakah
874:Cadet branch of the
355:Baibars al-Jashnakir
262:Hossam ad-Dain Lajin
204:First Battle of Homs
190:He was originally a
1280:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
1268:Fakhr al-Din Uthman
1250:Sayf al-Din Barsbay
1153:Zayn al-Din Sha'ban
1117:Sayf al-Din Sha'ban
1105:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
1051:Salah al-Din Khalil
1045:Sayf al-Din Qalawun
1027:Rukn al-Din Baybars
332:citadel of Damascus
1322:Al-Ashraf Janbalat
1292:Sayf al-Din Bilbay
1262:Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq
1226:Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
1220:Al-Musta'in Billah
1214:Nasir al-Din Faraj
1202:Nasir al-Din Faraj
1196:Sayf al-Din Barquq
1184:Sayf al-Din Barquq
1165:Salah al-Din Hajji
1135:Salah al-Din Salih
1099:Ala'a al-Din Kujuk
1069:Husam al-Din Lajin
188:
138:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1547:Tenzin Dalai Khan
1349:
1348:
1310:An-Nasir Muhammad
1238:Sayf al-Din Tatar
1232:Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
1141:Badr al-Din Hasan
1129:Badr al-Din Hasan
1123:Sayf al-Din Hajji
992:Sayf al-Din Qutuz
929:
928:
920:Succeeded by
906:Al-Nasir Muhammad
864:Al-Adil Kitbugha
353:and the Ostadar,
343:Al-Nasir Muhammad
236:
223:Al-Nasir Muhammad
130:
129:
104:
103:
59:An-Nasir Muhammad
1637:
1610:Regents of Egypt
1435:Al-Adil Kitbugha
1392:
1391:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1334:Qansuh al-Ghawri
1316:Abu Sa'id Qansuh
1274:Sayf al-Din Inal
1159:Ala'a al-Din Ali
1012:
1005:
980:Izz al-Din Aybak
955:
948:
941:
932:
931:
903:Preceded by
893:
886:
877:Mamluk Sultanate
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859:
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541:Al-Ashraf Khalil
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503:
488:
482:
471:
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456:
453:
447:
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395:Al-Ashraf Khalil
258:Al-Adil Kitbugha
232:
230:
229:
219:Al-Ashraf Khalil
162:
150:
92:
91:
30:
29:
1645:
1644:
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1605:Mongol monarchs
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1411:Khoshut Khanate
1406:Dzungar Khanate
1385:
1380:
1350:
1345:
1170:
1013:
1007:
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997:
968:
959:
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865:
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569:
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560:
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494:in the eastern
489:
485:
472:
468:
463:
459:
454:
450:
445:
441:
436:
423:
418:
381:
372:
308:
283:
270:
180:
151:), royal name:
83:
41:Sultan of Egypt
34:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1625:Mongol Mamluks
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1557:Lha-bzang Khan
1534:
1532:
1506:Tsewang Rabtan
1483:
1481:
1448:
1446:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:Kalmyk Khanate
1398:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1190:As-Salih Hajji
1187:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1000:
998:
996:
995:
989:
986:Nur al-Din Ali
983:
976:
974:
973:Salihi Mamluks
970:
969:
962:Mamluk sultans
958:
957:
950:
943:
935:
927:
926:
921:
918:
909:
904:
900:
899:
898:Regnal titles
895:
894:
873:
866:
863:
858:
857:
854:
840:
830:
827:
824:
818:
815:
804:
801:
795:
789:
778:
775:
772:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
699:
690:
677:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
629:Shayyal, p.145
622:
613:
604:
595:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
531:
522:
513:
504:
483:
466:
457:
448:
439:
420:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
380:
377:
371:
368:
307:
304:
282:
279:
269:
266:
179:
176:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
102:
101:
97:
96:
88:
87:
80:
76:
75:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1642:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Bahri sultans
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:Galdan Tseren
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1461:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Mongol Empire
1394:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1176:Burji dynasty
1173:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1019:Bahri dynasty
1016:
1011:
1004:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
936:
933:
924:
915:
914:
907:
901:
896:
891:
884:
879:
878:
871:
870:
869:Bahri dynasty
861:
855:
853:
852:977-02-5975-6
849:
845:
841:
839:
838:90-04-10649-9
835:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:977-241-175-X
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
788:
784:
781:
780:
769:Mahdi, p. 100
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
687:
681:
671:
662:
653:
644:
635:
626:
617:
608:
599:
591:
585:
576:
567:
558:
549:
542:
535:
526:
517:
508:
501:
497:
493:
487:
480:
476:
470:
461:
452:
443:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
421:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Bahri dynasty
388:
386:
383:
382:
376:
367:
365:
361:
356:
352:
348:
347:Mahmud Ghazan
344:
339:
337:
333:
328:
326:
321:
316:
314:
306:Loss of power
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
268:Rise to power
265:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
243:Burji Mamluks
240:
235:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
175:
173:
169:
166:
158:
154:
146:
142:
134:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
98:
93:
89:
86:
81:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
31:
26:
22:
1566:
1535:
1491:Erdeni Batur
1484:
1449:
1434:
1423:
1416:Qing dynasty
1062:
911:
889:
882:
875:
867:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
680:
670:
661:
652:
643:
634:
625:
616:
607:
598:
584:
575:
566:
557:
548:
534:
525:
516:
507:
486:
469:
460:
451:
442:
373:
340:
329:
317:
309:
284:
271:
257:
255:
216:
189:
152:
140:
139:
1615:1297 deaths
1570:(1755–1757)
1559:(1697–1717)
1554:(1696–1697)
1549:(1668–1696)
1544:(1655–1668)
1539:(1642–1655)
1528:(1753-1755)
1523:(1750–1753)
1518:(1745–1750)
1513:(1727–1745)
1508:(1697–1727)
1503:(1671–1697)
1498:(1653–1671)
1493:(1634–1653)
1473:(1761-1771)
1471:Ubashi Khan
1462:(1672-1723)
1453:(1633-1644)
1440:Esen Taishi
1342:(1516–1517)
1340:Tumanbay II
1336:(1501–1516)
1324:(1500–1501)
1318:(1498–1500)
1312:(1496–1498)
1306:(1468–1496)
1300:(1467–1468)
1288:(1461–1467)
1276:(1453–1461)
1264:(1438–1453)
1252:(1422–1438)
1246:(1421–1422)
1228:(1412–1421)
1216:(1405–1412)
1204:(1399–1405)
1198:(1390–1399)
1192:(1389–1390)
1186:(1382–1389)
1167:(1381–1382)
1161:(1377–1381)
1155:(1363–1377)
1149:(1361–1363)
1143:(1354–1361)
1137:(1351–1354)
1131:(1347–1351)
1125:(1346–1347)
1119:(1345–1346)
1113:(1342–1345)
1101:(1341–1342)
1089:(1310–1341)
1083:(1309–1310)
1077:(1299–1309)
1071:(1296–1299)
1065:(1294–1296)
1059:(1293–1294)
1053:(1290–1293)
1047:(1279–1290)
1035:(1277–1279)
1029:(1260–1277)
994:(1259–1260)
988:(1257–1259)
982:(1250–1257)
792:Abu al-Fida
783:Abu al-Fida
500:Lower Egypt
477:and Sultan
291:Hulagu Khan
55:Predecessor
1589:Categories
1542:Dayan Khan
1537:Güshi Khan
1521:Lama Dorji
1460:Ayuka Khan
1430:Arghun Aqa
1298:Timurbugha
821:Ibn Taghri
798:Al-Maqrizi
777:References
496:Nile Delta
281:The Oirats
234:romanised:
178:Background
1488:(d. 1634)
1451:Kho Orluk
1442:(d. 1455)
1432:(d. 1278)
65:Successor
33:Kitbugha
21:Al-Adil I
1568:Amursana
1486:Kharkhul
475:Al Karak
379:See also
320:Damascus
299:Egyptian
275:Al Karak
198:army of
196:Ilkhanid
141:Kitbugha
121:Religion
1526:Dawachi
885: ?
410:Qalawun
336:Salkhad
251:Bilbays
208:Qalawun
110:Dynasty
25:Kitbuqa
1595:Oirats
1496:Sengge
1425:Nawrūz
1383:Oirats
1330:(1501)
1294:(1467)
1282:(1461)
1270:(1453)
1258:(1438)
1240:(1421)
1234:(1421)
1222:(1412)
1210:(1405)
1107:(1342)
1095:(1341)
1041:(1279)
888:
850:
836:
810:
590:Tatars
405:Oirats
313:Oirats
295:Ghazan
287:Oirats
239:Vizier
200:Hulagu
192:Mongol
168:sultan
165:Mamluk
157:Arabic
145:Arabic
966:Cairo
923:Lajin
890:Died:
883:Born:
686:Lajin
479:Qutuz
416:Notes
400:Lajin
351:Salar
325:Lajin
247:Tatar
172:Egypt
149:كتبغا
125:Islam
115:Bahri
95:Names
69:Lajin
47:Reign
35:كتبغا
892:1297
848:ISBN
834:ISBN
808:ISBN
364:Hama
212:Emir
85:Hama
82:1303
79:Died
964:of
170:of
1591::
785:,
498:,
424:^
231:,
214:.
159::
155:;
147::
1375:e
1368:t
1361:v
954:e
947:t
940:v
814:.
675:)
543:)
143:(
27:.
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