668:(ISCAP), although it is not clear if all members of al-Shabaab endorse this identification. According to the United States Department of State, the Islamic State announced the launch of ISCAP in April 2019 and it acknowledged al-Shabaab as an affiliate in August 2019, although al-Shabaab may have pledged allegiance to the Islamic State as early as April 2018. For this reason, the Department of State refers to al-Shabaab as "ISIS-Mozambique". Islamic State officially claimed its first ever attack in Mozambique in June 2019, following an al-Shabaab attack on Mozambican forces in MocĂmboa de Praia. During the rest of 2019, the Islamic State's media claimed responsibility for thirteen additional attacks in Mozambique under the ISCAP banner. Thereafter, however, Islamic State propaganda about ISCAP activities in Mozambique has been somewhat sparse – it took two weeks to claim al-Shabaab's 2020 seizure of MocĂmboa da Praia, for example – possibly due to resource constraints at Islamic State Central.
510:, in 2015 or early 2016, probably in response to the escalating repression it faced as part as an increasingly confrontational relationship with the Mozambican government and with mainstream Islamic organisations in the region. According to International Crisis Group, al-Shabaab's membership experienced a boost in 2016 when it was joined by a contingent of expelled ruby miners. At the Mozambican national Islamic Conference in November 2016, mainstream religious leaders – mostly from the Islamic Council of Mozambique (CISLAMO) – expressed concern about the rise of al-Shabaab, described as an "emergent sect" in Cabo Delgado province and as prone to
640:(SAMIM) said that military operations had killed 200 militants. The mission also said that, in early February 2022, the group's fighting force had dwindled, from an estimated 3,000 troops to only 300 – though other observers estimated closer to 1,000 remained active. International Crisis Group said that the decrease in numbers was "mainly because many foreign jihadists have fled the country while Mozambican insurgents have melted into the civilian population rather than surrender or be killed".
649:
139:
157:
42:
480:
688:. Although there is evidence of contact between the ADF and al-Shabaab (including reports which state that some al-Shabaab leaders were trained in Congo several years ago), and although ADF-affiliated Ugandans have been arrested in Mozambique, they remain functionally "distinct groups with distinct origins".
498:
who claimed that al-Shabaab was present in MocĂmboa (and in conflict with local communities there) by 2010 at the latest; and al-Shabaab may also have roots in earlier sectarian groupings in the region. It is clear that the organisation emerged as a religious group among the youth of northern areas
298:
in northern
Mozambique to identify the broader (mainstream) Muslim community in the region; and many locals therefore rejected the militants' appropriation of the name. The group is known to locals as al-Shabaab, and has to some extent reappropriated this nickname since 2020, sometimes referring to
632:
capabilities. Also since 2020, the group has apparently gained an augmented interest in political activities, distributing food and money to local populations and making political speeches critical of FRELIMO. According to
American estimates, al-Shabaab attacks killed more than 1,300 civilians and
671:
Although reports stated that the ISIS affiliation had led to a large influx of foreign fighters which had amounted to a virtual takeover of al-Shabaab, most observers believe that al-Shabaab remains substantively autonomous from the
Islamic State. According to the
499:
of Cabo
Delgado province, and began carrying out religious activities – including building their own mosques and prayer houses in MocĂmboa and elsewhere – independently of established religious leaders, whom they viewed as too close to state authorities.
274:. However, it is not clear if pro-IS sentiment is universal within al-Shabaab, and, despite evidence of some contact and cooperation, the group is still functionally autonomous from IS. As a result of its IS affiliation, al-Shabaab was designated as a
691:
Some reports have also suggested that religious, commercial, and military links exist – particularly via assistance with training – between al-Shabaab and other "radical
Islamist" groups in Somalia, Tanzania, Kenya and the broader Great Lakes Region.
595:
on MocĂmboa de Praia, al-Shabaab began to stage large-scale raids, often attacking multiple district capitals in quick succession. Its new and more ambitious approach may have been facilitated by its capture of large
575:
on 5 October 2017. Evidence suggested that most of those involved in the attacks were locals, resident to and well known in the area. Although not particularly successful, the attacks inaugurated a long-running rural
1467:
1324:
1184:
676:, it and other African affiliates of the Islamic State have "historically evolved under their own steam and acted with a significant degree of autonomy". Al-Shabaab also has few visible ties to the
258:
Although al-Shabaab's precise historical origins are not clear, the group has been militarily active since 2015. Its membership primarily comprises poor young
Mozambicans and immigrants from other
423:
inherited by
Mozambican students who studied abroad in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, or Sudan. In addition to Mozambicans and Tanzanians, al-Shabaab has members who are immigrants from elsewhere in the
1735:
1227:
1540:
1966:
637:
625:
263:
1961:
368:". Many of the group's members are young people lacking formal employment and schooling (many are petty traders or fisherman), and many belong to the Muslim-majority
462:; and from external donations, including through transnational religious networks. Members have been trained locally – by hired Islamic militants from elsewhere in
340:, but in 2020, al-Shabaab members were filmed announcing to a local population that, "We want everyone here to apply Islamic law... We don't want a government from
1314:
415:
before his assassination in 2012. On some accounts, Rogo's followers were among the
Mozambican al-Shabaab's founding members. Other accounts point to foreign
1946:
1533:
1192:
1688:
388:
alone drives the insurgency: some accounts emphasise an ethnic dimension and its connection to perceived social, political, and economic marginalisation.
613:
262:
countries, but it has dwindled – to an estimated 300 to 1,000 troops – due to counteroffensives which have been waged by the
Mozambican government and
83:
757:
1496:
491:
The precise origins of al-Shabaab are not clear. Most accounts trace the group's emergence to 2013 or 2014. However, Morier-Genoud spoke to a local
1526:
361:
466:, or by disgruntled former police officers and security force members – or, in some cases, travelled abroad to train with other militant groups.
1141:
1908:
1648:
1375:
584:
hundreds of thousands. During that period, the group typically operated in small units, pursuing minor military objectives, and often using
1918:
1411:
1111:
1019:
665:
271:
1951:
143:
1440:
1057:
1156:
1913:
1720:
628:– observers described al-Shabaab as capable of launching sophisticated attacks, although it had not yet demonstrated, for example,
1725:
1228:"State Department Terrorist Designations of ISIS Affiliates and Leaders in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique"
621:
636:
However, the government counteroffensive made some gains against the group. At the end of 2021, officials associated with the
1658:
937:
854:
733:
1291:
1468:"Mozambique: Civilians killed as war crimes committed by armed group, government forces, and private military contractors"
1941:
1876:
1864:
1715:
729:
685:
275:
991:
799:
945:
600:
of weapons belonging to the
Mozambican security services. Arguably its most significant military victory thus far was
1232:
447:
360:, which is not only a Muslim-majority province but also one of Mozambique's poorest; the discovery in 2009 of large
1854:
681:
1673:
1663:
1956:
859:
601:
515:
1869:
1700:
609:
514:
and violence. The conference identified an al-Shabaab presence in at least four districts of Cabo Delgado:
105:
1803:
1618:
424:
412:
20:
1886:
1818:
1416:
804:
673:
564:
554:
392:
237:
172:
882:
1730:
1705:
717:
677:
391:
Similarly, there is debate about the extent to which al-Shabaab is a "homegrown" Mozambican group.
251:. It has occasionally captured territory from the government and has been accused of committing
1798:
1695:
1628:
1597:
1881:
1683:
1472:
1137:"Conflict at a Crossroads: Scenarios for Violence in the Resource-rich Cabo Delgado Province"
484:
357:
244:
229:
94:
24:
633:
displaced nearly 670,000 people in northern Mozambique between October 2017 and March 2021.
1783:
1623:
1161:
597:
365:
1518:
605:
572:
8:
1828:
1788:
581:
511:
454:, who is Tanzanian by birth. The group raises funding from illicit activities, including
428:
193:
1778:
1763:
1758:
996:
970:
713:
535:
519:
1900:
1773:
1602:
1592:
1380:
1029:
974:
962:
577:
459:
612:
by government and allied forces. During this period, the group was headquartered at
1501:
1445:
1255:
954:
629:
585:
531:
527:
451:
436:
57:
52:
958:
798:
Mahtani, Dino; van de Walle, Nelleke; Pigou, Piers; Elias, Meron (18 March 2021).
1793:
1569:
1347:
1283:
1185:"População captura supostos membros do grupo armado que atacou MocĂmboa da Praia"
653:
592:
396:
384:
from the FRELIMO government. There is therefore debate about the extent to which
184:
118:
1823:
1653:
1319:
1112:"Outlasting the Caliphate: The Evolution of the Islamic State Threat in Africa"
617:
523:
503:
432:
416:
385:
381:
373:
110:
708:
of civilians on various occasions. In addition, the group has been accused by
1935:
1833:
1808:
1710:
1678:
1385:
1136:
1033:
1024:
966:
661:
440:
267:
248:
1497:"UNICEF: Mozambique Insurgents Recruiting Children to Fight in Cabo Delgado"
648:
580:
campaign by al-Shabaab, which by 2020 had killed several hundred people and
1813:
1633:
1576:
1116:
542:
369:
324:
in political as well as religious terms. Its members typically reject the
1838:
1348:"Mozambique crisis: Sex-slave freeing Rwandan soldiers greeted as heroes"
705:
463:
259:
479:
320:
in its ideology and objectives, insofar as it views the significance of
294:
According to historian Eric Morier-Genoud, the term is commonly used by
286:
The group calls itself Ahlu Sunna Wal Jammah (ASWJ), or the derivatives
1768:
1668:
1638:
560:
404:
377:
337:
325:
233:
162:
98:
1376:"Mozambique: Sophistication of Islamic insurgency threatens LNG plans"
559:
Al-Shabaab rose to national and global prominence when it launched an
1157:"Ansar al-Sunna: A New Militant Islamist Group Emerges in Mozambique"
701:
455:
420:
252:
41:
938:"The jihadi insurgency in Mozambique: origins, nature and beginning"
1859:
1564:
1549:
1352:
1260:
620:
in August 2021. In 2021, in a new phase of the war – now involving
507:
408:
400:
317:
225:
222:
114:
16:
Islamist militant group active in Cabo Delgado Province, Mozambique
1315:"Is northern Mozambique faced with an emerging extremist threat?"
684:, where it has mounted a geographically and politically distinct
380:
group which dominates the interior of Cabo Delgado, has received
341:
329:
295:
241:
660:
Al-Shabaab is officially affiliated with the newest wing of the
1643:
709:
495:
492:
333:
212:
419:
influences, including foreign ideologues such as Rogo and the
1058:"Extremists in Northern Mozambique Declare Goal of Caliphate"
855:"Is another Boko Haram or al-Shabaab erupting in Mozambique?"
800:"Understanding the New U.S. Terrorism Designations in Africa"
797:
345:
336:. The group is typically not prolific in its distribution of
321:
1028:. Vol. 436, no. 9209. 26 August 2020. p. 37.
728:
In March 2021, the United States designated al-Shabaab as a
1548:
568:
328:
of the existing Mozambican state (and of its ruling party,
270:(IS) has formally claimed al-Shabaab as an affiliate under
720:. Some rebel fighters were reportedly as young as twelve.
680:(ADF), ISCAP's second wing, which is based in the eastern
1062:
880:
608:
in early August 2020; it held the town for a year, until
1256:"How Mozambique's smuggling barons nurtured jihadists"
643:
395:
reports that it incorporates a sizeable contingent of
616:, outside MocĂmboa, although this territory was also
567:. It began with a series of attacks on police in the
1967:
Factions of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
992:"Mozambique: ISIS-linked Group Using Child Soldiers"
700:
Observers charge al-Shabaab militants with numerous
1284:"Mozambique: Former Policemen Train Islamist Group"
1109:
458:of wood, charcoal, ivory, and rubies, and possibly
364:off the coast led to "dashed expectations of rapid
591:However, from 2020, and beginning with a 23 March
435:, the local language in coastal Cabo Delgado; and
299:itself as al-Shabaab. It is also known locally as
1962:Military units and formations established in 2015
1441:"Islamic State claims first attack in Mozambique"
1933:
1306:
1276:
1134:
240:in the region, seeking to undermine the secular
1412:"Winning Peace in Mozambique's Embattled North"
1149:
732:, and also designated its leader, Hassan, as a
1142:Center for Strategic and International Studies
793:
791:
1649:Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
1534:
935:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
427:and from Somalia. Members are known to speak
306:
1947:Rebel groups that actively control territory
1494:
1288:Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique (Maputo)
56:Bonomade Machude Omar (alias Ibn Omar)
25:Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna (Iraqi militant group)
881:Sirwan Kajjo; Salem Solomon (7 June 2019).
502:There is general consensus that al-Shabaab
1541:
1527:
768:
548:
356:Al-Shabaab's primary base is Mozambique's
311:
1373:
1248:
1135:Devermont, Judd; Columbo, Emilia (2019).
407:, a Kenyan cleric who was linked both to
1312:
752:
750:
748:
723:
647:
478:
1726:Islamic State - Central Africa Province
1110:Warner, Jason; O'Farrell, Ryan (2020).
883:"Is IS Gaining Foothold in Mozambique?"
874:
431:, the official language of Mozambique;
144:Islamic State's Central Africa Province
1934:
638:Southern African Mission in Mozambique
622:Southern African Development Community
506:, acquiring an increasing emphasis on
403:, and many of them former acolytes of
1522:
1438:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1367:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1066:. Agence France-Presse. 13 April 2020
986:
984:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
852:
848:
846:
844:
842:
745:
734:Specially Designated Global Terrorist
1721:Islamic State – West Africa Province
1374:MacDonald, Andrew (24 August 2020).
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1052:
1050:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
563:in northern Mozambique, the ongoing
198:'The Youth'), also known as
1865:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
1736:Islamic State - Mozambique Province
1716:Islamic State in the Greater Sahara
1345:
936:Morier-Genoud, Eric (2 July 2020).
644:Relationship with the Islamic State
236:. Since October 2017, it has waged
207:
203:
188:
13:
1659:Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
1399:
1207:
981:
946:Journal of Eastern African Studies
538:. During this period, the group's
21:Al-Shabaab (Somali militant group)
14:
1978:
1952:2015 establishments in Mozambique
1327:from the original on 12 June 2018
1313:Opperman, Jasmine (31 May 2018).
1294:from the original on 12 June 2018
1233:United States Department of State
1078:
1047:
900:
853:Peter, Fabricius (14 June 2018).
819:
652:A building destroyed in the 2021
448:United States Department of State
399:, many of them from neighbouring
316:Al-Shabaab has been described as
1855:Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
332:), and support governance under
155:
137:
40:
1877:Somali Civil War (2009–present)
1664:al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
1495:Lisa Schlein (5 October 2021).
1488:
1460:
1432:
1339:
1191:(in Portuguese). Archived from
1177:
1128:
1012:
860:Institute for Security Studies
351:
278:by the United States in 2021.
1:
959:10.1080/17531055.2020.1789271
739:
695:
487:, where al-Shabaab is active.
1870:Jihadist insurgency in Niger
1701:Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania)
1439:Weiss, Caleb (4 June 2019).
1346:Soy, Anne (5 October 2021).
682:Democratic Republic of Congo
344:, we want a government from
272:IS – Central Africa Province
7:
1743:Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique)
716:of recruiting thousands of
443:of the Great Lakes region.
211: 'Supporters of the
10:
1983:
1942:Rebel groups in Mozambique
1887:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
1819:Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi
1417:International Crisis Group
1020:"More misery, few answers"
805:International Crisis Group
674:Combating Terrorism Center
565:insurgency in Cabo Delgado
555:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
552:
474:
469:
393:International Crisis Group
307:Organisation and structure
264:allied peacekeeping troops
173:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
18:
1895:
1847:
1751:
1611:
1585:
1557:
168:
150:
132:
124:
104:
90:
79:
69:
48:
39:
34:
1731:Islamic State in Somalia
1706:Allied Democratic Forces
678:Allied Democratic Forces
666:Central African Province
610:an August 2021 offensive
288:Ahlu al-Sunna, al-Sunnah
19:Not to be confused with
549:Cabo Delgado insurgency
450:, al-Shabaab is led by
312:Ideology and objectives
281:
1696:Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)
1629:Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
1598:Islamic fundamentalism
730:terrorist organization
657:
488:
382:preferential treatment
372:. Some claim that the
276:terrorist organisation
1957:Sunni Islamist groups
1905:Militant Islamism in
1882:Boko Haram insurgency
1552:in Sub-Saharan Africa
1473:Amnesty International
724:Terrorist designation
686:insurgency of its own
651:
485:Cabo Delgado Province
482:
358:Cabo Delgado Province
230:Cabo Delgado Province
219:Ahlu Sunna Wal Jammah
95:Cabo Delgado Province
65:Farido Selemane Arune
1624:Islamic Courts Union
1386:Groupe Jeune Afrique
1162:Jamestown Foundation
530:; and possibly also
366:economic development
362:natural gas reserves
1829:Ibrahim Malam Dicko
1789:Abdelmalek Droukdel
1381:TheAfricaReport.com
1195:on 26 December 2017
626:peacekeeping troops
386:religious extremism
255:against civilians.
91:Active regions
1779:Mokhtar Belmokhtar
1764:Hassan Dahir Aweys
1759:Ali Yassin Mohamed
1689:Katibat Salaheddin
1420:. 10 February 2022
997:Human Rights Watch
714:Human Rights Watch
658:
545:were at MocĂmboa.
489:
425:Great Lakes region
370:Mwani ethnic group
71:Dates of operation
1929:
1928:
1774:Abdul Qadir Mumin
1603:Islamic terrorism
1593:Islamic extremism
1550:Militant Islamism
606:MocĂmboa de Praia
578:guerrilla warfare
573:MocĂmboa de Praia
516:MocĂmboa da Praia
460:human trafficking
446:According to the
411:and to Somalia's
247:and establish an
197:
178:
177:
1974:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1502:Voice of America
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1446:Long War Journal
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1224:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1107:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:. 5 October 2021
988:
979:
978:
942:
933:
898:
897:
895:
893:
887:Voice of America
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
850:
817:
816:
814:
812:
795:
766:
765:
754:
704:, including the
630:explosive device
452:Abu Yasir Hassan
397:foreign fighters
228:group active in
216:
209:
205:
192:
190:
169:Battles and wars
161:
159:
158:
142:
141:
140:
72:
62:
53:Abu Yasir Hassan
44:
32:
31:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1891:
1843:
1794:Abubakar Shekau
1747:
1607:
1581:
1570:Salafi jihadism
1553:
1547:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1236:. 10 March 2021
1226:
1225:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1183:
1182:
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1155:
1154:
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1133:
1129:
1108:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
990:
989:
982:
940:
934:
901:
891:
889:
879:
875:
865:
863:
851:
820:
810:
808:
796:
769:
756:
755:
746:
742:
726:
698:
654:Battle of Palma
646:
557:
551:
477:
472:
354:
314:
309:
284:
210:
156:
154:
138:
136:
119:Salafi jihadism
117:
113:
70:
64:
58:
55:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1919:Southeast Asia
1916:
1911:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1824:Sedane Ag Hita
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1804:Mohammed Yusuf
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
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1476:. 2 March 2021
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1320:Daily Maverick
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1290:. 1 May 2018.
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1206:
1176:
1165:. 14 June 2018
1148:
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953:(3): 396–412.
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718:child soldiers
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266:. Since 2019,
200:Ansar al-Sunna
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1264:. 2 June 2018
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30:
26:
22:
1814:Amadou Koufa
1742:
1634:Hizbul Islam
1577:Pan-Islamism
1506:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1471:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1444:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1415:
1389:. Retrieved
1379:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1351:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1318:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1268:15 September
1266:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1231:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1188:
1179:
1169:15 September
1167:. Retrieved
1160:
1151:
1140:
1130:
1121:
1117:CTC Sentinel
1115:
1068:. Retrieved
1061:
1037:. Retrieved
1023:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
995:
950:
944:
890:. Retrieved
886:
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864:. Retrieved
858:
809:. Retrieved
803:
761:
727:
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558:
543:headquarters
539:
501:
490:
445:
417:radicalizing
390:
355:
315:
300:
291:
287:
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260:East African
257:
218:
199:
180:
179:
146:(until 2022)
80:Headquarters
75:2015–present
59:
29:
1909:MENA region
1839:Musa Baluku
1199:27 December
1039:1 September
758:"S/2024/92"
706:mass murder
602:its capture
512:intolerance
504:militarised
464:East Africa
352:Composition
342:unbelievers
204:أنصار السنة
86:(2020–2021)
1936:Categories
1914:South Asia
1799:Ahmad Umar
1769:Fuad Qalaf
1669:Ansar Dine
1639:Boko Haram
1619:Al-Shabaab
1480:3 November
1452:3 November
1424:3 November
1359:3 November
1070:3 November
866:3 November
762:undocs.org
740:References
702:war crimes
696:War crimes
598:stockpiles
561:insurgency
429:Portuguese
413:al-Shabaab
405:Aboud Rogo
338:propaganda
326:secularism
301:Mashababos
253:atrocities
245:government
234:Mozambique
181:Al-Shabaab
163:Mozambique
99:Mozambique
35:Al-Shabaab
1784:Abou Zeid
1586:Phenomena
1508:6 October
1391:28 August
1034:0013-0613
1004:6 October
975:221052955
967:1753-1055
582:displaced
536:Quissanga
520:Montepuez
456:smuggling
421:Wahhabism
378:Christian
213:Tradition
202:(Arabic:
151:Opponents
1901:Islamism
1899:Part of
1860:Mali War
1565:Jihadism
1558:Ideology
1353:BBC News
1325:Archived
1292:Archived
1261:BBC News
1240:31 March
811:27 March
571:town of
540:de facto
409:al-Qaeda
401:Tanzania
318:Islamist
226:militant
223:Islamist
221:, is an
115:Salafism
106:Ideology
1752:Leaders
1189:Verdade
892:15 June
624:(SADC)
532:Macomia
528:Nangade
483:Map of
475:Origins
470:History
437:Swahili
433:Kimwani
374:Makonde
330:FRELIMO
296:Muslims
242:FRELIMO
208:transl.
196:
133:Part of
60:†
49:Leaders
1848:Events
1644:Ansaru
1331:6 June
1298:4 June
1145:: 1–6.
1032:
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965:
710:UNICEF
664:, its
526:, and
496:sheikh
439:, the
334:sharia
189:الشباب
185:Arabic
160:
1124:(11).
971:S2CID
941:(PDF)
524:Palma
346:Allah
322:Islam
290:, or
217:) or
1510:2021
1482:2022
1454:2022
1426:2022
1393:2020
1361:2022
1333:2018
1300:2018
1270:2018
1242:2022
1201:2017
1171:2018
1072:2022
1041:2020
1030:ISSN
1006:2021
963:ISSN
894:2019
868:2022
813:2021
712:and
618:lost
614:Mbau
593:raid
569:port
534:and
493:Sufi
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282:Name
194:lit.
125:Size
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