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543:, initiated. This preaching sought to spread the idea that humanity is always in need of infallible and divine teaching, which can only be provided by a divinely appointed guide. Al-Shahrastani tried to keep this a secret, but it was revealed by his student Al-Sam'ani. His works include a Quranic commentary that is infused with Isma’ili terminology, in which he hinted at his conversion by a "pious servant of God" who taught him how to find the esoteric (
2253:
583:) are a perfect sign of his truthfulness; that is, his coming without previous seed and his speaking without prior teaching. For all the (other) prophets the arrival of their revelation was at (the age of) forty years, but revelation came to him when he was made to speak in the cradle, and revelation came to him when he conveyed (the divine message) at (the age of) thirty. The duration of his (prophetic) mission (
547:) meaning of the Quran. In his Kitab Al-musara'ah (Book of the wrestling match), al-Shahrastani criticizes Avicenna's belief that God is the involuntary necessitating cause of the world, and he also provides support for the Ismaili thesis that God is beyond being and nonbeing.
511:
249:
1149:
Madelung, Wilferd, "Ash-Shahrastanis
Streitschrift gegen Avicenna und ihre Widerlegung durch Nasir ad-din at-Tusi." Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft, Abhandlungen der Akademie des Wissenschaften in Göttingen, 1976, vol. 98,
577:) after Moses (peace upon him), and who was announced in the Torah. To him were (granted) manifest signs and notable evidences, such as the reviving of the dead and the curing of the blind and the leper. His very nature and innate disposition (
417:(The Book of Sects and Creeds), a monumental work, which presents the doctrinal points of view of all the religions and philosophies which existed up to his time. The book was one of the earliest systematic
847:"Keys to the Arcana: Shahrastani's Esoteric Commentary on the Qur'an: A Translation of the Commentary of Surat al-Fatiha from Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Karim Shahrastani's Mafatih al-asrar wa masabih al-abrar"
1324:
3177:
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421:, and is noted for its non-polemical style and scientific approach. A French translation of the book by Gimaret, Monnot and Jolivet was sponsored by
1036:. Edited by Muḥammad Riżā R. Jalāli Naʾini) traduction française de Diane Steigerwald), Sainte-Foy (Québec): Les Presses de l'Université Laval 1999.
1548:
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524:, or dissimulation, based on statements throughout his writings that correspond strongly with Isma’ili mysticism and its central doctrine of the
1365:
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408:
Al-Shahrastani distinguished himself by his desire to describe in the most objective way the universal religious history of humanity.
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617:), not (what is characterized by) spatial location and physical magnitude; and he is one in substantiality, three in hypostaticity (
3947:
2166:
2279:
440:(The End of Steps in the Science of Theology) presents different theological discussions and shows the limits of Muslim theology (
3942:
559:, al-Shahrastani records a portrayal of Christianity very close to the orthodox tenets while continuing the Islamic narrative:
986:, by Toby Mayer; with the Arabic text reproduced from the edition by M.A. Adharshab, New York, Oxford University Press, 2009.
2228:
1952:
1311:
1062:"La Sourate de la Vache dans le commentaire coranique inédit de Shahrastânî", Tome 95, 1986–1987. 1986. pp. 253–259;
1056:"La Sourate d'ouverture dans le commentaire coranique inédit de Shahrastânï", Tome 93, 1984–1985. 1984. pp. 293–303;
1009:
Reason and
Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought. Essays in Honor of Hermann Landolt
2136:
983:
Keys to the Arcana: Shahrastānī's
Esoteric Commentary on the Qurʼan: A Translation of the Commentary on Sūrat al-Fātiḥa
876:
679:
982:
1430:
1358:
1283:
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966:, translated by A. K.Kazi and J. G.Flynn, London, Kegan Paul International 1984 (reprint New York, Routledge 2013).
2743:
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1236:
1053:"L'Introduction de Shahrastâni à son commentaire coranique inédit", Tome 92, 1983–1984. 1983. pp. 305–316;
827:
762:
400:. At the end of his life, al-Shahrastānī went back to live in his native town, where he died in the year 1153.
1025:, traduction par Daniel Gimaret, Guy Monnot, Jean Jolivet, Louvain, Peeters et UNESCO, 1986–1993 (two volumes)
3952:
2444:
2088:
1039:
Jolivet, Jean, "Al-Shahrastânî critique d'Avicenne dans la lutte contre les philosophes (quelques aspects),"
809:
432:
Al-Shahrastani's philosophical and theological thoughts manifested in his other major works, which include:
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1976:
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1246:
1068:"« Les clefs des mystères > de Sharastânî (suite)", Tome 97, 1988–1989. 1988. pp. 249–255.
1007:
Steigerwald, Diana, "Al-Shahrastānī’s
Contribution to Medieval Islamic Thought." In Todd Lawson (ed.),
413:
652:
The
Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns
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2653:
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1059:"Le commentaire coranique inédit de Shahrastânî (suite)", Tome 94, 1985–1986. 1985. pp. 347–351;
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1883:
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35:
1065:"« Les clefs des mystères » de Shahrastânî", Tome 96, 1987–1988. 1987. pp. 237–243;
631:). The (hypostasis of) knowledge clothes itself and was incarnated, but not the other hypostases."
3901:
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Sharh-i Ḥāl wa Athar-i Ḥujjat al-Ḥaqq Abu al-Fatḥ Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karim b. Aḥmad
Shahrastāni
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360:, province of Persia) where he acquired his early traditional education. Later, he was sent to
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993:, Preface by Franz Rosenthal, The Hague, Mouton, 1976 (with the translation of Shahrastânï's
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to pursue theological studies and taught for three years at the prestigious Ash`ari school,
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2017:
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Al-Shahrastani was amongst those attracted by the "new preaching" (da'wah jadidah) which
1095:. Ed. Muhammad Rida R. Jalali Na'ini and translated into French by Diane Steigerwald in
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1958:
1512:
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997:
Part II, Book III, Section Β 'Ära al-hind'l, The Views of the
Indians, pp. 33–62).
748:
699:
625:), such as existence, life and knowledge, and the father, the son and the holy spirit (
340:) was one of the pioneers in developing an objective and philosophical approach to the
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1999:
1946:
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Digitalisations (of Haarbrücker's German translation 1850–51), at Google Books: v.1:
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Muslim Sects and
Divisions. The Section on Muslim Sects in Kitab al-Milal wa 'l-Nibal
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1993:
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956:
397:
357:
193:
144:
121:
1106:
Steigerwald, Diana, 1995 "L'Ordre (Amr) et la création (khalq) chez
Shahrastani."
877:"Shahrastani's 'Mafatih al-asrar' Introduction | The Institute of Ismaili Studies"
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1970:
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Annuaire de l'École
Pratique des Hautes Études. Section des sciences religieuses
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Very few things are known about al-Shahrastānī's life. He was born in 1086 CE
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is a discourse, written during the mature period of his life, delivered to a
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Steigerwald, Diana, "The Divine Word (Kalima) in Shahrastani's Majlis." In
389:
113:
1343:
1146:
a cura di Theodor Haarbrücker, Halle, Schwetschke, 1850–1851 (due volumi).
520:, and modern scholars believe that he was actually an Isma’ili practicing
482:(The Keys of the Mysteries and the Lamps of the Righteous) introduces the
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1964:
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573:, son of Mary (peace upon him). He it is who was truly sent (as prophet;
517:
472:
1182:
Danish-Pazhuh, Muhammad Taqi, "Dāʿi al-duʿāt Taj al-din-i Shahrastana."
1175:
Danish-Pazhuh, Muhammad Taqi, "Dāʿi al-duʿāt Taj al-din-i Shahrastana."
486:
and gives a complete commentary on the first two chapters of the Qur’an.
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971:
Struggling with the Philosopher: A Refutation of Avicenna's Metaphysics
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364:
where he studied under different masters who were all disciples of the
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1712:
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1454:
1413:
1082:
La pensée philosophique et théologique de Shahrastani (m. 548/1153)
609:). They said that the Creator (may he be exalted) is one substance (
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3471:
3445:
3380:
3070:
2961:
1460:
1207:
Al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, 1366-1375/1947-1955
1115:
La pensée philosophique et théologique de Shahrastani (m. 548/1153)
593:
Al-Shahrastani also explains the differences between Christians in
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468:
361:
3841:
3058:
2986:
2298:
536:
454:
373:
300:
Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī
87:
Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī
3793:
3758:
3733:
3236:
3231:
3128:
1169:
801:
521:
422:
381:
148:
18:
Persian historian of religions and Islamic scholar (1086–1153)
3803:
3226:
3082:
2236:
2011:
579:
565:
442:
224:
172:
1172:: Otto Harrassowitz (reprint of the edition of London 1846).
1099:. Sainte-Foy (Québec): Les Presses de l'Université Laval in
3798:
3773:
754:
Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions
516:
few of his contemporaries accused him of covertly being an
232:
2177:
Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
1214:
Al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, 1396/1976
1117:. Sainte-Foy (Québec): Les Presses de l'Université Laval.
372:(d. 1085). At the age of thirty, al-Shahrastānī went to
824:"Abu al-Fath Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Shahrastani"
3212:
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
1093:
Majlis-i maktub-i Shahrastani-i mun'aqid dar Khwarazm
1034:
Majlis-i maktub-i Shahrastāni-i munʿaqid dar Khwārazm
684:
and Zohreh Khosravi (2006). Katherine Bullock (ed.).
1221:
Al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, 1989
1160:
Al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm, 1923
973:, translation by Wilferd Madelung and Toby Mayer of
680:
Israr Ahmad Khan, Hilman Latief, Maher Abu-Munshar,
471:(Avicenna)’s doctrines by emphasizing some peculiar
589:) was three years and three months and three days."
1325:Biography of Imām Al-Shahrastānī by Ibn Khallikān
1275:Islam: An Introduction (Translation of: Der Islam)
648:
308:تاج الدين أبو الفتح محمد بن عبد الكريم الشهرستاني
97:تاج الدين أبو الفتح محمد بن عبد الكريم الشهرستاني
3919:
1211:. Ed. Muḥammad Fatḥ Allāh Badrān, 2 vols. Cairo.
687:American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 23:4
1138:Al-Shahrastānī, Abū al-Fatḥ Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm,
621:). By the hypostases they mean the attributes (
1011:. London: I.B. Tauris, 2005, pp. 262–273.
605:"They affirmed that God has three hypostases (
503:in terms of law, as can be seen in his books,
3315:
2222:
1359:
1120:Steigerwald, Diana, 1998 "La dissimulation (
1101:Bulletin critique des annales islamologiques
1086:Bulletin critique des annales islamologiques
704:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
613:), meaning by this what is self-subsistent (
467:(The Struggle with Philosophers) criticizes
95:
1373:
1097:Majlis: Discours sur l'ordre et la création
1030:Majlis: Discours sur l'ordre et la création
563:“The Christians. (They are) the community (
3322:
3308:
2229:
2215:
1366:
1352:
1317:Al-Shahrastani (Islamic Philosophy Online)
1166:Books of Religions and Philosophical Sects
1140:Religionspartheien und Philosophen-Schulen
953:Kitāb Nihāyatu ʼl-Iqdām fī ʽIlmi ʼl –Kalām
692:International Institute of Islamic Thought
3188:Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil
1654:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
1124:) de la foi dans le shi'isme ismaélien."
1046:Monnot, Guy, "Islam: exégèse coranique."
722:(Translation of: Der Islam). SUNY Press.
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
1268:
1126:Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses
1002:Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses
851:Journal of the American Oriental Society
330:, philosopher and theologian. His book,
34:This article includes a list of general
1252:List of Persian scientists and scholars
962:Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Karim Shahrastani,
959:, London, Oxford University Press 1934.
799:
550:
3920:
3329:
844:
3303:
2210:
1347:
1073:Monnot, Guy, 1996 «Shahrastani», su:
900:
1223:Mafātīḥ al-asrār wa-masābīḥ al-abrār
1004:, vol. 25.3, 1996, pp. 335–52.
747:
480:Mafatih al-Asrar wa-masabih al-abrar
475:arguments on the division of beings.
20:
2083:Kanthapuram A. P. Abu Bakr Musliyar
1312:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
991:Shahrastani on the Indian Religions
845:Lawson, Todd (January–March 2011).
806:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
490:
307:
96:
13:
1953:Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla`i
1043:, 2000, vol. 10, pp. 275–292.
812:from the original on 12 June 2010.
757:. London and New York: Routledge.
427:Livre des religions et des sectes.
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3979:
3958:12th-century Iranian philosophers
2167:Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal
1301:
1091:Monnot, Guy, 2001 Book review of
1080:Monnot, Guy, 1999 Book review of
1023:Livre des religions et des sectes
512:Nihayat al-Iqdam fi 'Ilm al-Kalam
438:Nihāyat al-aqdām fī 'ilm al-kalām
250:Nihayat al-Iqdam fi 'Ilm al-Kalam
3020:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2239:Ash'ari school of Sunni theology
1743:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi
1410:(founder of the school; 767–820)
1077:, 1996, vol. 9, pp. 220–22.
955:), edited with a translation by
388:(Deputy) of the chancellery for
112:(Deputy) of the chancellery for
25:
3948:12th-century Muslim theologians
1218:. Ed. Suhayr M. Mukhtār. Cairo.
1186:, 1969, vol. 8, pp. 61–71.
1179:, 1968. vol. 7, pp. 77–80.
935:
920:
909:
894:
869:
802:"Al-Shahrastānī (d. 1153 C.E.)"
495:Although self-identified as an
3943:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
2900:'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad
2059:Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar
1242:List of Ash'aris and Maturidis
1041:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
838:
828:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
816:
793:
782:
771:
741:
712:
673:
642:
356:, in the town of Shahristān, (
1:
2577:Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi
1257:
380:. Afterwards, he returned to
2744:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
2565:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur
2397:Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari
2143:Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy
1977:Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi
1930:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
1819:Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami
1196:al-Nuʿmān, Abū Ḥanīfa, 1956
1128:, vol. 27.1, pp. 39–59.
942:Works and studies in English
718:Schimmel, Annemarie (1992).
539:and founder of the medieval
338:The Book of Sects and Creeds
7:
2547:Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi
2012:Abd al-Malik Karim Amrullah
1701:Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam
1230:
1133:Works and studies in German
1110:, vol. 31, pp. 163–75.
1016:Works and studies in French
975:Kitāb Muṣāraʿat al-falāsifa
905:. USA: Macmillan Reference.
597:regarding the incarnation (
499:in terms of theology and a
10:
3984:
3256:Ash'ari-related templates
3113:Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi
3095:Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi
2445:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
1749:Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn
1247:List of Muslim theologians
1237:Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal
1209:Kitāb al-Milal wa al-Niḥal
1204:. Ed. ʿĀrif Tāmir, Beirut.
1162:Kitāb al-Milal wa al-Niḥal
1144:Kitāb al-Milal wa al-Niḥal
1088:, vol. 15, pp. 79–81.
649:John B. Henderson (1998).
595:Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal
557:Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal
414:Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal
333:Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal
322:historian of religions, a
3812:
3721:
3505:
3454:
3338:
3254:
3207:
3200:
3148:
3141:
3036:
3029:
3018:
2985:
2960:
2602:
2583:Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki
2541:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
2421:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi
2307:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
2297:
2278:
2246:
2175:
2137:Ibrahim Khalil al-Bukhari
2039:
1986:
1939:
1922:
1893:
1840:
1757:
1687:
1616:
1557:
1493:
1423:
1400:
1381:
1202:Khams Rasāʾil Ismāʿīliyya
1164:. Ed. William Cureton in
1113:Steigerwald, Diana, 1997
1084:by Diane Steigerwald in:
411:This is reflected in his
279:
261:
256:
238:
219:
209:
199:
188:
178:
168:
156:
132:
127:
105:
92:
85:
3183:Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad
3153:Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari
2768:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1884:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Samhudi
1783:Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri
995:Kitäb al-milal wan-nihal
903:Encyclopedia of Religion
749:Watt, William Montgomery
635:
403:
3902:Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk
3882:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani
3053:'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali
2798:Shams al-Din al-Kirmani
2684:Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani
2636:Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini
2481:Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani
2385:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
1913:Al-Khaṭib ash-Shirbiniy
1807:Badr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi
1525:Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad
1075:Encyclopédie de l'islam
977:, London, Tauris, 2001.
901:Jones, Lindsay (2004).
347:
316:Muhammad al-Shahrastānī
55:more precise citations.
3832:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
3827:Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini
3513:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani
3007:Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi
2918:Bediuzzaman Said Nursi
2858:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
2816:Nur al-Din al-Haythami
2654:Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani
2648:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
2475:Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti
2409:Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari
1531:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
949:The Summa philosophiae
720:Islam: An Introduction
633:
591:
429:Peeters: 1986, 1993).
3729:Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr
3613:Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi
3441:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
3351:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
3168:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
3107:'Izz al-Din al-Qassam
2888:Al-Khatib al-Shirbini
2852:Nur al-Din al-Samhudi
2834:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
2810:Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi
2774:Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi
2696:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
2666:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
2624:Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri
2355:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
2101:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar
2095:Mohammad Salim Al-Awa
1848:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
1583:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
1216:Muṣāraʿat al-falāsifa
1198:Al-Risāla al-Mudhhiba
1189:Naʿini, Jalāli, 1964
603:
561:
541:Nizari Isma'ili state
465:Musara`at al-Falasifa
318:, was an influential
233:Islamic jurisprudence
3953:Islamic philosophers
3837:Abu Muslim Khorasani
3543:Abu Qasim Samarqandi
3533:Abu Layth Samarqandi
3431:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3406:Abu Ja'far al-Khazin
3173:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
3089:Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun
2882:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
2780:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
2732:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2678:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi
2427:Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi
2337:Abu Bakr al-Turtushi
2331:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
2288:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
2071:Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif
1907:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
1813:Zain al-Din al-Iraqi
1777:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
1765:Safi al-Din al-Hindi
1737:Safi-ad-din Ardabili
1666:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
1660:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1543:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi
1479:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
1449:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
1184:Nama-yi astan-i quds
1177:Nama-yi astan-i quds
834:on 16 November 2017.
800:Steigerwald, Diana.
551:Christian commentary
506:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
289:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
244:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
163:Shahristān, Khorasan
2930:'Abdallah al-Harari
2870:Zakariyya al-Ansari
2792:Taj al-Din al-Subki
2571:Abdel-Halim Mahmoud
2511:Muhammad al-Zurqani
2457:Ahmad al-Wansharisi
2053:Taha Jabir Alalwani
2018:Muhammad Hamidullah
1878:Zakariyya al-Ansari
1789:Taj al-Din al-Subki
1642:Abu Tahir al-Silafi
1270:Schimmel, Annemarie
1050:, sur Shahrastani:
989:Bruce B. Lawrence,
694:(IIIT). p. 36.
419:studies of religion
384:where he worked as
223:History, theology,
3822:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
3703:Tha'labi Nishapuri
3518:Abu Barakat Nasafi
3346:Abu Hatam Isfizari
3065:Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub
2912:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
2077:Abdul Azeez Madani
2030:Abdullah al-Harari
1959:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
1513:Al-Hakim Nishapuri
1507:Abu Talib al-Makki
1437:Harith al-Muhasibi
615:al-qa'im bi-n-nafs
342:study of religions
265:Influenced by
183:Islamic Golden Age
3915:
3914:
3877:Khalid ibn Barmak
3852:Ata-Malik Juvayni
3815:political figures
3722:Poets and artists
3578:Fatima Samarqandi
3482:Haji Bektash Veli
3361:Abu Ubayd Juzjani
3297:
3296:
3250:
3249:
3196:
3195:
3137:
3136:
3047:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
3016:
3015:
2523:M'Hamed al-Azhari
2487:Ibrahim al-Laqani
2319:Abu Imran al-Fasi
2204:
2203:
2113:Nuh Ha Mim Keller
2047:Wahbah al-Zuhayli
2000:Abdallah al-Qutbi
1947:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
927:Watt 1991, p. 69.
916:Watt 1991, p. 68.
789:Watt 1991, p. 68.
778:Watt 1991, p. 68.
569:) of the Christ,
314:), also known as
297:
296:
81:
80:
73:
3975:
3907:Shihab al-Nasawi
3892:Tahir ibn Husayn
3764:Farrukhi Sistani
3739:Aruzi Samarqandi
3538:Abu Mu'in Nasafi
3506:Islamic scholars
3324:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3289:
3288:Islamic theology
3282:
3275:
3268:
3262:
3205:
3204:
3163:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
3146:
3145:
3034:
3033:
3024:
2762:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id
2559:Ahmad al-Ghumari
2529:Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba
2505:Al-Hasan al-Yusi
2493:Muhammad Mayyara
2391:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id
2295:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2281:Ash'ari scholars
2270:
2266:
2265:
2258:Islam portal
2256:
2255:
2254:
2240:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2207:
1994:Yusuf al-Nabhani
1368:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1323:
1297:
1142:, traduzione di
1108:Folia Orientalia
1028:Al-Shahrastānī,
1021:Al-Shahrastānī,
980:al-Shahrastānī,
969:al-Shahrastānī,
957:Alfred Guillaume
947:al-Shahrastānī,
929:
924:
918:
913:
907:
906:
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
873:
867:
866:
842:
836:
835:
830:. Archived from
820:
814:
813:
797:
791:
786:
780:
775:
769:
768:
745:
739:
716:
710:
709:
703:
695:
677:
671:
670:
646:
491:Religious belief
309:
220:Main interest(s)
100:
99:
98:
83:
82:
76:
69:
65:
62:
56:
51:this article by
42:inline citations
29:
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3911:
3862:Abu Ali Bal'ami
3847:Ali-Shir Nava'i
3814:
3808:
3749:Attar Nishapuri
3717:
3598:Hakim Nishapuri
3528:Abu Hafs Nasafi
3501:
3450:
3366:Abu Zayd Balkhi
3334:
3328:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3246:
3192:
3133:
3124:Ayyubid dynasty
3101:Omar al-Mukhtar
3030:Ash'ari leaders
3025:
3012:
2981:
2956:
2726:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
2598:
2553:Muhammad 'Ilish
2535:Ahmad al-Tijani
2517:Ahmad al-Dardir
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2205:
2200:
2171:
2161:Awn Al-Qaddoumi
2035:
1982:
1971:Uways al-Barawi
1935:
1918:
1889:
1836:
1753:
1725:Ibn Daqiq al-Id
1707:Ahmad al-Badawi
1683:
1648:Ahmed al-Rifa`i
1612:
1553:
1489:
1419:
1396:
1377:
1372:
1327:(at-tawhid.net)
1321:
1304:
1286:
1260:
1233:
1228:
1155:Works in Arabic
1150:pp. 250–9.
938:
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678:
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647:
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638:
553:
535:, the Isma'ili
493:
406:
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328:Islamic scholar
324:historiographer
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239:Notable work(s)
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2021:
2015:
2009:
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1956:
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1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1924:
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1910:
1904:
1903:(1492/93–1565)
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1695:Ibn Abil-Hadid
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32:
23:
22:
16:
3789:Rabia Balkhi
3496:
3455:Philosophers
3436:Omar Khayyam
3115:(d. 1382 AH)
3109:(d. 1354 AH)
3103:(d. 1350 AH)
3097:(d. 1300 AH)
2976:Ibn al-Jawzi
2947:Ali al-Jifri
2938:(d. 1434 AH)
2932:(d. 1432 AH)
2926:(d. 1432 AH)
2920:(d. 1379 AH)
2914:(d. 1304 AH)
2908:(d. 1230 AH)
2902:(d. 1132 AH)
2896:(d. 1031 AH)
2738:Ibn al-Salah
2713:
2585:(d. 1425 AH)
2579:(d. 1419 AH)
2573:(d. 1397 AH)
2567:(d. 1393 AH)
2561:(d. 1380 AH)
2555:(d. 1299 AH)
2549:(d. 1276 AH)
2543:(d. 1230 AH)
2537:(d. 1230 AH)
2531:(d. 1224 AH)
2525:(d. 1208 AH)
2519:(d. 1201 AH)
2513:(d. 1122 AH)
2507:(d. 1102 AH)
2501:(d. 1090 AH)
2495:(d. 1072 AH)
2489:(d. 1041 AH)
2483:(d. 1041 AH)
2477:(d. 1036 AH)
2451:Ahmad Zarruq
2403:Ibn Adjurrum
2349:Ibn Barrajan
2313:Al-Baqillani
2149:Ali al-Jifri
1767:(d. 1315/16)
1678:Ibn al-Salah
1629:
1609:(d. 1123/26)
1501:Al-Daraqutni
1416:(791/92–878)
1385:by century (
1326:
1274:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1197:
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936:Bibliography
922:
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884:. Retrieved
880:
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840:
832:the original
818:
805:
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628:ruh al-qudus
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464:
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385:
378:al-Nizāmiyya
351:
337:
331:
315:
310:; 1086–1153
299:
298:
248:
242:
192:Shahristān,
143:Shahristān,
109:
67:
58:
39:
15:
3968:1153 deaths
3963:1086 births
3938:Sunni imams
3867:Gawhar Shad
3713:Zamakhshari
3693:Shaykh Tusi
3608:Ibn Mubarak
3497:Shahrastani
3222:Ahl al-Ra'y
3091:(d. 741 AH)
3085:(d. 658 AH)
3079:(d. 635 AH)
3073:(d. 635 AH)
3067:(d. 615 AH)
3061:(d. 589 AH)
3055:(d. 558 AH)
3049:(d. 500 AH)
3043:(d. 485 AH)
3009:(d. 745 AH)
3003:(d. 592 AH)
2997:(d. 524 AH)
2978:(d. 534 AH)
2972:(d. 508 AH)
2890:(d. 977 AH)
2884:(d. 974 AH)
2878:(d. 973 AH)
2876:Al-Sha'rani
2872:(d. 926 AH)
2866:(d. 923 AH)
2860:(d. 918 AH)
2854:(d. 911 AH)
2848:(d. 911 AH)
2842:(d. 902 AH)
2836:(d. 852 AH)
2830:(d. 845 AH)
2824:(d. 833 AH)
2818:(d. 807 AH)
2812:(d. 806 AH)
2806:(d. 794 AH)
2804:Al-Zarkashi
2800:(d. 786 AH)
2794:(d. 771 AH)
2788:(d. 764 AH)
2782:(d. 756 AH)
2776:(d. 742 AH)
2770:(d. 728 AH)
2764:(d. 702 AH)
2758:(d. 685 AH)
2752:(d. 676 AH)
2746:(d. 660 AH)
2740:(d. 643 AH)
2734:(d. 606 AH)
2728:(d. 578 AH)
2722:(d. 571 AH)
2720:Ibn 'Asakir
2716:(d. 548 AH)
2710:(d. 516 AH)
2704:(d. 505 AH)
2698:(d. 502 AH)
2692:(d. 478 AH)
2686:(d. 471 AH)
2680:(d. 476 AH)
2674:(d. 465 AH)
2672:Al-Qushayri
2668:(d. 463 AH)
2662:(d. 458 AH)
2656:(d. 430 AH)
2650:(d. 429 AH)
2644:(d. 427 AH)
2642:Al-Tha'labi
2638:(d. 418 AH)
2632:(d. 406 AH)
2626:(d. 405 AH)
2620:(d. 371 AH)
2614:(d. 354 AH)
2594:Hamza Yusuf
2471:(d. 954 AH)
2465:(d. 953 AH)
2459:(d. 914 AH)
2453:(d. 899 AH)
2447:(d. 876 AH)
2441:(d. 808 AH)
2439:Ibn Khaldun
2435:(d. 803 AH)
2429:(d. 790 AH)
2423:(d. 776 AH)
2417:(d. 741 AH)
2411:(d. 737 AH)
2405:(d. 723 AH)
2399:(d. 709 AH)
2393:(d. 702 AH)
2387:(d. 684 AH)
2381:(d. 672 AH)
2375:(d. 628 AH)
2369:(d. 581 AH)
2363:(d. 544 AH)
2357:(d. 543 AH)
2351:(d. 536 AH)
2345:(d. 536 AH)
2339:(d. 520 AH)
2333:(d. 474 AH)
2327:(d. 458 AH)
2321:(d. 430 AH)
2315:(d. 403 AH)
2309:(d. 386 AH)
2119:Zaid Shakir
2079:(1950–2022)
2073:(1935–2022)
2067:(1944–2017)
2061:(1937–2016)
2055:(1935–2016)
2049:(1932–2015)
2032:(1906–2008)
2026:(1915–2004)
2020:(1908–2002)
2014:(1908–1981)
2008:(1877–1960)
2002:(1879–1952)
1996:(1849–1932)
1979:(1860–1916)
1973:(1847–1909)
1967:(1828–1904)
1965:Shaykh Sufi
1961:(1816–1886)
1955:(1820–1882)
1949:(1784–1860)
1932:(1634–1720)
1909:(1503–1566)
1901:Al-Sha`rani
1886:(1466–1533)
1880:(1420–1520)
1874:(1448–1517)
1868:(1445–1505)
1862:(1428–1497)
1850:(1372–1449)
1833:(1350–1429)
1821:(1335–1404)
1815:(1325–1403)
1809:(1344–1392)
1803:(1322–1390)
1791:(1327–1370)
1785:(1302–1367)
1779:(1284–1355)
1773:(1274–1348)
1745:(1256–1341)
1727:(1228–1302)
1721:(1211–1282)
1715:(1230–1277)
1709:(1200–1276)
1680:(1181–1245)
1674:(1187–1244)
1668:(1156–1233)
1662:(1150–1209)
1656:(1154–1191)
1650:(1119–1183)
1644:(1079–1180)
1636:Ibn `Asakir
1632:(1086–1153)
1626:(1058–1111)
1597:(1028–1085)
1589:Al-Qushayri
1585:(1002–1071)
1565:Al-Tha'labi
1549:Al-Lalika'i
1545:(1003–1083)
1485:Fakr ad-Din
1322:(in French)
886:31 December
857:: 170–171.
368:theologian
53:introducing
3922:Categories
3744:Asadi Tusi
3638:Marghinani
3603:Ibn Hibban
3523:Abu Hanifa
3401:Ibn Hayyan
3376:Ali Qushji
3371:Alfraganus
3339:Scientists
3330:People of
2995:Ibn Tumart
2840:Al-Sakhawi
2828:Al-Maqrizi
2756:Al-Baydawi
2708:Al-Baghawi
2702:Al-Ghazali
2690:Al-Juwayni
2660:Al-Bayhaqi
2618:Ibn Khafif
2612:Ibn Hibban
2499:Ibn 'Ashir
2463:Al-Akhdari
2433:Ibn 'Arafa
2415:Ibn Juzayy
2367:Al-Suhayli
2006:Said Nursî
1860:Al-Sakhawi
1854:Al-Mahalli
1825:Ibn Nuhaas
1795:Ibn Kathir
1771:Al-Dhahabi
1731:Al-Baydawi
1624:Al-Ghazali
1601:Al-Baghawi
1595:Al-Juwayni
1591:(986–1072)
1579:(994–1066)
1577:Al-Bayhaqi
1573:(972–1058)
1571:Al-Mawardi
1527:(935–1025)
1515:(933–1014)
1431:Al-Humaydi
1408:Al-Shafi'i
1338:, v. 1–2:
1258:References
1168:. 2 vols.
1103:, vol. 17.
764:0415054109
657:SUNY Press
370:al-Juwaynī
283:Influenced
271:Al-Juwayni
36:references
3698:Taftazani
3683:Sajawandi
3492:Sijistani
3421:Khwarizmi
3242:Al-Ahbash
3178:Al-Irshad
3001:Ibn Mada'
2970:Ibn 'Aqil
2942:Ali Gomaa
2894:Al-Munawi
2846:Al-Suyuti
2786:Al-Safadi
2750:Al-Nawawi
2630:Ibn Furak
2469:Al-Hattab
2379:Ibn Malik
2343:Al-Maziri
2325:Ibn Sidah
2163:(b. 1982)
2157:(b. 1976)
2151:(b. 1971)
2145:(b. 1970)
2139:(b. 1964)
2133:(b. 1963)
2127:(b. 1960)
2121:(b. 1956)
2115:(b. 1954)
2109:(b. 1952)
2107:Ali Gomaa
2103:(b. 1945)
2097:(b. 1942)
2091:(b. 1931)
2085:(b. 1931)
2040:15th/21st
1987:14th/20th
1940:13th/19th
1923:11th/17th
1915:(d. 1570)
1894:10th/16th
1866:Al-Suyuti
1856:(d. 1460)
1827:(d. 1411)
1801:Taftazani
1797:(d. 1373)
1733:(d. 1319)
1713:Al-Nawawi
1703:(d. 1262)
1697:(d. 1258)
1603:(d. 1122)
1567:(d. 1035)
1539:(d. 1038)
1537:Abu Nuaym
1533:(d. 1037)
1521:(d. 1015)
1519:Ibn Furak
1503:(918–995)
1481:(874–936)
1475:(855–930)
1469:(837–923)
1457:(824–887)
1455:Ibn Majah
1445:(810–870)
1439:(781–857)
1414:Al-Muzani
1225:. Tehran.
1193:. Tehran.
863:892229003
700:cite book
619:uqnumiyya
460:audience.
396:ruler of
120:ruler of
3933:Shafi'is
3769:Ferdowsi
3708:Tirmidhi
3688:Sarakhsi
3668:Qushayri
3643:Maturidi
3588:Ghaznawi
3472:Avicenna
3416:Khojandi
3386:Birjandi
3381:Avicenna
3356:Abu Wafa
3332:Khorasan
3261:Maturidi
3201:See also
3071:Al-Kamil
2962:Hanbalis
2936:Al-Bouti
2604:Shafi'is
2269:Category
1841:9th/15th
1758:8th/14th
1688:7th/13th
1617:6th/12th
1558:5th/11th
1509:(d. 996)
1494:4th/10th
1463:(d. 915)
1461:Al-Nasai
1451:(d. 875)
1433:(d. 834)
1294:25201546
1272:(1992).
1231:See also
859:ProQuest
810:Archived
751:(1991).
736:25201546
599:tajassud
518:Isma'ili
473:Isma'ili
469:Ibn Sina
398:Khurāsān
362:Nīshāpūr
358:Khorasan
194:Khorasan
169:Religion
145:Khorasan
128:Personal
122:Khurāsān
3928:Asharis
3842:Gardizi
3779:Kashifi
3653:Muqatil
3633:Lamishi
3628:Kashifi
3618:Juwayni
3583:Ghazali
3568:Bukhari
3563:Bazdawi
3558:Bayhaqi
3553:Baghavi
3462:Algazel
3411:Khazini
3281:Shafi'i
3059:Saladin
2987:Zahiris
2299:Malikis
2186:Hanbali
1443:Bukhari
1424:3rd/9th
1401:2nd/8th
1310:at the
1170:Leipzig
1122:taqiyya
738:. p. 86
575:mab'uth
526:Imamate
501:Shafi’i
497:Ash'ari
458:Shi`ite
455:Twelver
374:Baghdad
366:Ash`ari
320:Persian
214:Ash'ari
204:Shafi'i
140:1086 CE
49:improve
3804:Sanā'ī
3794:Rudaki
3759:Daqiqi
3754:Behzad
3734:Anvari
3678:Sabuni
3663:Nasa'i
3658:Muslim
3623:Kasani
3573:Dabusi
3548:Ansari
3477:Farabi
3426:Nasawi
3391:Biruni
3274:Maliki
3267:Hanafi
3237:Sufism
3232:Tawhid
3129:Mamluk
2196:Zahiri
2191:Maliki
2181:Hanafi
1292:
1282:
1200:. In:
861:
761:
734:
726:
663:
611:jawhar
607:aqanim
522:taqiya
509:, and
484:Qur’an
451:Majlis
423:UNESCO
394:Saljūq
392:, the
390:Sanjar
382:Persia
336:(lit.
304:Arabic
189:Region
149:Persia
118:Saljūq
116:, the
114:Sanjar
38:, but
3467:Amiri
3446:Sijzi
3227:Kalam
3083:Qutuz
1263:Books
636:Notes
623:sifat
586:da'wa
580:fitra
571:Jesus
545:batin
443:kalam
404:Works
386:Nā’ib
225:Kalam
210:Creed
173:Islam
110:Nā’ib
106:Title
3857:Aufi
3799:Rumi
3774:Jami
3673:Razi
1290:OCLC
1280:ISBN
888:2021
759:ISBN
732:OCLC
724:ISBN
706:link
661:ISBN
566:umma
537:da'i
478:The
463:The
449:The
436:The
354:A.H.
348:Life
160:1153
157:Died
133:Born
1032:. (
951:, (
855:131
601:):
555:In
514:, a
179:Era
3924::
3264:–
1391:AD
1389:/
1387:AH
1335:,
1288:.
879:.
853:.
849:.
826:.
808:.
804:.
730:.
702:}}
698:{{
690:.
655:.
528:.
446:).
344:.
326:,
312:CE
306::
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2291:)
2285:(
2230:e
2223:t
2216:v
1393:)
1367:e
1360:t
1353:v
1296:.
890:.
865:.
767:.
708:)
669:.
425:(
302:(
151:)
74:)
68:(
63:)
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45:.
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