228:
9980:
2391:
304:
2106:
2937:
The western dialects of the
Scythian languages had experienced an evolution of the Proto-Iranic sound /d/ into the Proto-Scythian sound /ð/, which in the Cimmerian and Pontic dialects of Scythian became the sound /l/. Scythian shares the evolution of Proto-Iranic sound /d/ into /ð/ with all Eastern
2338:
language. The vast majority of
Scythological scholars agree in considering the Scythian languages a part of the Eastern Iranic languages too. This relies principally on the fact that the Greek inscriptions of the Northern Black Sea Coast contain several hundreds of Sarmatian names showing a close
7974:
Ladislav Zgusta, "The old
Ossetian Inscription from the River Zelenčuk" (Veröffentlichungen der Iranischen Kommission = Sitzungsberichte der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse 486) Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1987.
8508:
2324:
Unfortunately, we know next to nothing about the
Scythian of that period – we have only a couple of personal and tribal names in Greek and Persian sources at our disposal – and cannot even determine with any degree of certainty whether it was a single
8548:
8504:
8500:
8456:
8937:
8903:
8689:
8460:
8056:
8029:
3159:
The primary sources for
Scythian words remain the Scythian toponyms, tribal names, and numerous personal names in the ancient Greek texts and in the Greek inscriptions found in the Greek colonies on the Northern
6599:
Unlike the Pontic
Scythian language, Ossetian did not experience the evolution of the Proto-Scythian sound /d/ to /δ/ and then /l/, although the sound /d/ did evolve into /δ/ at the beginning of Ossetian words.
8946:
8473:
9047:
Die griechischen
Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste. Die ethnischen Verhältnisse, namentlich das Verhältnis der Skythen und Sarmaten, im Lichte der Namenforschung
8102:
8519:
Iranian World 2nd – 1st millennium BC. Proceedings of the
International Scientific conference Dedicated to the Memory of Edwin Arvidovich Grantovsky and Dmitry Sergeevich Raevsky. Issue VI
9022:
7840:
8530:
2346:
Some scholars detect a division of
Scythian into two dialects: a western, more conservative dialect, and an eastern, more innovative one. The Scythian languages may have formed a
8397:
8382:
On the eve of
Colonisation. The Northern Black Sea Region and the Steppe Nomads of the 8th – 7th centuries BC in the Ancient Literary Tradition: Folklore, Literature and History
8807:
8777:
8514:Иранский Мир II – I тыс. до н.э. Материалы международной научной конференции, посвященной памяти Эдвина Арвидовича Грантовского и Дмитрия Сергеевича Раевского. Выпуск VI
6440:
Means "axe-wielding king," where the axe also has the meaning of "sceptre," as well as "blacksmith king," in the sense of "ruling king of the lower world." Composed of:
8757:
3059:
to the Scythians, but the interpretation of these inscriptions remains disputed (given that nobody has definitively identified the alphabet or translated the content).
3026:
belonging to the Scythian linguistic continuum remains in use today, while in Central Asia, some languages belonging to Eastern Iranic group are still spoken, namely
9979:
227:
10192:
2384:
represented by Scytho-Sarmatian inscriptions, although the Scytho-Sarmatian language family "does not simply represent the same language" at an earlier date.
9446:
8377:Накануне колонизации. Северное Причерноморье и степные кочевники VIII – VII вв. до н.э. в античной литературной традиции: фольклор, литература и история
8464:
2269:. Fragments of their speech known from inscriptions and words quoted in ancient authors as well as analysis of their names indicate that it was an
7680:
2456:
It is highly probable that already in the Old Iranic period, there were some eastern Scythian dialects which gave rise to the ancestor(s) of the
8063:[Towards the Discussion on the Language of the Scythians: The Transition of OIr *xš- > *s- and its Reflection in the Ancient Greek].
9008:
7225:
5528:"breast", the Amazons believed to have removed a breast to aid drawing a bow, according to some ancient folklorists, and as reflected in Greek
2089:
6827:
2053:
10158:
9075:
6761:
1251:
7154:
3430:
after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/. Means "tall-legged" and "long-legged." Composed of:
10134:
10090:
7159:
10138:
7238:
8992:
8927:
8893:
8815:
8785:
8715:
8538:
8405:
8361:
8199:
8147:
8019:
7814:
7762:
7453:
7342:
7323:
7301:
7275:
6837:
4921:
Some scholars believe that many toponyms and hydronyms of the Russian and Ukrainian steppe have Scythian links. For example,
2060:
2032:
8912:
Ethnic Contacts and Cultural Exchanges North and West of the Black Sea from the Greek Colonization to the Ottoman Conquest;
10187:
911:
2890:
2845:
2123:
2017:
8400:(Germany); Центр сравнительного изучения древних цивилизаций Института всеобщей истории РАН (Russia); Paleograph Press.
10182:
10177:
2082:
2039:
970:
8437:
9704:
8256:
7980:
7590:
7565:
6773:
2361:
in the west: were spoken by people originally of Iranic stock from the 8th and 7th century BC onwards in the area of
303:
6571:
4351:
2786:
2719:
2046:
810:
10002:
9068:
2748:
2549:
321:
17:
4111:
3915:
after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/. Means "sharp" and "victorious."
2467:
The Scythian languages shared some features with other Eastern Iranic languages, such as the use of the suffix
2119:
1902:
1677:
1081:
9108:
42:
10118:
8036:[Kolaxais and his Brothers (Classical Tradition on the Origin of the Royal Power of the Scythians)].
6969:, pp. 508–509: "Though Madyes himself is not mentioned in Akkadian texts, his father, the Scythian king
6410:
6344:
6277:
6153:
6093:
6025:
5965:
5895:
5809:
5700:
5332:
5263:
5161:
5127:
5011:
4884:
4845:
4773:
4639:
4564:
4469:
4387:
4314:
4230:
4129:
4028:
3938:
3897:
3838:
3751:
3682:
3662:
3502:
3412:
3355:
3280:
3202:
2793:
2726:
2075:
1647:
916:
853:
654:
540:
8601:
6588:
directly descended from the earlier Scytho-Sarmatian languages, and forming in its turn the ancestor of the
9113:
8230:
2772:
2710:
2558:
1335:
838:
649:
644:
639:
534:
8284:[A Legend on the Origin of the Scythians (Hdt. IV 5–7) and the problems of the sources of Herodotus's
2580:
2538:
2526:
7901:
2820:
2520:
1652:
1147:
848:
727:
713:
694:
9061:
8952:
8479:
7445:
7267:
7164:
2911:
2906:
2871:
2757:
2660:
2646:
2628:
2574:
990:
948:
548:
2950:; and the later evolution of /ð/ into /l/ is also present in several Eastern Iranic languages such as
10097:
9523:
9348:
9123:
8161:
3071:
is not yet certainly deciphered, and is probably in a Scythian dialect, constituting one of very few
2802:
2779:
2403:
2335:
2266:
2238:
1692:
1657:
1330:
634:
233:
135:
63:
38:
10207:
8910:[The Problem of the Scythian Language in Contemporary Studies]. In Cojocaru, Victor (ed.).
8121:
8004:
Sapal tibnim mû illakû: Studies Presented to Joaquín Sanmartín on the Occasion of his 64th Birthday
7957:
Varronianus: A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Philological Study of the Latin Language
2924:
2532:
2250:
1952:
1842:
1662:
1193:
1025:
976:
872:
674:
629:
624:
544:
7854:
7850:
3164:
Coast. These names suggest that the Sarmatian language had close similarities to modern Ossetian.
10073:
9588:
9103:
7961:
7754:
2764:
2681:
2667:
2653:
2407:
1847:
1574:
684:
679:
669:
313:
120:
8424:
7475:
7036:
10068:
10055:
9907:
9098:
8564:
7951:
7742:
6401:
6335:
6268:
6144:
6084:
6016:
5956:
5886:
5800:
5691:
5323:
5254:
5152:
5118:
5002:
4875:
4836:
4764:
4630:
4555:
4460:
4378:
4305:
4221:
4120:
4019:
3929:
3888:
3829:
3742:
3673:
3653:
3493:
3403:
3346:
3271:
3193:
3072:
3018:, etc.) and Slavic peoples probably assimilated most people speaking Scythian. However, in the
2613:
2278:
2270:
1837:
1809:
1593:
1495:
1261:
1107:
731:
569:
461:
400:
355:
295:
287:
125:
8211:"Herodot zur skythischen Sprache. Arimaspen, Amazonen und die Entdeckung des Schwarzen Meeres"
10014:
9697:
9669:
8869:
8859:
8834:
8329:
7259:
6179:
5835:
2862:
2855:
2836:
2390:
1984:
1813:
721:
717:
702:
698:
8267:
Herodotus’s Scythians and Ptolemy’s Central Asia: Semasiological and Onomasiological Studies
8061:"К дискуссии о языке скифов: переход др.ир. *xš- > *s- и его отражение в древнегреческом"
7168:
6516:(a member of a police force in Athens) speaks broken Greek, consistently omitting the final
9506:
9441:
9228:
5908:
2688:
2478:
2262:
1930:
1895:
1208:
891:
843:
780:
750:
708:
688:
552:
406:
3080:
1076:
8:
10202:
9820:
9662:
9192:
9145:
8885:
8248:
8165:
6541:
2947:
2929:
2920:
2742:
2700:
2414:
in the cycle of predictions for people born in that year; ink on paper, early 9th century
2242:
1203:
1198:
1094:
1018:
983:
906:
896:
755:
456:
451:
420:
8729:
7955:
10197:
9577:
9554:
9544:
9165:
9002:
8966:
8829:
8674:
8597:
8309:
8191:
8173:
7399:
5235:
4946:
3951:
2881:
2608:
2317:
1909:
1860:
1794:
1778:
1403:
1056:
795:
481:
386:
381:
8850:
8825:
8795:
8765:
8725:
7895:
7701:
7027:
214:
203:
10024:
9569:
9549:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9468:
9363:
9332:
9290:
9221:
9170:
9140:
9084:
8988:
8923:
8889:
8811:
8781:
8711:
8619:
8534:
8401:
8357:
8252:
8195:
8169:
8143:
8015:
7976:
7810:
7758:
7586:
7561:
7470:
7449:
7429:
7271:
6769:
6589:
6508:
5216:
4926:
4687:
3979:
3790:
3468:
3068:
3035:
3023:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2640:
2633:
2618:
2486:
2482:
2461:
2429:
2377:
2347:
2340:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2274:
2258:
1923:
1889:
1881:
1825:
1819:
1801:
1772:
1751:
1737:
1729:
1499:
1360:
1300:
1282:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1180:
1175:
1004:
867:
516:
509:
502:
488:
474:
434:
413:
350:
342:
130:
8854:
8157:
8113:
8098:
3076:
10154:
10143:
10123:
10078:
10009:
9690:
9598:
9583:
9559:
9494:
9489:
9429:
9424:
9409:
9403:
9387:
9381:
9368:
9326:
9234:
9175:
9160:
8968:
The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom: Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God
8576:
8503:(2013). "Скифские этимологии" [Scythian Etymologies]. In Kolganova, G. Y.;
8441:
8419:
8415:
8371:
8353:
8326:"The Scythian 'Rule Over Asia': the Classical Tradition and the Historical Reality"
8321:
8301:
8278:"Une légende sur l'origine des Scythes (HDT. IV 5–7) et le problème des sources du
8273:
8109:
7806:
7783:
7433:
6814:
6675:
6537:
6203:
3052:
2995:
2603:
2598:
2474:
2457:
2313:
2261:
and their descendants. The dominant ethnic groups among the Scythian-speakers were
2203:
2171:
2139:
2113:
1917:
1867:
1684:
1490:
1378:
1318:
1295:
1238:
1233:
1170:
1157:
1152:
1142:
815:
428:
376:
368:
361:
8634:[Scythian Ethnonyms and Anthroponyms in Ancient Eastern Cuneiform Texts].
8034:"Колаксай и его братья (античная традиция о происхождении царской власти у скифов"
7709:
6647:
Die griechischen Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste
10113:
9934:
9539:
9511:
9501:
9454:
9397:
9392:
9373:
9254:
9249:
9197:
9132:
9042:
9017:
8385:
8226:
8125:
7605:
7387:
6614:
6593:
6513:
6475:
3227:
3125:
The vessel should hold wine of grapes, added cooked food, so much, to the mortal,
3031:
3027:
3011:
2963:
2623:
1998:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1938:
1874:
1853:
1831:
1416:
1305:
1228:
1137:
1070:
1011:
877:
609:
594:
584:
579:
495:
467:
115:
8697:
7375:
Untersuchungen über die ältesten Wohnsitze der Slaven. Die Iranier in Südrußland
7031:
2464:
languages, although data required to test this hypothesis is presently lacking.
161:
9809:
9658:
9616:
9603:
9306:
9295:
9244:
9187:
9181:
9155:
9150:
8670:
8117:
7891:
7668:
7251:
6659:
6422:
6220:
5529:
5293:
3540:
3084:
2983:
2959:
2411:
2293:
2246:
1743:
1610:
1485:
1043:
997:
965:
901:
392:
108:
7542:
6438:
after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/.
6295:
after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/.
5359:
provides another source of Scythian; he reports that the Scythians called the
10171:
10040:
9939:
9564:
9518:
9434:
9317:
9300:
8984:
8581:
8572:
8568:
8433:
8429:
8349:
7696:
W. Tomaschek, "Kritik der ältesten Nachrichten über den skythischen Norden",
7263:
6680:
6663:
5207:
2811:
2420:
2399:
2305:
2003:
1467:
1383:
1100:
958:
820:
574:
179:
8183:
6923:
6921:
4359:
2284:
Most of the Scythian languages eventually became extinct, except for modern
790:
9997:
9922:
9789:
8877:
8693:
8087:
7640:
6503:
3056:
2979:
1622:
1460:
934:
805:
604:
599:
589:
100:
8305:
9959:
9825:
9609:
8976:
8341:
8187:
8002:. In del Olmo Lete, Gregorio; Feliu, Lluís; Millet Albà, Adelina (eds.).
6918:
5534:
5512:
5508:
5314:
4580:
4369:
4344:
4010:
3262:
3184:
2975:
1598:
1584:
1548:
1256:
8944:[On Onomastics of the Northern Black Sea region. XXI. Τράκανα].
8313:
8277:
8210:
7403:
7256:
The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World
6703:
Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Reichert, 1989.
3970:
785:
9875:
9845:
9816:
9804:
9767:
9747:
9272:
8632:"Скифские этнонимы и антропонимы в древневосточных клинописных текстах"
7370:
6506:, the dialects of various Greek people are accurately imitated. In his
4922:
2370:
1561:
1475:
1353:
1118:
84:
6664:"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts"
4863:
resulting from the evolution of Proto-Scythian /δ/ into Scythian /l/.
10128:
9912:
9892:
9855:
9850:
9840:
9799:
9784:
9732:
9461:
8240:
8007:
7507:
7441:
6184:
5877:
5840:
5550:
Elsewhere Herodotus explains the name of the mythical one-eyed tribe
5356:
4546:
3725:
3701:
3161:
3015:
1764:
1541:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1505:
1373:
196:
104:
80:
9053:
8873:
8631:
8552:
7999:
7718:
Les Scythes. La civilisation des steppes (VII-III siècles av. J.-C.)
6819:
6802:
4583:
4347:
268:
260:
252:
10085:
10050:
9860:
9762:
9752:
9414:
8941:
8907:
8707:
8662:
Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages
8660:
8512:
8375:
8060:
8033:
6483:
6365:
5737:
5641:
5640:
Other scholars reject Herodotus' etymology and derive the ethnonym
5551:
5067:
4966:
4962:
4212:
3879:
3583:
3459:
3019:
2830:
2433:
1707:
1698:
1589:
1390:
1365:
1269:
760:
336:
8325:
5621:
However, Iranic usually expresses "one" and "eye" with words like
9944:
9902:
9885:
9870:
9742:
9713:
9639:
9259:
9214:
8919:
8244:
7698:
Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
6938:
6936:
6585:
6046:
5856:
5718:
5360:
5276:
5182:
5034:
4993:
4954:
4621:
4598:
4488:
4408:
4327:
4296:
4251:
4175:
4150:
4074:
4049:
3601:
3523:
3316:
3296:
3239:
3118:
za(ṃ)-ri ko-la(ṃ) mi(ṃ)-vaṃ vaṃ-va pa-zaṃ pa-na de-ka mi(ṃ)-ri-to
3088:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2362:
2289:
2254:
1757:
1721:
1714:
1512:
1132:
765:
8915:
8531:
Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
5651:
Or the first part of the name may reflect something like Iranic
10060:
10045:
9949:
9880:
9865:
9757:
9737:
9727:
9419:
9266:
9239:
8980:
8972:
8749:
8666:
8526:
8522:
8393:
8389:
8345:
8337:
8139:
8135:
7802:
7750:
7291:
7289:
7287:
6725:
6723:
6721:
5682:
5543:
5232:
4970:
4958:
4950:
3920:
2987:
2955:
2497:
The Pontic Scythian language possessed the following phonemes:
2449:
2441:
2395:
2366:
2301:
1480:
1434:
953:
770:
7101:
7099:
7097:
6996:
6933:
6803:"Once again 'the Scythian' myth of origins (Herodotus 4.5–10)"
9969:
9954:
9927:
9917:
9835:
9830:
9777:
9772:
8753:
8703:
8131:
8011:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7609:
7313:
7311:
6976:
6609:
6581:
6559:
6549:
6531:
6521:
6172:
5828:
5778:
5245:
4680:
4399:
Means "possessing greatness through his words." Composed of:
3223:
3051:
Some scholars ascribe certain inscribed objects found in the
1579:
1453:
1447:
1429:
800:
775:
88:
7495:
7489:
7284:
6718:
6298:
Means "king of radiance" and "king of heaven." Composed of:
2218:
2151:
9964:
9897:
9794:
9593:
7354:
7352:
7330:
7094:
7082:
6415:
6349:
6282:
6158:
6098:
6030:
5981:
5970:
5900:
5814:
5705:
5337:
5268:
5166:
5132:
5016:
4889:
4850:
4778:
4644:
4569:
4474:
4392:
4319:
4235:
4134:
4033:
3943:
3902:
3843:
3756:
3687:
3667:
3507:
3417:
3360:
3285:
3207:
3007:
2224:
2221:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2157:
2154:
1971:
9682:
8738:
Annali dell'Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"
8398:
Eurasien-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
8162:"Herodotus, Historian of the Cimmerians and the Scythians"
8038:Аристей: вестник классической филологии и античной истории
7823:
7308:
6562:); these may be used to elucidate the Scythian languages.
2986:
in the 8th and 7th century BC, occupying today's Southern
62:
This article is about Scythian languages. For others, see
9020:[The Scythian Language: Attempt at Description].
7932:
7920:
7908:
7872:
7410:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7066:
2215:
2180:
2148:
7349:
7194:
7182:
7123:
7008:
6948:
6596:
authors recorded only a few fragments of this language.
4929:
with an assumed/reconstructed unattested Scythian word *
4657:, possibly meaning "milk-consumer," itself composed of:
3856:, possibly meaning "milk-consumer," itself composed of:
8808:
Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
8778:
Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
7523:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7209:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6868:
6866:
6782:
6572:
Ossetian language § Evidence for Medieval Ossetian
5210:
8867:
8624:
Einiges zu den Skythen, ihrer Sprache, ihrem Nachleben
7860:
7513:
7063:
6984:
6970:
6927:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6584:
from about the 5th to the 11th centuries AD, formed a
6457:
6449:
6443:
6433:
6394:
6382:
6374:
6359:
6328:
6316:
6308:
6302:
6290:
6261:
6249:
6241:
6229:
6130:
6108:
6077:
6065:
6040:
6009:
5997:
5991:
5982:
5928:
5920:
5914:
5878:
5793:
5770:
5758:
5746:
5683:
5315:
5304:
5246:
5226:
5201:
5176:
5098:
5088:
5076:
5026:
4994:
4868:
4858:
4829:
4786:
4751:
4735:
4719:
4700:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4622:
4547:
4482:
4453:
4441:
4402:
4370:
4297:
4270:
4245:
4213:
4201:
4195:
4169:
4144:
4112:
4100:
4094:
4068:
4043:
4011:
4000:
3992:
3971:
3960:
3954:
3921:
3910:
3880:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3822:
3811:
3799:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3735:
3719:
3711:
3702:
3695:
3646:
3620:
3595:
3584:
3557:
3549:
3517:
3487:
3481:
3460:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3425:
3396:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3339:
3263:
3233:
3217:
3185:
3137:
3116:
3010:
invasion of Europe in the 5th century AD, and Turkic (
2468:
2320:
summarizes the known linguistic landscape as follows:
8942:"Из ономастики Северного Причерноморья. XXI. Τράκανα"
8192:
Fondation Hardt pour l’étude de l’Antiquité classique
8092:
Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians
7585:. Tehran, Iran: Farhangan Publications. p. 376.
7560:. Tehran, Iran: Farhangan Publications. p. 376.
7501:
7135:
7111:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6214:
6122:
6057:
5942:
5867:
5729:
5287:
5193:
5059:
5045:
4905:
4818:
4609:
4589:
4513:
4499:
4433:
4419:
4338:
4284:
4262:
4186:
4161:
4085:
4060:
3634:
3612:
3571:
3534:
3327:
3307:
3250:
3238:, meaning "decoration" and "adornment." Compare with
2227:
2212:
2209:
2192:
2177:
2160:
2145:
7616:
Annali dell’Istituto Universario Orientale di Napoli
7206:
7155:"Išpakaia [CHIEFTAIN OF THE SCYTHIANS] (RN)"
7051:
6878:
5609:
5587:
5498:
5470:
5449:
5403:
4795:
4242:
Means "with the strength of an arrow." Composed of:
2473:
to denote the plural form, which is also present in
182:
170:
164:
8882:
A Thousand Judgements: Festschrift for Maria Macuch
7900:. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press. p.
7230:
7228:
6901:
6843:
4576:Means "prospering the friend/socius." Composed of:
2206:
2174:
2142:
6735:
6706:
6379:), the name of a group of deities of the airspace.
5350:
2982:. The Scythians migrated from Central Asia toward
2380:survives as a continuation of the language family
7647:, Moscow / Leningrad 1949, vol. 1, 172, 176, 188.
10169:
8742:Annals of the University of Naples "L'Orientale"
8455:
7002:
6942:
2428:in the east: spoken in the first century in the
8732:[Scythian Personal Names in Herodotus]
8103:"Languages and Literature in the Kushan Empire"
6313:, "to be bright" as well as "sky" and "heaven."
4487:, meaning "chest armour, armour." Compare with
3965:resulting from a sound change from /δ/ to /l/.
2974:Early Eastern Iranic peoples originated in the
8908:"Проблема Скифского Языка в Современной Науке"
8758:Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"
8232:Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberleiferung
7322:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTokhtasyev2005b (
7300:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTokhtasyev2005a (
6368:
6235:
6223:
5764:
5752:
5740:
5712:Means “the Burning One” or “the Flaming One.”
5296:
5219:
5144:
5110:
5082:
5070:
4743:
4727:
4711:
3805:
3793:
3543:
3514:Means "who is mighty in battle." Composed of:
10193:Languages attested from the 1st millennium BC
9698:
9069:
8880:; Durkin, Desmond; Naumann, Claudius (eds.).
8615:. The British Academy; azargoshnasp: 189–202.
8269:. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2012
7341:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSzemerényi1980 (
6206:
6114:
6049:
5934:
5859:
5721:
5279:
5185:
5051:
5037:
4897:
4601:
4505:
4491:
4425:
4411:
4330:
4276:
4254:
4178:
4153:
4077:
4052:
3626:
3604:
3563:
3526:
3319:
3299:
3242:
3144:
3123:
2083:
10159:Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia
8237:Old Iranian Language from Collateral Sources
4973:) may also belong with the same word-group.
3292:Meaning "prospering the ally." Composed of:
8730:"Die skythischen Personennamen bei Herodot"
7799:Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb
7583:Sogdian Dictionary, Sogdian-Persian-English
7558:Sogdian Dictionary, Sogdian-Persian-English
7317:
7295:
6760:
6356:Means "king of the airspace." Composed of:
5907:Means "possessing the might of the goddess
5781:
5520:Alternatively, one scholar suggests Iranic
4802:
4174:"decoration" and "adornment." Compare with
4073:"decoration" and "adornment." Compare with
3383:, "protection"; an abstraction of the root
23:
9705:
9691:
9076:
9062:
9007:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8936:
8902:
8511:; Petrova, A. A.; Safronov, A. V. (eds.).
8320:
8272:
7866:
7506:, which is cognate with the Scythian name
7386:
7336:
6966:
6954:
6729:
6490:= ice-shining, white with snow (cf. Greek
4364:), meaning "seed," "germ," and "kinship."
3167:Recorded Scythian personal names include:
3006:. They disappeared from history after the
2090:
2076:
2054:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
24:
8874:"Some Interlinguistic Iranian Conundrums"
8580:
8414:
8370:
7950:
7428:
7188:
7141:
7129:
6818:
6679:
5366:, and explains the name as a compound of
9978:
8964:
8849:
8824:
8688:
8596:
8547:
8499:
8156:
8127:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
8097:
8055:
8028:
7938:
7926:
7914:
7890:
7878:
7846:
7834:
7529:
7416:
7219:
7105:
7088:
7076:
7057:
6990:
6895:
6788:
6633:
5933:"strength, power." Compare with Avestan
4529:Recorded Scythian tribal names include:
4275:"strength, power." Compare with Avestan
3625:"strength, power." Compare with Avestan
3562:"strength, power." Compare with Avestan
2389:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
9015:
8794:
8764:
8724:
8629:
8069:Problems of History, Philology, Culture
7997:
7468:
7358:
7200:
7117:
7026:
7014:
6912:
6872:
6800:
6113:, "herd" and "possessions." Cognate of
5023:Means "place of beavers." Composed of:
4976:Recorded Scythian place names include:
4149:"scion" and "descendant." Compare with
4048:"scion" and "descendant." Compare with
3139:ña-ka mi pa-zaṃ vaṃ-va va-za(ṃ)-na vaṃ.
2938:Iranic languages with the exception of
2124:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
236:and peoples in 100 BC appears in green.
14:
10170:
10091:Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea
7796:
7716:, Paris 1941, 37 n. 3; I. Lebedensky,
7673:Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran
7580:
7555:
7160:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
6658:
6246:), "to create by putting into motion."
4651:From a sibilisation of Proto-Scythian
4481:Hypocorostic derivation from the word
3999:Hypocoristic derivation from the word
3850:From a sibilisation of Proto-Scythian
3763:From a sibilisation of Proto-Scythian
3694:From a sibilisation of Proto-Scythian
9686:
9083:
9057:
8658:
8208:
8065:Проблемы Истории, Филологии, Культуры
7777:
7729:
7656:
7250:
6766:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
6748:
6712:
3083:script, identified the language as a
2061:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2033:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
8467:[Eminakes, King of Scythia]
8225:
7741:
7234:
6833:
5751:), “to heat” and “to warm”; theonym
5663:
5554:as a compound of the Scythian words
3075:epigraphic traces of that language.
3062:
2257:by the populations belonging to the
2253:period), spoken in a vast region of
8806:] (in German). Vol. 5.5a.
8776:] (in German). Vol. 7.1a.
8265:Humbach, Helmut & Klaus Faiss.
8180:Herodotus and the Non-Greek Peoples
6668:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
6482:(AD 77–79) derives the name of the
5411:. Various explanations account for
3959:, itself a later dialectal form of
2018:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
56:
9668:Languages between parentheses are
8609:Proceedings of the British Academy
8602:"Scythian elements in Old Iranian"
8014:: Editorial AUSA. pp. 29–34.
7390:(1935). "Zum Balkan-Skythischen".
6928:Schwartz & Manaster Ramer 2019
6470:
6037:Means "swift water." Composed of:
4910:), meaning "placed at the front."
4793:From the Proto-Indo-European root
3700:, possibly meaning "with a bright
2040:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
57:
10219:
8175:Hérodote et les Peuples Non Grecs
7960:. J. and J. J. Deighton. p.
7675:, Göttingen 1905, 90–92; Vasmer,
6768:. London: Dearborn. p. 310.
5206:, "fish." Compare with Khotanese
4933:"water, river", and with Avestan
4925:associates the name of the river
3154:
3146:then added cooked fresh butter on
2928:
2910:
2880:
2870:
2861:
2854:
2844:
2835:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2687:
2680:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2573:
2557:
2548:
2531:
2519:
2329:
2126: instead of cuneiform script.
59:Group of Eastern Iranic languages
9983:Scythian and related populations
9642:(unknown further classification)
8557:Journal of Language Relationship
8553:"External relations of Scythian"
7708:, Berlin 1893, vol. 3, 305–306;
7700:116 (1888), 715–780, here: 761;
5173:Means "fish-path." Composed of:
2901:This article uses cursive theta
2202:
2170:
2138:
2104:
2047:Journal of Indo-European Studies
811:Bible translations into Armenian
302:
232:The approximate distribution of
226:
8438:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
7990:
7968:
7944:
7884:
7790:
7771:
7735:
7723:
7690:
7685:Iranica. I: Das Auge des Königs
7662:
7650:
7634:
7621:
7599:
7574:
7549:
7535:
7514:
7508:
7496:
7490:
7462:
7422:
7380:
7364:
7244:
7147:
7020:
6960:
6794:
6497:
5351:Herodotus' Scythian etymologies
4745:
4729:
4713:
4692:
4524:
4206:are variants of the same name.
4105:are variants of the same name.
3984:
3473:
3046:
322:List of Indo-European languages
9672:of the language on their left.
9018:"Скифский язык: опыт описания"
8804:Book of Iranian Personal Names
8774:Book of Iranian Personal Names
7502:
6754:
6697:
6688:
6652:
6639:
6627:
5759:
5275:Means "wetness." Compare with
4916:
2292:dialect of Scytho-Sarmatian),
13:
1:
10133:Iranian origin hypotheses of
10119:History of the western steppe
8922:: Trinitas. pp. 59–108.
8465:"Эминак в ряду владык Скифии"
8030:Bukharin, Mikhail Dmitrievich
7747:Indo-European Poetry and Myth
7438:The Cambridge History of Iran
2410:, listing the animals of the
2273:, more specifically from the
1648:Proto-Indo-European mythology
917:Paleolithic continuity theory
8800:Iranisches Personennamenbuch
8770:Iranisches Personennamenbuch
8334:Ancient Greeks West and East
7543:"Vir – the Latin Dictionary"
7003:Kullanda & Raevskiy 2004
6975:, whose identification with
6971:
6943:Kullanda & Raevskiy 2004
6458:
6450:
6444:
6434:
6416:
6395:
6383:
6360:
6350:
6329:
6317:
6309:
6303:
6291:
6283:
6262:
6250:
6185:
6159:
6131:
6109:
6099:
6078:
6066:
6041:
6031:
6010:
5998:
5992:
5983:
5971:
5929:
5921:
5915:
5901:
5879:
5841:
5815:
5794:
5706:
5684:
5402:) "man, hero, husband", PIE
5338:
5316:
5269:
5247:
5211:
5202:
5177:
5167:
5133:
5099:
5027:
5017:
4995:
4890:
4869:
4859:
4851:
4830:
4787:
4779:
4752:
4736:
4720:
4701:
4681:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4623:
4570:
4548:
4483:
4475:
4454:
4442:
4403:
4393:
4371:
4360:
4320:
4298:
4271:
4246:
4236:
4214:
4202:
4196:
4170:
4145:
4135:
4113:
4101:
4095:
4069:
4044:
4034:
4012:
4001:
3993:
3972:
3961:
3955:
3944:
3922:
3911:
3903:
3881:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3823:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3736:
3720:
3712:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3668:
3647:
3621:
3600:"wide, broad." Compare with
3596:
3585:
3558:
3518:
3508:
3488:
3482:
3461:
3448:
3440:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3397:
3385:
3379:
3371:
3361:
3340:
3286:
3264:
3234:
3218:
3208:
3186:
3138:
3117:
2492:
2469:
2436:, China), and including the
1336:Northern Black Polished Ware
535:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
10188:Extinct languages of Europe
9712:
8000:"Onomastica Elamo-Scythica"
7645:Osetinskij jazyk i fol’klor
6603:
6375:
6242:
6230:
6215:
6123:
6058:
5943:
5868:
5771:
5747:
5730:
5305:
5288:
5227:
5194:
5089:
5077:
5060:
5046:
4906:
4896:Cognate with Young Avestan
4819:
4610:
4590:
4514:
4500:
4434:
4420:
4339:
4285:
4263:
4187:
4162:
4086:
4061:
3812:
3800:
3635:
3613:
3572:
3550:
3535:
3328:
3308:
3251:
3091:, tentatively translating:
1653:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
10224:
8953:Journal of Ancient History
8480:Journal of Ancient History
7610:
7446:Cambridge University Press
7268:Princeton University Press
7165:University of Pennsylvania
6977:
6569:
6565:
6550:
6532:
6522:
6405:
6339:
6272:
6173:
6148:
6088:
6020:
5960:
5890:
5829:
5804:
5695:
5610:
5588:
5507:"die" (confusion of Greek
5499:
5471:
5450:
5404:
5327:
5258:
5156:
5122:
5006:
4879:
4840:
4796:
4768:
4744:
4728:
4712:
4691:
4634:
4584:
4559:
4464:
4382:
4348:
4326:Derived from a cognate of
4309:
4225:
4124:
4023:
3983:
3933:
3892:
3833:
3746:
3677:
3657:
3497:
3472:
3407:
3350:
3275:
3197:
2969:
2907:voiceless dental fricative
949:Domestication of the horse
169:(Western) Pontic Scythian
61:
10183:Extinct languages of Asia
10178:Eastern Iranian languages
10152:
10106:
10033:
9990:
9976:
9720:
9649:
9632:
9532:
9356:
9347:
9206:
9131:
9122:
9091:
8290:Revue des Études Grecques
8122:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
7677:Die Iranier in Südrußland
7629:Die Iranier in Südrußland
6981:of Herodotus is certain."
6369:
6236:
6224:
6207:
6115:
6050:
5935:
5860:
5765:
5753:
5741:
5722:
5297:
5280:
5220:
5186:
5083:
5071:
5052:
5038:
4898:
4602:
4506:
4492:
4426:
4412:
4331:
4277:
4255:
4179:
4154:
4078:
4053:
3806:
3794:
3627:
3605:
3564:
3554:), both meaning "battle."
3544:
3527:
3467:
3320:
3300:
3243:
3145:
3124:
3041:
2894:
2889:
2867:
2798:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2510:
2507:
2296:(which descends from the
2288:(which descends from the
1658:Historical Vedic religion
935:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
241:
225:
195:
190:
154:
116:Linguistic classification
114:
94:
76:
71:
64:Scythian (disambiguation)
8965:Ustinova, Yulia (1999).
8582:10.31826/jlr-2014-110110
7998:Alemany, Agustí (2006).
7780:Encyclopedia of Religion
7518:) transmitted by Ptolemy
6681:10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830
6620:
6135:, "strong" and "mighty."
5382:Most scholars associate
4791:, the Scythian endonym,
4614:), meaning "to prosper."
3332:), meaning "to prosper."
2925:voiceless dental plosive
2432:(located in present-day
2265:of Central Asia and the
2239:Eastern Iranic languages
1663:Ancient Iranian religion
1026:Novotitarovskaya culture
873:Indo-European migrations
234:Eastern Iranic languages
39:latest accepted revision
9016:Witczak, K. T. (1999).
8947:Вестник древней истории
8659:Novák, Ľubomír (2013).
8474:Вестник древней истории
8294:Review of Greek Studies
7952:Donaldson, John William
7897:Zoroaster and His World
7797:Cheung, Johnny (2007).
7784:Macmillan Reference USA
7778:Jones, Lindsay (2005).
7755:Oxford University Press
7743:West, Martin Litchfield
7706:Deutsche Altertumskunde
7469:Brunner, C. J. (1986).
6801:Lincoln, Bruce (2014).
6502:In the comedy works of
5181:, "path." Compare with
5146:
5112:
4817:, whence also English "
4407:, "word." Compare with
3708:," itself composed of:
3522:"battle." Compare with
3438:, "foot," from earlier
3312:), meaning "companion."
2905:to denote the Scythian
2408:Indo-European languages
1164:Northern/Eastern Steppe
10056:Parama Kamboja Kingdom
9984:
8870:Manaster Ramer, Alexis
8640:Questions of Epigraphy
8630:Melikov, Rauf (2016).
8209:Hinge, George (2005).
7611:οἰόρπατα «ἀνδροκτόνοι»
6426:
6202:a possible cognate of
6117:𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬱
6070:, "quick" or "mighty."
6045:, "water." Related to
5782:
5570:Some scholars connect
5390:"man, hero", Sanskrit
5031:"beaver." Cognate of:
4673:, hypocoristic suffix.
4250:"arrow." Compare with
3872:, hypocoristic suffix.
3785:, hypocoristic suffix.
3769:, itself composed of:
3452:, hypocoristic suffix.
3087:dialect spoken by the
2978:(ca. 1500–1100 BC) in
2915:/), and regular theta
2415:
2327:
2271:Indo-European language
2112:This article contains
1635:Religion and mythology
1594:Medieval Scandinavians
885:Alternative and fringe
10098:Pontic–Caspian steppe
9982:
8860:Encyclopaedia Iranica
8835:Encyclopaedia Iranica
8306:10.3406/reg.1999.4355
7786:. pp. 8205–8208.
7687:, Berlin 1934, 16–19.
7618:1 (1959) pp. 151–156.
6432:From an earlier form
6289:From an earlier form
5724:𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌
5655:"rich", cf. Ossetian
5604:"foretell", Sanskrit
5558:, meaning "one", and
5374:, meaning "to kill" (
5370:, meaning "man", and
5093:), meaning "mongoose"
3909:From an earlier form
3424:From an earlier form
2404:Eastern Iranic branch
2393:
2322:
2312:(which descends from
2267:Pontic–Caspian steppe
1985:Indo-European studies
1348:Peoples and societies
9663:historical languages
8810:. pp. 341–342.
8710:: Secor Publishers.
8483:] (in Russian).
8425:Encyclopædia Iranica
8372:Ivantchik, Askold I.
8356:. pp. 497–520.
8274:Ivantchik, Askold I.
8194:. pp. 115–130.
8142:. pp. 407–431.
7983:in Kim, op.cit., 54.
7809:. pp. 378–379.
7714:L’empire des steppes
7476:Encyclopædia Iranica
7432:(1985). "Media". In
7270:. pp. 370–371.
7037:Encyclopædia Iranica
6219:), "firmament," and
5574:"one" with Ossetian
5355:The Greek historian
4969:(the deepest one in
4594:), meaning "friend."
3106:English translation
2919:to denote the Greek
2263:nomadic pastoralists
892:Anatolian hypothesis
844:Proto-Indo-Europeans
751:Hittite inscriptions
296:Indo-European topics
9023:Вопросы языкознания
8886:Harrassowitz Verlag
8830:"SCYTHIAN LANGUAGE"
8744:] (in German).
8598:Lubotsky, Alexander
8239:] (in German).
8182:] (in French).
7581:Gharib, B. (1995).
7556:Gharib, B. (1995).
7377:, Leipzig 1923, 74.
6694:E.g. Harmatta 1970.
6645:Compare L. Zgusta,
6580:, as spoken by the
5600:"eye" with Avestic
5482:(i.e. "man-ruler");
5444:"cleave", Sanskrit
5386:"man" with Avestan
5064:), meaning "beaver"
3096:
2592:
2502:
1148:Multi-cordoned ware
1019:Mikhaylovka culture
907:Indigenous Aryanism
897:Armenian hypothesis
756:Hieroglyphic Luwian
29:Page version status
9985:
8938:Tokhtasyev, Sergey
8904:Tokhtasyev, Sergey
8868:Schwartz, Martin;
8699:Scythian Mythology
8675:Charles University
8636:Вопросы эпиграфики
8533:. pp. 38–48.
8330:Tsetskhladze, G.R.
8120:; Etemadi, G. F.;
7108:, p. 270-271.
7091:, p. 273-274.
6930:, p. 359-360.
6732:, p. 156-158.
6486:from the Scythian
6254:, meaning "great."
5990:a term related to
5919:, "of the goddess
4945:. The river names
4518:) "chest armour."
3950:From the Scythian
3095:Issyk inscription
3094:
2590:
2500:
2416:
2318:Alexander Lubotsky
2133:Scythian languages
728:Proto-Indo-Iranian
714:Proto-Balto-Slavic
695:Proto-Italo-Celtic
35:
10165:
10164:
9680:
9679:
9628:
9627:
9343:
9342:
9085:Iranian languages
8994:978-9-004-11231-5
8929:978-9-737-83450-8
8895:978-3-447-11094-5
8817:978-3-700-17142-3
8787:978-3-700-16608-5
8717:978-9-548-25002-3
8690:Raevskiy, Dmitriy
8540:978-5-892-82576-4
8509:Nemirovsky, A. A.
8416:Ivantchik, Askold
8407:978-5-895-26015-9
8363:978-90-04-11190-5
8322:Ivantchik, Askold
8201:978-3-774-92415-4
8166:Reverdin, Olivier
8149:978-9-231-02846-5
8110:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
8057:Bukharin, Mikhail
8021:978-8-488-81071-7
7837:, p. 67-128.
7816:978-9-004-15496-4
7764:978-0-199-28075-9
7720:, Paris 2001, 93.
7455:978-0-521-20091-2
7434:Gershevitch, Ilya
7277:978-0-691-14720-8
6590:Ossetian language
6544:, and once using
6509:Thesmophoriazusae
6468:
6467:
6414:
6348:
6281:
6183:
6157:
6127:), "cow pasture."
6097:
6029:
5969:
5899:
5839:
5813:
5704:
5664:Scythian theonyms
5562:, meaning "eye" (
5465:"lord", Sanskrit
5348:
5347:
5336:
5267:
5165:
5131:
5015:
4914:
4913:
4900:𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬙𐬀
4888:
4849:
4801:, itself meaning
4777:
4699:
4643:
4568:
4522:
4521:
4473:
4424:), "spoken," and
4391:
4318:
4234:
4133:
4032:
4005:, meaning "dog."
3991:
3942:
3901:
3842:
3755:
3686:
3666:
3506:
3480:
3416:
3359:
3284:
3206:
3152:
3151:
3069:Issyk inscription
3063:Issyk inscription
3024:Ossetian language
2917:⟨θ⟩
2903:⟨ϑ⟩
2898:
2897:
2588:
2587:
2430:Kingdom of Khotan
2355:Alanian languages
2348:dialect continuum
2341:Ossetian language
2259:Scythian cultures
2120:rendering support
2100:
2099:
1361:Anatolian peoples
1331:Painted Grey Ware
1219:Nordic Bronze Age
868:Kurgan hypothesis
821:Old Irish glosses
786:Gaulish epigraphy
279:
278:
175:(Western) Alanian
47:21 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
10215:
10155:Category:Scythia
10144:Scythian archers
10124:Bosporan Kingdom
10079:Bosporan Kingdom
9707:
9700:
9693:
9684:
9683:
9524:Zoroastrian Dari
9354:
9353:
9129:
9128:
9078:
9071:
9064:
9055:
9054:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9012:
9006:
8998:
8961:
8933:
8899:
8864:
8851:Schmitt, Rüdiger
8846:
8844:
8842:
8826:Schmitt, Rüdiger
8821:
8796:Schmitt, Rüdiger
8791:
8766:Schmitt, Rüdiger
8761:
8735:
8726:Schmitt, Rüdiger
8721:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8616:
8606:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8584:
8549:Kullanda, Sergei
8544:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8470:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8442:Brill Publishers
8411:
8367:
8317:
8262:
8222:
8205:
8153:
8107:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8025:
7984:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7948:
7942:
7941:, p. 48-52.
7936:
7930:
7929:, p. 31-32.
7924:
7918:
7917:, p. 29-31.
7912:
7906:
7905:
7888:
7882:
7881:, p. 29-66.
7876:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7821:
7820:
7807:Brill Publishers
7794:
7788:
7787:
7782:. Vol. 12.
7775:
7769:
7768:
7739:
7733:
7732:, pp. 89–94
7727:
7721:
7694:
7688:
7666:
7660:
7659:, pp. 94–98
7654:
7648:
7638:
7632:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7539:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7504:
7500:renders Avestan
7499:
7498:
7493:
7492:
7485:
7483:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7430:Diakonoff, I. M.
7426:
7420:
7419:, p. 39-41.
7414:
7408:
7407:
7388:Kretschmer, Paul
7384:
7378:
7368:
7362:
7361:, p. 52-53.
7356:
7347:
7346:
7339:, p. 20-21.
7334:
7328:
7327:
7318:Tokhtasyev 2005b
7315:
7306:
7305:
7298:, p. 68-84.
7296:Tokhtasyev 2005a
7293:
7282:
7281:
7248:
7242:
7232:
7223:
7217:
7204:
7203:, p. 93–94.
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7167:. Archived from
7151:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7061:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7028:Schmitt, Rüdiger
7024:
7018:
7017:, p. 78-80.
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6931:
6925:
6916:
6910:
6899:
6893:
6876:
6870:
6841:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6733:
6727:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6695:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6656:
6650:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6578:Alanian language
6553:
6552:
6540:in place of the
6535:
6534:
6525:
6524:
6461:
6453:
6447:
6437:
6419:
6409:
6407:
6398:
6386:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6363:
6353:
6343:
6341:
6332:
6320:
6312:
6306:
6294:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6265:
6253:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6188:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6162:
6152:
6150:
6134:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6112:
6102:
6092:
6090:
6081:
6069:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6044:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6013:
6001:
5996:, "pasture" and
5995:
5986:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5932:
5924:
5918:
5911:." Composed of:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5882:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5844:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5818:
5808:
5806:
5797:
5785:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5687:
5668:
5667:
5648:"horse" instead.
5617:
5616:
5595:
5594:
5578:"only", Avestic
5506:
5505:
5477:
5476:
5457:
5456:
5410:
5409:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5319:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5272:
5262:
5260:
5250:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5180:
5170:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5115:
5102:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5030:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4998:
4979:
4978:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4872:
4862:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4833:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4704:
4698:romanized:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4626:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4551:
4532:
4531:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4486:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4457:
4445:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4406:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4374:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4301:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4217:
4205:
4199:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4173:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4116:
4104:
4098:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4072:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4047:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4015:
4004:
3996:
3990:romanized:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3975:
3964:
3958:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3925:
3914:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3884:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3723:
3715:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3599:
3588:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3479:romanized:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3464:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3400:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3267:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3237:
3221:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3189:
3170:
3169:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3103:Transliteration
3097:
3093:
3053:Carpathian Basin
2996:Carpathian Basin
2932:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2884:
2874:
2865:
2858:
2848:
2839:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2691:
2684:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2561:
2552:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2503:
2499:
2472:
2426:Scytho-Khotanese
2394:A document from
2359:Scytho-Sarmatian
2339:affinity to the
2334:Ossetian is an
2306:Scytho-Khotanese
2236:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2114:cuneiform script
2108:
2107:
2092:
2085:
2078:
1933:
1926:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1781:
1767:
1760:
1746:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1701:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1491:Germanic peoples
1481:Hellenic peoples
1470:
1463:
1456:
1379:Mycenaean Greeks
1368:
1296:Thraco-Cimmerian
1194:Globular Amphora
1171:Abashevo culture
1110:
1103:
1073:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
816:Tocharian script
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
437:
423:
416:
409:
395:
371:
364:
345:
306:
283:
282:
271:
263:
255:
230:
221:
217:
211:
210:(Sogdic-Ossetic)
207:
206:
184:
180:Scytho-Khotanese
172:
166:
69:
68:
21:
10223:
10222:
10218:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10213:
10212:
10208:History of Ural
10168:
10167:
10166:
10161:
10148:
10114:Iranian peoples
10102:
10029:
9986:
9974:
9935:Pazyryk culture
9716:
9711:
9681:
9676:
9675:
9645:
9624:
9528:
9339:
9202:
9118:
9087:
9082:
9052:
9033:
9031:
9000:
8999:
8995:
8930:
8896:
8840:
8838:
8818:
8788:
8733:
8718:
8679:
8677:
8649:
8647:
8604:
8587:
8585:
8541:
8505:Kullanda, S. V.
8501:Kullanda, S. V.
8490:
8488:
8468:
8461:Raevskiy, D. S.
8457:Kullanda, S. V.
8446:
8444:
8408:
8386:Berlin, Germany
8364:
8280:Scythicos logos
8259:
8202:
8170:Nenci, Giuseppe
8158:Harmatta, János
8150:
8118:Puri, Baij Nath
8114:Harmatta, János
8105:
8099:Harmatta, János
8078:
8076:
8047:
8045:
8022:
7993:
7988:
7987:
7973:
7969:
7949:
7945:
7937:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7892:Herzfeld, Ernst
7889:
7885:
7877:
7873:
7867:Tokhtasyev 2013
7865:
7861:
7845:
7841:
7833:
7824:
7817:
7795:
7791:
7776:
7772:
7765:
7757:. p. 267.
7740:
7736:
7728:
7724:
7695:
7691:
7667:
7663:
7655:
7651:
7639:
7635:
7626:
7622:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7554:
7550:
7541:
7540:
7536:
7528:
7524:
7488:Middle Persian
7481:
7479:
7467:
7463:
7456:
7440:. Vol. 2.
7427:
7423:
7415:
7411:
7385:
7381:
7369:
7365:
7357:
7350:
7340:
7337:Szemerényi 1980
7335:
7331:
7321:
7316:
7309:
7299:
7294:
7285:
7278:
7252:Mayor, Adrienne
7249:
7245:
7233:
7226:
7218:
7207:
7199:
7195:
7187:
7183:
7174:
7172:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7140:
7136:
7128:
7124:
7116:
7112:
7104:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7042:
7040:
7025:
7021:
7013:
7009:
7001:
6997:
6989:
6985:
6967:Ivantchik 1999b
6965:
6961:
6955:Tokhtasyev 2005
6953:
6949:
6941:
6934:
6926:
6919:
6911:
6902:
6894:
6879:
6871:
6844:
6832:
6828:
6820:10.7557/13.3188
6799:
6795:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6759:
6755:
6747:
6736:
6730:Ivantchik 1999a
6728:
6719:
6711:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6660:Witzel, Michael
6657:
6653:
6644:
6640:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6615:Dacian language
6606:
6594:Byzantine Greek
6574:
6568:
6514:Scythian archer
6500:
6480:Natural History
6476:Pliny the Elder
6473:
6471:Pliny the Elder
6448:, from earlier
6439:
6420:
6364:, a cognate of
6307:, from earlier
6296:
6208:
6116:
6051:
5980:Iranic theonym
5936:
5861:
5723:
5666:
5582:"quiet", Greek
5489:"kill", Pashto
5353:
5344:Means "broad."
5298:
5281:
5221:
5187:
5139:Means "river."
5053:
5039:
4919:
4899:
4814:
4812:shooter, archer
4811:
4808:
4805:
4603:
4527:
4507:
4493:
4427:
4413:
4350:
4349:
4332:
4278:
4256:
4180:
4155:
4079:
4054:
3628:
3606:
3565:
3528:
3492:
3389:, "to protect."
3321:
3301:
3244:
3157:
3065:
3049:
3044:
3032:Pamir languages
2972:
2916:
2902:
2495:
2332:
2237:are a group of
2205:
2201:
2173:
2169:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2118:Without proper
2109:
2105:
2096:
2067:
2066:
1999:Marija Gimbutas
1987:
1977:
1976:
1968:Winter solstice
1958:Horse sacrifice
1929:
1922:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1805:
1790:
1777:
1763:
1756:
1742:
1733:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1667:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1570:
1557:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1370:
1364:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1314:
1291:
1278:
1266:
1247:
1189:
1166:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1088:Northern Europe
1069:
1065:
1052:
1039:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
971:Steppe cultures
944:
937:
930:
922:
921:
912:Baltic homeland
886:
882:
878:Eurasian nomads
862:
858:
834:
826:
825:
796:Runic epigraphy
791:Latin epigraphy
746:
738:
737:
675:Proto-Anatolian
659:
614:
610:Thraco-Illyrian
595:Graeco-Phrygian
585:Graeco-Armenian
580:Graeco-Albanian
559:
537:
524:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
433:
419:
412:
405:
391:
367:
360:
341:
326:
318:
316:
275:
267:
259:
251:
247:ISO 639-3 codes
237:
219:
213:
212:
209:
202:
201:
96:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
18:Alanic language
15:
12:
11:
5:
10221:
10211:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10163:
10162:
10153:
10150:
10149:
10147:
10146:
10141:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10100:
10095:
10094:
10093:
10083:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10065:Scythia Minor
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10037:
10035:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10006:
10005:
9994:
9992:
9988:
9987:
9977:
9975:
9973:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9931:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9810:Indo-Scythians
9807:
9802:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9781:
9780:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9724:
9722:
9718:
9717:
9710:
9709:
9702:
9695:
9687:
9678:
9677:
9674:
9673:
9666:
9651:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9643:
9636:
9634:
9630:
9629:
9626:
9625:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9617:Middle Persian
9613:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9581:
9574:
9573:
9572:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9536:
9534:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9515:
9514:
9504:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9492:
9490:Semnani proper
9487:
9482:
9472:
9465:
9458:
9451:
9450:
9449:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9407:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9366:
9360:
9358:
9351:
9345:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9337:
9336:
9335:
9323:
9322:
9321:
9314:
9313:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9303:
9298:
9276:
9269:
9264:
9263:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9237:
9232:
9225:
9218:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9137:
9135:
9126:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9116:
9111:
9109:Middle Iranian
9106:
9101:
9095:
9093:
9089:
9088:
9081:
9080:
9073:
9066:
9058:
9051:
9050:
9049:, Prague 1955.
9040:
9013:
8993:
8962:
8934:
8928:
8900:
8894:
8865:
8847:
8822:
8816:
8792:
8786:
8762:
8722:
8716:
8686:
8671:Czech Republic
8656:
8627:
8626:. Vienna 2006.
8617:
8594:
8545:
8539:
8497:
8453:
8412:
8406:
8368:
8362:
8318:
8286:Scythicos logo
8270:
8263:
8257:
8223:
8206:
8200:
8154:
8148:
8095:
8094:, Szeged 1970.
8085:
8053:
8040:(in Russian).
8026:
8020:
8006:(in Spanish).
7994:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7967:
7943:
7931:
7919:
7907:
7883:
7871:
7859:
7839:
7822:
7815:
7789:
7770:
7763:
7734:
7722:
7689:
7661:
7649:
7633:
7620:
7598:
7591:
7573:
7566:
7548:
7534:
7532:, p. 129.
7522:
7461:
7454:
7448:. p. 93.
7421:
7409:
7398:(1–2): 1–56 .
7379:
7363:
7348:
7329:
7320:, p. 296.
7307:
7283:
7276:
7243:
7224:
7205:
7193:
7191:, p. 188.
7189:Ivantchik 2005
7181:
7146:
7142:Ivantchik 2018
7134:
7132:, p. 183.
7130:Ivantchik 2005
7122:
7110:
7093:
7081:
7062:
7050:
7019:
7007:
6995:
6983:
6959:
6947:
6932:
6917:
6900:
6877:
6842:
6826:
6793:
6791:, p. 412.
6781:
6774:
6753:
6734:
6717:
6705:
6696:
6687:
6651:
6638:
6636:, p. 190.
6625:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6605:
6602:
6567:
6564:
6554:) in place of
6499:
6496:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6455:
6430:
6399:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6380:
6354:
6333:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6314:
6287:
6266:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6247:
6221:Vedic Sanskrit
6197:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6128:
6103:
6082:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6063:
6035:
6014:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5988:
5975:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5926:
5905:
5884:
5874:
5873:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5798:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5776:
5735:
5710:
5689:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:Attested forms
5672:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5649:
5638:
5619:
5548:
5547:
5538:(privative) +
5530:folk-etymology
5518:
5517:
5516:
5483:
5459:
5438:
5427:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5321:
5311:
5310:
5294:Vedic Sanskrit
5273:
5252:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5199:
5171:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5065:
5021:
5000:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:Attested forms
4983:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4894:
4873:
4865:
4864:
4857:Later form of
4855:
4834:
4826:
4825:
4784:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4741:
4725:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4666:
4649:
4628:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4595:
4574:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:Attested forms
4536:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4479:
4458:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4439:
4397:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4333:𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥
4324:
4303:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4268:
4240:
4219:
4209:
4208:
4193:
4192:
4167:
4156:𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀
4139:
4118:
4108:
4107:
4092:
4091:
4066:
4055:𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀
4038:
4017:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3948:
3927:
3917:
3916:
3907:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3848:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3787:
3786:
3778:
3761:
3740:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3716:, "brilliant."
3692:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3618:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3555:
3541:Vedic Sanskrit
3512:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3422:
3401:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3376:
3365:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3313:
3290:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3231:
3212:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:Attested forms
3174:
3156:
3155:Personal names
3153:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3085:Khotanese Saka
3077:János Harmatta
3064:
3061:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
2984:Eastern Europe
2971:
2968:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2494:
2491:
2454:
2453:
2421:Saka languages
2412:Chinese zodiac
2402:, part of the
2400:Khotanese Saka
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2336:Eastern Iranic
2331:
2330:Classification
2328:
2122:, you may see
2110:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Fire sacrifice
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:Zoroastrianism
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1613:
1611:Medieval India
1602:
1601:
1596:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1565:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1493:
1488:
1486:Italic peoples
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1262:Gandhara grave
1259:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:Middle Dnieper
1104:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1063:Eastern Europe
1060:
1059:
1047:
1046:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1008:
1001:
994:
991:Dnieper–Donets
987:
980:
968:
966:Kurgan culture
963:
962:
961:
951:
939:
938:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
902:Beech argument
899:
894:
888:
887:
881:
880:
875:
870:
864:
863:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
725:
711:
706:
692:
685:Proto-Germanic
682:
680:Proto-Armenian
677:
672:
670:Proto-Albanian
666:
665:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
621:
620:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
566:
565:
558:
557:
556:
555:
531:
530:
523:
522:
521:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
459:
454:
448:
447:
441:
440:
439:
438:
426:
425:
424:
417:
410:
398:
397:
396:
384:
379:
374:
373:
372:
365:
353:
348:
347:
346:
333:
332:
325:
324:
317:
312:
311:
308:
307:
299:
298:
292:
291:
277:
276:
274:
273:
272:: Old Ossetian
265:
257:
245:
243:
239:
238:
231:
223:
222:
199:
193:
192:
191:Language codes
188:
187:
186:
185:
176:
173:
167:
156:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
136:Eastern Iranic
118:
112:
111:
109:Eastern Europe
98:
92:
91:
78:
74:
73:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10220:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10160:
10156:
10151:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10105:
10099:
10096:
10092:
10089:
10088:
10087:
10084:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10066:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10041:Kazakh Steppe
10039:
10038:
10036:
10032:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10004:
10001:
10000:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9989:
9981:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9940:Tagar culture
9938:
9936:
9933:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9895:
9894:
9891:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9818:
9815:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9797:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9708:
9703:
9701:
9696:
9694:
9689:
9688:
9685:
9671:
9667:
9664:
9660:
9656:
9653:
9652:
9648:
9641:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9631:
9619:
9618:
9614:
9612:
9611:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9589:Caucasian Tat
9587:
9586:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9513:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9459:
9457:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9440:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9405:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9346:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9319:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9275:
9274:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9242:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9226:
9224:
9223:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9205:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9183:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9121:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9099:Proto-Iranian
9097:
9096:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9079:
9074:
9072:
9067:
9065:
9060:
9059:
9056:
9048:
9044:
9041:
9029:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9010:
9004:
8996:
8990:
8986:
8985:United States
8982:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8969:
8963:
8960:(1): 193–196.
8959:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8948:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8891:
8887:
8883:
8879:
8878:Hintze, Almut
8875:
8871:
8866:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8837:
8836:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8700:
8695:
8694:Marazov, Ivan
8691:
8687:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8663:
8657:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8628:
8625:
8621:
8620:Mayrhofer, M.
8618:
8614:
8610:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8583:
8578:
8574:
8573:Gorgias Press
8570:
8569:United States
8566:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8476:
8475:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8434:United States
8431:
8430:New York City
8427:
8426:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8350:United States
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8300:(1): 141–92.
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8281:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8258:3-447-01703-1
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8227:Hinz, Walther
8224:
8220:
8217:(in German).
8216:
8212:
8207:
8203:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8093:
8089:
8086:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7996:
7995:
7982:
7981:3-7001-0994-6
7978:
7971:
7963:
7959:
7958:
7953:
7947:
7940:
7939:Bukharin 2013
7935:
7928:
7927:Bukharin 2013
7923:
7916:
7915:Bukharin 2013
7911:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7887:
7880:
7879:Ustinova 1999
7875:
7868:
7863:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7847:Raevskiy 1993
7843:
7836:
7835:Ustinova 1999
7831:
7829:
7827:
7818:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7793:
7785:
7781:
7774:
7766:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7738:
7731:
7726:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7702:K. Müllenhoff
7699:
7693:
7686:
7682:
7681:H.H. Schaeder
7678:
7674:
7670:
7665:
7658:
7653:
7646:
7642:
7637:
7630:
7624:
7617:
7608:, "Skythisch
7607:
7602:
7594:
7592:964-5558-06-9
7588:
7584:
7577:
7569:
7567:964-5558-06-9
7563:
7559:
7552:
7544:
7538:
7531:
7530:Harmatta 1999
7526:
7519:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7465:
7457:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7418:
7417:Kullanda 2013
7413:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7376:
7372:
7367:
7360:
7355:
7353:
7344:
7338:
7333:
7325:
7319:
7314:
7312:
7303:
7297:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7279:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7264:United States
7261:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7240:
7236:
7231:
7229:
7221:
7220:Schmitt 2018b
7216:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7202:
7197:
7190:
7185:
7171:on 2023-04-30
7170:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7150:
7143:
7138:
7131:
7126:
7120:, p. 33.
7119:
7114:
7107:
7106:Bukharin 2013
7102:
7100:
7098:
7090:
7089:Bukharin 2013
7085:
7079:, p. 81.
7078:
7077:Kullanda 2014
7073:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7059:
7058:Bukharin 2011
7054:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7029:
7023:
7016:
7011:
7005:, p. 94.
7004:
6999:
6993:, p. 63.
6992:
6991:Bukharin 2011
6987:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:, p. 88.
6956:
6951:
6945:, p. 93.
6944:
6939:
6937:
6929:
6924:
6922:
6914:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6897:
6896:Schmitt 2018a
6892:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6874:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6839:
6835:
6830:
6821:
6816:
6813:(33): 19–34.
6812:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6789:Harmatta 1992
6785:
6777:
6775:9781884964985
6771:
6767:
6763:
6757:
6751:, p. 10.
6750:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6731:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6715:, p. 11.
6714:
6709:
6700:
6691:
6682:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6648:
6642:
6635:
6634:Lubotsky 2002
6630:
6626:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6601:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6573:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6536:), using the
6529:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6495:
6494:= ice-cold).
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6412:
6403:
6402:Ancient Greek
6400:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6367:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6346:
6337:
6336:Ancient Greek
6334:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6293:
6288:
6285:
6279:
6270:
6269:Ancient Greek
6267:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6232:
6222:
6217:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6199:Composed of:
6198:
6187:
6181:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6155:
6146:
6145:Ancient Greek
6143:
6141:
6140:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6105:Composed of:
6104:
6101:
6095:
6086:
6085:Ancient Greek
6083:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6027:
6018:
6017:Ancient Greek
6015:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6000:
5994:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5977:Composed of:
5976:
5973:
5967:
5958:
5957:Ancient Greek
5955:
5953:
5952:
5945:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5897:
5888:
5887:Ancient Greek
5885:
5883:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5858:
5854:
5843:
5837:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5811:
5802:
5801:Ancient Greek
5799:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5749:
5739:
5736:
5734:), “to warm.”
5732:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5702:
5693:
5692:Ancient Greek
5690:
5688:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5592:
5586:"empty", PIE
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5433:"(to) kill",
5432:
5428:
5425:
5422:"(to) kill",
5421:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5408:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5343:
5340:
5334:
5325:
5324:Ancient Greek
5322:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5295:
5290:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5265:
5256:
5255:Ancient Greek
5253:
5251:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5237:
5234:
5229:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5163:
5154:
5153:Ancient Greek
5151:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5129:
5120:
5119:Ancient Greek
5117:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5079:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5048:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5004:
5003:Ancient Greek
5001:
4999:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4941:and Ossetian
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4908:
4895:
4892:
4886:
4877:
4876:Ancient Greek
4874:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4847:
4838:
4837:Ancient Greek
4835:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4800:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4766:
4765:Ancient Greek
4754:
4742:
4738:
4726:
4722:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4632:
4631:Ancient Greek
4629:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4600:
4597:a cognate of
4596:
4592:
4582:
4579:a cognate of
4578:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4566:
4557:
4556:Ancient Greek
4554:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4516:
4502:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4462:
4461:Ancient Greek
4459:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4422:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4389:
4380:
4379:Ancient Greek
4377:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4353:
4346:
4341:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4307:
4306:Ancient Greek
4304:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4223:
4222:Ancient Greek
4220:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4198:
4197:*Spargapaiϑah
4189:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4141:Composed of:
4140:
4137:
4136:Spargapeithēs
4131:
4122:
4121:Ancient Greek
4119:
4117:
4115:
4114:*Spargapaiϑah
4110:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:*Spargapaiϑah
4097:
4088:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4040:Composed of:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4021:
4020:Ancient Greek
4018:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3940:
3931:
3930:Ancient Greek
3928:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3905:
3899:
3890:
3889:Ancient Greek
3887:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3831:
3830:Ancient Greek
3828:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3802:
3792:
3789:Cognate with
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3744:
3743:Ancient Greek
3741:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3675:
3674:Ancient Greek
3670:
3664:
3655:
3654:Ancient Greek
3652:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3592:Composed of:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3495:
3494:Ancient Greek
3490:
3484:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3405:
3404:Ancient Greek
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3367:Composed of:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3348:
3347:Ancient Greek
3345:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3318:
3315:a cognate of
3314:
3310:
3298:
3295:a cognate of
3294:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3273:
3272:Ancient Greek
3270:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3214:Composed of:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3195:
3194:Ancient Greek
3192:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:autochthonous
3070:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2998:and parts of
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2908:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:Middle Iranic
2248:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2197:
2165:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:J. P. Mallory
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:Reconstructed
1639:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1468:Insular Celts
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:Indo-Iranians
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:Pontic Steppe
1120:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
973:
972:
969:
967:
964:
960:
959:Kurgan stelae
957:
956:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
943:
942:Pontic Steppe
936:
933:
932:
926:
925:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
884:
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
860:
859:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
830:
829:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
742:
741:
733:
732:Proto-Iranian
729:
726:
723:
719:
715:
712:
710:
707:
704:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
575:Daco-Thracian
573:
571:
568:
567:
564:
561:
560:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
538:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:Reconstructed
526:
525:
518:
514:
511:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
469:
465:
464:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
442:
436:
432:
431:
430:
427:
422:
418:
415:
411:
408:
404:
403:
402:
399:
394:
390:
389:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
370:
366:
363:
359:
358:
357:
354:
352:
349:
344:
340:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
327:
323:
320:
319:
315:
310:
309:
305:
301:
300:
297:
294:
293:
289:
285:
284:
281:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
248:
244:
240:
235:
229:
224:
216:
205:
200:
198:
194:
189:
181:
177:
174:
168:
163:
159:
158:
157:
153:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:Indo-European
119:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
99:
93:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
70:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
10074:Lower Danube
10019:
9821:Sauromatians
9790:Melanchlaeni
9654:
9615:
9608:
9576:
9467:
9460:
9453:
9402:
9380:
9325:
9316:
9305:
9285:
9279:
9278:
9271:
9227:
9220:
9213:
9180:
9046:
9032:. Retrieved
9027:
9021:
8967:
8957:
8951:
8945:
8911:
8881:
8858:
8855:"MASSAGETAE"
8839:. Retrieved
8833:
8803:
8799:
8773:
8769:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8698:
8678:. Retrieved
8661:
8648:. Retrieved
8643:
8639:
8635:
8623:
8612:
8608:
8586:. Retrieved
8560:
8556:
8518:
8513:
8489:. Retrieved
8484:
8478:
8472:
8445:. Retrieved
8423:
8381:
8376:
8333:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8279:
8266:
8249:Harrassowitz
8236:
8231:
8218:
8214:
8179:
8174:
8126:
8091:
8088:Harmatta, J.
8077:. Retrieved
8075:(2): 263–285
8072:
8068:
8064:
8046:. Retrieved
8041:
8037:
8003:
7991:Bibliography
7970:
7956:
7946:
7934:
7922:
7910:
7896:
7886:
7874:
7862:
7842:
7798:
7792:
7779:
7773:
7746:
7737:
7725:
7717:
7713:
7705:
7697:
7692:
7684:
7679:, 1923, 12;
7676:
7672:
7664:
7652:
7644:
7636:
7628:
7623:
7615:
7601:
7582:
7576:
7557:
7551:
7537:
7525:
7487:
7480:. Retrieved
7474:
7464:
7437:
7424:
7412:
7395:
7391:
7382:
7374:
7366:
7359:Witczak 1999
7332:
7255:
7246:
7201:Schmitt 2009
7196:
7184:
7173:. Retrieved
7169:the original
7158:
7149:
7137:
7125:
7118:Alemany 2006
7113:
7084:
7053:
7041:. Retrieved
7035:
7032:"PROTOTHYES"
7022:
7015:Melikov 2016
7010:
6998:
6986:
6962:
6950:
6913:Schmitt 2011
6873:Schmitt 2003
6829:
6810:
6806:
6796:
6784:
6765:
6756:
6708:
6699:
6690:
6674:(3): 1–115.
6671:
6667:
6654:
6646:
6641:
6629:
6598:
6577:
6575:
6555:
6545:
6527:
6517:
6507:
6504:Aristophanes
6501:
6498:Aristophanes
6491:
6487:
6479:
6474:
6421:
6297:
6186:Thamimasadas
6160:Thagimasadas
5937:𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵
5880:*Targī̆tavah
5872:), "water."
5714:Related to:
5713:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5644:from Iranic
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5539:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5501:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5473:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5448:"fell", PIE
5445:
5441:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5406:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5354:
5188:𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬃
5168:Pantikapaion
5157:Παντικαπαιον
4975:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4794:
4792:
4763:
4528:
4525:Tribal names
4279:𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵
4194:
4125:Σπαργαπειθης
4093:
3985:𒁹𒅖𒉺𒅗𒀀𒀀
3813:Æxsærtæggatæ
3807:Æхсæртæггатӕ
3788:
3697:*Xšaitafarna
3689:Saitapharnēs
3669:Saitapharnos
3629:𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵
3607:𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬎
3566:𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵
3529:𐬞𐬆𐬱𐬀𐬥𐬀
3265:*Hiϑāmϑrauša
3187:*Ariyapaiϑah
3166:
3158:
3132:
3111:
3079:, using the
3066:
3057:Central Asia
3050:
3047:Inscriptions
2980:Central Asia
2973:
2936:
2900:
2899:
2614:Postalveolar
2496:
2466:
2455:
2445:
2437:
2425:
2419:
2381:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2333:
2323:
2283:
2249:period (the
2247:late antique
2132:
2130:
2111:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2025:Publications
2024:
2010:
1991:
1945:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:Paleo-Balkan
1800:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1728:
1727:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1640:
1623:Greater Iran
1616:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1553:
1496:Paleo-Balkan
1461:Celtiberians
1440:
1439:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1324:
1323:
1311:
1310:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1274:
1244:
1243:
1186:
1185:
1163:
1162:
1125:
1124:
1087:
1086:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1035:
977:Bug–Dniester
941:
940:
806:Gothic Bible
722:Proto-Baltic
718:Proto-Slavic
703:Proto-Italic
699:Proto-Celtic
662:
617:
605:Italo-Celtic
600:Indo-Hittite
590:Graeco-Aryan
563:Hypothetical
562:
527:
462:Paleo-Balkan
444:
401:Indo-Iranian
356:Balto-Slavic
329:
280:
246:
220:(Saka-Wakhi)
155:Subdivisions
140:
101:Central Asia
97:distribution
46:
37:This is the
31:
9960:Thyssagetae
9826:Agaragantes
9610:Old Persian
9442:Mazanderani
9229:Khwarezmian
9114:New Iranian
9104:Old Iranian
8977:Netherlands
8420:"Scythians"
8342:Netherlands
8282:d'Hérodote"
8188:Switzerland
7710:R. Grousset
7669:J. Marquart
7631:, 1923, 15.
7043:12 November
6972:Par-ta-tu-a
6762:J.P.Mallory
6488:kroy-khasis
6174:Θαμιμασαδας
6149:Θαγιμασαδας
6124:gaoiiaoⁱtiš
6062:), "water."
5855:Related to
5542:, "without
5493:, Sanskrit
5478:, cf. Lat.
5054:𐬠𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬌
5018:Borusthenēs
4996:*Baurustāna
4965:, and lake
4917:Place names
4581:Old Persian
4549:*Haxāϑrauša
4394:Oktamasadēs
4383:Οκταμασαδης
4372:*Uxtamazatā
4345:Old Persian
4267:), "arrow."
4035:Spargapisēs
4024:Σπαργαπισης
3678:Σαιταφαρνης
3658:Σαιταφαρνος
3648:*Šaitafarna
3287:Idanthursos
3222:, meaning "
3209:Ariapeithēs
2976:Yaz culture
2671:(earliest)
2591:Consonants
2398:written in
2365:, Southern
2281:languages.
2279:Indo-Iranic
1903:Continental
1896:Anglo-Saxon
1599:Middle Ages
1549:Middle Ages
1404:Indo-Aryans
1397:Indo-Aryans
1204:Bell Beaker
1199:Corded ware
1095:Corded ware
984:Sredny Stog
929:Archaeology
709:Proto-Greek
689:Proto-Norse
126:Indo-Iranic
10203:Sarmatians
10172:Categories
9876:Spondolici
9846:Limigantes
9817:Sarmatians
9805:Massagetae
9768:Cimmerians
9748:Androphagi
9273:Sarghulami
9193:Yazghulami
9146:Ishkashimi
9043:Zgusta, L.
8841:22 October
8565:Piscataway
8487:(1): 79–95
8184:Vandœuvres
8048:2022-07-13
7849:, p.
7730:Hinge 2005
7657:Hinge 2005
7641:V.I. Abaev
7237:, p.
7175:2023-04-30
6836:, p.
6749:Novák 2013
6713:Novák 2013
6570:See also:
6462:, "ruler."
6435:*Koδaxšaya
6396:*Kolaxšaya
6387:, "ruler."
6330:*R̥buxšaya
6321:, "ruler."
6292:*Δipoxšaya
6263:*Lipoxšaya
6209:𐬚𐬡𐬁𐬴𐬀
6100:Goitosuros
6089:Γοιτοσυρος
6079:*Gaiϑāsūra
5731:tāpaiieⁱti
5629:(Ossetian
5591:h₁(e)rh₁mo
5378:. 4,110).
5282:𐬭𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁
5198:), "path."
5040:𐬠𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬀
5007:Βορυσθενης
4746:𒀾𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀
4730:𒊍𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀
4714:𒊍𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀
4693:𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀
4604:𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬱
4571:Agathursoi
4508:𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬌
4494:𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌
4446:, "great."
4438:), "word."
4299:*Taumuriya
4257:𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬌
4215:*Tigratavā
4203:*Spargapis
4181:𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀
4096:*Spargapis
4080:𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀
4013:*Spargapis
3777:, "power."
3586:*Pr̥ϑutavā
3509:Protothuēs
3474:𒁹𒁇𒋫𒌅𒀀
3462:*Pṛtatavah
3322:𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬱
3302:𐬵𐬌𐬚𐬄𐬨
3276:Ιδανθυρσος
3245:𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀
3198:Αριαπειθης
2948:Ishkashimi
2768:(earlier)
2629:Labiovelar
2479:Chorasmian
2446:Tumshuqese
2371:Kazakhstan
2302:Tumshuqese
2011:Institutes
1931:Lithuanian
1685:Indo-Aryan
1671:Historical
1605:Indo-Aryan
1562:Tocharians
1476:Cimmerians
1354:Bronze Age
1245:South Asia
1119:Bronze Age
1057:Afanasievo
861:Mainstream
625:Vocabulary
545:Sound laws
407:Indo-Aryan
256:: Scythian
178:(Eastern)
160:(Western)
95:Geographic
85:Sarmatians
10198:Scythians
10129:Sarmatism
10020:Languages
10003:Jewellery
9913:Hamaxobii
9893:Scythians
9856:Rimphaces
9851:Phoristae
9841:Cissianti
9800:Amyrgians
9785:Gelonians
9733:Agathyrsi
9670:varieties
9657:indicate
9578:Pahlavani
9570:Bakhtiari
9555:Kuhmareyi
9545:Bashkardi
9462:Old Azeri
9166:Sanglechi
9034:27 August
9003:cite book
8853:(2018b).
8828:(2018a).
8680:14 August
8575:: 81–90.
8324:(1999b).
8276:(1999a).
8241:Wiesbaden
8221:: 86–115.
8008:Barcelona
7606:L. Zgusta
7482:13 August
7442:Cambridge
7371:M. Vasmer
7260:Princeton
7235:Hinz 1975
6978:Προτοθύης
6834:Hinz 1975
6411:romanized
6345:romanized
6278:romanized
6180:romanized
6154:romanized
6094:romanized
6032:Apatouros
6026:romanized
6021:Απατουρος
6002:, "lord."
5972:Artimpasa
5966:romanized
5961:Αρτιμπασα
5902:Targitaos
5896:romanized
5891:Ταργιταος
5836:romanized
5810:romanized
5701:romanized
5642:Arimaspoi
5566:. 4,27).
5552:Arimaspoi
5485:Ossetian
5480:potestate
5440:Ossetian
5437:"killed";
5426:"killed";
5357:Herodotus
5333:romanized
5264:romanized
5162:romanized
5147:Pantikapa
5128:romanized
5012:romanized
4937:, Pashto
4891:Paralatai
4885:romanized
4880:Παραλαται
4870:*Paralāta
4846:romanized
4774:romanized
4665:, "milk."
4640:romanized
4565:romanized
4560:Αγαϑυρσοι
4470:romanized
4443:*-mazatā-
4388:romanized
4315:romanized
4231:romanized
4130:romanized
4029:romanized
3939:romanized
3904:Skilouros
3898:romanized
3893:Σκιλουρος
3864:, "milk."
3839:romanized
3766:*Xšaϑraka
3752:romanized
3726:khvarenah
3683:romanized
3663:romanized
3503:romanized
3498:Προτοθυης
3413:romanized
3375:, "good."
3356:romanized
3281:romanized
3203:romanized
3162:Black Sea
3081:Kharoṣṭhī
2921:aspirated
2743:Fricative
2701:Affricate
2493:Phonology
2438:Khotanese
2325:language.
2304:forms of
2298:Khotanese
2277:group of
2243:classical
1946:Practices
1765:Yarsanism
1575:Albanians
1555:East Asia
1542:Scythians
1534:Phrygians
1527:Paeonians
1520:Illyrians
1506:Thracians
1423:East Asia
1374:Armenians
1301:Hallstatt
1283:Chernoles
1224:Terramare
1214:Trzciniec
1181:Sintashta
1176:Andronovo
1077:Cernavodă
1050:East Asia
1005:Khvalynsk
745:Philology
655:Particles
541:Phonology
482:Liburnian
457:Tocharian
452:Anatolian
421:Nuristani
314:Languages
264:: Alanian
197:Glottolog
162:Cimmerian
105:West Asia
81:Scythians
77:Ethnicity
10086:Sarmatia
10051:Sakasene
10025:Religion
9861:Roxolani
9763:Cercetae
9753:Arimaspi
9599:Hazaragi
9550:Garmsiri
9485:Sangsari
9480:Lasgerdi
9469:Parthian
9447:Tabaroid
9415:Kurmanji
9364:Ashtiani
9333:Yaghnobi
9291:Ossetian
9280:Scythian
9255:Southern
9250:Northern
9222:Bactrian
9171:Sarikoli
9141:Bartangi
8940:(2013).
8906:(2005).
8872:(2019).
8798:(2011).
8768:(2009).
8728:(2003).
8708:Bulgaria
8692:(1993).
8600:(2002).
8588:30 April
8551:(2014).
8463:(2004).
8447:8 August
8418:(2018).
8374:(2005).
8314:44260011
8288:s].
8229:(1975).
8172:(eds.).
8160:(1999).
8124:(eds.).
8101:(1992).
8079:30 April
8059:(2013).
8032:(2011).
7954:(1844).
7894:(1947).
7745:(2007).
7627:Vasmer,
7404:40265408
7254:(2014).
7030:(2000).
6764:(1997).
6662:(2001).
6604:See also
6542:aspirate
6484:Caucasus
6454:, "axe."
6417:Kolaxais
6406:Κολαξαις
6366:Sanskrit
6351:Arpoxais
6340:Ἀρποξαις
6284:Lipoxais
6273:Λιποξαις
6011:*Apatura
5944:-tauuah-
5930:*-tavah-
5916:*Targiya
5748:tapayati
5738:Sanskrit
5685:*Tapatī́
5653:raiwant-
5524:"one" +
5495:mārayati
5461:Avestan
5446:pātayati
5435:ptgawsty
5429:Sogdian
5424:patxuste
5418:Persian
5415:"kill":
5394:, Latin
5364:Oiorpata
5217:Ossetian
5103:"space."
5090:bábhruka
5068:Sanskrit
4967:Donuzlav
4963:Dniester
4907:Paraδāta
4852:Skōlotoi
4841:Σκωλοτοι
4753:Ašguzaya
4737:Askuzaya
4721:Asguzaya
4702:Iškuzaya
4688:Akkadian
4654:*Xšīraka
4428:𐬎𐬑𐬜𐬀
4414:𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬀
4352:𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠
4286:-tauuah-
4272:*-tavah-
4237:Tirgataō
4226:Τιργαταω
4171:*paiϑah-
4146:*sparga-
4045:*sparga-
3994:Išpakāya
3980:Akkadian
3973:*Spakāya
3912:*Skiδura
3882:*Skilura
3853:*Xšīraka
3801:Æxsærtæg
3795:Æхсæртæг
3791:Ossetian
3774:*xšaϑra-
3758:Satrakēs
3747:Σατρακης
3737:*Šaϑraka
3713:*xšaita-
3636:-tauuah-
3622:*-tavah-
3573:-tauuah-
3559:*-tavah-
3489:Partatua
3483:Bartatua
3469:Akkadian
3235:*paiϑah-
3036:Yaghnobi
3020:Caucasus
3016:Batsange
2994:and the
2952:Bactrian
2944:Yaghnobi
2940:Ossetian
2831:Sonorant
2609:Alveolar
2487:Yaghnobi
2483:Ossetian
2462:Yaghnobi
2434:Xinjiang
2382:possibly
2378:Ossetian
2310:Yaghnobi
2286:Ossetian
1992:Scholars
1890:Germanic
1861:Scottish
1826:Thracian
1820:Illyrian
1814:Albanian
1802:European
1795:Armenian
1779:Ossetian
1773:Scythian
1758:Yazidism
1708:Buddhism
1699:Hinduism
1590:Norsemen
1500:Anatolia
1417:Iranians
1410:Iranians
1391:Iron Age
1366:Hittites
1319:Colchian
1312:Caucasus
1270:Iron Age
1239:Lusatian
1234:Urnfield
1158:Srubnaya
1153:Poltavka
1143:Catacomb
1082:Cucuteni
1037:Caucasus
854:Religion
839:Homeland
781:Behistun
761:Linear B
650:Numerals
645:Pronouns
570:Balkanic
517:Thracian
510:Phrygian
503:Paeonian
489:Messapic
475:Illyrian
387:Hellenic
382:Germanic
351:Armenian
343:Albanian
337:Albanoid
288:a series
286:Part of
215:saka1303
204:sogd1247
141:Scythian
72:Scythian
43:reviewed
10107:Related
10034:Regions
10015:Horizon
10010:Culture
9991:Culture
9945:Tapurei
9903:Cadusii
9886:Iazyges
9871:Siraces
9743:Amazons
9721:Peoples
9714:Scythia
9659:extinct
9655:Italics
9640:Badeshi
9584:Persian
9560:Kumzari
9502:Taleshi
9495:Sorkhei
9475:Semnani
9430:Kordali
9410:Kurdish
9404:Gorgani
9382:Daylami
9374:Makrani
9369:Balochi
9349:Western
9327:Sogdian
9286:Alanian
9260:Wanetsi
9245:Central
9235:Parachi
9215:Avestan
9176:Shughni
9161:Roshani
9124:Eastern
9092:History
9030:: 50–59
8956:].
8920:Romania
8760:: 1–31.
8696:(ed.).
8646:: 74–96
8642:].
8521:].
8384:].
8332:(ed.).
8296:].
8245:Germany
8071:].
8044:: 20–80
7471:"ARANG"
7436:(ed.).
6807:Nordlit
6649:, 1955.
6586:dialect
6566:Alanian
6459:*-xšaya
6427:Colaxes
6413::
6384:*-xšaya
6347::
6318:*-xšaya
6280::
6225:त्वक्ष्
6204:Avestan
6156::
6096::
6047:Avestan
6028::
5968::
5898::
5857:Avestan
5812::
5719:Avestan
5703::
5659:"rich".
5627:čašman-
5596:?, and
5458:"fall".
5361:Amazons
5335::
5277:Avestan
5266::
5195:paṇtā̊
5183:Avestan
5178:*panti-
5164::
5130::
5084:बभ्रुक
5035:Avestan
5028:*bauru-
5014::
4955:Dnieper
4887::
4848::
4806:
4780:Skuthai
4776::
4662:*xšīra-
4646:Sirakes
4642::
4635:Σιρακες
4624:*Šīraka
4599:Avestan
4567::
4489:Avestan
4472::
4455:*Varika
4409:Avestan
4390::
4340:taoxman
4328:Avestan
4321:Tomuris
4317::
4310:Τομυρις
4252:Avestan
4247:*tigra-
4233::
4176:Avestan
4163:sparᵊγa
4151:Avestan
4132::
4075:Avestan
4062:sparᵊγa
4050:Avestan
4031::
3952:endonym
3941::
3900::
3861:*xšīra-
3845:Sirakēs
3841::
3834:Σιρακης
3824:*Šīraka
3754::
3721:*-farna
3685::
3665::
3614:pərᵊϑu-
3602:Avestan
3597:*pr̥ϑu-
3524:Avestan
3505::
3427:*Pāδaka
3419:Palakos
3415::
3408:Παλακος
3398:*Pālaka
3358::
3341:*Hupāyā
3317:Avestan
3297:Avestan
3283::
3240:Avestan
3226:" and "
3219:*Ariya-
3205::
3089:Kushans
3055:and in
3008:Hunnish
3004:Dobruja
3000:Moldova
2992:Ukraine
2970:History
2960:Munjani
2849:(later)
2641:Plosive
2634:Glottal
2619:Palatal
2501:Vowels
2475:Sogdian
2458:Sogdian
2450:Tumshuq
2406:of the
2376:Modern
2363:Ukraine
2314:Sogdian
2308:), and
2290:Alanian
2255:Eurasia
2241:of the
1924:Latvian
1882:Cornish
1752:Kurdish
1738:Persian
1730:Iranian
1722:Sikhism
1715:Jainism
1678:Hittite
1617:Iranian
1513:Dacians
1306:Jastorf
1229:Tumulus
1209:Únětice
1138:Yamnaya
1133:Chariot
1071:Usatovo
1012:Yamnaya
849:Society
833:Origins
766:Rigveda
618:Grammar
445:Extinct
435:Romance
414:Iranian
218:
208:
10135:Croats
10069:Crimea
10061:Alania
10046:Sistan
9950:Tapuri
9881:Yancai
9866:Serboi
9758:Budini
9738:Amardi
9728:Achaei
9633:Others
9540:Achomi
9512:Tatoid
9455:Median
9425:Xwarin
9420:Sorani
9398:Gorani
9393:Gilaki
9307:Jassic
9267:Ormuri
9240:Pashto
9207:Others
9198:Yidgha
8991:
8981:Boston
8973:Leiden
8926:
8892:
8814:
8784:
8750:Naples
8714:
8667:Prague
8537:
8527:Russia
8523:Moscow
8404:
8394:Russia
8390:Moscow
8360:
8346:Boston
8338:Leiden
8312:
8255:
8215:Glotta
8198:
8146:
8140:UNESCO
8136:France
8018:
7979:
7813:
7803:Leiden
7761:
7751:Oxford
7589:
7564:
7452:
7402:
7392:Glotta
7274:
6772:
6526:) and
6361:*r̥bu-
6251:mazatā
6231:tvakṣ-
6216:ϑβāṣ̌a
6110:*gaiϑā
6067:*tura-
5862:𐬀𐬞𐬌
5760:Tapatī
5742:तापयति
5707:Tabiti
5696:Ταβιτι
5677:Notes
5618:"see".
5608:, PIE
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