3328:
4567:
4454:
3268:) had launched a counter-attack against the Cimmerians: Rusa I had gathered almost all of the Urartian armed forces to campaign against the Cimmerians, with Rusa I himself as well as his commander in chief and thirteen governors personally participating in this campaign. Rusa I's counter-attack was heavily defeated, and the governor of the Urartian province of Uišini was killed while the commander in chief and two governors were captured by the Cimmerian forces, attesting of the significant military power of the Cimmerians.
4699:
67:
5381:. While Cimmerian activities in Anatolia and Scythian activities in Media are attested, the claim that the Scythians arrived in Media while pursuing the Cimmerians is unsupported by evidence, and the arrival of the Scythians in West Asia about 40 years after that of the Cimmerians suggests that there is no available evidence to the later Graeco-Roman account of the Cimmerians crossing the Caucasus and moving south into West Asia under pressure from the Scythians migrating into their territories.
3908:), with the opportunity to attack Mannai and recover some of the settlements which the Mannaeans had previously captured. And although Aḫšēri himself was able to withstand the Neo-Assyrian invasion, he had depended on the Cimmerians to suppress internal opposition to his rule, and their absence weakened him enough that he was soon deposed and killed by a popular rebellion which his son Uallî repressed before ascending to the throne of Mannai and submitting to the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
290:
3210:
30:
4579:
4143:
3568:
5184:, on whose eastern borders the Cimmerians were still living in the 8th century BC. Thus, Homer's source on the Cimmerians was the Argonautic myth, which itself recorded of their existence when they were still living in northern Transcaucasia: the location of the Cimmerians as recorded by the Argonautic myth corresponds to the same one recorded by the late 7th century BC poem
5495:
where was believed to be the entrance to Hades; these "underground
Cimmerians" visited each other using tunnels through which they would also admit strangers to the also underground oracle: according to this legend, these "underground Cimmerians" had an ancestral custom according to which they should never see the sun and were allowed to go out only at night;
3956:Ḫubišna, nor were they able to secure the borders of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, leaving Que vulnerable to incursions from Tabal, Kuzzurak and Ḫilakku, who were allied to the western Cimmerians who were establishing themselves in Anatolia at this time and might still have maintained connections with them even after Esarhaddon's victory at Ḫubišna.
3626:, with messengers travelling between the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Hubuskia being at risk of being captured by hostile Cimmerian, Mannaean, Scythian or Urartian forces. Neo-Assyrian records also referred to these joint Cimmerian-Scythian forces, along with the Medes and Mannaeans, as a possible threat against the collection of tribute from Media.
3788:. Nonetheless, since the Cimmerians were distant foreigners with a very different culture, and therefore did not fear the Mesopotamian gods, Esarhaddon's diviner and advisor Bēl-ušēzib referred to these eastern Cimmerians instead of the Scythians as possible allies of the Mannaeans and advised Esarhaddon to spy on both them and the Mannaeans.
3600:) welcomed the Cimmerians and the Scythians as useful allies who could offer both protection and favourable new opportunities to his kingdom, which in turn allowed him to become an opponent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, with him subsequently remaining an enemy of Sennacherib and his successors Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal.
3495:, after which they consequently became active in West Asia. This Scythian expansion into West Asia, nonetheless, never lost contact with the core Scythian kingdom located in the Ciscaucasian Steppe and was merely an extension of it, as was the concurrently occurring westward Scythian expansion into the Pontic Steppe.
3091:
over the course of the late-8th to late-7th centuries BC disrupt the balance of power which had prevailed between the states of Elam, Mannai, the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Urartu on one side and the mountaineer and tribal peoples on the other, eventually leading to significant geopolitical changes in this region.
3231:) through the territory of the kingdom of Mannai, after the Mannaean king Ullusunu had invited them to attack Urartu through his kingdom's territory. This attack therefore took the Urartians by surprise and forced the governor of Uišini to ask for support from the king of the neighbouring small state of
4757:
in
Anatolia in the west to the Caspian Sea and the eastern borders of Media in the east, and from Transcaucasia in the north to the northern borders of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the south. And, following the defeat of the Cimmerians and the disappearance of these states, it was the new Lydian Empire
4749:
The
Cimmerians completely disappeared from history following this final defeat, and they were soon assimilated by the various populations and polities of Anatolia, such as Lydia, Media, and Pteria. It was also around this time that the last still-existing Syro-Hittite and Aramaean states in Anatolia,
4526:
succeeded him as king of Lydia and resumed diplomatic activity with the Neo-Assyrian Empire with the hope of military support which
Ashurbanipal again did not provide. As a result, Ardys might possibly have been forced to submit to the Cimmerians, although the Cimmerians themselves never ruled Lydia.
4259:
These
Cimmerian attacks also destroyed the relations between Lydia and Phrygia, and archaeological evidence from the Lydian site of Daskyleion shows that the Cimmerian invasion ended the development of trade and economic production in the early 7th century BC which had contributed to integrating both
3923:
This
Cimmerian movement into Anatolia consisted of a large scale migration, with Cimmerian families taking their mobile possessions, animals, as well as conquered booty, along with them. This migration is archaeologically attested in the form of the expansion of the Scythian culture into this region,
3896:
However, some time in the late 660s or early 650s BC, the eastern
Cimmerians left the Iranian Plateau and retreated to the west into Anatolia to join the western Cimmerians operating there: since Aḫšēri had depended on his alliance with the Cimmerians and Scythians to protect his kingdom from attacks
3812:
The Neo-Assyrian Empire did not remain on a defensive footing in response to the activities of the allied
Cimmerian, Mannaean and Scythian forces, and it soon undertook diplomatic initiatives to separate Aḫšēri from his allies: by 672 BC, the Scythians had become the allies of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
3450:
The
Cimmerian and Scythians movements into Anatolia and the Iranian Plateau would act as catalysts for the adoption of Eurasian nomadic military and equestrian equipments by various West Asian states: it was during the 7th and 6th centuries BC that "Scythian-type" socketed arrowheads and sigmoid bows
4125:
The disturbances experienced by the Neo-Assyrian Empire as result of the activities of the
Cimmerians in Anatolia led to many of the rulers of this region to try to break away from Neo-Assyrian overlordship, with Ḫilakku having become an independent polity again under the king Sandašarme by the time
3919:
At an unknown time, the western Cimmerian group moved into Anatolia, where it would be particularly active in the regions of Tabal, Phrygia and Lydia and would be involved in wars against these latter two states as well as against the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which itself avoided confrontations with the
3575:
With the Cimmerian victory on Urartu and Sargon II's successful campaign there in 714 BC having eliminated it as a threat against the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Mannai had ceased being useful as a buffer zone for Neo-Assyrian power, while the Mannaeans themselves saw the Neo-Assyrian imperial demands as a
3369:
The Cimmerians might however have possibly ended their hostilities with Urartu and acted as mercenaries in the Urartian army during this period, under the reign of Argišti II. Some of these Cimmerians serving in the Urartian army might have been responsible for the creation of several human funerary
2838:
Ancient West Asia sources are however lacking for any such pressure on the Cimmerians by the Scythians or of any conflict between these two peoples at this early period. Moreover, the arrival of the Scythians in West Asia about 40 years after the Cimmerians did so suggests that there is no available
2790:
Therefore, the Scythians and the nomads of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex were closely related populations who shared a common origin, culture, and language, and the earliest Scythians were therefore part of a common Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia, with the
2597:
The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex thus developed natively in the North Pontic region over the course of the 9th to mid-7th centuries BC from elements which had earlier arrived from Central Asia, due to which it itself exhibited similarities with the other early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian
6590:
These settlements were administered by leaders who were part of a hierarchical system, and who were either Cimmerians themselves or belonged to the various ethnic groups living within the Cimmerian kingdom in Anatolia. The Neo-Assyrian Empire considered these leaders to be equivalents of the rulers
5558:
drawing on the similarity of the names of the Cimmerians and Cimbri, Posidonius equated these two peoples with each other, and then claimed that the Cimmerians who passed into West Asia were merely a small body of exiles, while the bulk of the Cimmerians lived in the thickly wooded and sun-less far
4664:
Dugdammî soon broke his oath and attacked the Neo-Assyrian Empire again, but during his military campaign he contracted a grave illness whose symptoms included paralysis of half of his body and vomiting of blood as well as gangrene of the genitals, and he consequently committed suicide in 640 BC in
4260:
Lydia and Ionia into the Mediterranean economy. Lower class Ionian Greeks and Carians affected by this Cimmerian invasion appear to have formed a significant part of the colonists who went to set up new settlements throughout the shore of the Black Sea in the 7th century BC, such as the colonies of
4247:
Since it was due to the threat of the Cimmerians that Gyges had made friendly overtures to the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Ashurbanipal considered the Cimmerian presence in Anatolia more useful than fighting them. Therefore, he adopted a policy of accepting whatever gifts and praise that Gyges would offer
3791:
This second Assyrian invasion of Mannai however met little success because the Cimmerians with whom Esarhaddon had negotiated had deceived him by accepting his offer only to attack his invasion force, and the relations between Mannai and the Neo-Assyrian Empire remained hostile while the Cimmerians
3621:
Around this time, Aḫšēri was hindering operations by the Neo-Assyrian Empire between its own territory and Mannai, while the Scythians were recorded by the Neo-Assyrians along with the eastern Cimmerians, Mannaeans and Urartians as possibly menacing communication between the Neo-Assyrian Empire and
3454:
Cimmerian and Scythian trading posts and settlements on the borders of the various West Asian states at this time also supplied them with goods such as animal husbandry products, not unlike the trade relations which existed the mediaeval period between the eastern steppe nomads and the Chinese Tang
3378:
By 680 and 679 BC, Cimmerian detachments composed of individual soldiers were serving in the Neo-Assyrian army. These might have been Cimmerian captives or Cimmerians recruited into the Neo-Assyrian military or merely Assyrian soldiers equipped in the "Cimmerian style," that is using Cimmerian bows
3296:
According to Neo-Assyrian reports from the reign of Sargon II itself, the king of the Cimmerians, whose name was not mentioned in these reports, had set up his camp in a region named Uṣunali. At another point, this Cimmerian king had departed from Mannai to attack Urartu, where he plundered several
3271:
After this defeat, the Urartian forces retreated to Quriani, while Rusa I left for the Urartian province of Wazaun. Although Neo-Assyrian intelligence reports claimed that the Urartians were fearing an attack by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and that panic spread had among them following this defeat, the
3110:
There appears to have been very little direct connection between the Cimmerians' migration into West Asia and the Scythians' later expansion into this same region. Thus, the arrival of the Scythians in West Asia about 40 years after the Cimmerians did so suggests that there is no available evidence
5384:
Moreover, Herodotus's account also ignored the earlier Cimmerian activities in West Asia during the reigns of Sargon II to the ascension of Ashurbanipal, including the two separate invasions of Lydia, and instead contracted them into a single event during which Lydgamis led the Cimmerians from the
4655:
However, Mussi died before the planned attack on Neo-Assyrian Empire and his kingdom collapsed when its elite fled or was deported to Assyria, while Dugdammî carried it out but failed because, according to Neo-Assyrian sources, he became ill and fire broke out in his camp. Following this, Dugdammî
4188:
In 671 to 670 BC, Cimmerian contingents were serving in the Assyrian army, and Neo-Assyrian sources were referring to the spread of military technology and animal husbandry products referred to in Assyrian sources as "Cimmerian leather straps" and "Cimmerian bows" into the Neo-Assyrian Empire from
3304:
Thus, the Cimmerians were attacking Urartu by passing through the routes in Mannai, thanks to which they were able to establish areas of influence on the northeastern borders of Urartu, which also provided them with access to the Anatolian Plateau and allowed them to replace Urartu as the dominant
3090:
Thus, the Cimmerians and Scythians became active in West Asia in the 7th century BC, where they would vacillate between supporting either the Neo-Assyrian Empire or other local powers, and serve them as mercenaries, depending on what they considered to be in their interests. Their activities would
6826:, and they produced a Scythian-like material culture. Archaeological remains typical of Iron Age steppe nomads found in Caucasia and Transcaucasia, consisting of kurgans, weapons, horse harness parts, horses, stirrups, arrowheads, and Animal Style ornaments, might have belonged to the Cimmerians.
5494:
Strabo, himself citing Ephorus, claimed that, because the inhabitants of Magna Graecia placed the setting of the Odyssey's Nekyia around Lake Arvernus, they also depicted the Cimmerians as a people living in this area in underground houses tunnels around the nearby Ploutonion (oracle of the dead)
4236:
However, the Lydian forces were initially not able to resist this invasion, and Gyges sought to find help to face the Cimmerian invasions by initiating diplomatic relations with the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 666 BC: without accepting Assyrian overlordship, Gyges started to send regular embassies and
4012:, they had established their rule over native Anatolian settlements as well as formed their own settlements in Central Anatolia, with the city of Ḫarzallē or Ḫarṣallē being the capital city of the Cimmerian king Dugdammî. Each of these settlements had rulers referred to by Neo-Assyrian sources as
3955:
Despite this victory, and although Esarhaddon had managed to stop the advance of Cimmerians in the Neo-Assyrian province of Que so that this latter region remained under Neo-Assyrian control, the military operations were not successful enough for the Assyrians to firmly occupy the areas around of
3824:
The marriage between Bartatua and the Šērūʾa-ēṭirat likely took place, in consequence of which the Scythians ceased to be referred to as an enemy force in the Neo-Assyrian records and the alliance between the Scythian kingdom and the Neo-Assyrian Empire was concluded, following which the Scythian
3667:
Meanwhile, Mannai, which had been able to grow in power under Aḫšēri, possibly thanks to its adaptation and incorporation of steppe nomad fighting technologies borrowed from its Cimmerian and Scythian allies, was able to capture the territories including the fortresses of Šarru-iqbi and Dūr-Illil
6860:
By the time the Cimmerians had moved into West Asia, their culture along with the pre-Scythian culture of the Scythians had evolved into the Early Scythian culture: several "Early Scythian" remains are known from West Asia which correspond to the activities of the Cimmerians in this region, with
5376:
Herodotus's account of the Cimmerians' flight contracted the actual events into a more condensed story where they moved south by following the shore of the Black Sea under the leadership of Lygdamis, while their Scythian pursuers followed the Caspian Sea's coast, thus leading the Cimmerians into
5360:
These inconsistencies suggest that Herodotus's narrative of an eastern flight of the Cimmerians was a later folk tale invented by Greek colonists on the north shore of the Black Sea to explain the existence of ancient tombs, reflecting the motif of assigning old tombs and buildings with mythical
5356:
The story of the fratricidal war of the Cimmerian "royal tribe," that is of the defeat and destruction of its ruling class, is contradicted by how powerful the Cimmerians were according to the Assyrian records contemporaneous with their presence in West Asia. Another inconsistency in Herodotus's
4766:
The inroads of the Cimmerians and the Scythians into West Asia over the course of the 8th to 7th centuries BC had destabilised the political balance which had prevailed in the region between the dominant great powers of Assyria, Urartu, and Phrygia, and also caused the decline and destruction of
4444:
In the 650s BC, the Cimmerians were allied to Urartu and were serving as auxiliaries in the service of its king Rusa II, who was then attempting to attack the newly conquered Assyrian province of Šubria near the Urartian border. Urartu was thus integrating steppe nomad mercenaries into its armed
3773:
Since the Cimmerians had left their Ciscausian homelands and moved into West Asia to seek booty, they had no interest in the local affairs of the West Asian states and therefore fought for whoever was capable of paying them the most: therefore Esarhaddon took advantage of this and, at some point
3275:
This defeat against the Cimmerians had nonetheless weakened Urartu significantly enough that, when Sargon II campaigned against Urartu in 714 BC itself, in the month of Tamūzu, he was able to defeat the Urartians in the region of mount Wauš, and annex Muṣaṣir, while Rusa I consequently committed
2842:
The remnants of the Cimmerians in the Caspian Steppe were assimilated by the Scythians, with this absorption being facilitated by their similar ethnic backgrounds and lifestyles, thus transferring the dominance of this region from the Cimmerians to the Scythians who were assimilating them, after
2667:
ever recording them living in this area; moreover the groups of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex from the Pontic Steppe and Central Europe have so far not been identifiable with the historical Cimmerians. Instead, the main grouping of Iranic nomads of Central Asian origin belonging to the
5451:
Homer's description of the Cimmerians as living deprived from sunlight and close to the entrance of Hades influenced later Graeco-Roman authors who, writing centuries after the disappearance of the historical Cimmerians, conceptualised of this people as the one described by Homer, and therefore
4891:, had destabilised the political balance which had prevailed in the region between the dominant great powers of Assyria, Urartu, and Phrygia, and also caused the decline and destruction of several of these states' power, consequently to the rise of multiple new powers such as the empires of the
6856:
The movement of the Cimmerians and Scythians into West Asia archaeologically corresponds to the movement of these pre-Scythian archaeological cultures into this region, where both groups used identical arrowheads, thus making it difficult to distinguish the Cimmerians from the early Scythians.
6586:
After the Cimmerians who had migrated into West Asia had divided into two groups, the western horde living in Anatolia had become sedentary and were living in settlements, some of which were fortified, and which had either been founded by them or were native Anatolian settlements over whom the
6028:
And, while the Cimmerians are archaeologically, culturally and linguistically indistinguishable from the Scythians, all Mesopotamian and Greek sources contemporary to their activities sources both nevertheless clearly distinguished between the Cimmerians and the Scythians as separate political
4397:
These setbacks, along with Ashurbanipal's refusal to provide military support to Lydia, discredited Neo-Assyrian power enough that Gyges understood that he could not rely on Assyrian support against the Cimmerians, and, once the Cimmerians had moved to the east and their attacks on his kingdom
4121:
The core territories of the western Cimmerians were in Central Anatolia between the Konya Plain and the Neo-Assyrian province of Que, but also extended to parts of the Konya Plain itself, including its western parts, and to Cappadocia, as well as to the west of Tabal, implying that some of the
3861:
and Dusanni of Šaparda became powerful enough that their respective polities were seen by the Neo-Assyrian Empire as major forces in Media. And when Kaštaritu rebelled against the Neo-Assyrian Empire and founded the first independent kingdom of the Medes after successfully liberating them from
3300:
Urartu mobilised its armed forces to fight against this Cimmerian invasion, although the Urartians preferred to wait until it was snowing to attack the Cimmerians, due to how snow could block roads and hinder the mobility of the horses that the Cimmerians depended on to carry on their attacks.
4337:
they were not only in control of a large territory in Anatolia and were one of the main political forces operating in this region, but were also able conquer part of what had previously been secure western possessions of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, such as the province of Que or even part of the
2834:
The reasons for the departure of the Cimmerians are unknown, although they might possibly have migrated under the pressure from the Scythians, similarly to how various nomadic peoples drove each other into the peripheries of the steppes in Europe, West Asia and the Iranian Plateau during Late
2359:
However, while the Cimmerians were an Iranic people sharing a common language, origins and culture with the Scythians and are archaeologically indistinguishable from the Scythians, all sources contemporary to their activities clearly distinguished the Cimmerians and the Scythians as being two
4389:
This extraordinary situation meant that, under Dugdammî, who was their most powerful king, the Cimmerians had become a force feared by Ashurbanipal, and the Cimmerians' successes against the Neo-Assyrian Empire meant that they had become recognised in ancient West Asia as equally powerful as
2472:
to become nomadic pastoralists, so that by the 9th century BC all the steppe settlements of the sedentary Bronze Age populations had disappeared, and therefore led to the development of population mobility and the formation of warrior units necessary to protect herds and take over new areas.
3558:
The arrival of the Scythians in West Asia about 40 years after that of the Cimmerians suggests that there is no available evidence to the later Graeco-Roman account of the Cimmerians crossing the Caucasus and moving south into West Asia under pressure from the Scythians migrating into their
3276:
suicide and his son Melarṭua was crowned as the new king of Urartu. Although Urartu's power was so shaken by these defeats that it stopped harassing Mannai and the Neo-Assyrian provinces on the Iranian Plateau, it nevertheless remained a major power in West Asia under Melarṭua's successor,
2869:
Over the course of the second half of the 8th century BC and the 7th century BC, the equestrian steppe nomads from Ciscaucasia expanded to the south, beginning with the Cimmerians, who migrated from the Caspian Steppe into West Asia, following the same dynamic of the steppe nomads like the
3948:, or the Cimmerians might have attempted to invade this region on their own. The Neo-Assyrian Empire reacted to maintain its control of Cilicia by conducting a campaign in 679 BC during which Esarhaddon killed the Cimmerian king Teušpâ and annexed a part of the territory of the kingdom of
6847:
Both the Cimmerians and the early Scythians thus belonged to pre-Scythian archaeological cultures, and the material culture of the Cimmerians was therefore similar enough to that of the later Scythians who followed them that the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk and Proto-Scythian cultures are
2782:
Like the nomads of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, the Scythians originated in Central Asia in the steppes corresponding to either present-day eastern Kazakhstan or the Altai-Sayan region, which is attested by the continuity of Scythian burial rites and weaponry types with the
3071:. And, as the populations of the nomads of the Ciscaucasian Steppe continued to grow, their aristocrats would lead their followers southwards across the Caucasus Mountains in search of adventure and plunder in the volatile status quo then prevailing in West Asia, not unlike the later
5357:
description of the flight of the Cimmerians is the direction through which they retreated: according to this narrative, the Cimmerians moved from the Pontic Steppe to the east into Caucasia to flee from the Scythians, who were themselves moving from the east into the Pontic Steppe.
16715:
2609:, these nomads from the Pontic-Caspian Steppes were able to gradually infiltrate into Central and Southeast Europe and therefore expand deep into this region over a very long period of time, so that the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex covered a wide territory ranging from
4184:
might also have been destroyed by the Cimmerians so that it had to be re-founded at a later date. Thus, it was at this time that the Cimmerians first came into contact with the Greeks in Anatolia, constituting the first encounter between the ancient Greeks and steppe nomads.
4393:
This situation remained unchanged throughout the rest of the 650s and the early 640s BC, with the Cimmerian aggressions worrying Ashurbanipal regarding the security of his northwestern border so much that he often sought answers regarding this situation through divination.
2846:
The arrival of the Scythians and their establishment in this region in the 7th century BC corresponded to a disturbance of the development of the Cimmerian peoples' Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, which was thus replaced through a continuous process over the course of
6528:
The Cimmerians might have been a confederation composed of several tribes spread across Anatolia and the western Iranian Plateau, and which was in turn divided into larger groups depending on political changes. A similar structure is attested in mediaeval times among the
5750:
Research in the late 20th century AD eventually concluded that the various "Cimmerian" toponymies from the Pontic Steppe were invented during the 6th century BC, that is when the Pontic Steppe was under Scythian rule, long after the historical Cimmerians had disappeared.
4785:
These Cimmerian and Scythian activities also influenced the developments in West Asia through the spread of the steppe nomad military technology brought by them into this region, and which were disseminated during the periods of their respective hegemonies in West Asia.
4113:
In the early 660s BC, the power of the Cimmerians grew drastically and they became the masters of Anatolia, where they controlled a large territory bordering Lydia in the west, covering Phrygia around Gordion and the Sangarios river, and reaching the Taurus Mountains in
5566:
Since the Cimmerians and Cimbri had similar names, and they were also both perceived by the Graeco-Romans as ferocious and barbarian peoples who caused death and destruction, the ancient Greek literary traditions progressively equated and identified them with each
4406:, who had himself been a Neo-Assyrian vassal who was then eliminating the other Neo-Assyrian vassal kinglets in Lower Egypt to unite the whole of Egypt under his own rule. Ashurbanipal responded to Gyges's disengagement with the Neo-Assyrian Empire by cursing him.
4902:
These Cimmerians and Scythians also influenced the developments in West Asia through the spread of the steppe nomad military technology brought by them into this region, and which were disseminated during the periods of their respective hegemonies in West Asia.
6965:: "As the Cimmerians cannot be differentiated archeologically from the Scythians, it is possible to speculate about their Iranian origins. In the Neo-Babylonian texts (according to D’yakonov, including at least some of the Assyrian texts in Babylonian dialect)
4656:
was faced with a revolt against himself, after which ended his hostilities against the Neo-Assyrian Empire and sent tribute to Ashurbanipal to form an alliance with him, while Ashurbanipal forced Dugdammi to swear an oath to not attack the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
4519:, that is on his own independent actions, by claiming that the Cimmerians invaded Lydia and killed him as punishment for him providing Psamtik I with the troops he used to eliminate the other pro-Assyrian Egyptian kinglets and unify Egypt under his sole rule.
4628:
itself, immediately after their third invasion of Lydia and the attack on the Asian Greek cities. There, Dugdammî allied with Mugallu's son and successor as king of the then rebellious Assyrian vassal state of Tabal, Mussi, to attack the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
4675:
The power of the Cimmerians dwindled quickly after the death of Dugdammî, although the Lydian kings Ardys and Sadyattes might however have either died fighting the Cimmerians or were deposed for being incapable of efficiently fighting them, respectively in
3098:
to a warrior, and containing typical steppe nomad equipment, suggests that nomadic warriors had already been arriving in West Asia since the 9th century BC. Such burials imply that some small groups of steppe nomads from Ciscaucasia might have acted as
3024:), which had established several installations including a system of fortresses and provincial centres over regional communities in eastern Anatolia and the northwest Iranian Plateau, was contesting its southern borderlands with the Neo-Assyrian Empire;
3427:
The two groups of the Cimmerians might themselves have continued to remain part of the same steppe nomad polity, which was itself nevertheless organised along various divisions depending on political changes. Such a structure was also present among:
3792:
remained allied to Mannai until the period lasting from 671 to 657 BC. As a result of this failure, the Neo-Assyrian Empire resigned itself to waiting until the Cimmerians were no longer a threat before mounting any further expedition in Mannai.
6025:, although they may have been an ethnically heterogeneous tribal confederation living under an Iranic aristocracy, not unlike how the polity of the Scythians consisted of various peoples living under the dominance of the Iranic Royal Scythians.
16935:
16637:
5236:
the approach of the Scythians led to a civil war among the Cimmerians because the "royal tribe" wanted to remain in their lands and defend themselves from the invaders, while the rest of the people saw no use in fighting and preferred to
4101:
The western Cimmerians were thus active in Tabal, Ḫilakku and Phrygia in the 670s BC, and, in alliance with these former two states, were attacking the western Neo-Assyrian provinces. At unknown dates, the western Cimmerians also invaded
2770:
from Central Asia into the Caucasian Steppe, which started in the 9th century BC, when a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of the Eurasian Steppe started after the early Scythians were expelled out of Central Asia by either the
4906:
After the end of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and following the conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire which had succeeded it by the Persian Achaemenids, the Babylonian scribes of the Achaemenid Persian Empire used the name of the Cimmerians
4157:
were first starting to make expeditions in the Black Sea, and encounters with friendly native populations quickly stimulated trade relations and the development of more regular commercial transits, which in turn led to the formation of
17405:
17371:
15297:
6404:
3664:(House of the New Year Festival) of this city, which later had to be rebuilt by Esarhaddon. These attacks into their heartlands shocked the Assyrians, who sought to know if they were to face more such invasions through divination.
2202:
4422:, who had supported Šamaš-šuma-ukin, and, although Ashurbanipal would nevertheless be able to maintain control over Babylonia for the rest of his reign, the Neo-Assyrian Empire finally emerged from this crisis severely worn out.
14756:
Adalı, Selim Ferruh (2023). "The Phantom Menace? The Chronology of Cimmerian Expeditions, Territories and Zones of Influence in Anatolia". In Draycott, Catherine M.; Branting, Scott; Lehner, Joseph W.; Özarslan, Yasemin (eds.).
3629:
During these attacks, the Scythians, along with the eastern Cimmerians who were located on the border of Mannai, were able to reach far beyond the core territories of the Iranian Plateau and attack the Neo-Assyrian provinces of
3297:
regions, including the district of Arḫi, and reached the city of Ḫuʾdiadae near the core territory of Urartu, forcing the governor of Uišini to request military aid for the people of Pulia and Suriana from Urzana of Muṣaṣir.
6864:
Despite textual sources attesting of Cimmerian activities in Anatolia which strongly affected the polities in that region, their presence there has largely still not been identified in the archaeology of Iron Age Anatolia.
5718:, they fled north to the region near Sinope, from where they migrated into East and Central Europe and became the Scythians and Cimmerians, who themselves moved to north-west Europe and became the supposed ancestors of the
4418:, who had succeeded him as king of Babylon, rebelled against his younger brother Ashurbanipal: it took Ashurbanipal four years to fully suppress the Babylonian rebellion by 648 BC, and another year to destroy the power of
3451:
ideal for use by mounted warriors, which were the most advanced shooting weapon of their time and were both technically and ballistically superior to native West Asian archery equipment, were adopted throughout West Asia.
2843:
which the Scythians settled between the Araxes river to the east, the Caucasus mountains to the south, and the Maeotian Sea to the west, in the Ciscaucasian Steppe where were located the Scythian kingdom's headquarters.
6840:, due to which the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex itself exhibited similarities with the other early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian steppe and forest-steppe which existed before the 7th century BC, such as the
4371:), which in the Mesopotamian worldview was a title that could belong only a single ruler in the world at any given time, and was normally held by the King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. This attribution of the title of
4307:
The defeat of the Cimmerians by Gyges in turn weakened their allies, Mugallu of Tabal and Sandašarme of Ḫilakku, enough that they were left with no choice but to submit to the authority of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in
3924:
although the further details of the exact time and trajectory through which the Cimmerians moved into Anatolia, and whether these movements consisted of a single group or of disparate divisions, are however unknown.
3795:
Around this same time, the Indaraeans were also active around the northern boundary of Elam, and some of them might have moved to the southern Iranian Plateau, where they possibly introduced Bronze articles from the
3365:
due to which the Cimmerians ceased being mentioned in Neo-Assyrian records under his reign and would re-start being mentioned by the Assyrians only under the reign of Sennacherib's own son and successor Esarhaddon.
4297:, possibly through campaigns in western Central Anatolia to the east of Sardis and the south of the core Phrygian territory, after which he sent captured Cimmerian city-lords as diplomatic gifts to Ashurbanipal.
5352:
Herodotus likely used Bosporan Greek folk tales as source for these claims, although some of the "Cimmerian" toponyms in the Bosporan region might have originated from a genuine Cimmerian presence in this area.
5911:, who were another nomadic Iranic tribe related to the Cimmerians, and the claim in earlier scholarship that the Cimmerians lived in the Pontic Steppe appears to be erroneous and lacks evidence to support it.
5160:
who, in ancient Greek mythology, lived in a permanently sunlit land on the eastern borders of the world. Due to this location, the Ancient Greek name of the Cimmerians was identified with the word for mist,
3317:, who had previously been a bitter opponent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, ended hostilities with the Neo-Assyrians in 709 BC and sent a delegation to Sargon II to attempt to form an anti-Cimmerian alliance.
6971:
and similar forms designate the Scythians and Central Asian Saka, reflecting the perception among inhabitants of Mesopotamia that Cimmerians and Scythians represented a single cultural and economic group"
5151:
with records of real events, and naturalism with supernatural elements, and therefore contained no reliable information about the real Cimmerian people. This image was created as a poetic opposite of the
4870:
The inroads of the Cimmerians and the Scythians into West Asia over the course of the 8th to 7th centuries BC, which were early precursors of the later invasions of West Asia by steppe nomads such as the
17619:
The Danubian Lands Between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas (7th Century BC-10th Century AD): Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities (Belgrade - 17-21 September 2013)
15133:
4620:
Sensing the exhaustion of Neo-Assyrian power following the suppression of the revolt of Šamaš-šuma-ukin, the Cimmerians and Treres moved to Cilicia on the north-west border of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in
4750:
which had been either independent or vassals of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Phrygia, Urartu, or of the Cimmerians, also disappeared, although the exact circumstances of their end are still very uncertain.
5240:
since neither side could be persuaded by the other, the "royal tribe" divided themselves into two equally numerous sides that fought each other till death, after which the commoners buried them by the
3127:, during the 8th century BC, the Cimmerians settled in a region located to the east of Colchis, in the areas of central Transcaucasia to the immediate south of the Darial and Klukhor passes and on the
3682:, possibly to relieve the pressure on the trade routes across the Iranian Plateau and the steppes from the Scythians, Cimmerians, and Medes. Urartu remained a major power under Argišti II's successor
5221:
in 513 BC, later started the tradition of locating Homer's Cimmerians and "Cimmerian" places (such as a "Cimmerian city") in the Scythian-dominated Pontic Steppe between the Araxes and the Bosporus.
3119:
During the early phase of their presence in West Asia until the early 660s BC, the Cimmerians moved into Transcaucasia, which acted as their initial centre of operations: after having passed through
4070:
When Esarhaddon conquered the nearby state of Šubria in 673 BC, Rusa II supported him, attesting of a period of non-aggression between Urartu and Assyria under the reigns of Rusa II and Esarhaddon.
3087:), with the occasional raids eventually leading to longer expeditions, in turn leading to groups of nomads choosing to remain in West Asia in search of opportunities as mercenaries or freebooters.
5674:
The eastern Greeks living on the north shore of the Black Sea, who were familiar with the Cimmerian activities in Asia, nevertheless criticised these western locations assigned to the Cimmerians.
2659:
The Cimmerians were thus the first large nomadic confederation to have inhabited the Ciscaucasian Steppe, and they never formed the basic mass of the population of the Pontic Steppe, with neither
6861:"Scythian" arrowheads have been found among the weapons of besieging armies of ruined cities in parts of Anatolia where Cimmerians are attested have operated but where Scythians were not active.
2839:
evidence to the later Graeco-Roman account that it was under pressure from the Scythians migrating into their territories that the Cimmerians crossed the Caucasus and moved south into West Asia.
3781:, he started secret negotiations with the eastern Cimmerians, who confirmed to the Assyrians that they would remain neutral and promised not to interfere when Esarhaddon invaded Mannai again in
3272:
situation within Urartu remained calm, and the king Urzana of Muṣaṣir personally, as well as a messenger from the kingdom of Ḫubuškia, went to meet Rusa I to reaffirm his allegiance to Urartu.
3013:, in the southeast of West Asia and the southwest of the Iranian plateau, where they were the main power, with their ruling classes being divided into pro-Assyrian and pro-Babylonian factions;
5055:
Due to the fear that the Cimmerian invasions caused among the Greeks of Ionia, they were remembered in Greek tradition, and an inscription from 283 BC mentioned that the Greek city-states of
2632:
of Central Europe: among these influences was the adoption of trousers, which were not used by the native populations of Central Europe before the arrival of the Central Asian steppe nomads.
6036:. However the proposal of a Thracian origin of the Cimmerians is untenable and arose from a confusion by Strabo of Amasia between the Cimmerians and their allies, the Thracian tribe of the
6560:
The Cimmerians had military assemblies composed of their troops, which the king had the power to convene to assist him. Cimmerian warlords were also capable of rebelling against the king.
6887:
The site of Büklükale, where was discovered Scythian-type animal style ornaments, might have been the location of a Cimmerian settlement, although this identification is still uncertain.
6836:
The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex thus developed natively in the North Pontic region over the course of the 9th to mid-7th centuries BC from elements which had earlier arrived from
4985:). The Greeks similarly used the name of the Scythians as a generalising term for all stepp nomads, and the Byzantines later also similarly used it as an archaising term to designate the
3343:
After Sargon II's death, Gurdî's kingdom grew in power while the Neo-Assyrian Empire lost control of Tabal, which largely came under Gurdî's rule; although Sargon II's son and successor
3111:
to the later Graeco-Roman account that it was under pressure from the Scythians migrating into their territories that the Cimmerians crossed the Caucasus and moved south into West Asia.
17571:
4724:
conquered Urartu, entered Central Anatolia, and defeated the Cimmerians and Treres. This final defeat of the Cimmerians was carried out by the joint forces of Madyes's Scythians, whom
6552:
The Cimmerians were ruled by a supreme king whose power was passed down in a single dynasty. The names of three Cimmerian kings have been recorded: Teušpâ, Dugdammî, and Sandakšatru.
4345:
These Cimmerian aggressions worried Ashurbanipal about the security of the northwest border of the Neo-Assyrian Empire enough that he sought answers concerning this situation through
5233:
after the Scythians were expelled from Central Asia by the Massagetae, they moved to the west across the Araxes, and took possession of the Cimmerians' lands after chasing them away;
4134:
Soon, in the late 660s or early 650s BC, the western Cimmerians were reinforced by the eastern Cimmerians who had left the western Iranian plateau to move to the west into Anatolia.
6583:
way of life similar to that of the Scythians, which is reflected by how West Asian sources mentioned Cimmerian arrows, bows and horse equipment, which are typical of steppe nomads.
3642:
in the valley of the Diyala river. One Scytho-Cimmerian attack which had invaded Ḫubuškia from Mannai was even able to threaten the core Neo-Assyrian territories by passing through
6680:
might have been a reference to the Cimmerians, who had this lifestyle in common with the Scythians, as attested by Hesiod's description of the Scythians as living in the same way.
4436:
Meanwhile, Dugdammî might have taken advantage of the civil war within the Neo-Assyrian Empire caused by Samas-suma-ukin's rebellion to attack northwestern Neo-Assyrian provinces.
16068:
Cimmerians and Scythians: Cultural, Historical and Chronological Problems of the Archeology of the Eastern European Steppes and the Caucasus in the Pre- and Early Scythian Periods
4794:
It has been hypothesised that some Cimmerians might have migrated into Eastern, Southeast and Central Europe, although this identification is presently considered very uncertain.
2900:
4094:, an Assyrian oracular text recorded that the Cimmerians, together with the Phrygians and the Cilicians, were threatening the Neo-Assyrian Empire's newly conquered territory of
3911:
Thus, Ashurbanipal's situation improved once he was finally re-establish Neo-Assyrian overlordship over Mannai thanks to the retreat of the Cimmerians from the Iranian Plateau.
3357:
Nonetheless, although the Neo-Assyrian Empire stopped intervening in Anatolia, Sennacherib was able to secure the new northwestern Neo-Assyrian borders running from Cilicia to
2587:
of Ciscaucasia also played an important contribution in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, especially regarding the adoption of Kuban culture-types of
4710:
themselves appear to have adopted Cimmerian military practices such as the use of mounted cavalry, with the Lydians fighting using long spears and archers, both on horseback.
4126:
that Esarhaddon had been succeeded as king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by Ashurbanipal, so that by then the Cimmerians had effectively ended Neo-Assyrian control in Anatolia.
3886:, the eastern Cimmerians experienced a defeat by the Neo-Assyrian army and were forced to retreat into their own territory, and they were still on the territory of Mannai by
6448:
in Greek shows that its first consonant had experienced the change of the sound /d/ to /l/, which is consistent with the phonetic changes attested in the Scythian languages.
3227:
The oldest known activities of the Cimmerians in West Asia date from the mid-710s BC, when they launched a sudden attack on Urartu's province of Uišini (whose capital was
2794:
This western migration of the early Scythians lasted through the middle 8th century BC, and archaeologically corresponded to the movement of a population originating from
3828:
The eastern Cimmerians meanwhile remained hostile to Assyria, and, along with the Medes, were the allies of Ellipi against an invasion by the Neo-Assyrian Empire between
16463:
La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure
14442:: "It seems that Cimmerians and Scythians (Sakai) were related, spoke among themselves different Iranian dialects, and could understand each other without interpreters."
6541:
The Cimmerians, like the Scythians, were organised into a tribal nomadic state with its own territorial boundaries, and comprising both pastoralist and urban elements.
3238:
The first recorded mentions of the Cimmerians date from spring or early summer of 714 BC and are from the intelligence reports of the then superpower of West Asia, the
6880:
which contains typically Early Scythian weapons and horse harnesses. Another Cimmerian burial, located at about 100 km to the east of İmirler and 50 km from
3185:
The territory of the Cimmerians at this time was separated from the kingdom of Urartu by a Urartian vassal country named Quriani, itself located near the countries of
2523:. The archaeological and historical records regarding these migrations are however scarce, and permit to sketch only a very broad outline of this complex development.
253:
239:
214:
200:
6563:
Once the Cimmerians in Anatolia had become sedentary, they formed settlements which were ruled by city-lords not unlike those who ruled the city-states of the Medes.
2802:
in the late 9th century BC towards the west, and arriving in the 8th to 7th centuries BC into Europe, especially into Ciscaucasia, which it reached some time between
16461:
4862:
into Central Europe, whose local native populations did not wear trousers before the arrival of the first wave of steppe nomads of Central Asian origin into Europe.
5735:
movement, British Israelists claim to be the most authentic heirs of the ancient Israelites while rejecting Jews as being "contaminated" through intermarriage with
2356:
The Late Babylonian scribes of the Achaemenid Empire used the name "Cimmerians" to designate all the nomad peoples of the steppe, including the Scythians and Saka.
3446:, who were organised into a single kingdom ruled through two divisions, each of which was composed of several tribes and was ruled by a member of the same dynasty.
3135:
in modern-day central and southern Georgia. Archaeologically, this Cimmerian presence is attested by remains associated to nomadic populations dating from between
4211:
With their eastern and southeastern borders abutting the Neo-Assyrian, which had been powerful enough to defeat their king Teuspa some years earlier, in the late
6399:
3498:
Once they had finally crossed into West Asia, the Scythians settled in eastern Transcaucasia and the northwest Iranian plateau, between the middle course of the
3480:
After having settled into Ciscaucasia, the Scythians became the second wave of steppe nomads to expand southwards from there, following the western shore of the
3463:
The eastern group of Cimmerians would remain on the northwestern Iranian plateau, where they were initially active in Mannai before later moving southwards into
6211:
The Iranologist Ľubomír Novák considers Cimmerian to be a relative of Scythian which exhibited similar features as Scythian, such as the evolution of the sound
4746:, Ashurbanipal thanked the god Marduk for the fate which had struck Sandakšatru, suggesting that he had experienced a horrifying death not unlike his father's.
5229:
Herodotus of Halicarnassus wrote a legendary account, partly based on Hecataeus's narrative, of the arrival of the Scythians into the lands of the Cimmerians:
5059:
and Priene were still engaging in a lawsuit disputing the territory of Batinetis which had been abandoned during the Cimmerian invasion of Ionia and Aeolia.
3635:
4233:
had been filling the power vacuum in Anatolia created by the destruction of the Phrygian Empire and was establishing itself as a new rising regional power.
6707:
from the local inhabitants of Ḫilakku and Tabal. The name of the god Šanta might possibly appear as a theophoric element in the name of the Cimmerian king
6844:, so that these various pre-Scythian early nomadic cultures were thus part of a unified Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia.
2816:, thus following the same general migration path as the first wave of Central Asian Iranic nomads who had formed the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
2605:
Thanks to their development of highly mobile mounted nomadic pastoralism and the creation of effective weapons suited to equestrian warfare, all based on
2602:, so that these various pre-Scythian early nomadic cultures were thus part of a unified Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia.
16418:
3940:
with Cilicia, might have demanded help from the Cimmerians against possible Neo-Assyrian attempts to take control of their region following the death of
2197:
4304:, which provided an impetus for the formation of new Greek colonies in the Propontis and therefore made the Black Sea accessible to Greeks from Ionia.
6544:
Such nomadic states were managed by institutions of authority presided over by the rulers of the tribes, the warrior aristocracy, and ruling dynasty.
4349:. And, as a result of these Cimmerian conquests, by 657 BC, the Assyrian astrologer Akkullanu was calling the Cimmerian king Dugdammî by the title of
4323:
Facing resistance from the Lydians in the west, the Cimmerians moved eastwards, against the Neo-Assyrian Empire: despite their defeat by Gyges in the
3758:), who had succeeded him as the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and carried out a retaliatory campaign which reached deep into Median territory until
2526:
The Cimmerians corresponded to a part of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, to whose development three main cultural influences contributed to:
3577:
16063:Киммерийцы и скифы: Культурно-исторические и хронологические проблемы археологии восточноевропейских степей и Кавказа пред- и раннескифского времени
5838:. The derivation of the name of Crimea from that of the Cimmerians is however no longer accepted, and it is now thought to have originated from the
4758:
of Alyattes which became the dominant power of Anatolia, while the city of Sinope was re-founded by the Milesian Greek colonists Kōos and Krētinēs.
17744:
17055:
4377:
to a foreign ruler was an unprecedented situation of which there is no other known occurrence throughout the duration of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
4180:
The Cimmerians destroyed Sinope during the 7th century BC and killed its founder, Habrōn, after they had invaded Paphlagonia. The Greek colony of
4753:
Scythian power in West Asia thus reached its peak under Madyes, with the West Asian territories ruled by the Scythian kingdom extending from the
2541:
2492:
The Cimmerians originated as a section of the first wave of the nomadic populations who originated in the parts of Central Asia corresponding to
4429:
had promised to him that the Cimmerians would be defeated similarly to how Ashurbanipal himself had defeated the Elamites and killed their king
6230:
According to Igor Diakonoff, the Cimmerians spoke a Scythian language belonging to the eastern branch of the Iranic language. The Scythologist
5688:
as living on the western shore of the Oceanus, some earlier modern interpretations tried to locate them in the far north of Europe, such as in
4941:, because of their similar nomadic lifestyles. The Achaemenid Babylonian scribes therefore designated the bows used by Saka mounted archers as
4778:
The Cimmerian and Scythian activities in West Asia also hampered the development of trade, and overland trade routes in the region such as the
4118:
and the borders of Urartu in the east, and encompassing the area bounded by the Black Sea in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in the south.
3327:
2895:
2075:
16332:
14721:
Adalı, Selim Ferruh (2017). "Cimmerians and the Scythians: the Impact of Nomadic Powers on the Assyrian Empire and the Ancient Near East". In
4609:
16190:
16102:
5210:
The Greeks living in Anatolia in the 6th century BC still evoked the memory of the Cimmerians with fear a century after their disappearance.
4732:, who was himself the son of Sadyattes as well as the grandson of Ardys and the great-grandson of Gyges, whom Herodotus of Halicarnassus and
2775:, who were a powerful nomadic Iranic tribe from Central Asia closely related to the Scythians, or by another Central Asian people called the
5361:
heroes or with lost ancient valiant peoples, similarly to how the Greeks within Greece proper claimed similar remains had been built by the
2261:
started with /k/ rather than with /g/ as in the original name due to its transmission to the Greek language through the intermediary of the
2039:
4283:
Gyges's struggle against the Cimmerians soon turned in his favour without Neo-Assyrian support, so that he was able to defeat them between
2861:
by the early Scythian culture in southern Europe, which itself nevertheless still showed links to the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
15134:"Japanese archaeologists have revealed that Büklükale was the first settlement of the ancient nomadic people, the Cimmerians, in Anatolia"
2652:, which acted as their eastern border separating them from the Scythians; to the west, the territory of the Cimmerians extended until the
5786:
1237:
3324:
in Anatolia, during which he probably also fought the Cimmerians, and was killed in battle against the Tabalian ruler Gurdî of Kulummu.
3067:
caused by the rivalries of the great powers of West Asia thus proved to be a very attractive source of opportunities and wealth for the
2480:
pastoralists constantly moving their herds from one pasture to another in the steppe, and to search for better pastures to the west, in
5397:
claimed that the Cimmerian Bosporus had been named after the Cimmerians, who were once powerful in that region, and that the city of "
3423:
in the area near Mannai, where they had been settled since the time of Sargon II, thus forming the eastern division of the Cimmerians.
16742:
The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630–627 BC), and Sînšarraiškun (626–612 BC), Kings of Assyria
3849:
It consequently became more difficult for the Neo-Assyrian Empire to control the Median city-states and the various polities in the
17097:
3766:. Išpakāya was killed in battle against Esarhaddon's forces during this campaign, and he was succeeded as king of the Scythians by
17648:
Young, T. Cuyler (1988). "The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses". In
14727:
Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Contact and Exchange between the Graeco- Roman World, Inner Asia and China
6868:
The few known Cimmerian archaeological remains from the period of their presence in Anatolia include a burial from the village of
6533:, whose single kingdom was divided into two wings each ruled by a member of the same dynasty and each made up of several tribes.
5740:
4225:, the Cimmerians under Dugdammî instead redirected their activities towards western Anatolia, where they attacked the kingdom of
3730:
to the northwest of the Lake, all intended to monitor the activities of the allied forces of the Scythians, Mannaeans and Medes.
16292:"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"
15928:
3525:, and this part of Transcaucasia settled by the Scythians consequently became known in the Akkadian sources from Mesopotamia as
2913:, after which Cimmerians eventually became active in the West Asian regions of Transcaucasia, the Iranian Plateau and Anatolia.
2831:
to the lands of the Cimmerians, who around this time were leaving their homelands in the Caspian Steppe to move into West Asia.
17719:
9573:
9569:
7179:
7175:
7150:
7146:
7116:
4566:
17689:
17638:
17316:
17258:
16955:
16920:
16832:
16797:
16762:
16704:
16657:
16619:
16579:
16525:
16393:
16280:
16174:
16083:
16047:
15958:
15914:
15863:
15785:
15739:
15703:
15652:
15601:
15550:
15507:
15434:
15243:
15188:
15122:
15071:
15028:
14990:
14960:
14906:
14852:
14789:
14778:
14746:
13474:
12804:
12713:
12527:
12353:
11540:
5931:
During the initial phase of their presence in West Asia, the Cimmerians lived in a country which Mesopotamian sources called
4047:): these administrators consisted of both Cimmerians and members of other ethnic groups who lived within Dugdammî's kingdom.
2046:
2018:
6703:
The western group of the Cimmerians who migrated into West Asia appeared to have adopted the worship of the Anatolian deity
16474:
6869:
5880:
The original homeland of the Cimmerians before they migrated into West Asia was in the steppe situated to the north of the
5198:, who both described the Cimmerians as having once dwelt in the steppe to the immediate north of the Caspian Sea, with the
5134:, and which was covered with mists and clouds and therefore remained permanently deprived of sunlight although the Sun-god
2500:, and who had, beginning in the 10th century BC and lasting until the 9th to 8th centuries BC, migrated westwards into the
2171:
897:
14809:
5613:
in which he assumed that Homer did not know of the Cimmerians and therefore renamed them in his text as the "Cerberians" (
4511:
except for its citadel, and Gyges was killed during this attack. The Neo-Assyrian sources blamed Gyges's death on his own
4398:
decreased, he therefore ended diplomacy with the Neo-Assyrian Empire and instead sent troops to help the Egyptian kinglet
17734:
17724:
6830:
6808:
5747:, the proof cited by adherents of British Israelism is "of a feeble composition even by the low standards of the genre."
2505:
2252:
Igor Diakonoff later abandoned his own etymology to support Ivantchik's proposed etymology of the name of the Cimmerians.
2003:
205:
66:
47:
16385:
6245:
of Asia Minor on them after their migration there. Only a few personal names in the Cimmerian language have survived in
17754:
17749:
5130:
river which encircles the world, in a land towards which Odysseus sailed to obtain an oracle from the soul of the seer
4073:
Assyrian sources from around this same time also recorded a Cimmerian presence in the area of the Neo-Hittite state of
3107:
in West Asia, which laid the ground for the later large scale movement of the Cimmerians and Scythians into West Asia.
2779:, thus forcing the early Scythians to the west, across the Araxes river and into the Caspian and Ciscaucasian Steppes.
2068:
2025:
956:
17393:
16240:
15360:
15319:
15003:(2001). "Cimmerians and Early Scythians: the Transition from Geometric to Orientalising Style in the Pontic Area". In
5896:; the Cimmerians thus originally lived in the Caspian and Caucasian steppes, in the area corresponding to present-day
4824:
The proponents of this hypothesis of a Cimmerian invasion also suggest that it would have also affected south-eastern
4535:
After sacking Sardis, Lydgamis and Kobos led the Cimmerians and the Treres into invading the Greek city-states of the
17462:
16860:
6587:
Cimmerians had established their rule. The capital of these Anatolian Cimmerians was a city by the name of Ḫarzallē.
5255:
Herodotus also referred to the presence of several "Cimmerian" toponyms as existing in the Bosporan region, such as:
3825:
kingdom therefore remained on friendly terms with the Neo-Assyrian Empire and maintained peaceful relations with it.
2303:
289:
6044:, the possibility of the Cimmerians being Thracian-speakers is less likely than that of them being Iranic-speakers.
17714:
15799:
14575:
6742:
in October 2018 examined the remains of three Cimmerians buried between around 1000 and 800 BC. The two samples of
4930:
2032:
796:
6779:
in July 2019 examined the remains of three Cimmerians. The two samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroups
4858:
The peoples of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex of which the Cimmerians were part of introduced the use of
4586:
The Cimmerians and Treres remained on the western coast of Anatolia inhabited by the Greeks for three years, from
3224:, where they helped the inhabitants of Colchis and of the nearby regions defeat attacks by the kingdom of Urartu.
3060:, were local rulers who negotiated for their own interests by vacillating between the various rival great powers.
17332:
17293:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
16685:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
16556:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
15680:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
15629:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
15578:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
15099:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
6029:
entities, suggesting that the Scythians and Cimmerians were merely two member tribes of a single cultural group.
4062:
of wheat in the underground granaries of the Phrygian village of Syassos that they used as food for a long time.
307:
4652:), who had been a Neo-Assyrian vassal, was at this time also forced to accept the suzerainty of the Cimmerians.
17510:
17272:
16162:
6608:
6591:
of the contemporary Median city-states, due to which they referred to the leaders of these Cimmerian rulers as
6297:, meaning "swelling with strength", although Askold Ivantchik has criticised this proposal on phonetic grounds.
4933:
to indiscriminately and anachronistically refer to all of the nomads of the steppes, including both the Pontic
4767:
several of these states' power, consequently led to the rise of multiple new powers such as the empires of the
4029:
2458:
2275:
1888:
1663:
1067:
43:
14759:
From Midas to Cyrus and Other Stories: Papers on Iron Age Anatolia in Honour of Geoffrey and Françoise Summers
3818:
17669:
17649:
17296:
17276:
17238:
16746:
16668:
16559:
16539:
15894:
15874:
15765:
15753:
15683:
15663:
15632:
15612:
15581:
15561:
15530:
15518:
15413:
15168:
15156:
15102:
15082:
15051:
15039:
14940:
14920:
14886:
6664:
6644:
5623:
5517:
5419:) used a trench and a mount to close the isthmus. According to Strabo, there was in Crimea a mountain called
5338:
5315:
5292:
5269:
5252:, Herodotus claimed the tombs of the Cimmerian princes could still be seen in his days near the Tyras river.
5218:
5022:
4632:
Although the Urartians had sent tribute to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 643 BC, the Urartian king Sarduri III (
4237:
diplomatic gifts to Ashurbanipal, with another Lydian embassy to the Neo-Assyrian Empire being attested from
3972:
2739:
2716:
2693:
2061:
1633:
902:
839:
640:
526:
6165:
4480:
and invaded Anatolia from the north-west, after which they allied with the Cimmerians, and, from around the
5732:
3217:
The Cimmerians appeared to have first become active in the territories to the south of the Caucasus in the
2123:
The Cimmerians themselves left no written records, and most information about them is largely derived from
1321:
824:
635:
630:
625:
520:
5582:
criticised Posidonius's theories as being based on conjecture rather than on concrete historical evidence.
3897:
by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, their departure provided Esarhaddon's successor to the Neo-Assyrian kingship,
14770:
6796:
6792:
5711:
3610:, which detail the first Scythian activities in West Asia and refer to the first recorded Scythian king,
3320:
In 705 BC, Sargon II led a campaign against a rebellious Neo-Assyrian vassal, the Neo-Hittite kingdom of
1638:
1133:
834:
713:
699:
680:
16824:
16789:
15450:"A New Typology of Arrowheads from the Late Iron Age and Persian Period and Its Historical Implications"
3726:, as well as the fortresses of Pir Chavush, Qale Gavur and Qiz Qale around the administrative centre of
2791:
early Scythian culture being materially indistinguishable from the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
17681:
17308:
17250:
16696:
16611:
16571:
15906:
15777:
15695:
15644:
15593:
15542:
15454:
15426:
15180:
15114:
15063:
14952:
14898:
14738:
7121:
4836:
as well, where distinctive Cimmerian horse trappings were found offered in dedication at the temple of
4386:, that is the world hegemony which rightfully belonged to him, from the Cimmerians who had usurped it.
3821:, and promised to form an alliance treaty with the Neo-Assyrian Empire in an act of careful diplomacy.
3678:
Under Argišti II, Urartu attempted to restore its power by expanding to the east towards the region of
2530:
present in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex is a strong impact of the native
976:
934:
534:
15891:
The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C
14937:
The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C
5079:
2787:, as well as by the origin of the typically Scythian Animal Style art in the Mongolo-Siberian region.
15950:
15723:
6220:
6212:
6105:
5731:
being the supposed descendants of those among them who maintained their Cimmerian identity. Being an
3994:
so that they controlled a large area consisting of Phrygia from its western limits which bordered on
3046:, who were an Iranic people of West Asia to whom the Scythians and Cimmerians were distantly related.
2753:
However, a derivation of these names from the historical Cimmerian presence is still very uncertain.
2501:
2109:
2096:
1678:
1643:
1316:
620:
20:
17008:
16812:
16777:
16405:"Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads"
9561:
7111:
6829:
The Cimmerians before their migration into West Asia archaeologically corresponded to a part of the
4672:, who continued Dugdammî's attacks against the Neo-Assyrian Empire but failed just like his father.
3354:) attacked Gurdî at Til-Garimmu in 695 BC, he was able to evade capture by the Neo-Assyrian forces.
15731:
15255:"WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings"
5107:
4548:
3603:
The first ever recorded mention of the Scythians is from the records of the Neo-Assyrian Empire of
2679:, might have owed their origin to the historical presence of the Cimmerians in this area, such as:
2429:
which lasted from the 1st millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD. Other Iranic nomads, such as the
2380:
1938:
1828:
1648:
1179:
1011:
962:
858:
660:
615:
610:
530:
95:
17489:"Intolerable Clothes & a Terrifying Name: the Characteristics of an Achaemenid Invasion Force"
15206:. Centre for the Critical Study of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements; Panacea Charitable Trust
5456:
some Classical writers considered the western Mediterranean Sea as having been the setting of the
4754:
17739:
17729:
15499:
15235:
14982:
6222:
6214:
6090:
5862:
recounts an imaginary battle between Celts and enemies identified by the narrator as Cimmerians.
4425:
One of the oracular responses received by Ashurbanipal in 652 BC itself claimed that the goddess
4414:
Neo-Assyrian power experienced another significant blow in 652 BC, when Esarhaddon's eldest son,
3987:, although they appear to have neither settled within the city nor destroyed its fortifications.
2212:
2185:
2093:
1833:
1560:
670:
665:
655:
299:
17380:
16227:
15347:
15306:
4797:
Proponents of a Cimmerian migration into southeastern Europe suggest that it affected as far as
4415:
2882:
who would later invade West Asia via Caucasia. The Cimmerians entered West Asia by crossing the
2675:
Some later place names mentioned by the ancient Greeks in the 5th century BC as existing in the
2552:
cultures from Central Asia and Siberia is visible in the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex of
2468:
to become cooler and drier than before. These changes caused the sedentary mixed farmers of the
2414:
The arrival of the Cimmerians in Europe was part of the larger process of westwards movement of
16931:
16633:
16138:
6655:
6635:
6237:
The recorded personal names of the Cimmerians were either Iranic, reflecting their origins, or
6095:
5839:
5647:
5614:
5508:
5441:), which had also been named because the Cimmerians had once ruled the region of the Bosporus.
5426:
5404:
5329:
5306:
5283:
5260:
5013:
4571:
4265:
4051:
3733:
These allied forces of the Cimmerians, Mannaeans and Scythians were defeated some time between
2730:
2707:
2684:
2493:
1823:
1795:
1579:
1481:
1247:
1093:
717:
555:
447:
386:
341:
281:
273:
16470:
2628:
This in turn allowed the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex itself to strongly influence the
17614:
16166:
16023:
15342:
15004:
14916:
14862:
6823:
4495:
The Cimmerians and Treres under Lygdamis and the Treran king Kōbos, and in alliance with the
1970:
1799:
707:
703:
688:
684:
16597:
16261:
The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World
6032:
Other suggestions for the ethnicity of the Cimmerians include the possibility of them being
2640:
Within the western sections of the Eurasian Steppe, the Cimmerians lived in the Caspian and
2511:
Among these tribal confederations were the Cimmerians in the Caspian Steppe, as well as the
16967:"The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology"
16943:
16645:
16422:
15381:"The Cimmerian invasions in Anatolia and the earliest Greek colonies in the Black Sea area"
6788:
6767:
6763:
6759:
5914:
The later claim by Greek authors that the Cimmerians lived in the Pontic Steppe around the
5214:
5062:
In the mediaeval period, Armenian tradition assigned the name of the Biblical Gōmer to the
4159:
3518:
in the steppes of what is presently Azerbaijan, which became their centre operations until
2120:
proper, to whom the Cimmerians were related and who displaced and replaced the Cimmerians.
1916:
1881:
1194:
877:
829:
766:
736:
694:
674:
538:
392:
6626:), which was the same designation that they had used for the Median petty-rulers as well.
1062:
8:
17709:
17657:
15338:
15293:
6580:
6238:
6189:
5760:
5504:
4782:
likely became dangerous to use, while also preventing the formation of new trade routes.
4779:
4453:
4301:
3936:, which occupied a strategic position containing many settlements and routes linking the
3858:
3817:, had asked for the hand of the eldest daughter of Esarhaddon, the Neo-Assyrian princess
3402:
under the leadership of the king Teušpâ, becoming the western division of the Cimmerians;
3239:
2926:
2450:
2124:
1189:
1184:
1080:
1004:
969:
892:
882:
741:
442:
437:
406:
16426:
15815:
5779:, the Cimmerians are a pre-Celtic people who were the ancestors of the Irish and Scots (
4989:, Slavs and other eastern peoples centuries after the actual Scythians had disappeared.
4728:
credits with expelling the Treres from Asia Minor, and of the Lydians led by their king
4380:
Akkullanu nevertheless also assured to Ashurbanipal that he would eventually regain the
3194:
17547:
17527:
17468:
17375:
17268:
17226:
17207:
17173:
17154:
17114:
17072:
17030:
17013:
16988:
16874:
16724:
16443:
16404:
15996:
15560:
Grayson, A. K. (1991a). "Assyria: Tiglath-pileser III to Sargon II (744-705 B.C.)". In
15463:
15274:
6424:
The Iranologist Ľubomír Novák has noted that the attestation of this name in the forms
6234:
also considers the Cimmerians to have been linguistically very close to the Scythians.
6197:
6110:
5783:). Moreover, a miscegenation of Cimmerians and Turanians was the origin of the Scyths.
4736:
claim permanently defeated the Cimmerians so that they no longer constituted a threat.
4256:
while keeping him waiting and abstaining from providing any military support to Lydia.
4122:
Neo-Hittite states in and near the Konya Plain had become subjected to the Cimmerians.
3370:
statues in the region of Muṣaṣir which resemble the funerary statues of steppe nomads.
2883:
2766:
A second wave of migration of Iranic nomads corresponded with the arrival of the early
2668:
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex in the eastern parts of the Pontic Steppe were the
2497:
1895:
1846:
1780:
1764:
1389:
1042:
781:
467:
372:
367:
80:
17439:"Medes in Media, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia: Empire, Hegemony, Domination or Illusion?"
6833:
of the northern Pontic steppe regions over the course of the 9th to 7th centuries BC.
5633:) because of the Homeric location of this people at the entrance of Hades where dwelt
3998:
to its eastern boundaries neighbouring the Neo-Assyrian Empire, after which they made
3052:
Beyond the territories under the direct Assyrian rule, especially in its frontiers in
17685:
17634:
17472:
17458:
17312:
17288:
17254:
17034:
16971:
16951:
16916:
16892:
16856:
16828:
16793:
16758:
16700:
16680:
16653:
16615:
16575:
16551:
16521:
16448:
16389:
16319:
16276:
16170:
16097:
16079:
16043:
15954:
15910:
15886:
15859:
15781:
15735:
15717:
15699:
15675:
15648:
15624:
15597:
15573:
15546:
15503:
15430:
15404:
15278:
15239:
15184:
15118:
15094:
15067:
15024:
14986:
14956:
14932:
14902:
14878:
14848:
14774:
14742:
6751:
6467:
6242:
6201:
6100:
6041:
5986:
5982:
5703:
5700:
5085:
4552:
3507:
3124:
3064:
2629:
2531:
2454:
2399:
2393:
2384:
2208:
2128:
2113:
1909:
1875:
1867:
1811:
1805:
1787:
1758:
1737:
1723:
1715:
1485:
1346:
1286:
1268:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1166:
1161:
990:
853:
502:
495:
488:
474:
460:
420:
399:
336:
328:
90:
15807:
15795:
6284:
6193:
2949:(Plain Cilicia) and the Central and Eastern Anatolian mountains in the north to the
2181:
17653:
17597:
17519:
17450:
17397:
17349:
17284:
17280:
17230:
17199:
17146:
17106:
17064:
17026:
17022:
16980:
16676:
16672:
16547:
16543:
16535:
16438:
16430:
16409:
16369:
16309:
16272:
16244:
16222:
16218:
16199:
16130:
16111:
16093:
16057:
16039:
16020:"The Scythian 'Rule Over Asia': the Classical Tradition and the Historical Reality"
16015:
15988:
15968:
15924:
15882:
15878:
15757:
15749:
15671:
15667:
15620:
15616:
15569:
15565:
15522:
15408:
15364:
15323:
15266:
15199:
15160:
15152:
15090:
15086:
15043:
15020:
14928:
14924:
14874:
14866:
6812:
6739:
6480:
6300:
6288:
6231:
5918:
was a retroactive invention dating from after the disappearance of the Cimmerians.
5855:
5816:
5764:
5596:
5586:
5560:
5538:
5123:
3850:
3706:), the latter of whom carried out major fortification construction projects around
2954:
2520:
2422:
2232:
1903:
1853:
1670:
1476:
1364:
1304:
1281:
1224:
1219:
1156:
1143:
1138:
1128:
801:
414:
362:
354:
347:
37:
16:
Ancient nomadic Iranic people who invaded West Asia in the 8th and 7th centuries BC
17601:
16984:
16809:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"
16135:
The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives on the Steppe Nomads of the Ancient World
15713:
6841:
6576:
The Cimmerians shared a common culture and origin with the Scythians and lived an
4698:
3722:; other fortifications built by Rusa II were Qale Bordjy and Qale Sangar north of
2599:
2545:
2176:), of an ultimately uncertain origin for which there have been various proposals:
2112:, part of whom subsequently migrated into West Asia. Although the Cimmerians were
17566:
16846:
16296:
6873:
6775:
6082:
6018:
5897:
5715:
5576:
had been named after the Cimbri, whom he claimed the Greeks called "Cimmerians."
5479:
following Ephorus's narrative, Strabo and Pliny claimed that a "Cimmerian city" (
5445:
5005:
4560:
3801:
3420:
3387:
During the period corresponding to the rule of the Neo-Assyrian king Esarhaddon (
3068:
3057:
2962:
2910:
2784:
2622:
2614:
2588:
2549:
2418:
2332:
2262:
2102:
2099:
1984:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1924:
1860:
1839:
1817:
1402:
1291:
1214:
1123:
1056:
997:
863:
595:
580:
570:
565:
481:
453:
100:
16361:
15803:
15611:
Grayson, A. K. (1991b). "Assyria: Sennacherib to Esarhaddon (704-669 B.C.)". In
5589:, using Posidonius as their sources, also equated the Cimmerians and the Cimbri.
4445:
forces, and was also trying to borrow the military technology of these peoples.
3658:, close the capital cities of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, where they destroyed the
3623:
3152:
The presence of the Cimmerians in this area led Mesopotamian sources to call it
2363:
In 1966, the archaeologist Maurits Nanning van Loon described the Cimmerians as
17677:
17661:
17626:
17304:
17246:
16692:
16629:
16607:
16589:
16567:
16505:
16493:
16158:
15902:
15831:
15811:
15773:
15691:
15640:
15589:
15538:
15445:
15422:
15301:
15231:
15219:
15176:
15110:
15059:
14948:
14894:
14766:
14734:
6784:
6780:
6747:
6063:
6006:
5974:
5830:
5809:
attempted to trace various place names to Cimmerian origins. He suggested that
5794:
5480:
5434:
5412:
5378:
5217:, drawing from information acquired by the army of the Persian army during its
5153:
5122:, which describes them as a people living in a city located at the entrance of
4884:
4876:
4523:
4261:
4230:
4151:
3990:
The western Cimmerians consequently settled in Phrygia and subdued part of the
3759:
3711:
3464:
3440:
2610:
2481:
2426:
1729:
1596:
1471:
1029:
983:
951:
887:
378:
17454:
16930:
Petrenko, Vladimir G. (1995). "1. Scythian Culture in the North Caucasus". In
16314:
16291:
16115:
15662:
Grayson, A. K. (1991c). "Assyria 668-635 B.C.: the reign of Ashurbanipal". In
7167:
7138:
6908:
6719:
The Cimmerians used the same types of weapons as the Scythians, and practised
6708:
5176:
Homer's passage relating to the Cimmerians had however used as its source the
4706:
Despite these setbacks, the Lydian kingdom was able to grow in power, and the
4669:
4608:, which forced a large number of the inhabitants of the coastal region called
2598:
steppe and forest steppe which existed before the 7th century BC, such as the
157:
17703:
17389:
17385:
17182:
16947:
16852:
16842:
16750:
16649:
16513:
16509:
16366:"Lydia, Phrygia and the Cimmerians: Mesopotamian and Greek evidence combined"
16236:
16232:
16203:
16150:
16146:
16142:
15975:[The Dog Warriors: Werewolves and Scythian invasions in Asia Minor].
15839:
15835:
15819:
15727:
15495:
15491:
15356:
15352:
15315:
15311:
15270:
15000:
14844:
14840:
14836:
6577:
6158:
5744:
5722:
5707:
5689:
5473:
4880:
4174:
4074:
3971:, under their king Dugdammî (the Lygdamis of the Greek authors), the western
3941:
3797:
3763:
3611:
3321:
3132:
3000:
2950:
2606:
2584:
2405:
archaeological data from the Pontic-Caspian Steppes, Caucasia, and West Asia.
2160:
1989:
1453:
1369:
1086:
944:
806:
560:
5997:
The Cimmerians later split into two groups, with a western horde located in
3933:
776:
17630:
17353:
16870:
16452:
16434:
16323:
15483:
14828:
14722:
6837:
6692:
5966:
5893:
5889:
5851:
5806:
5776:
5719:
5573:
5488:
4993:
4146:
Reproduction of a depiction of Cimmerian mounted archers from a Greek vase.
3898:
3515:
3503:
3499:
3128:
2891:
2676:
2653:
2641:
2577:
2504:
regions, where they formed new tribal confederations which constituted the
2477:
2434:
2415:
1608:
1446:
920:
791:
590:
585:
575:
16774:"The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources"
15992:
15946:
15873:
Hawkins, J. D. (1982). "The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia". In
5797:, includes a chapter describing the (fictional) oldest book in the world,
5739:; or, they adhere to the antisemitic conspiracy theory claiming that Jews
4503:, attacked Lydia for a second time in 644 BC: this time they defeated the
3964:
With Urartu incapable of stopping the Cimmerian advance, some time around
3854:
3313:
Possibly out of fear from the danger of the Cimmerians, the Phrygian king
2540:
attesting of the Inner Asian origin, a strong material influence from the
2389:
There are three main sources of information on the historical Cimmerians:
2265:, which did not distinguish between the voiced and non-voiced velar stops.
17195:
16754:
16593:
16337:
16268:
16035:
15973:"LES GUERRIERS-CHIENS: Loups-garous et invasions scythes en Asie Mineure"
15016:
14970:
6938:
6896:
6530:
6303:
instead posits three alternative suggestions for an Old Iranic origin of
5904:
5881:
5768:
5555:
came from, elaborated some speculative interpretations of their origins:
5063:
4888:
4818:
4702:
A relief depicting mounted Lydian warriors on slab of marble from a tomb.
4403:
4249:
4248:
him, in exchange of which Ashurbanipa promised him support from the gods
4107:
3949:
3937:
3715:
3511:
3485:
3481:
3443:
3344:
3336:
3277:
3243:
3095:
2934:
2645:
2565:
1584:
1570:
1534:
1242:
133:
17158:
17134:
17076:
17050:
16333:"Japanese archaeologist reveal 1st settlement of Cimmerians in Anatolia"
16000:
15972:
15467:
6902:
5468:
in the 4th century BC located the Cimmerians near the Campanian city of
3436:, whose princes and nobles were divided into Eastern and Western groups;
771:
145:
17531:
17505:
17345:
17211:
17177:
16912:
16667:
Mihailov, G. (1991). "Thrace Before the Persian Entry into Europe". In
16305:
14870:
6389:
K. T. Vitchak has proposed that it was derived from an Old Iranic form
5970:
5822:
5548:
5528:
5362:
5202:
river forming their eastern border separating them from the Scythians.
5067:
4668:
Dugdammî was succeeded as king of the Cimmerians in Cilicia by his son
4346:
3999:
3748:
3723:
3198:
2982:, held hegemony over Central and Midwest Anatolia and parts of Cilicia;
2946:
2906:
2772:
2569:
2553:
2469:
2438:
1547:
1339:
1104:
17118:
17092:
16992:
16966:
6683:
The Cimmerians used the same types of horse harness as the Scythians.
5714:
had been deported by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 721 BC and became the
4980:
4966:
4908:
4899:, thus irreversibly changing the geopolitical situation of West Asia.
4828:, where raids by Cimmerians allied to Thracians ended the hegemony of
4775:, thus irreversibly changing the geopolitical situation of West Asia.
3770:, with whom Esarhaddon might have immediately initiated negotiations.
3506:
rivers before expanding into the regions corresponding to present-day
3305:
power in some parts of the western Iranian Plateau and Transcaucasia.
2476:
These climatic conditions in turn caused the nomadic groups to become
2307:
17673:
17327:
17300:
17242:
17150:
17068:
16688:
16603:
16563:
16517:
16365:
15898:
15851:
15769:
15687:
15636:
15585:
15534:
15418:
15172:
15106:
15055:
14944:
14890:
14790:"The first settlement of the Cimmerians in Anatolia may be Büklükale"
14730:
6966:
6928:
6787:, while the three samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroups
6443:
6437:
6375:
6363:
6205:
6174:
6139:
6033:
6022:
5908:
5641:
5534:
5444:
In the 4th century BC, a town called Cimmeris was established in the
5420:
5398:
5370:
5195:
5185:
5177:
5162:
5157:
4934:
4829:
4733:
4601:
4513:
4469:
4399:
4056:
3991:
3651:
3332:
3247:
3228:
3100:
3072:
2942:
2930:
2922:
2871:
2776:
2767:
2669:
2561:
2512:
2430:
2163:
2117:
1750:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1491:
1359:
246:
17610:
17549:
Urartian Art: Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations
17523:
17203:
16820:
16808:
16785:
16740:
16061:
15449:
15254:
13984:
5537:
mentioned a "Cimmerian isthmus" and a "Cimmerian land" in his work,
4805:
allied with the Cimmerians to expand their territories by occupying
4582:
Reproduction of a depiction of a Cimmerian archer from a Greek vase.
4487:, the Cimmerians were nomadising in Anatolia along with the Treres.
4162:. The first Greek colony in the Black Sea, founded by settlers from
3209:
17553:
17506:"Over All Asia? The Extent of the Scythian Domination in Herodotus"
17488:
17438:
17409:
17110:
16880:
16773:
16717:
Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages
16342:
15942:
15380:
9440:
9438:
9436:
9434:
6933:
6621:
6498:
from a compound term consisting of the name of the Anatolian deity
6493:
6471:
6453:
6431:
6425:
6349:
6343:
6304:
6267:
6253:
5998:
5946:
5932:
5915:
5819:
5634:
5579:
5366:
5241:
5191:
5131:
5039:
4859:
4814:
4806:
4729:
4547:
on the western coast of Anatolia, where they destroyed the city of
4500:
4477:
4381:
4372:
4350:
4273:
4103:
4055:
4042:
3814:
3767:
3727:
3707:
3659:
3643:
3526:
3414:
3399:
3177:
3094:
Nevertheless, a 9th or 8th century BC barrow grave, belonging from
3053:
2968:
Surrounding the Neo-Assyrian Empire were several smaller polities:
2664:
2618:
2516:
2279:
1693:
1684:
1575:
1376:
1351:
1255:
746:
322:
171:
16185:
16019:
14865:(1975). "Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age". In
14810:"Archaeologists Reveal First Settlement of Cimmerians in Anatolia"
10258:
7454:
7452:
6704:
5180:, which dealt with the region of the Black Sea and the country of
17611:"The Cimmerians: their origins, movements and their difficulties"
16908:
16884:
16381:
15482:
Fuchs, Andreas (2023). "The Medes and the Kingdom of Mannea". In
15081:
Brinkman, J. A. (1991). "Babylonia in the Shadow of Assyria". In
14883:
History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1380-1000 B.C
14587:
14553:
14551:
6727:
6720:
6246:
6002:
5978:
5693:
5465:
5181:
5148:
5127:
5115:
4896:
4825:
4772:
4720:, and with Neo-Assyrian approval, the Scythians under their king
4707:
4600:, where later Greek tradition claimed that Lygdamis had occupied
4563:
joined Ephesus and Magnesia in resisting the Cimmerian invasion.
4556:
4504:
4496:
4430:
4269:
4181:
4163:
4115:
3984:
3976:
3843:
3719:
3683:
3679:
3615:
3433:
3232:
3213:
Cimmerian invasions of Colchis, Urartu and Assyria in 715–713 BC.
3190:
3186:
3120:
3104:
3036:
2994:
2979:
2975:
2799:
2534:, especially in the form of pottery styles and burial traditions;
2462:
1743:
1707:
1700:
1498:
1118:
751:
219:
17093:"The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications"
16133:(2006). Aruz, Joan; Farkas, Ann; Fino, Elisabetta Valtz (eds.).
14201:
13788:
13304:
10423:
9431:
3842:. The eastern Cimmerians also attacked the Assyrian province of
3762:
and the country of Patušarra (Patischoria) on the limits of the
17666:
Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c. 525 to 479 B.C
17622:
17557:
17191:
16904:
16501:
16377:
16346:
16264:
16154:
16075:
16071:
16031:
15855:
15847:
15827:
15762:
The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C
15527:
The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C
15227:
15165:
The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C
15048:
The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C
15012:
14978:
14762:
14285:
14283:
14281:
7449:
7049:
7047:
6881:
6877:
6499:
5552:
5394:
5385:
steppes into Anatolia to sack Sardis under the reign of Ardys.
5135:
4837:
4833:
4810:
4798:
4725:
4721:
4605:
4540:
4512:
4508:
4473:
4426:
4339:
4277:
4253:
4154:
3945:
3932:
Around the same time, the rulers of the Neo-Hittite kingdom of
3631:
3362:
3251:
3030:
3021:
3017:
2958:
2938:
2887:
2660:
2557:
2465:
1466:
1420:
939:
756:
14563:
14548:
14500:
13909:
13907:
12375:
12248:
12192:
12126:
7941:
7939:
6500:
5973:
and the south of the Darial or Klukhor passes, in a region of
5452:
assigned to them various fantastical locations and histories:
4972:
4958:
4922:
4914:
2321:
2313:
15843:
15517:
Graham, A. J. (1982). "The colonial expansion of Greece". In
14524:
14092:
14090:
14088:
14086:
13870:
13868:
13576:
13574:
13282:
13280:
12573:
12365:
12363:
12092:
12090:
12088:
11714:
11712:
10964:
10962:
10246:
10177:
6755:
6743:
6726:
The Cimmerians who moved in Anatolia also adopted the use of
6381:
6369:
6037:
5885:
5780:
5775:
from 1932, is canonically a Cimmerian: in Howard's fictional
5600:
5469:
5249:
5199:
5168:
5111:
5056:
4997:
4892:
4802:
4768:
4544:
4536:
4226:
4095:
3995:
3980:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3484:
and bypassing the Caucasus Mountains to the east through the
3358:
3314:
3043:
2986:
2875:
2649:
2573:
2256:
2169:
2151:
2105:
1565:
1439:
1433:
1415:
786:
761:
232:
15490:. The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 4.
15204:
Critical Dictionary of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements
14348:
14346:
14278:
14266:
14230:
11697:
11176:
11174:
11149:
11147:
10974:
10659:
10626:
10590:
10399:
10213:
9147:
9137:
9135:
9120:
9006:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8864:
8724:
8484:
8007:
7681:
7679:
7576:
7574:
7044:
4578:
4142:
3952:
and of the kingdom of Kundi and Sissû in the region of Que.
3488:, with the Scythians first arriving in Transcaucasia around
3398:
the bulk of the Cimmerians migrated from Transcaucasia into
2945:
valleys to rule and dominate a large territory ranging from
2824:
The westward migration of the Scythians brought them around
2644:
Steppes, situated on the northern and western shores of the
14975:
Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity
14659:
14476:
14454:
14452:
14450:
14448:
14423:
14421:
14406:
14242:
14153:
14131:
14129:
14102:
14073:
14071:
14069:
14067:
14054:
14052:
14050:
14035:
14013:
14011:
13904:
13880:
13841:
13644:
13407:
11497:
11495:
11391:
11389:
11387:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11319:
10991:
10989:
10782:
10780:
10778:
10201:
9756:
9754:
9633:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9388:
9386:
9159:
8712:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8508:
8260:
8258:
7980:
7978:
7936:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7706:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7649:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7527:
7281:
7279:
6669:
6649:
6459:
6355:
6273:
6259:
5952:
5938:
5843:
5823:
5736:
5682:
Basing themselves on the location of the Cimmerians in the
5628:
5522:
5343:
5320:
5297:
5274:
5027:
4986:
4938:
4872:
4419:
4177:, in whose region the Cimmerians were active at this time.
3567:
3532:
3406:
3169:
3010:
3006:
2879:
2795:
2744:
2721:
2698:
2293:
2285:
1957:
16374:
Evidence Combined: Western and Eastern Sources in Dialogue
14083:
13865:
13571:
13277:
13226:
13214:
13202:
12820:
12360:
12209:
12207:
12114:
12085:
12073:
12008:
11709:
11480:
10959:
10801:
10799:
10797:
10795:
10411:
10088:
10086:
9850:
9838:
9585:
9583:
9421:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9224:
9222:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8556:
8554:
8445:
8443:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8373:
8371:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8270:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8075:
8073:
8019:
7963:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7897:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7769:
7767:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7666:
7664:
7639:
7637:
7469:
7467:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7258:
5224:
3562:
3405:
a smaller group of the Cimmerians, called the Indaraeans (
2635:
2487:
17569:[The Scythian Language: Attempt at Description].
14725:; Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan; Adalı, Selim Ferruh (eds.).
14635:
14599:
14488:
14343:
14220:
14218:
14216:
13996:
13704:
13520:
13005:
12993:
12939:
12317:
11950:
11948:
11897:
11808:
11796:
11687:
11685:
11269:
11171:
11144:
10947:
10935:
10719:
10707:
10614:
10387:
10324:
10146:
10134:
9877:
9398:
9207:
9195:
9171:
9132:
9108:
9096:
8876:
8852:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8388:
8386:
8048:
8046:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7676:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7071:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
5992:
5507:
claimed that the Cimmerians lived in a "Cimmerian city" (
4457:
A Thracian mounted warrior followed by a warrior on foot.
2997:, conquered several times by the Assyrians, in the south;
2916:
2235:
derives the name of the Cimmerians from an original form
15824:
From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D
15009:
North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies
14647:
14623:
14611:
14584:, Supplementary Materials, Table S3 Summary, Rows 23-25.
14445:
14418:
14141:
14126:
14114:
14064:
14047:
14008:
13919:
13892:
13853:
13656:
13632:
13559:
13537:
13535:
13508:
13321:
13319:
13253:
13243:
13241:
12265:
12263:
11595:
11593:
11591:
11589:
11492:
11468:
11458:
11456:
11454:
11452:
11401:
11384:
11316:
10986:
10818:
10816:
10814:
10775:
10738:
10736:
10734:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10643:
10641:
10602:
10377:
10375:
9977:
9975:
9867:
9865:
9751:
9624:
9383:
9264:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9183:
8842:
8840:
8838:
8770:
8671:
8619:
8496:
8310:
8308:
8255:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8231:
7975:
7840:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7691:
7617:
7586:
7551:
7437:
7276:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6021:
sharing a common language, origins and culture with the
3016:
and to the immediate north laid the powerful kingdom of
14394:
13692:
13668:
13620:
13610:
13608:
13595:
13593:
13591:
13589:
13547:
12238:
12236:
12234:
12204:
11670:
11574:
11132:
10792:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10759:
10757:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10236:
10234:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10189:
10167:
10165:
10163:
10161:
10083:
9643:
9612:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9580:
9455:
9453:
9410:
9373:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9239:
9237:
9219:
8782:
8753:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8551:
8472:
8440:
8398:
8368:
8282:
8209:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8171:
8146:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8085:
8070:
8058:
8031:
7907:
7882:
7859:
7823:
7800:
7779:
7764:
7728:
7716:
7661:
7634:
7539:
7464:
7333:
7255:
7059:
5710:
according to which, after population of the historical
5462:, and therefore located the Cimmerians in this region:
4005:
These western Cimmerians soon became sedentary, and by
3668:
from the Neo-Assyrian Empire and retain them until the
3571:
An Assyrian relief depicting Cimmerian mounted warriors
3027:
in the eastern mountains were several weaker polities:
14254:
14213:
14177:
14165:
13292:
12341:
11960:
11945:
11682:
11562:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8566:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8455:
8430:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8383:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8130:
8043:
7990:
7924:
7377:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7083:
7022:
7020:
7018:
6956:
6507:
6416:
6410:
6390:
5071:
4300:
Gyges then stationed Carian and Ionian mercenaries at
3076:
2461:
which caused the environment in the Central Asian and
15443:
15292:
15038:
Braun, T. F. R. G. (1982). "The Greeks in Egypt". In
14536:
14189:
13680:
13532:
13496:
13316:
13238:
12645:
12260:
12102:
11586:
11449:
10811:
10731:
10638:
10521:
10372:
10264:
9972:
9862:
9249:
8835:
8305:
8228:
7747:
7479:
6974:
6675:
5960:
5832:
5798:
5787:
5769:
5683:
5608:
5601:
5539:
5457:
5142:
5116:
5098:
4570:
Painting depicting Cimmerian mounted warriors from a
2756:
2145:
16940:
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age
16642:
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age
15719:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
14464:
14023:
13605:
13586:
13265:
12329:
12231:
12219:
11658:
11159:
10748:
10225:
10158:
9595:
9450:
9364:
9234:
8736:
8190:
8106:
7951:
7605:
7231:
7032:
6848:
archaeologically indistinguishable from each other.
6470:(1981) points out that the name may also be read as
5903:
The region of the Pontic Steppe to the north of the
5856:
5040:
5033:
4998:
4054:, the Cimmerians found several tens of thousands of
3475:
2972:
in Anatolia to the northwest, were the kingdoms of:
2336:
17412:[The name of the Cimmerian king Lygdamis].
16498:
The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy
16419:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
8700:
8683:
8539:
8520:
8415:
8127:
7358:
7243:
7162:
7160:
7133:
7131:
7015:
5810:
5726:
5599:, in the 2nd century BC, wrote a commentary on the
5388:
2255:According to Ivantchik, the Greek form of the name
16632:(1995). "2. Scythians of Southeastern Europe". In
15949:, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland);
14512:
6196:, the Cimmerians spoke a dialect belonging to the
5892:, and some Cimmerians might have nomadised in the
4330:, the Cimmerians' power soon grew much so that by
4129:
3576:now unneeded burden. Therefore, the Mannaean king
3394:), the Cimmerians split into two major divisions:
3373:
2925:happened in the context of the then growth of the
2484:and the forest steppe regions of western Eurasia.
17560:: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.
16403:Krzewińska, Maja; et al. (October 3, 2018).
16402:
15202:. In Crossley, James; Lockhart, Alastair (eds.).
14581:
9564:. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars.
5559:north, between the shores of the Oceanus and the
4137:
2583:in addition to this Central Asian influence, the
2537:the two other influences were of foreign origin:
17701:
17328:"Resizing Phrygia: Migration, State and Kingdom"
17267:
17139:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
17056:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
16848:The Lost Tribes of Israel: The History of a Myth
15343:"MESOPOTAMIA i. Iranians in Ancient Mesopotamia"
14207:
13990:
13794:
13433:
13358:
13352:
13310:
11847:
11553:
11352:
11207:
11052:
10873:
10692:
10474:
10429:
10291:
9934:
9509:
9444:
9319:
9045:
8968:
7458:
7157:
7128:
5640:Proteus of Zeugma renamed the Cimmerians as the
5563:, and were the same people known as the Cimbri;
3638:and even until as far as Yašuḫ, Šamaš-naṣir and
2127:records of the 8th to 7th centuries BC and from
19:"Cimmerian" redirects here. For other uses, see
6571:
5572:Posidonius then, in turn, argued that that the
5393:Drawing on similar older Graeco-Roman sources,
4789:
2444:
2116:, they formed an ethnic unit separate from the
17493:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
16738:
16687:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3.
16538:(1991). "The Native Kingdoms of Anatolia". In
15197:
14159:
6483:
6466:): this is an Iranic reading of the name, and
6330:
6321:
6312:
6291:
5077:
3654:river and sack the small city of Milqiya near
3235:located on the Assyro-Urartian border region.
3082:
2819:
2367:, and referred to the Scythians proper as the
2223:
2216:
2188:
16191:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
16103:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
13473:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
12803:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
12712:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
12526:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
11539:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
7191:
7189:
6479:According to János Harmatta, it goes back to
5091:
4530:
3983:committed suicide, and sacked its capital of
3876:, the eastern Cimmerians were allied to him.
3382:
2243:
2236:
2069:
17617:; Avram, Alexandru; Hargrave, James (eds.).
16289:
16098:"The Current State of the Cimmerian Problem"
15752:(1982). "Illyria, Epirus and Macedonia". In
15486:; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, Daniel T. (eds.).
14593:
6409:, the original form of this name was likely
5767:in a series of fantasy stories published in
5248:Basing himself on Greek folk takes from the
5047:
2342:
17410:"Der Name des kimmerischen Königs Lygdamis"
16592:(1990). "The Scythians and Sarmatians". In
15224:The Scythians: Nomad Warriors of the Steppe
6592:
6536:
6241:, reflecting the cultural influence of the
5789:The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay
5655:
4942:
4448:
4356:
4050:According to a tradition later recorded by
4013:
3853:at this point. Soon, the Median chieftains
3540:
3419:) in Neo-Assyrian sources, remained on the
3153:
3075:tradition of the ritual plunder called the
2909:detachments would later take to invade the
2761:
2271:The name of the Cimmerians is attested in:
2154:
2131:authors from the 5th century BC and later.
17608:
17591:
17404:
17370:
17225:
17172:
17132:
17090:
16290:Järve, Mari; et al. (July 11, 2019).
15967:
15923:
15337:
14569:
14557:
14530:
14506:
14439:
14334:
14289:
14272:
14096:
13940:
13874:
13832:
13815:
13580:
13451:
13439:
13428:
13364:
13340:
13286:
13232:
13220:
13208:
13170:
13164:
13098:
13086:
13056:
13050:
13032:
12972:
12888:
12883:
12841:
12826:
12780:
12744:
12738:
12678:
12606:
12594:
12497:
12443:
12438:
12402:
12381:
12369:
12352:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
12290:
12254:
12198:
12165:
12159:
12132:
12120:
12096:
12079:
12052:
12047:
12014:
11981:
11930:
11924:
11864:
11858:
11853:
11841:
11835:
11751:
11739:
11733:
11718:
11703:
11614:
11522:
11363:
11358:
11301:
11295:
11290:
11275:
11236:
11213:
11180:
11153:
11058:
10980:
10968:
10941:
10890:
10884:
10879:
10713:
10698:
10665:
10632:
10620:
10596:
10557:
10503:
10444:
10417:
10405:
10393:
10351:
10303:
10219:
10140:
10113:
10056:
10002:
9940:
9856:
9844:
9811:
9664:
9515:
9491:
9485:
9480:
9404:
9331:
9213:
9201:
9177:
9153:
9141:
9126:
9114:
9102:
9063:
9057:
9051:
9012:
8979:
8974:
8902:
8887:
8870:
8858:
8814:
8809:
8776:
8718:
8645:
8630:
8592:
7422:
7186:
7053:
7009:
6962:
6884:, contained 250 Scythian-type arrowheads.
6395:, meaning "owner of milk-producing sheep."
4612:to flee to the islands of the Aegean Sea.
3920:Cimmerians unless doing so was necessary.
3807:
2076:
2062:
2040:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
17048:
17011:[Urartu and the Mounted Nomads].
16891:
16806:
16771:
16628:
16599:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
16588:
16442:
16313:
16217:
16183:
16129:
16092:
16056:
16014:
15403:
14665:
14653:
14641:
14629:
14617:
14482:
14427:
14412:
14379:
14373:
14352:
14322:
14316:
14304:
14260:
14236:
14224:
14147:
14135:
14120:
14108:
14077:
14058:
14041:
14002:
13945:
13925:
13913:
13898:
13886:
13859:
13847:
13820:
13809:
13767:
13761:
13731:
13710:
13650:
13638:
13565:
13526:
13463:
13445:
13413:
13393:
13387:
13375:
13369:
13346:
12945:
12847:
12774:
12762:
12756:
12750:
12695:
12689:
12683:
12579:
12485:
12473:
12461:
12455:
11870:
11631:
11516:
11501:
11407:
11395:
11331:
11307:
11087:
11069:
11034:
10908:
10843:
10786:
10686:
10581:
10575:
10563:
10498:
10492:
10486:
10480:
10456:
10345:
10330:
10297:
10285:
10252:
10183:
10050:
9958:
9916:
9910:
9883:
9823:
9817:
9793:
9787:
9781:
9775:
9760:
9736:
9730:
9724:
9718:
9676:
9670:
9637:
9474:
9165:
9039:
8985:
8932:
8926:
8920:
8914:
8908:
8820:
8803:
8788:
8764:
8730:
8677:
8662:
8656:
8650:
8604:
8598:
8560:
8502:
8490:
8353:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8299:
8276:
8264:
8249:
8222:
8184:
8165:
8100:
8025:
8013:
7984:
7969:
7918:
7901:
7876:
7853:
7834:
7817:
7794:
7773:
7710:
7628:
7599:
7580:
7506:
7500:
7473:
7443:
7416:
7410:
7398:
7352:
7318:
7312:
7300:
7285:
7270:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7098:
7065:
7038:
6817:
4490:
4318:
4065:
3458:
2937:had expanded from its core region of the
71:The Cimmerian migrations across West Asia
17545:
17503:
17367:Terenozhkin A.I., Cimmerians, Kiev, 1983
17098:Journal of the American Oriental Society
16964:
16929:
16739:Novotny, Jamie; Jeffers, Joshua (2018).
16666:
16492:
16258:
15794:
15712:
15661:
15610:
15559:
15218:
15080:
14807:
14787:
14691:
14680:
14458:
14400:
14367:
14310:
13963:
13957:
13951:
13773:
13743:
13725:
13662:
13553:
13514:
13298:
13068:
13044:
13026:
12966:
12906:
12900:
12877:
12853:
12792:
12786:
12666:
12515:
12509:
12449:
12396:
12302:
12284:
12035:
12029:
11882:
11829:
11637:
11619:
11580:
11528:
11486:
11474:
11346:
11201:
11195:
11105:
11099:
11063:
11022:
11016:
11010:
10995:
10896:
10867:
10861:
10837:
10608:
10569:
10515:
10509:
10468:
10450:
10279:
9996:
9928:
9904:
9898:
9712:
9706:
9700:
9425:
9392:
9295:
9069:
9027:
8944:
8514:
8478:
8466:
8449:
8409:
8377:
8329:
8314:
8079:
8064:
8052:
8037:
8001:
7945:
7930:
7758:
7741:
7722:
7685:
7670:
7655:
7643:
7545:
7533:
7518:
7512:
7485:
7383:
7306:
7237:
7026:
6001:, and an eastern horde which moved into
5875:
5205:
4697:
4615:
4577:
4565:
4452:
4409:
4206:
4141:
3566:
3326:
3208:
2921:The involvement of the steppe nomads in
17745:Tribes described primarily by Herodotus
17564:
17325:
16869:
16841:
16817:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
16782:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
16534:
15872:
15748:
15378:
14915:
14861:
14494:
14248:
14183:
14171:
13674:
13468:
13381:
13038:
12960:
12798:
12768:
12707:
12521:
12479:
12432:
12426:
12420:
12347:
12323:
12213:
12153:
12041:
11966:
11954:
11918:
11814:
11802:
11745:
11691:
11676:
11625:
11534:
11138:
11081:
11046:
10914:
10855:
10849:
10805:
10680:
10462:
10207:
10195:
10107:
10092:
9922:
9355:
9325:
9289:
9283:
9228:
8577:
7249:
7077:
5225:According to Herodotus of Halicarnassus
5106:The first mention of the Cimmerians in
3927:
3563:Attacks against the Neo-Assyrian Empire
3204:
2636:In the Caspian and Ciscaucasian Steppes
2515:in the Pontic Steppe, and possibly the
2488:The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
48:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
17702:
17486:
17436:
17178:"Scythian Antiquities in Western Asia"
16459:
16372:; Fink, Sebastian; Ito, Sanae (eds.).
16330:
15516:
15131:
14999:
14827:
14701:
14696:
14542:
14328:
14195:
13826:
13325:
13092:
12732:
12467:
11757:
11568:
11075:
10902:
10008:
9574:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
9570:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
8938:
8203:
7404:
7324:
7180:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
7176:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
7151:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
7147:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
7117:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
6518:
5993:In Anatolia and on the Iranian Plateau
5969:river, to the north and north-west of
5865:
5141:This mention of the Cimmerians in the
4761:
3959:
2917:Reasons for southwards nomad expansion
2905:Passes, which was the same route that
17647:
17592:von Bredow, Iris (2006). "Cimmerii".
17198:: Artibus Asiae Publishers: 282–318.
17006:
16713:
16188:[Sinope and the Cimmerians].
15481:
15037:
14969:
14755:
14720:
14685:
14605:
14518:
14470:
14385:
13969:
13779:
13737:
13698:
13686:
13626:
13614:
13599:
13541:
13502:
13487:
13457:
13398:
13271:
13247:
13193:
13187:
13175:
13146:
13140:
13134:
13128:
13110:
13104:
13062:
13011:
12999:
12984:
12978:
12930:
12924:
12918:
12894:
12859:
12811:
12701:
12651:
12636:
12630:
12600:
12564:
12558:
12552:
12503:
12408:
12308:
12296:
12269:
12242:
12225:
12183:
12171:
12147:
12108:
12064:
12058:
11999:
11993:
11987:
11936:
11903:
11787:
11781:
11769:
11649:
11599:
11547:
11462:
11440:
11434:
11428:
11422:
11375:
11369:
11260:
11254:
11248:
11242:
11218:
11123:
11093:
11040:
10953:
10926:
10920:
10822:
10769:
10742:
10725:
10653:
10539:
10533:
10381:
10363:
10357:
10315:
10309:
10240:
10171:
10152:
10125:
10119:
10074:
10062:
10032:
10020:
10014:
9981:
9963:
9952:
9946:
9871:
9829:
9742:
9649:
9618:
9606:
9589:
9545:
9539:
9527:
9521:
9459:
9377:
9349:
9337:
9301:
9268:
9243:
9087:
9075:
8997:
8991:
8950:
8846:
8826:
8747:
8694:
8610:
8533:
8434:
8392:
8359:
8140:
8121:
7957:
7611:
7428:
7371:
7222:
7216:
6691:The Cimmerians used the same type of
6208:proper without needing interpreters.
5926:
5754:
5096:
4150:Beginning in the 8th century BC, the
3308:
2047:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2019:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
17594:Brill's New Pauly, Antiquity volumes
16360:
15826:. History of Humanity. Vol. 3.
15798:(1996). "10.4.1. The Scythians". In
15252:
15151:
14029:
14017:
13975:
13481:
13259:
13181:
13122:
13116:
12912:
12672:
12624:
12618:
12612:
12546:
12540:
12534:
12491:
12414:
12335:
12177:
11888:
11876:
11775:
11763:
11664:
11643:
11165:
11117:
11111:
11028:
10527:
10068:
10026:
9682:
9533:
9343:
9189:
9081:
9033:
8706:
8545:
7172:Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions online
7143:Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions online
6204:, and were able to communicate with
5551:, while trying to explain where the
4659:
3246:to his father the Neo-Assyrian king
3131:, which corresponds to territory of
16500:. Translated by Tabatabai, Soraia.
10522:Dugaw, Lipschits & Stiebel 2020
7112:"Gimirayu [CIMMERIAN] (EN)"
6831:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
6809:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
6773:Another genetic study published in
6523:
5699:In the 18th to 20th centuries, the
5048:
5009:
4801:, where between 700 and 650 BC the
4507:and captured their capital city of
4439:
3250:, recording that the Urartian king
3193:, to the east and northeast of the
3114:
2621:in the east, including present-day
2506:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
2343:
2004:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
206:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
13:
17546:van Loon, Maurits Nanning (1966).
17235:The Median and Achaemenian Periods
16386:Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
16376:. Melammu Symposia. Vol. 11.
15981:Review of the History of Religions
6758:extracted belonged to haplogroups
6492:Askold Ivantchik derives the name
5725:peoples of North Europe, with the
5369:, or how later Ossetian tradition
2959:the coast of the Mediterranean Sea
2757:The displacement of the Cimmerians
2672:to the north of the Lake Maeotis.
2026:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
17766:
17135:"Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II"
15977:Revue de l'histoire des religions
15155:(1982). "The Eastern Greeks". In
10265:Dandamayev & Medvedskaya 2006
6851:
5921:
5829:, which in turn gave rise to the
5803:, created by ancient Cimmerians.
5110:dates from the 8th century BC in
4865:
4832:around 650 BC, and possibly into
4002:into their centre of operations.
3476:Scythian expansion into West Asia
2396:cuneiform texts from Mesopotamia;
50: instead of cuneiform script.
17051:"Psammetichus, King of Egypt: I"
15722:. Translated by Walford, Naomi.
14833:Asimov's Chronology of the World
14671:
14433:
14358:
14295:
13931:
13800:
13752:
13716:
13419:
13331:
13155:
13077:
13017:
12951:
12868:
12832:
12723:
12657:
12585:
12387:
12275:
12138:
12020:
11972:
11909:
11820:
11724:
11605:
11507:
11413:
11337:
11281:
11227:
11186:
11001:
10828:
10671:
10548:
10435:
10336:
10270:
10098:
10041:
9987:
9889:
9802:
9766:
9691:
9655:
9566:State Archives of Assyria Online
9554:
9500:
9465:
9310:
9274:
9018:
8959:
8893:
8794:
6822:The Cimmerians were part of the
6629:
5981:corresponding to the modern-day
5389:In later Graeco-Roman literature
5377:Anatolia and the Scythians into
5371:recounted the death of the Narts
5126:beyond the western shore of the
3973:Cimmerians invaded and destroyed
2351:
2033:Journal of Indo-European Studies
797:Bible translations into Armenian
288:
251:
237:
212:
198:
65:
28:
17631:Archaeopress Publishing Limited
17609:Xydopoulos, Ioannis K. (2015).
17394:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
17091:Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978a).
16652:: Zinat Press. pp. 27–61.
16241:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
15935:The Cimmerians in the Near East
15930:Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient
15385:Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
15361:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
15320:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
8636:
8583:
8320:
7491:
7389:
7291:
6613:
6501:
6461:
6357:
6275:
6261:
5954:
5940:
5147:was purely poetic and combined
4974:
4960:
4924:
4916:
4693:
4634:
4522:After this attack, Gyges's son
4130:Reunification of the Cimmerians
4034:
3903:
3753:
3688:
3582:
3534:
3408:
3389:
3374:Cimmerians in the Assyrian army
3349:
3282:
3256:
3197:and the north and northwest of
3171:
2864:
2568:with stirrup-shaped terminals,
2323:
2315:
2295:
2287:
308:List of Indo-European languages
17567:"Скифский язык: опыт описания"
17511:Journal of Biblical Literature
17027:10.7788/saeculum.1977.28.3.291
17009:"Urartu und die Reiternomaden"
16950:: Zinat Press. pp. 5–25.
16163:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
15198:Cottrell-Boyce, Aidan (2021).
7104:
6802:
6398:According to the Scythologist
5041:
5034:
4138:First contacts with the Greeks
3914:
2729:and the "Cimmerian Bosporus" (
1:
17720:History of the North Caucasus
17670:The Cambridge Ancient History
17602:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e613800
17504:Vaggione, Richard P. (1973).
17338:Ancient Near Eastern Research
17326:Summers, Geoffrey D. (2023).
17297:The Cambridge Ancient History
17239:The Cambridge History of Iran
16985:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527
16807:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000b).
16772:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000a).
16560:The Cambridge Ancient History
15895:The Cambridge Ancient History
15766:The Cambridge Ancient History
15684:The Cambridge Ancient History
15633:The Cambridge Ancient History
15582:The Cambridge Ancient History
15531:The Cambridge Ancient History
15414:The Cambridge History of Iran
15169:The Cambridge Ancient History
15103:The Cambridge Ancient History
15052:The Cambridge Ancient History
14941:The Cambridge Ancient History
14887:The Cambridge Ancient History
6944:
6912:
6754:, while the three samples of
6738:A genetic study published in
6555:
5907:was instead inhabited by the
5070:, which was therefore called
5052:), that is to the Scythians.
4992:The Cimmerians appear in the
4740:
4739:In an inscription from after
4714:
4684:
4677:
4645:
4638:
4622:
4594:
4587:
4481:
4462:
4331:
4324:
4309:
4291:
4284:
4238:
4219:
4212:
4197:
4190:
4167:
4088:
4081:
4006:
3965:
3906: 669 – 631 BC
3887:
3880:
3870:
3863:
3862:Neo-Assyrian overlordship in
3836:
3829:
3782:
3775:
3756: 681 – 669 BC
3741:
3734:
3699:
3692:
3669:
3604:
3593:
3586:
3519:
3489:
3392: 681 – 669 BC
3352: 705 – 681 BC
3286:
3260:
3218:
3143:
3136:
2855:
2848:
2825:
2810:
2803:
2591:heads and bimetallic daggers.
2453:itself happened in the early
2360:separate political entities.
1634:Proto-Indo-European mythology
903:Paleolithic continuity theory
17487:Tuplin, Christopher (2013).
17437:Tuplin, Christopher (2004).
17333:Altorientalische Forschungen
17275:(1991). "The Scythians". In
17133:Spalinger, Anthony (1978b).
16028:Ancient Greeks West and East
14208:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13991:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13795:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13434:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13359:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13353:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13311:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
11848:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
11554:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
11353:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
11208:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
11053:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
10874:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
10693:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
10475:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
10430:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
10292:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
9935:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
9510:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
9445:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
9320:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
9046:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
8969:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
7459:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
6967:
6949:
6670:
6650:
6622:
6572:Nomadism and sedentarisation
6566:
6508:
6494:
6472:
6454:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6417:
6411:
6391:
6376:
6364:
6350:
6344:
6305:
6268:
6254:
6012:
5947:
5933:
5844:
5824:
5642:
5629:
5523:
5421:
5399:
5344:
5328:and a "Cimmerian Bosporus" (
5321:
5298:
5275:
5186:
5163:
5028:
4981:
4967:
4909:
4853:
4790:Possible migration in Europe
4514:
4382:
4373:
4351:
4057:
4043:
3813:after Išpakāya's successor,
3660:
3527:
3470:
3415:
3335:(left) and the crown prince
3178:
2745:
2722:
2699:
2445:Beginning of steppe nomadism
2308:
2280:
2164:
2139:
1322:Northern Black Polished Ware
521:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
17291:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
17049:Spalinger, Anthony (1976).
16683:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
16554:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
15678:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
15627:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
15576:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
15097:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
14771:British Institute at Ankara
9562:"Indaraya [1] (EN)"
6922:
6733:
6698:
6676:
6547:
6188:According to the historian
6047:
6040:. According to the scholar
5961:
5870:
5857:
5833:
5811:
5799:
5788:
5770:
5743:. According to the scholar
5727:
5684:
5609:
5602:
5540:
5458:
5143:
5117:
5099:
5072:
4999:
3242:, sent by the crown prince
3077:
2953:in the south, and from the
2820:Migration of the Cimmerians
2706:the "country of Cimmeria" (
2337:
2194:, meaning "union of clans."
2146:
1639:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
17771:
17735:Ancient peoples of Ukraine
17725:Historical Iranian peoples
17682:Cambridge University Press
17309:Cambridge University Press
17251:Cambridge University Press
16697:Cambridge University Press
16612:Cambridge University Press
16572:Cambridge University Press
16186:"Sinope et les Cimmériens"
16184:Ivantchik, Askold (2010).
15951:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
15907:Cambridge University Press
15778:Cambridge University Press
15696:Cambridge University Press
15645:Cambridge University Press
15594:Cambridge University Press
15543:Cambridge University Press
15455:Israel Exploration Journal
15448:; Stiebel, Guy D. (2020).
15427:Cambridge University Press
15181:Cambridge University Press
15115:Cambridge University Press
15064:Cambridge University Press
14953:Cambridge University Press
14899:Cambridge University Press
14739:Cambridge University Press
14713:
7122:University of Pennsylvania
6806:
6714:
6659:
6639:
6612:
6460:
6436:in Akkadian and the forms
6382:
6370:
6356:
6283:According to the linguist
6274:
6260:
5953:
5939:
5848:, which means "fortress."
5651:
5618:
5512:
5430:
5408:
5333:
5310:
5287:
5264:
5196:Herodotus of Halicarnassus
5194:and the later writings of
5169:
5092:In Graeco-Roman literature
5017:
4973:
4959:
4923:
4915:
4848:
4531:Attack on Ionia and Aeolia
4033:
3533:
3407:
3383:Division of the Cimmerians
3170:
3163:the Land of the Cimmerians
2835:Antiquity and afterwards.
2734:
2711:
2688:
2564:types, horse gear such as
2409:
2378:
2374:
2322:
2314:
2294:
2286:
2257:
2170:
2159:, itself derived from the
2108:people originating in the
935:Domestication of the horse
18:
17755:Extinct languages of Asia
17750:Eastern Iranian languages
17455:10.1163/9789047405870_002
17229:(1985). "The Scyths". In
16934:; Bashilov, Vladimir A.;
16636:; Bashilov, Vladimir A.;
16315:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019
16259:Jacobson, Esther (1995).
16116:10.1163/15700570152758043
14761:. BIAA Monograph Series.
6890:
6506:, and of the Iranic term
6172:
6156:
6137:
6132:
6079:
6069:
6059:
6054:
5677:
5476:in southern Italy, where
5305:a "country of Cimmeria" (
5078:
4843:
3123:and western Caucasia and
3083:
2449:The formation of genuine
1644:Historical Vedic religion
921:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
177:
167:
163:
151:
139:
127:
123:
115:
107:
86:
76:
64:
57:
16965:Phillips, E. D. (1972).
16204:10.1163/157005711X560318
15822:; Zhou, Yiliang (eds.).
15732:Rutgers University Press
15271:10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008
15253:Dale, Alexander (2015).
14808:Altuntaş, Leman (2023).
14788:Altuntaş, Leman (2022).
6730:and unmounted infantry.
6654:) and "milk consumers" (
6537:Administrative structure
5741:descend from the Khazars
4449:Alliance with the Treres
3063:This state of permanent
2929:, which under its kings
2762:Arrival of the Scythians
2381:Indo-European migrations
2304:Late Babylonian Akkadian
2249:, of uncertain meaning.
2229:, meaning "mobile unit."
1649:Ancient Iranian religion
1012:Novotitarovskaya culture
859:Indo-European migrations
17715:Peoples of the Caucasus
17565:Vitchak, K. T. (1999).
17443:Ancient West & East
16932:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
16887:: Butzon & Bercker.
16815:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
16780:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
16714:Novák, Ľubomír (2013).
16634:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
15500:Oxford University Press
15236:Oxford University Press
14983:Oxford University Press
6824:Scytho-Siberian horizon
6485:
6415:, formed from the word
6332:
6323:
6314:
6293:
5884:and to the west of the
5487:) was located near the
5192:Aristeas of Proconessus
5108:Graeco-Roman literature
4931:Neo-Babylonian Akkadian
4809:and the area up to the
4572:Klazomenian sarcophagus
4549:Magnesia on the Meander
4229:, which under its king
3808:Alliance with the Medes
3718:near what is presently
3285: 714 –
3042:the city-states of the
2911:Arsacid Parthian Empire
2683:the "Cimmerian ferry" (
2665:Aristeas of Proconnesus
2556:origin were especially
2245:
2238:
2225:
2218:
2190:
2134:
1150:Northern/Eastern Steppe
96:Ancient Iranic religion
17615:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.
17414:Milesische Forschungen
17354:10.1515/aofo-2023-0009
17007:Rolle, Renato (1977).
16460:Leloux, Kevin (2018).
16435:10.1126/sciadv.aat4457
16139:New Haven, Connecticut
14582:Krzewińska et al. 2018
6818:In the Eurasian Steppe
6746:extracted belonged to
6686:
6287:, it goes back to Old
6074:unknown-7th century BC
6017:The Cimmerians were a
5962:Land of the Cimmerians
5484:
5438:
5416:
4937:and the Central Asian
4813:at the expense of the
4703:
4583:
4575:
4491:Second attack on Lydia
4458:
4390:Ashurbanipal himself.
4319:Hegemony in the Levant
4147:
4066:Activities in Anatolia
4052:Stephanus of Byzantium
3572:
3459:On the Iranian Plateau
3340:
3214:
2978:, with its capital at
2441:, would later follow.
2184:, it was derived from
2155:
1621:Religion and mythology
1580:Medieval Scandinavians
871:Alternative and fringe
129:• Unknown–679 BC
36:This article contains
17406:Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R.
17372:Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R.
16876:Neo-Assyrian Toponyms
16825:Księgarnia Akademicka
16790:Księgarnia Akademicka
16331:Keskin, Buse (2023).
16167:Yale University Press
15993:10.3406/rhr.1993.1478
15379:de Boer, Jan (2006).
15138:Anatolian Archaeology
15132:Carola, Emma (2023).
14919:(1982). "Urartu". In
6609:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
5965:, located around the
5876:In the Caspian Steppe
5706:movement developed a
5282:a "Cimmerian ferry" (
5206:In the 6th century BC
5038:is closely linked to
4734:Polyaenus of Bithynia
4701:
4616:Activities in Cilicia
4581:
4569:
4456:
4410:Exhaustion of Assyria
4207:First attack on Lydia
4145:
4030:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
3747:by Sennacherib's son
3570:
3550:land of the Scythians
3330:
3212:
2502:Pontic-Caspian Steppe
2276:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
2110:Pontic–Caspian steppe
1971:Indo-European studies
1334:Peoples and societies
77:Common languages
17633:. pp. 119–123.
17381:Encyclopædia Iranica
17311:. pp. 547–590.
17253:. pp. 149–199.
16936:Yablonsky, Leonid T.
16827:. pp. 101–140.
16813:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
16778:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
16699:. pp. 591–618.
16638:Yablonsky, Leonid T.
16574:. pp. 619–665.
16469:(PhD). Vol. 1.
16388:. pp. 261–294.
16228:Encyclopædia Iranica
16169:. pp. 146–153.
16078:: Paleograph Press.
16070:] (in Russian).
16042:. pp. 497–520.
15909:. pp. 372–441.
15858:. pp. 181–182.
15780:. pp. 261–285.
15698:. pp. 142–161.
15647:. pp. 103–141.
15502:. pp. 674–768.
15407:(1985). "Media". In
15348:Encyclopædia Iranica
15339:Dandamayev, Muhammad
15307:Encyclopædia Iranica
15183:. pp. 196–221.
14955:. pp. 314–371.
14901:. pp. 417–442.
14773:. pp. 209–228.
6634:The "mare-milkers" (
6318:"abductor of horses"
5549:Posidonius of Apamea
5215:Hecataeus of Miletus
5213:The Greek historian
4476:migrated across the
4366:King of the Universe
3928:Defeat by Esarhaddon
3614:, as an ally of the
3205:Conflict with Urartu
3009:, whose capital was
2957:and North Syria and
2400:Graeco-Roman sources
878:Anatolian hypothesis
830:Proto-Indo-Europeans
737:Hittite inscriptions
282:Indo-European topics
17572:Вопросы языкознания
17420:] (in German).
17269:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
16903:] (in German).
16792:. pp. 71–100.
16614:. pp. 97–117.
16471:University of Liège
16427:2018SciA....4.4457K
15596:. pp. 71–102.
15545:. pp. 83–162.
15429:. pp. 36–148.
15200:"British Israelism"
14251:, pp. 333–356.
14160:Cottrell-Boyce 2021
6581:nomadic pastoralist
6519:Social organisation
6386:) by Greek authors
6362:), and recorded as
6190:Muhammad Dandamayev
5866:Culture and society
5761:Conan the Barbarian
5505:Hecataeus of Abdera
5259:"Cimmerian walls" (
5219:invasion of Scythia
4780:Great Khorasan Road
4762:Impact in West Asia
4160:trading settlements
3960:Invasion of Phrygia
3266: – 714 BC
3240:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2961:in the west to the
2927:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2451:nomadic pastoralism
2211:derived it from an
2114:culturally Scythian
1134:Multi-cordoned ware
1005:Mikhaylovka culture
893:Indigenous Aryanism
883:Armenian hypothesis
742:Hieroglyphic Luwian
153:• 640–630s BC
16893:Parzinger, Hermann
16725:Charles University
16630:Melyukova, Anna I.
16024:Tsetskhladze, G.R.
15488:The Age of Assyria
15066:. pp. 32–56.
15023:. pp. 33–44.
15005:Tsetskhladze, G.R.
14741:. pp. 60–82.
14608:, p. 210-211.
14572:, p. 121-123.
14560:, p. 103-104.
14509:, p. 610-611.
14020:, p. 270-271.
13993:, p. 557-558.
13966:, pp. 111–112
13484:, pp. 267–269
13442:, pp. 124–125
13262:, p. 160-161.
13014:, p. 219-220.
13002:, p. 758-759.
12747:, pp. 308–309
12582:, p. 135-136.
12549:, pp. 272–273
12537:, pp. 264–265
12446:, pp. 104–105
12384:, p. 405-406.
12257:, p. 101-102.
12201:, p. 402-403.
12174:, pp. 757–758
12135:, p. 101-103.
11906:, p. 216-217.
11891:, pp. 264–265
11748:, pp. 644–645
11736:, pp. 401–402
11652:, pp. 214–215
11263:, pp. 218–219
11239:, pp. 103–104
11120:, pp. 288–289
11114:, pp. 273–274
10956:, p. 213-214.
10728:, p. 752-754.
10536:, pp. 749–750
10306:, pp. 326–327
10255:, p. 103-104.
10210:, p. 360-361.
10186:, p. 102-103.
10155:, p. 748-749.
10122:, pp. 747–748
10023:, pp. 747–748
9292:, pp. 420–421
9192:, p. 262-263.
9084:, pp. 262–263
9048:, pp. 558–559
8971:, pp. 558–559
8733:, p. 310-311.
8517:, p. 113-114.
8493:, p. 503-504.
8016:, p. 108-109.
7948:, p. 112-113.
7658:, p. 103-104.
7536:, p. 104-106.
7521:, pp. 112–113
7413:, pp. 307–308
7201:, pp. 319–320
7080:, p. 132-134.
7056:, p. 134-140.
6695:as the Scythians.
6693:"Animal-style" art
6243:native populations
5890:Cimmerian Bosporus
5755:In popular culture
5587:Diodorus of Sicily
5574:Cimmerian Bosporus
5345:Bosporos Kimmerios
5334:Βοσπορος Κιμμεριος
5299:porthmēia Kimmeria
4996:under the name of
4704:
4584:
4576:
4459:
4148:
3846:during this time.
3573:
3341:
3331:The Assyrian king
3309:Death of Sargon II
3215:
3103:, adventurers and
2884:Caucasus Mountains
2746:Bosporos Kimmerios
2735:Βοσπορος Κιμμεριος
2700:porthmēia Kimmeria
2498:Altai-Sayan region
2494:eastern Kazakhstan
714:Proto-Indo-Iranian
700:Proto-Balto-Slavic
681:Proto-Italo-Celtic
141:• 679–640 BC
17691:978-0-521-22804-6
17684:. pp. 1–52.
17654:Hammond, N. G. L.
17640:978-1-784-91192-8
17346:Walter de Gruyter
17318:978-1-139-05429-4
17285:Hammond, N. G. L.
17281:Edwards, I. E. S.
17260:978-1-139-05493-5
16972:World Archaeology
16957:978-1-885979-00-1
16922:978-3-406-50842-4
16834:978-8-371-88337-8
16799:978-8-371-88337-8
16764:978-1-575-06997-5
16706:978-1-139-05429-4
16677:Hammond, N. G. L.
16673:Edwards, I. E. S.
16659:978-1-885979-00-1
16621:978-0-521-24304-9
16581:978-1-139-05429-4
16548:Hammond, N. G. L.
16544:Edwards, I. E. S.
16527:978-0-415-67906-0
16480:on 9 October 2022
16395:978-3-700-18573-4
16282:978-9-004-09856-5
16219:Ivantchik, Askold
16176:978-1-588-39205-3
16131:Ivantchik, Askold
16094:Ivantchik, Askold
16085:978-5-895-26009-8
16058:Ivantchik, Askold
16049:978-9-004-11190-5
16016:Ivantchik, Askold
15969:Ivantchik, Askold
15960:978-3-727-80876-0
15925:Ivantchik, Askold
15916:978-1-139-05428-7
15883:Hammond, N. G. L.
15879:Edwards, I. E. S.
15865:978-9-231-02812-0
15810:; Litvak, J. K.;
15787:978-0-521-23447-4
15758:Hammond, N. G. L.
15750:Hammond, N. G. L.
15741:978-0-813-51304-1
15705:978-1-139-05429-4
15672:Hammond, N. G. L.
15668:Edwards, I. E. S.
15654:978-1-139-05429-4
15621:Hammond, N. G. L.
15617:Edwards, I. E. S.
15603:978-1-139-05429-4
15570:Hammond, N. G. L.
15566:Edwards, I. E. S.
15552:978-0-521-23447-4
15523:Hammond, N. G. L.
15509:978-0-190-68763-2
15436:978-0-521-20091-2
15409:Gershevitch, Ilya
15298:Medvedskaya, Inna
15245:978-0-198-82012-3
15190:978-0-521-23447-4
15161:Hammond, N. G. L.
15124:978-1-139-05429-4
15117:. pp. 1–70.
15091:Hammond, N. G. L.
15087:Edwards, I. E. S.
15073:978-0-521-23447-4
15044:Hammond, N. G. L.
15030:978-9-004-12041-9
14992:978-0-198-14936-1
14962:978-1-139-05428-7
14929:Hammond, N. G. L.
14925:Edwards, I. E. S.
14908:978-0-521-08691-2
14875:Hammond, N. G. L.
14867:Edwards, I. E. S.
14854:978-0-062-70036-0
14780:978-1-912-09011-2
14748:978-1-107-19041-2
14594:Järve et al. 2019
14533:, p. 95-125.
14239:, p. 89-109.
12055:, pp. 99–100
6748:haplogroups R1b1a
6668:
6648:
6620:
6468:Manfred Mayrhofer
6421:, meaning "milk."
6400:Sergey Tokhtas’ev
6192:and the linguist
6186:
6185:
5815:gave rise to the
5759:The character of
5712:kingdom of Israel
5704:British Israelist
5627:
5521:
5485:Cimmerium oppidum
5446:Sindic Chersonese
5342:
5319:
5296:
5288:πορθμηια Κιμμερια
5273:
5086:Armenian language
5026:
4660:Death of Dugdammî
4478:Thracian Bosporus
4270:Apollonia Pontica
4041:
3764:Great Salt Desert
3065:social disruption
3003:in the southwest;
2743:
2720:
2697:
2689:πορθμηια Κιμμερια
2630:Hallstatt culture
2532:Bilozerka culture
2455:1st millennium BC
2385:Andronovo culture
2369:Eastern Scythians
2365:Western Scythians
2198:Sergey Tokhtasyev
2144:The English name
2086:
2085:
1347:Anatolian peoples
1317:Painted Grey Ware
1205:Nordic Bronze Age
854:Kurgan hypothesis
807:Old Irish glosses
772:Gaulish epigraphy
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
225:
224:
91:Scythian religion
44:rendering support
17762:
17695:
17644:
17605:
17588:
17586:
17584:
17561:
17542:
17540:
17538:
17500:
17483:
17481:
17479:
17433:
17431:
17429:
17418:Milesian Studies
17401:
17398:Brill Publishers
17364:
17362:
17360:
17322:
17264:
17222:
17220:
17218:
17169:
17167:
17165:
17151:10.2307/40000130
17129:
17127:
17125:
17087:
17085:
17083:
17069:10.2307/40001126
17045:
17043:
17041:
17003:
17001:
16999:
16961:
16926:
16888:
16866:
16838:
16803:
16768:
16735:
16733:
16731:
16722:
16710:
16663:
16625:
16590:Melyukova, A. I.
16585:
16531:
16489:
16487:
16485:
16479:
16473:. Archived from
16468:
16456:
16446:
16410:Science Advances
16399:
16357:
16355:
16353:
16327:
16317:
16286:
16273:Brill Publishers
16255:
16253:
16251:
16245:Brill Publishers
16214:
16212:
16210:
16180:
16126:
16124:
16122:
16089:
16053:
16011:
16009:
16007:
15964:
15940:
15920:
15869:
15800:Hermann, Joachim
15791:
15745:
15709:
15658:
15607:
15556:
15513:
15478:
15476:
15474:
15440:
15405:Diakonoff, I. M.
15400:
15398:
15396:
15375:
15373:
15371:
15365:Brill Publishers
15334:
15332:
15330:
15324:Brill Publishers
15289:
15287:
15285:
15249:
15215:
15213:
15211:
15194:
15148:
15146:
15144:
15128:
15077:
15034:
15021:Brill Publishers
14996:
14966:
14912:
14858:
14824:
14822:
14820:
14804:
14802:
14800:
14784:
14752:
14707:
14675:
14669:
14668:, p. 67-68.
14663:
14657:
14651:
14645:
14639:
14633:
14627:
14621:
14615:
14609:
14603:
14597:
14591:
14585:
14579:
14573:
14567:
14561:
14555:
14546:
14540:
14534:
14528:
14522:
14516:
14510:
14504:
14498:
14497:, p. 53-54.
14492:
14486:
14485:, p. 93-94.
14480:
14474:
14468:
14462:
14456:
14443:
14437:
14431:
14425:
14416:
14415:, p. 92-93.
14410:
14404:
14398:
14392:
14362:
14356:
14350:
14341:
14331:, pp. 43–44
14325:, pp. 92–93
14299:
14293:
14292:, p. 57-94.
14287:
14276:
14275:, p. 19-55.
14270:
14264:
14258:
14252:
14246:
14240:
14234:
14228:
14222:
14211:
14205:
14199:
14193:
14187:
14181:
14175:
14169:
14163:
14157:
14151:
14145:
14139:
14133:
14124:
14118:
14112:
14111:, p. 88-89.
14106:
14100:
14094:
14081:
14075:
14062:
14056:
14045:
14044:, p. 84-85.
14039:
14033:
14027:
14021:
14015:
14006:
14000:
13994:
13988:
13982:
13948:, pp. 78–79
13935:
13929:
13923:
13917:
13916:, p. 75-76.
13911:
13902:
13896:
13890:
13889:, p. 74-75.
13884:
13878:
13872:
13863:
13857:
13851:
13850:, p. 73-74.
13845:
13839:
13823:, pp. 72–73
13804:
13798:
13792:
13786:
13756:
13750:
13720:
13714:
13708:
13702:
13701:, p. 75-76.
13696:
13690:
13684:
13678:
13672:
13666:
13660:
13654:
13653:, p. 93-94.
13648:
13642:
13636:
13630:
13629:, p. 75-77.
13624:
13618:
13612:
13603:
13597:
13584:
13578:
13569:
13563:
13557:
13551:
13545:
13539:
13530:
13524:
13518:
13512:
13506:
13500:
13494:
13478:
13460:, pp. 74–75
13423:
13417:
13416:, p. 23-24.
13411:
13405:
13335:
13329:
13323:
13314:
13308:
13302:
13296:
13290:
13284:
13275:
13269:
13263:
13257:
13251:
13245:
13236:
13230:
13224:
13218:
13212:
13206:
13200:
13159:
13153:
13081:
13075:
13021:
13015:
13009:
13003:
12997:
12991:
12955:
12949:
12943:
12937:
12872:
12866:
12836:
12830:
12824:
12818:
12808:
12801:, pp. 20–21
12727:
12721:
12717:
12710:, pp. 20–21
12692:, pp. 91–92
12661:
12655:
12649:
12643:
12589:
12583:
12577:
12571:
12531:
12482:, pp. 44–45
12391:
12385:
12379:
12373:
12367:
12358:
12357:
12345:
12339:
12333:
12327:
12326:, p. 44-45.
12321:
12315:
12293:, pp. 74–76
12279:
12273:
12267:
12258:
12252:
12246:
12240:
12229:
12223:
12217:
12211:
12202:
12196:
12190:
12142:
12136:
12130:
12124:
12118:
12112:
12106:
12100:
12094:
12083:
12077:
12071:
12024:
12018:
12012:
12006:
11976:
11970:
11964:
11958:
11952:
11943:
11913:
11907:
11901:
11895:
11861:, pp. 97–98
11824:
11818:
11817:, p. 46-49.
11812:
11806:
11805:, p. 45-46.
11800:
11794:
11754:, pp. 96–97
11728:
11722:
11716:
11707:
11706:, p. 96-97.
11701:
11695:
11689:
11680:
11674:
11668:
11662:
11656:
11609:
11603:
11597:
11584:
11578:
11572:
11566:
11560:
11544:
11511:
11505:
11499:
11490:
11489:, p. 29-30.
11484:
11478:
11472:
11466:
11460:
11447:
11417:
11411:
11405:
11399:
11393:
11382:
11341:
11335:
11329:
11314:
11285:
11279:
11273:
11267:
11231:
11225:
11190:
11184:
11178:
11169:
11163:
11157:
11151:
11142:
11136:
11130:
11005:
10999:
10993:
10984:
10983:, p. 73-74.
10978:
10972:
10966:
10957:
10951:
10945:
10939:
10933:
10893:, pp. 60–61
10887:, pp. 57–58
10832:
10826:
10820:
10809:
10803:
10790:
10784:
10773:
10767:
10746:
10740:
10729:
10723:
10717:
10711:
10705:
10675:
10669:
10668:, p. 83-84.
10663:
10657:
10651:
10636:
10635:, p. 90-91.
10630:
10624:
10618:
10612:
10606:
10600:
10599:, p. 92-93.
10594:
10588:
10584:, pp. 19–21
10552:
10546:
10506:, pp. 92–93
10489:, pp. 19–21
10439:
10433:
10427:
10421:
10415:
10409:
10408:, p. 88-89.
10403:
10397:
10391:
10385:
10379:
10370:
10354:, pp. 76–77
10340:
10334:
10328:
10322:
10274:
10268:
10262:
10256:
10250:
10244:
10238:
10223:
10222:, p. 78-79.
10217:
10211:
10205:
10199:
10193:
10187:
10181:
10175:
10169:
10156:
10150:
10144:
10138:
10132:
10116:, pp. 85–87
10102:
10096:
10090:
10081:
10045:
10039:
9991:
9985:
9979:
9970:
9893:
9887:
9881:
9875:
9869:
9860:
9854:
9848:
9842:
9836:
9806:
9800:
9770:
9764:
9758:
9749:
9695:
9689:
9659:
9653:
9652:, p. 69-70.
9647:
9641:
9635:
9622:
9621:, p. 63-63.
9616:
9610:
9604:
9593:
9592:, p. 62-63.
9587:
9578:
9577:
9558:
9552:
9504:
9498:
9469:
9463:
9457:
9448:
9442:
9429:
9423:
9408:
9402:
9396:
9390:
9381:
9375:
9362:
9314:
9308:
9278:
9272:
9266:
9247:
9241:
9232:
9226:
9217:
9211:
9205:
9199:
9193:
9187:
9181:
9175:
9169:
9168:, p. 18-19.
9163:
9157:
9156:, p. 39-40.
9151:
9145:
9139:
9130:
9129:, p. 22-23.
9124:
9118:
9112:
9106:
9100:
9094:
9060:, pp. 21–22
9022:
9016:
9015:, p. 21-22.
9010:
9004:
8963:
8957:
8935:, pp. 90–91
8905:, pp. 25–26
8897:
8891:
8885:
8874:
8873:, p. 47-48.
8868:
8862:
8856:
8850:
8844:
8833:
8798:
8792:
8786:
8780:
8774:
8768:
8762:
8751:
8745:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8721:, p. 26-28.
8716:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8692:
8681:
8675:
8669:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8617:
8595:, pp. 26–28
8587:
8581:
8575:
8564:
8558:
8549:
8543:
8537:
8531:
8518:
8512:
8506:
8500:
8494:
8488:
8482:
8476:
8470:
8464:
8453:
8447:
8438:
8432:
8413:
8407:
8396:
8395:, p. 65-66.
8390:
8381:
8375:
8366:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8303:
8297:
8280:
8279:, p. 95-96.
8274:
8268:
8262:
8253:
8247:
8226:
8220:
8207:
8201:
8188:
8182:
8169:
8163:
8144:
8138:
8125:
8119:
8104:
8098:
8083:
8077:
8068:
8062:
8056:
8050:
8041:
8035:
8029:
8028:, p. 98-99.
8023:
8017:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7988:
7982:
7973:
7972:, p. 81-82.
7967:
7961:
7955:
7949:
7943:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7905:
7899:
7880:
7874:
7857:
7851:
7838:
7832:
7821:
7815:
7798:
7792:
7777:
7771:
7762:
7756:
7745:
7739:
7726:
7720:
7714:
7708:
7689:
7688:, p. 35-37.
7683:
7674:
7668:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7632:
7626:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7584:
7578:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7495:
7489:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7462:
7456:
7447:
7441:
7435:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7369:
7356:
7350:
7331:
7327:, pp. 43–44
7321:, pp. 92–93
7295:
7289:
7283:
7274:
7268:
7253:
7247:
7241:
7235:
7229:
7193:
7184:
7183:
7164:
7155:
7154:
7135:
7126:
7125:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7051:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7013:
7007:
6972:
6970:
6960:
6917:
6914:
6813:Scythian culture
6740:Science Advances
6723:just like them.
6679:
6673:
6663:
6661:
6653:
6643:
6641:
6625:
6619:romanized:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6524:Tribal structure
6511:
6504:
6503:
6497:
6488:
6475:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6457:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6394:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6335:
6326:
6317:
6308:
6301:Askold Ivantchik
6296:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6257:
6232:Askold Ivantchik
6226:
6218:
6202:Iranic languages
6168:
6151:
6142:
6085:
6075:
6052:
6051:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5936:
5927:In Transcaucasia
5888:river until the
5860:
5858:La Tribu de Dana
5847:
5836:
5827:
5814:
5802:
5791:
5773:
5765:Robert E. Howard
5730:
5687:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5645:
5632:
5622:
5620:
5612:
5605:
5597:Crates of Mallos
5561:Hercynian Forest
5543:
5541:Prometheus Bound
5526:
5516:
5514:
5461:
5432:
5424:
5410:
5402:
5395:Strabo of Amasia
5347:
5337:
5335:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5278:
5276:Kimmeria teikhea
5268:
5266:
5189:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5146:
5120:
5102:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5011:
5002:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4912:
4889:Mediaeval Period
4745:
4742:
4726:Strabo of Amasia
4719:
4716:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4665:Cilicia itself.
4651:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4624:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4517:
4486:
4483:
4467:
4464:
4440:Attack on Šubria
4385:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4314:
4311:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4243:
4240:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4172:
4169:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4060:
4046:
4040:romanized:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
3970:
3967:
3907:
3905:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3851:Zagros Mountains
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3757:
3755:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3674:
3671:
3663:
3609:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3494:
3491:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3393:
3391:
3353:
3351:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3223:
3220:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3115:In Transcaucasia
3086:
3085:
3080:
3020:(centred around
2955:Taurus Mountains
2904:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2830:
2827:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2521:Pannonian Steppe
2459:climatic changes
2346:
2345:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2241:
2233:Askold Ivantchik
2228:
2221:
2206:
2193:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2158:
2150:is derived from
2149:
2078:
2071:
2064:
1919:
1912:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1767:
1753:
1746:
1732:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1477:Germanic peoples
1467:Hellenic peoples
1456:
1449:
1442:
1365:Mycenaean Greeks
1354:
1282:Thraco-Cimmerian
1180:Globular Amphora
1157:Abashevo culture
1096:
1089:
1059:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
802:Tocharian script
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
423:
409:
402:
395:
381:
357:
350:
331:
292:
269:
268:
255:
254:
241:
240:
229:
228:
216:
215:
202:
201:
195:
194:
179:
178:
69:
55:
54:
38:cuneiform script
32:
31:
17770:
17769:
17765:
17764:
17763:
17761:
17760:
17759:
17700:
17699:
17698:
17692:
17672:. Vol. 4.
17641:
17582:
17580:
17536:
17534:
17524:10.2307/3263121
17477:
17475:
17465:
17427:
17425:
17358:
17356:
17319:
17299:. Vol. 3.
17261:
17241:. Vol. 2.
17231:Gershevitch, I.
17216:
17214:
17204:10.2307/3249059
17163:
17161:
17123:
17121:
17081:
17079:
17039:
17037:
16997:
16995:
16958:
16923:
16913:Verlag C.H.Beck
16863:
16835:
16800:
16765:
16757:. p. 309.
16747:University Park
16745:. Vol. 1.
16729:
16727:
16720:
16707:
16660:
16622:
16582:
16562:. Vol. 3.
16528:
16494:Liverani, Mario
16483:
16481:
16477:
16466:
16396:
16351:
16349:
16297:Current Biology
16283:
16249:
16247:
16208:
16206:
16177:
16120:
16118:
16086:
16050:
16005:
16003:
15961:
15945:, Switzerland;
15938:
15917:
15897:. Vol. 3.
15866:
15808:Harmatta, János
15796:Harmatta, János
15788:
15768:. Vol. 3.
15742:
15706:
15686:. Vol. 3.
15655:
15635:. Vol. 3.
15604:
15584:. Vol. 3.
15553:
15533:. Vol. 3.
15510:
15472:
15470:
15446:Lipschits, Oded
15437:
15417:. Vol. 2.
15394:
15392:
15369:
15367:
15328:
15326:
15283:
15281:
15246:
15220:Cunliffe, Barry
15209:
15207:
15191:
15171:. Vol. 3.
15142:
15140:
15125:
15105:. Vol. 3.
15074:
15054:. Vol. 3.
15031:
14993:
14963:
14943:. Vol. 3.
14909:
14889:. Vol. 2.
14855:
14818:
14816:
14798:
14796:
14781:
14749:
14716:
14711:
14710:
14706:
14676:
14672:
14664:
14660:
14652:
14648:
14640:
14636:
14628:
14624:
14616:
14612:
14604:
14600:
14592:
14588:
14580:
14576:
14570:Ivantchik 1993a
14568:
14564:
14558:Ivantchik 1993a
14556:
14549:
14541:
14537:
14531:Ivantchik 1993a
14529:
14525:
14517:
14513:
14507:Tokhtas’ev 2007
14505:
14501:
14493:
14489:
14481:
14477:
14469:
14465:
14457:
14446:
14440:Dandamayev 2015
14438:
14434:
14426:
14419:
14411:
14407:
14399:
14395:
14391:
14363:
14359:
14351:
14344:
14340:
14335:Xydopoulos 2015
14300:
14296:
14290:Ivantchik 1993a
14288:
14279:
14273:Ivantchik 1993a
14271:
14267:
14259:
14255:
14247:
14243:
14235:
14231:
14223:
14214:
14206:
14202:
14194:
14190:
14182:
14178:
14170:
14166:
14158:
14154:
14146:
14142:
14134:
14127:
14119:
14115:
14107:
14103:
14097:Xydopoulos 2015
14095:
14084:
14076:
14065:
14057:
14048:
14040:
14036:
14028:
14024:
14016:
14009:
14001:
13997:
13989:
13985:
13981:
13941:Tokhtas’ev 1991
13936:
13932:
13924:
13920:
13912:
13905:
13897:
13893:
13885:
13881:
13875:Xydopoulos 2015
13873:
13866:
13858:
13854:
13846:
13842:
13838:
13833:Xydopoulos 2015
13816:Tokhtas’ev 1991
13805:
13801:
13793:
13789:
13785:
13757:
13753:
13749:
13721:
13717:
13709:
13705:
13697:
13693:
13685:
13681:
13673:
13669:
13661:
13657:
13649:
13645:
13637:
13633:
13625:
13621:
13613:
13606:
13598:
13587:
13581:Xydopoulos 2015
13579:
13572:
13564:
13560:
13552:
13548:
13540:
13533:
13525:
13521:
13513:
13509:
13501:
13497:
13493:
13472:
13452:Xydopoulos 2015
13440:Ivantchik 1993a
13429:Tokhtas’ev 1991
13424:
13420:
13412:
13408:
13404:
13365:Tokhtas’ev 1991
13341:Spalinger 1978a
13336:
13332:
13324:
13317:
13309:
13305:
13297:
13293:
13287:Spalinger 1978a
13285:
13278:
13270:
13266:
13258:
13254:
13246:
13239:
13233:Ivantchik 1993a
13231:
13227:
13221:Ivantchik 1993a
13219:
13215:
13209:Ivantchik 1993a
13207:
13203:
13199:
13171:Tokhtas’ev 1991
13165:Spalinger 1978a
13160:
13156:
13152:
13099:Xydopoulos 2015
13087:Ivantchik 1993a
13082:
13078:
13074:
13057:Ivantchik 1993a
13051:Ivantchik 1993a
13033:Spalinger 1978a
13022:
13018:
13010:
13006:
12998:
12994:
12990:
12973:Ivantchik 1993a
12956:
12952:
12944:
12940:
12936:
12889:Ivantchik 1993a
12884:Tokhtas’ev 1991
12873:
12869:
12865:
12842:Ivantchik 1993a
12837:
12833:
12827:Ivantchik 1993b
12825:
12821:
12817:
12802:
12781:Xydopoulos 2015
12745:Ivantchik 1993b
12739:Ivantchik 1993a
12728:
12724:
12720:
12711:
12679:Tokhtas’ev 1991
12662:
12658:
12650:
12646:
12642:
12607:Ivantchik 1993a
12595:Spalinger 1978a
12590:
12586:
12578:
12574:
12570:
12525:
12498:Xydopoulos 2015
12444:Ivantchik 1993a
12439:Tokhtas’ev 1991
12403:Spalinger 1978a
12392:
12388:
12382:Spalinger 1978a
12380:
12376:
12370:Spalinger 1978a
12368:
12361:
12351:
12346:
12342:
12334:
12330:
12322:
12318:
12314:
12291:Ivantchik 1993a
12280:
12276:
12268:
12261:
12255:Ivantchik 1993a
12253:
12249:
12241:
12232:
12224:
12220:
12212:
12205:
12199:Spalinger 1978a
12197:
12193:
12189:
12166:Ivantchik 1993a
12160:Ivantchik 1993a
12143:
12139:
12133:Ivantchik 1993a
12131:
12127:
12121:Ivantchik 1993a
12119:
12115:
12107:
12103:
12097:Ivantchik 1993a
12095:
12086:
12080:Spalinger 1978a
12078:
12074:
12070:
12053:Ivantchik 1993a
12048:Tokhtas’ev 1991
12025:
12021:
12015:Ivantchik 1993a
12013:
12009:
12005:
11982:Ivantchik 1993a
11977:
11973:
11965:
11961:
11953:
11946:
11942:
11931:Ivantchik 1993a
11925:Ivantchik 1993a
11914:
11910:
11902:
11898:
11894:
11865:Ivantchik 1993a
11859:Ivantchik 1993a
11854:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11842:Spalinger 1978a
11836:Spalinger 1978a
11825:
11821:
11813:
11809:
11801:
11797:
11793:
11752:Ivantchik 1993a
11740:Spalinger 1978a
11734:Spalinger 1978a
11729:
11725:
11719:Xydopoulos 2015
11717:
11710:
11704:Ivantchik 1993a
11702:
11698:
11690:
11683:
11675:
11671:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11615:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11610:
11606:
11598:
11587:
11579:
11575:
11567:
11563:
11559:
11538:
11523:Xydopoulos 2015
11512:
11508:
11500:
11493:
11485:
11481:
11473:
11469:
11461:
11450:
11446:
11418:
11414:
11406:
11402:
11394:
11385:
11381:
11364:Ivantchik 1993a
11359:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11342:
11338:
11330:
11317:
11313:
11302:Ivantchik 1993a
11296:Ivantchik 1993a
11291:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11286:
11282:
11276:Ivantchik 1993a
11274:
11270:
11266:
11237:Ivantchik 1993a
11232:
11228:
11224:
11214:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11191:
11187:
11181:Ivantchik 1993a
11179:
11172:
11164:
11160:
11154:Ivantchik 1993a
11152:
11145:
11137:
11133:
11129:
11059:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11006:
11002:
10994:
10987:
10981:Ivantchik 1993a
10979:
10975:
10969:Ivantchik 1993a
10967:
10960:
10952:
10948:
10942:Ivantchik 1993a
10940:
10936:
10932:
10891:Ivantchik 1993a
10885:Ivantchik 1993a
10880:Tokhtas’ev 1991
10833:
10829:
10821:
10812:
10804:
10793:
10785:
10776:
10768:
10749:
10741:
10732:
10724:
10720:
10714:Ivantchik 1993a
10712:
10708:
10704:
10699:Ivantchik 1993a
10676:
10672:
10666:Ivantchik 1993a
10664:
10660:
10652:
10639:
10633:Ivantchik 1993a
10631:
10627:
10621:Ivantchik 1993a
10619:
10615:
10607:
10603:
10597:Ivantchik 1993a
10595:
10591:
10587:
10558:Sulimirski 1954
10553:
10549:
10545:
10504:Ivantchik 1993a
10445:Sulimirski 1954
10440:
10436:
10428:
10424:
10418:Ivantchik 1993a
10416:
10412:
10406:Ivantchik 1993a
10404:
10400:
10394:Ivantchik 1993a
10392:
10388:
10380:
10373:
10369:
10352:Ivantchik 1993a
10341:
10337:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10304:Ivantchik 1993b
10275:
10271:
10263:
10259:
10251:
10247:
10239:
10226:
10220:Ivantchik 1993a
10218:
10214:
10206:
10202:
10194:
10190:
10182:
10178:
10170:
10159:
10151:
10147:
10141:Ivantchik 1993a
10139:
10135:
10131:
10114:Ivantchik 1993a
10103:
10099:
10091:
10084:
10080:
10057:Ivantchik 1993a
10046:
10042:
10038:
10003:Ivantchik 1993a
9992:
9988:
9980:
9973:
9969:
9941:Ivantchik 1993a
9894:
9890:
9882:
9878:
9870:
9863:
9857:Sulimirski 1985
9855:
9851:
9845:Sulimirski 1954
9843:
9839:
9835:
9812:Sulimirski 1985
9807:
9803:
9799:
9771:
9767:
9759:
9752:
9748:
9696:
9692:
9688:
9665:Ivantchik 1993a
9660:
9656:
9648:
9644:
9636:
9625:
9617:
9613:
9605:
9596:
9588:
9581:
9560:
9559:
9555:
9551:
9516:Ivantchik 1993a
9505:
9501:
9497:
9492:Ivantchik 1993a
9486:Ivantchik 1993a
9481:Tokhtas’ev 1991
9470:
9466:
9458:
9451:
9443:
9432:
9424:
9411:
9405:Ivantchik 1993a
9403:
9399:
9391:
9384:
9376:
9365:
9361:
9332:Ivantchik 1993a
9315:
9311:
9307:
9279:
9275:
9267:
9250:
9242:
9235:
9227:
9220:
9214:Ivantchik 1993a
9212:
9208:
9202:Ivantchik 1993a
9200:
9196:
9188:
9184:
9178:Ivantchik 1993a
9176:
9172:
9164:
9160:
9154:Ivantchik 1993a
9152:
9148:
9142:Ivantchik 1993a
9140:
9133:
9127:Ivantchik 1993a
9125:
9121:
9115:Ivantchik 1993a
9113:
9109:
9103:Ivantchik 1993a
9101:
9097:
9093:
9064:Ivantchik 1993a
9058:Ivantchik 1993a
9052:Ivantchik 1993a
9023:
9019:
9013:Ivantchik 1993a
9011:
9007:
9003:
8980:Ivantchik 1993a
8975:Tokhtas’ev 1991
8964:
8960:
8956:
8903:Ivantchik 1993a
8898:
8894:
8888:Ivantchik 1993a
8886:
8877:
8871:Ivantchik 1993a
8869:
8865:
8859:Ivantchik 1993a
8857:
8853:
8845:
8836:
8832:
8815:Ivantchik 1993a
8810:Tokhtas’ev 1991
8799:
8795:
8787:
8783:
8777:Ivantchik 1993a
8775:
8771:
8763:
8754:
8746:
8737:
8729:
8725:
8719:Ivantchik 1993a
8717:
8713:
8705:
8701:
8693:
8684:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8646:Tokhtas’ev 1991
8641:
8637:
8631:Ivantchik 1993a
8629:
8620:
8616:
8593:Ivantchik 1993a
8588:
8584:
8576:
8567:
8559:
8552:
8544:
8540:
8532:
8521:
8513:
8509:
8501:
8497:
8489:
8485:
8477:
8473:
8465:
8456:
8448:
8441:
8433:
8416:
8408:
8399:
8391:
8384:
8376:
8369:
8365:
8325:
8321:
8313:
8306:
8298:
8283:
8275:
8271:
8263:
8256:
8248:
8229:
8221:
8210:
8202:
8191:
8183:
8172:
8164:
8147:
8139:
8128:
8120:
8107:
8099:
8086:
8078:
8071:
8063:
8059:
8051:
8044:
8036:
8032:
8024:
8020:
8012:
8008:
8000:
7991:
7983:
7976:
7968:
7964:
7956:
7952:
7944:
7937:
7929:
7925:
7917:
7908:
7900:
7883:
7875:
7860:
7852:
7841:
7833:
7824:
7816:
7801:
7793:
7780:
7772:
7765:
7757:
7748:
7740:
7729:
7721:
7717:
7709:
7692:
7684:
7677:
7669:
7662:
7654:
7650:
7642:
7635:
7627:
7618:
7610:
7606:
7598:
7587:
7579:
7552:
7544:
7540:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7496:
7492:
7484:
7480:
7472:
7465:
7457:
7450:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7423:Xydopoulos 2015
7394:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7370:
7359:
7351:
7334:
7330:
7296:
7292:
7284:
7277:
7269:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7194:
7187:
7166:
7165:
7158:
7137:
7136:
7129:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7097:
7084:
7076:
7072:
7064:
7060:
7054:Ivantchik 1993a
7052:
7045:
7037:
7033:
7025:
7016:
7010:Tokhtas’ev 1991
7008:
6975:
6963:Tokhtas’ev 1991
6961:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6925:
6915:
6893:
6874:Amasya Province
6854:
6820:
6815:
6807:Main articles:
6805:
6776:Current Biology
6736:
6728:chariot warfare
6721:mounted warfare
6717:
6701:
6689:
6674:) from Homer's
6632:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6574:
6569:
6558:
6550:
6539:
6526:
6521:
6489:"splendid son."
6402:
6164:
6161:
6149:
6138:
6128:
6086:
6083:Language family
6081:
6073:
6050:
6015:
5995:
5977:to the east of
5959:), that is the
5929:
5924:
5898:Southern Russia
5878:
5873:
5868:
5757:
5716:Ten Lost Tribes
5680:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5466:Ephorus of Cyme
5391:
5265:Κιμμερια τειχεα
5227:
5208:
5178:Argonautic myth
5104:
5094:
4982:qašātu Gimirruʾ
4975:𒄑𒉼𒈨 𒄀𒂆𒊒𒀪
4968:qaštu Gimirrîti
4961:𒄑𒉼 𒄀𒂆𒊒𒄿𒋾
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4868:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4830:Illyrian tribes
4792:
4764:
4743:
4717:
4696:
4687:
4680:
4662:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4618:
4597:
4590:
4551:as well as the
4533:
4493:
4484:
4466: 660s BCE
4465:
4451:
4442:
4416:Šamaš-šuma-ukin
4412:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4334:
4327:
4321:
4312:
4294:
4287:
4241:
4222:
4215:
4209:
4200:
4193:
4170:
4140:
4132:
4091:
4084:
4068:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4009:
3968:
3962:
3930:
3917:
3902:
3890:
3883:
3873:
3866:
3839:
3832:
3810:
3802:Luristan bronze
3785:
3778:
3752:
3744:
3737:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3672:
3607:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3565:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3522:
3492:
3478:
3473:
3461:
3421:Iranian Plateau
3388:
3385:
3376:
3348:
3311:
3289:
3281:
3263:
3255:
3221:
3207:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3146:
3139:
3117:
3058:Iranian Plateau
2963:Iranian Plateau
2919:
2898:
2867:
2858:
2851:
2828:
2822:
2813:
2806:
2785:Karasuk culture
2764:
2759:
2677:Bosporan region
2638:
2623:Southern Russia
2617:in the west to
2615:Pannonian Plain
2490:
2447:
2421:nomads towards
2412:
2387:
2377:
2354:
2263:Lydian language
2200:
2142:
2137:
2082:
2053:
2052:
1985:Marija Gimbutas
1973:
1963:
1962:
1954:Winter solstice
1944:Horse sacrifice
1915:
1908:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1791:
1776:
1763:
1749:
1742:
1728:
1719:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1653:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1556:
1543:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1356:
1350:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1300:
1277:
1264:
1252:
1233:
1175:
1152:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1085:
1076:
1074:Northern Europe
1055:
1051:
1038:
1025:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
957:Steppe cultures
930:
923:
916:
908:
907:
898:Baltic homeland
872:
868:
864:Eurasian nomads
848:
844:
820:
812:
811:
782:Runic epigraphy
777:Latin epigraphy
732:
724:
723:
661:Proto-Anatolian
645:
600:
596:Thraco-Illyrian
581:Graeco-Phrygian
571:Graeco-Armenian
566:Graeco-Albanian
545:
523:
510:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
419:
405:
398:
391:
377:
353:
346:
327:
312:
304:
302:
252:
238:
213:
199:
154:
142:
130:
101:Luwian religion
99:
94:
72:
60:
53:
52:
51:
42:Without proper
33:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17768:
17758:
17757:
17752:
17747:
17742:
17740:Ancient Russia
17737:
17732:
17730:Iranian nomads
17727:
17722:
17717:
17712:
17697:
17696:
17690:
17678:United Kingdom
17650:Boardman, John
17645:
17639:
17627:United Kingdom
17606:
17589:
17562:
17543:
17518:(4): 523–530.
17501:
17484:
17463:
17449:(2): 223–251.
17434:
17402:
17368:
17365:
17323:
17317:
17305:United Kingdom
17289:Sollberger, E.
17277:Boardman, John
17265:
17259:
17247:United Kingdom
17227:Sulimirski, T.
17223:
17174:Sulimirski, T.
17170:
17130:
17111:10.2307/599752
17105:(4): 400–409.
17088:
17046:
17021:(3): 291–339.
17004:
16979:(2): 129–138.
16962:
16956:
16927:
16921:
16889:
16867:
16861:
16843:Parfitt, Tudor
16839:
16833:
16804:
16798:
16769:
16763:
16736:
16711:
16705:
16693:United Kingdom
16681:Sollberger, E.
16669:Boardman, John
16664:
16658:
16626:
16620:
16608:United Kingdom
16586:
16580:
16568:United Kingdom
16552:Sollberger, E.
16540:Boardman, John
16532:
16526:
16506:United Kingdom
16490:
16457:
16400:
16394:
16370:Mattila, Raija
16358:
16328:
16287:
16281:
16256:
16215:
16198:(1–2): 65–72.
16181:
16175:
16159:United Kingdom
16127:
16110:(3): 307–339.
16090:
16084:
16054:
16048:
16012:
15987:(3): 305–330.
15965:
15959:
15921:
15915:
15903:United Kingdom
15887:Sollberger, E.
15875:Boardman, John
15870:
15864:
15832:United Kingdom
15792:
15786:
15774:United Kingdom
15754:Boardman, John
15746:
15740:
15714:Grousset, René
15710:
15704:
15692:United Kingdom
15676:Sollberger, E.
15664:Boardman, John
15659:
15653:
15641:United Kingdom
15625:Sollberger, E.
15613:Boardman, John
15608:
15602:
15590:United Kingdom
15574:Sollberger, E.
15562:Boardman, John
15557:
15551:
15539:United Kingdom
15519:Boardman, John
15514:
15508:
15479:
15441:
15435:
15423:United Kingdom
15401:
15376:
15335:
15294:Dandamayev, M.
15290:
15250:
15244:
15232:United Kingdom
15216:
15195:
15189:
15177:United Kingdom
15157:Boardman, John
15149:
15129:
15123:
15111:United Kingdom
15095:Sollberger, E.
15083:Boardman, John
15078:
15072:
15060:United Kingdom
15040:Boardman, John
15035:
15029:
14997:
14991:
14967:
14961:
14949:United Kingdom
14933:Sollberger, E.
14921:Boardman, John
14917:Barnett, R. D.
14913:
14907:
14895:United Kingdom
14879:Sollberger, E.
14863:Barnett, R. D.
14859:
14853:
14847:. p. 50.
14825:
14805:
14785:
14779:
14767:United Kingdom
14753:
14747:
14735:United Kingdom
14717:
14715:
14712:
14709:
14708:
14705:
14704:
14699:
14694:
14689:
14683:
14677:
14670:
14666:Ivantchik 2010
14658:
14654:Ivantchik 2010
14646:
14644:, p. 338.
14642:Ivantchik 2001
14634:
14630:Ivantchik 2010
14622:
14618:Diakonoff 1985
14610:
14598:
14586:
14574:
14562:
14547:
14535:
14523:
14511:
14499:
14487:
14483:Diakonoff 1985
14475:
14463:
14461:, p. 181.
14444:
14432:
14428:Diakonoff 1985
14417:
14413:Olbrycht 2000a
14405:
14393:
14390:
14389:
14383:
14380:Parzinger 2004
14377:
14374:Ivantchik 2001
14371:
14364:
14357:
14355:, p. 339.
14353:Ivantchik 2001
14342:
14339:
14338:
14332:
14326:
14323:Olbrycht 2000a
14320:
14317:Ivantchik 1999
14314:
14313:, p. 1996
14308:
14305:Diakonoff 1985
14301:
14294:
14277:
14265:
14261:Olbrycht 2000b
14253:
14241:
14237:Diakonoff 1985
14229:
14225:Olbrycht 2000a
14212:
14210:, p. 558.
14200:
14188:
14176:
14164:
14152:
14148:Olbrycht 2000a
14140:
14136:Olbrycht 2000a
14125:
14121:Olbrycht 2000a
14113:
14109:Olbrycht 2000a
14101:
14099:, p. 122.
14082:
14078:Olbrycht 2000a
14063:
14059:Olbrycht 2000a
14046:
14042:Olbrycht 2000a
14034:
14032:, p. 289.
14022:
14007:
14005:, p. 322.
14003:Ivantchik 2001
13995:
13983:
13980:
13979:
13973:
13967:
13961:
13955:
13949:
13946:Olbrycht 2000a
13943:
13937:
13930:
13926:Olbrycht 2000a
13918:
13914:Olbrycht 2000a
13903:
13899:Olbrycht 2000a
13891:
13887:Olbrycht 2000a
13879:
13877:, p. 119.
13864:
13860:Olbrycht 2000a
13852:
13848:Olbrycht 2000a
13840:
13837:
13836:
13830:
13824:
13821:Olbrycht 2000a
13818:
13813:
13810:Diakonoff 1985
13806:
13799:
13797:, p. 555.
13787:
13784:
13783:
13777:
13771:
13768:Ivantchik 2010
13765:
13762:Ivantchik 2006
13758:
13751:
13748:
13747:
13741:
13735:
13732:Diakonoff 1985
13729:
13722:
13715:
13713:, p. 320.
13711:Ivantchik 2001
13703:
13691:
13689:, p. 761.
13679:
13677:, p. 263.
13667:
13665:, p. 596.
13655:
13651:Olbrycht 2000a
13643:
13639:Olbrycht 2000a
13631:
13619:
13604:
13585:
13583:, p. 121.
13570:
13566:Ivantchik 2010
13558:
13546:
13544:, p. 220.
13531:
13529:, p. 327.
13527:Ivantchik 2001
13519:
13517:, p. 134.
13507:
13505:, p. 759.
13495:
13492:
13491:
13485:
13479:
13466:
13464:Ivantchik 2018
13461:
13455:
13449:
13446:Olbrycht 2000a
13443:
13437:
13431:
13425:
13418:
13414:Parzinger 2004
13406:
13403:
13402:
13396:
13394:Ivantchik 2018
13391:
13388:Ivantchik 2006
13385:
13379:
13376:Ivantchik 1999
13373:
13370:Ivantchik 1999
13367:
13362:
13356:
13350:
13347:Diakonoff 1985
13344:
13337:
13330:
13315:
13313:, p. 564.
13303:
13291:
13289:, p. 408.
13276:
13264:
13252:
13250:, p. 221.
13237:
13235:, p. 107.
13225:
13223:, p. 124.
13213:
13211:, p. 115.
13201:
13198:
13197:
13191:
13185:
13179:
13173:
13168:
13161:
13154:
13151:
13150:
13144:
13138:
13132:
13126:
13120:
13114:
13108:
13102:
13096:
13090:
13083:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13066:
13060:
13054:
13048:
13042:
13036:
13030:
13023:
13016:
13004:
12992:
12989:
12988:
12982:
12976:
12970:
12964:
12957:
12950:
12948:, p. 118.
12946:Diakonoff 1985
12938:
12935:
12934:
12928:
12922:
12916:
12910:
12904:
12898:
12892:
12886:
12881:
12874:
12867:
12864:
12863:
12857:
12851:
12848:Ivantchik 2006
12845:
12838:
12831:
12829:, p. 311.
12819:
12816:
12815:
12809:
12796:
12790:
12784:
12778:
12775:Ivantchik 2006
12772:
12766:
12763:Parzinger 2004
12760:
12757:Olbrycht 2000a
12754:
12751:Ivantchik 1999
12748:
12742:
12736:
12729:
12722:
12719:
12718:
12705:
12699:
12696:Parzinger 2004
12693:
12690:Olbrycht 2000a
12687:
12684:Ivantchik 1999
12681:
12676:
12670:
12663:
12656:
12654:, p. 217.
12644:
12641:
12640:
12634:
12628:
12622:
12616:
12610:
12604:
12598:
12591:
12584:
12580:Spalinger 1976
12572:
12569:
12568:
12562:
12556:
12550:
12544:
12538:
12532:
12519:
12513:
12507:
12501:
12495:
12489:
12486:Ivantchik 2006
12483:
12477:
12474:Parzinger 2004
12471:
12465:
12462:Olbrycht 2000a
12459:
12456:Ivantchik 1999
12453:
12447:
12441:
12436:
12430:
12424:
12418:
12412:
12406:
12400:
12393:
12386:
12374:
12372:, p. 407.
12359:
12340:
12338:, p. 268.
12328:
12316:
12313:
12312:
12306:
12300:
12294:
12288:
12281:
12274:
12272:, p. 218.
12259:
12247:
12230:
12218:
12216:, p. 645.
12203:
12191:
12188:
12187:
12181:
12175:
12169:
12163:
12157:
12151:
12144:
12137:
12125:
12123:, p. 105.
12113:
12111:, p. 219.
12101:
12099:, p. 100.
12084:
12082:, p. 403.
12072:
12069:
12068:
12062:
12056:
12050:
12045:
12039:
12033:
12026:
12019:
12017:, p. 101.
12007:
12004:
12003:
11997:
11991:
11985:
11978:
11971:
11959:
11944:
11941:
11940:
11934:
11928:
11922:
11915:
11908:
11896:
11893:
11892:
11886:
11880:
11874:
11871:Olbrycht 2000a
11868:
11862:
11856:
11851:
11845:
11839:
11833:
11826:
11819:
11807:
11795:
11792:
11791:
11785:
11779:
11773:
11767:
11761:
11755:
11749:
11743:
11737:
11730:
11723:
11721:, p. 120.
11708:
11696:
11681:
11679:, p. 431.
11669:
11667:, p. 197.
11657:
11654:
11653:
11647:
11641:
11635:
11632:Olbrycht 2000a
11629:
11623:
11617:
11611:
11604:
11602:, p. 215.
11585:
11573:
11571:, p. 119.
11561:
11558:
11557:
11551:
11545:
11532:
11526:
11520:
11517:Ivantchik 2010
11513:
11506:
11502:Olbrycht 2000a
11491:
11479:
11477:, p. 145.
11467:
11465:, p. 216.
11448:
11445:
11444:
11438:
11432:
11426:
11419:
11412:
11408:Parzinger 2004
11400:
11396:Diakonoff 1985
11383:
11380:
11379:
11373:
11367:
11361:
11356:
11350:
11343:
11336:
11332:Olbrycht 2000a
11315:
11312:
11311:
11308:Olbrycht 2000a
11305:
11299:
11293:
11287:
11280:
11268:
11265:
11264:
11258:
11252:
11246:
11240:
11233:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11216:
11211:
11205:
11199:
11192:
11185:
11170:
11168:, p. 263.
11158:
11143:
11141:, p. 634.
11131:
11128:
11127:
11121:
11115:
11109:
11103:
11097:
11091:
11088:Ivantchik 2006
11085:
11079:
11073:
11070:Olbrycht 2000a
11067:
11061:
11056:
11050:
11044:
11038:
11035:Diakonoff 1985
11032:
11026:
11020:
11014:
11007:
11000:
10998:, p. 132.
10985:
10973:
10971:, p. 123.
10958:
10946:
10934:
10931:
10930:
10924:
10918:
10912:
10909:Parzinger 2004
10906:
10900:
10894:
10888:
10882:
10877:
10871:
10865:
10859:
10853:
10847:
10844:Diakonoff 1985
10841:
10834:
10827:
10825:, p. 213.
10810:
10808:, p. 116.
10791:
10787:Olbrycht 2000a
10774:
10747:
10745:, p. 757.
10730:
10718:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10696:
10690:
10687:Diakonoff 1985
10684:
10677:
10670:
10658:
10656:, p. 214.
10637:
10625:
10613:
10611:, p. 8-9.
10601:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10582:Parzinger 2004
10579:
10576:Ivantchik 1999
10573:
10567:
10564:Diakonoff 1985
10561:
10554:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10537:
10531:
10525:
10519:
10513:
10507:
10501:
10499:Ivantchik 2018
10496:
10493:Ivantchik 2006
10490:
10487:Parzinger 2004
10484:
10481:Ivantchik 1999
10478:
10472:
10466:
10460:
10457:Diakonoff 1985
10454:
10448:
10441:
10434:
10432:, p. 560.
10422:
10420:, p. 193.
10410:
10398:
10386:
10384:, p. 751.
10371:
10368:
10367:
10361:
10355:
10349:
10346:Diakonoff 1985
10342:
10335:
10333:, p. 103.
10331:Diakonoff 1985
10323:
10320:
10319:
10313:
10307:
10301:
10298:Ivantchik 1999
10295:
10289:
10286:Diakonoff 1985
10283:
10276:
10269:
10257:
10253:Diakonoff 1985
10245:
10224:
10212:
10200:
10198:, p. 357.
10188:
10184:Diakonoff 1985
10176:
10157:
10145:
10133:
10130:
10129:
10123:
10117:
10111:
10104:
10097:
10095:, p. 358.
10082:
10079:
10078:
10072:
10066:
10060:
10054:
10051:Diakonoff 1985
10047:
10040:
10037:
10036:
10030:
10024:
10018:
10012:
10006:
10000:
9993:
9986:
9984:, p. 748.
9971:
9968:
9967:
9961:
9959:Ivantchik 2018
9956:
9950:
9944:
9938:
9932:
9926:
9920:
9917:Diakonoff 1985
9914:
9911:Diakonoff 1985
9908:
9902:
9895:
9888:
9886:, p. 107.
9884:Olbrycht 2000b
9876:
9874:, p. 747.
9861:
9859:, p. 169.
9849:
9847:, p. 282.
9837:
9834:
9833:
9827:
9824:Parzinger 2004
9821:
9818:Parzinger 2004
9815:
9808:
9801:
9798:
9797:
9794:Olbrycht 2000b
9791:
9788:Olbrycht 2000b
9785:
9782:Melyukova 1990
9779:
9776:Diakonoff 1985
9772:
9765:
9761:Diakonoff 1985
9750:
9747:
9746:
9740:
9737:Olbrycht 2000a
9734:
9731:Parzinger 2004
9728:
9725:Melyukova 1990
9722:
9719:Diakonoff 1985
9716:
9710:
9704:
9697:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9680:
9677:Olbrycht 2000a
9674:
9671:Olbrycht 2000a
9668:
9661:
9654:
9642:
9638:Diakonoff 1985
9623:
9611:
9594:
9579:
9553:
9550:
9549:
9543:
9537:
9531:
9525:
9519:
9513:
9506:
9499:
9496:
9495:
9489:
9483:
9478:
9475:Diakonoff 1985
9471:
9464:
9449:
9447:, p. 559.
9430:
9409:
9397:
9395:, p. 131.
9382:
9363:
9360:
9359:
9353:
9347:
9341:
9335:
9329:
9323:
9316:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9299:
9293:
9287:
9280:
9273:
9271:, p. 212.
9248:
9233:
9231:, p. 356.
9218:
9206:
9194:
9182:
9170:
9166:Parzinger 2004
9158:
9146:
9131:
9119:
9107:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9085:
9079:
9073:
9067:
9061:
9055:
9049:
9043:
9040:Diakonoff 1985
9037:
9031:
9024:
9017:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8995:
8989:
8986:Olbrycht 2000a
8983:
8977:
8972:
8965:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8948:
8942:
8936:
8933:Olbrycht 2000a
8930:
8927:Ivantchik 2006
8924:
8921:Parzinger 2004
8918:
8915:Ivantchik 2001
8912:
8909:Ivantchik 2001
8906:
8899:
8892:
8875:
8863:
8851:
8849:, p. 746.
8834:
8831:
8830:
8824:
8821:Olbrycht 2000a
8818:
8812:
8807:
8804:Diakonoff 1985
8800:
8793:
8789:Parzinger 2004
8781:
8769:
8765:Olbrycht 2000a
8752:
8750:, p. 211.
8735:
8731:Ivantchik 2001
8723:
8711:
8709:, p. 262.
8699:
8682:
8680:, p. 310.
8678:Ivantchik 2001
8670:
8667:
8666:
8663:Olbrycht 2000a
8660:
8657:Olbrycht 2000a
8654:
8651:Olbrycht 2000a
8648:
8642:
8635:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8608:
8605:Olbrycht 2000a
8602:
8599:Olbrycht 2000a
8596:
8589:
8582:
8580:, p. 355.
8565:
8561:Diakonoff 1985
8550:
8548:, p. 265.
8538:
8519:
8507:
8505:, p. 150.
8503:Ivantchik 2006
8495:
8491:Ivantchik 1999
8483:
8481:, p. 114.
8471:
8454:
8452:, p. 128.
8439:
8414:
8412:, p. 107.
8397:
8382:
8380:, p. 106.
8367:
8364:
8363:
8357:
8354:Olbrycht 2000a
8351:
8348:Olbrycht 2000a
8345:
8342:Diakonoff 1985
8339:
8336:Diakonoff 1985
8333:
8326:
8319:
8304:
8300:Olbrycht 2000a
8281:
8277:Olbrycht 2000a
8269:
8267:, p. 114.
8265:Olbrycht 2000b
8254:
8250:Ivantchik 2018
8227:
8223:Olbrycht 2000a
8208:
8189:
8185:Olbrycht 2000a
8170:
8166:Olbrycht 2000a
8145:
8126:
8124:, p. 210.
8105:
8101:Melyukova 1990
8084:
8082:, p. 113.
8069:
8067:, p. 6-7.
8057:
8042:
8040:, p. 112.
8030:
8026:Melyukova 1990
8018:
8014:Olbrycht 2000b
8006:
7989:
7987:, p. 109.
7985:Olbrycht 2000b
7974:
7970:Olbrycht 2000a
7962:
7960:, p. 205.
7950:
7935:
7923:
7919:Olbrycht 2000a
7906:
7902:Diakonoff 1985
7881:
7877:Olbrycht 2000a
7858:
7856:, p. 108.
7854:Olbrycht 2000b
7839:
7835:Olbrycht 2000a
7822:
7818:Olbrycht 2000a
7799:
7795:Olbrycht 2000a
7778:
7774:Olbrycht 2000a
7763:
7746:
7744:, p. 129.
7727:
7725:, p. 123.
7715:
7713:, p. 103.
7711:Olbrycht 2000b
7690:
7675:
7673:, p. 104.
7660:
7648:
7646:, p. 111.
7633:
7631:, p. 105.
7629:Olbrycht 2000b
7616:
7614:, p. 202.
7604:
7602:, p. 130.
7600:Olbrycht 2000b
7585:
7583:, p. 102.
7581:Olbrycht 2000b
7550:
7548:, p. 105.
7538:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7507:Olbrycht 2000b
7504:
7501:Olbrycht 2000b
7497:
7490:
7478:
7474:Melyukova 1995
7463:
7461:, p. 552.
7448:
7446:, p. 101.
7444:Olbrycht 2000b
7436:
7433:
7432:
7426:
7420:
7417:Ivantchik 2006
7414:
7411:Ivantchik 2001
7408:
7402:
7399:Olbrycht 2000a
7395:
7388:
7376:
7357:
7353:Melyukova 1990
7332:
7329:
7328:
7322:
7319:Olbrycht 2000a
7316:
7313:Ivantchik 1999
7310:
7309:, p. 1996
7304:
7301:Diakonoff 1985
7297:
7290:
7288:, p. 100.
7286:Diakonoff 1985
7275:
7271:Diakonoff 1985
7254:
7242:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7220:
7214:
7211:Olbrycht 2000a
7208:
7205:Parzinger 2004
7202:
7199:Ivantchik 2001
7195:
7185:
7156:
7127:
7103:
7099:Olbrycht 2000a
7082:
7070:
7068:, p. 321.
7066:Ivantchik 2001
7058:
7043:
7039:Diakonoff 1985
7031:
7014:
6973:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6916: 630s BC
6906:
6900:
6892:
6889:
6853:
6850:
6819:
6816:
6804:
6801:
6735:
6732:
6716:
6713:
6700:
6697:
6688:
6685:
6631:
6628:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6557:
6554:
6549:
6546:
6538:
6535:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6490:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6422:
6396:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6328:
6327:"abductor dog"
6319:
6298:
6285:János Harmatta
6249:inscriptions:
6194:János Harmatta
6184:
6183:
6178:
6170:
6169:
6162:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6143:
6135:
6134:
6133:Language codes
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6106:Eastern Iranic
6089:
6087:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6064:North Caucasus
6061:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6046:
6042:Igor Diakonoff
6014:
6011:
5994:
5991:
5985:, in southern
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5800:The Book of Lo
5795:Michael Chabon
5756:
5753:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5638:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5546:
5532:
5524:Kimmeris polis
5513:Κιμμερις πολις
5502:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5390:
5387:
5350:
5349:
5326:
5322:khōrē Kimmeria
5303:
5280:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5234:
5226:
5223:
5207:
5204:
5154:Laestrygonians
5103:
5095:
5093:
5090:
4952:Cimmerian bows
4885:Late Antiquity
4877:Turkic peoples
4867:
4864:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4791:
4788:
4763:
4760:
4695:
4692:
4661:
4658:
4617:
4614:
4559:. The city of
4532:
4529:
4492:
4489:
4485: 650s BC
4450:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4411:
4408:
4328: 660s BC
4320:
4317:
4223: 660s BC
4208:
4205:
4173:, was that of
4139:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4067:
4064:
3975:the empire of
3961:
3958:
3929:
3926:
3916:
3913:
3809:
3806:
3673: 650s BC
3622:its vassal of
3564:
3561:
3555:) after them.
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3460:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3439:the mediaeval
3437:
3425:
3424:
3403:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3310:
3307:
3222: 720s BC
3206:
3203:
3116:
3113:
3105:settler groups
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3025:
3014:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2918:
2915:
2866:
2863:
2821:
2818:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2727:
2723:khōrē Kimmeria
2704:
2648:and along the
2637:
2634:
2611:Central Europe
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2581:
2535:
2489:
2486:
2446:
2443:
2427:Central Europe
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2376:
2373:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2329:
2301:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2253:
2230:
2209:Igor Diakonoff
2195:
2182:János Harmatta
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Fire sacrifice
1935:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1784:
1783:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:Zoroastrianism
1712:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1600:
1599:
1597:Medieval India
1588:
1587:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1479:
1474:
1472:Italic peoples
1469:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1272:
1271:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1248:Gandhara grave
1245:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:Middle Dnieper
1090:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1049:Eastern Europe
1046:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1008:
994:
987:
980:
977:Dnieper–Donets
973:
966:
954:
952:Kurgan culture
949:
948:
947:
937:
925:
924:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
888:Beech argument
885:
880:
874:
873:
867:
866:
861:
856:
850:
849:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
711:
697:
692:
678:
671:Proto-Germanic
668:
666:Proto-Armenian
663:
658:
656:Proto-Albanian
652:
651:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
606:
599:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
551:
544:
543:
542:
541:
517:
516:
509:
508:
507:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
445:
440:
434:
433:
427:
426:
425:
424:
412:
411:
410:
403:
396:
384:
383:
382:
370:
365:
360:
359:
358:
351:
339:
334:
333:
332:
319:
318:
311:
310:
303:
298:
297:
294:
293:
285:
284:
278:
277:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
249:
243:
242:
235:
226:
223:
222:
217:
209:
208:
203:
191:
190:
185:
175:
174:
169:
168:Historical era
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
140:
137:
136:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
58:
46:, you may see
34:
27:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17767:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17748:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17711:
17708:
17707:
17705:
17693:
17687:
17683:
17679:
17675:
17671:
17667:
17663:
17659:
17655:
17651:
17646:
17642:
17636:
17632:
17628:
17624:
17620:
17616:
17612:
17607:
17603:
17599:
17595:
17590:
17578:
17574:
17573:
17568:
17563:
17559:
17555:
17551:
17550:
17544:
17533:
17529:
17525:
17521:
17517:
17513:
17512:
17507:
17502:
17498:
17494:
17490:
17485:
17474:
17470:
17466:
17464:9789047405870
17460:
17456:
17452:
17448:
17444:
17440:
17435:
17423:
17419:
17415:
17411:
17407:
17403:
17399:
17395:
17391:
17390:United States
17387:
17386:New York City
17383:
17382:
17377:
17373:
17369:
17366:
17355:
17351:
17347:
17343:
17339:
17335:
17334:
17329:
17324:
17320:
17314:
17310:
17306:
17302:
17298:
17294:
17290:
17286:
17282:
17278:
17274:
17273:Taylor, T. F.
17270:
17266:
17262:
17256:
17252:
17248:
17244:
17240:
17236:
17232:
17228:
17224:
17213:
17209:
17205:
17201:
17197:
17193:
17189:
17185:
17184:
17183:Artibus Asiae
17179:
17175:
17171:
17160:
17156:
17152:
17148:
17144:
17140:
17136:
17131:
17120:
17116:
17112:
17108:
17104:
17100:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17078:
17074:
17070:
17066:
17062:
17058:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17036:
17032:
17028:
17024:
17020:
17017:(in German).
17016:
17015:
17010:
17005:
16994:
16990:
16986:
16982:
16978:
16974:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16959:
16953:
16949:
16948:United States
16945:
16941:
16937:
16933:
16928:
16924:
16918:
16914:
16910:
16906:
16902:
16901:The Scythians
16898:
16894:
16890:
16886:
16882:
16878:
16877:
16872:
16871:Parpola, Simo
16868:
16864:
16862:1-84212-665-2
16858:
16854:
16850:
16849:
16844:
16840:
16836:
16830:
16826:
16822:
16818:
16814:
16810:
16805:
16801:
16795:
16791:
16787:
16783:
16779:
16775:
16770:
16766:
16760:
16756:
16752:
16751:United States
16748:
16744:
16743:
16737:
16726:
16719:
16718:
16712:
16708:
16702:
16698:
16694:
16690:
16686:
16682:
16678:
16674:
16670:
16665:
16661:
16655:
16651:
16650:United States
16647:
16643:
16639:
16635:
16631:
16627:
16623:
16617:
16613:
16609:
16605:
16601:
16600:
16595:
16591:
16587:
16583:
16577:
16573:
16569:
16565:
16561:
16557:
16553:
16549:
16545:
16541:
16537:
16533:
16529:
16523:
16519:
16515:
16514:United States
16511:
16510:New York City
16507:
16503:
16499:
16495:
16491:
16476:
16472:
16465:
16464:
16458:
16454:
16450:
16445:
16440:
16436:
16432:
16428:
16424:
16420:
16416:
16412:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16397:
16391:
16387:
16383:
16379:
16375:
16371:
16367:
16363:
16359:
16348:
16344:
16340:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16325:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16308:: 2430–2441.
16307:
16303:
16299:
16298:
16293:
16288:
16284:
16278:
16274:
16270:
16266:
16262:
16257:
16246:
16242:
16238:
16237:United States
16234:
16233:New York City
16230:
16229:
16224:
16220:
16216:
16205:
16201:
16197:
16194:(in French).
16193:
16192:
16187:
16182:
16178:
16172:
16168:
16164:
16160:
16156:
16152:
16151:United States
16148:
16147:New York City
16144:
16143:United States
16140:
16136:
16132:
16128:
16117:
16113:
16109:
16105:
16104:
16099:
16095:
16091:
16087:
16081:
16077:
16073:
16069:
16065:
16064:
16059:
16055:
16051:
16045:
16041:
16037:
16033:
16029:
16025:
16021:
16017:
16013:
16002:
15998:
15994:
15990:
15986:
15982:
15978:
15974:
15970:
15966:
15962:
15956:
15952:
15948:
15944:
15941:(in French).
15936:
15932:
15931:
15926:
15922:
15918:
15912:
15908:
15904:
15900:
15896:
15892:
15888:
15884:
15880:
15876:
15871:
15867:
15861:
15857:
15853:
15849:
15845:
15841:
15840:United States
15837:
15836:New York City
15833:
15829:
15825:
15821:
15817:
15813:
15809:
15805:
15804:Zürcher, Erik
15801:
15797:
15793:
15789:
15783:
15779:
15775:
15771:
15767:
15763:
15759:
15755:
15751:
15747:
15743:
15737:
15733:
15729:
15728:United States
15725:
15724:New Brunswick
15721:
15720:
15715:
15711:
15707:
15701:
15697:
15693:
15689:
15685:
15681:
15677:
15673:
15669:
15665:
15660:
15656:
15650:
15646:
15642:
15638:
15634:
15630:
15626:
15622:
15618:
15614:
15609:
15605:
15599:
15595:
15591:
15587:
15583:
15579:
15575:
15571:
15567:
15563:
15558:
15554:
15548:
15544:
15540:
15536:
15532:
15528:
15524:
15520:
15515:
15511:
15505:
15501:
15497:
15496:United States
15493:
15492:New York City
15489:
15485:
15484:Radner, Karen
15480:
15469:
15465:
15461:
15457:
15456:
15451:
15447:
15444:Dugaw, Sean;
15442:
15438:
15432:
15428:
15424:
15420:
15416:
15415:
15410:
15406:
15402:
15390:
15386:
15382:
15377:
15366:
15362:
15358:
15357:United States
15354:
15353:New York City
15350:
15349:
15344:
15340:
15336:
15325:
15321:
15317:
15316:United States
15313:
15312:New York City
15309:
15308:
15303:
15299:
15295:
15291:
15280:
15276:
15272:
15268:
15264:
15260:
15256:
15251:
15247:
15241:
15237:
15233:
15229:
15225:
15221:
15217:
15205:
15201:
15196:
15192:
15186:
15182:
15178:
15174:
15170:
15166:
15162:
15158:
15154:
15150:
15139:
15135:
15130:
15126:
15120:
15116:
15112:
15108:
15104:
15100:
15096:
15092:
15088:
15084:
15079:
15075:
15069:
15065:
15061:
15057:
15053:
15049:
15045:
15041:
15036:
15032:
15026:
15022:
15018:
15014:
15010:
15006:
15002:
14998:
14994:
14988:
14984:
14980:
14976:
14972:
14968:
14964:
14958:
14954:
14950:
14946:
14942:
14938:
14934:
14930:
14926:
14922:
14918:
14914:
14910:
14904:
14900:
14896:
14892:
14888:
14884:
14880:
14876:
14872:
14868:
14864:
14860:
14856:
14850:
14846:
14845:HarperCollins
14842:
14841:United States
14838:
14837:New York City
14834:
14830:
14829:Asimov, Isaac
14826:
14815:
14811:
14806:
14795:
14791:
14786:
14782:
14776:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14754:
14750:
14744:
14740:
14736:
14732:
14728:
14724:
14723:Kim, Hyun Jin
14719:
14718:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14692:Altuntaş 2023
14690:
14688:, p. 216
14687:
14684:
14682:
14681:Altuntaş 2022
14679:
14678:
14674:
14667:
14662:
14656:, p. 67.
14655:
14650:
14643:
14638:
14632:, p. 66.
14631:
14626:
14620:, p. 32.
14619:
14614:
14607:
14602:
14595:
14590:
14583:
14578:
14571:
14566:
14559:
14554:
14552:
14545:, p. 44.
14544:
14539:
14532:
14527:
14520:
14515:
14508:
14503:
14496:
14491:
14484:
14479:
14473:, p. 10.
14472:
14467:
14460:
14459:Harmatta 1996
14455:
14453:
14451:
14449:
14441:
14436:
14430:, p. 51.
14429:
14424:
14422:
14414:
14409:
14403:, p. 33.
14402:
14401:Jacobson 1995
14397:
14387:
14384:
14381:
14378:
14376:, p. 339
14375:
14372:
14369:
14368:Jacobson 1995
14366:
14365:
14361:
14354:
14349:
14347:
14337:, p. 119
14336:
14333:
14330:
14327:
14324:
14321:
14319:, p. 517
14318:
14315:
14312:
14311:Harmatta 1996
14309:
14306:
14303:
14302:
14298:
14291:
14286:
14284:
14282:
14274:
14269:
14262:
14257:
14250:
14245:
14238:
14233:
14226:
14221:
14219:
14217:
14209:
14204:
14198:, p. 50.
14197:
14192:
14186:, p. 61.
14185:
14180:
14174:, p. 54.
14173:
14168:
14161:
14156:
14150:, p. 73.
14149:
14144:
14138:, p. 89.
14137:
14132:
14130:
14123:, p. 88.
14122:
14117:
14110:
14105:
14098:
14093:
14091:
14089:
14087:
14080:, p. 87.
14079:
14074:
14072:
14070:
14068:
14061:, p. 85.
14060:
14055:
14053:
14051:
14043:
14038:
14031:
14026:
14019:
14014:
14012:
14004:
13999:
13992:
13987:
13978:, p. 266
13977:
13974:
13971:
13968:
13965:
13964:Cunliffe 2019
13962:
13960:, p. 106
13959:
13958:Cunliffe 2019
13956:
13953:
13952:Cunliffe 2019
13950:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13938:
13934:
13928:, p. 77.
13927:
13922:
13915:
13910:
13908:
13901:, p. 75.
13900:
13895:
13888:
13883:
13876:
13871:
13869:
13862:, p. 74.
13861:
13856:
13849:
13844:
13835:, p. 119
13834:
13831:
13828:
13825:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13811:
13808:
13807:
13803:
13796:
13791:
13782:, p. 218
13781:
13778:
13775:
13774:Cunliffe 2019
13772:
13769:
13766:
13764:, p. 148
13763:
13760:
13759:
13755:
13745:
13744:Cunliffe 2019
13742:
13739:
13736:
13733:
13730:
13728:, p. 133
13727:
13726:Phillips 1972
13724:
13723:
13719:
13712:
13707:
13700:
13695:
13688:
13683:
13676:
13671:
13664:
13663:Mihailov 1991
13659:
13652:
13647:
13641:, p. 71.
13640:
13635:
13628:
13623:
13617:, p. 73.
13616:
13611:
13609:
13602:, p. 75.
13601:
13596:
13594:
13592:
13590:
13582:
13577:
13575:
13568:, p. 69.
13567:
13562:
13556:, p. 37.
13555:
13554:Cunliffe 2019
13550:
13543:
13538:
13536:
13528:
13523:
13516:
13515:Phillips 1972
13511:
13504:
13499:
13490:, p. 220
13489:
13486:
13483:
13480:
13476:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13459:
13456:
13454:, p. 120
13453:
13450:
13447:
13444:
13441:
13438:
13436:, p. 559
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13426:
13422:
13415:
13410:
13401:, p. 759
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13390:, p. 151
13389:
13386:
13383:
13380:
13378:, p. 517
13377:
13374:
13372:, p. 508
13371:
13368:
13366:
13363:
13361:, p. 567
13360:
13357:
13355:, p. 559
13354:
13351:
13348:
13345:
13343:, p. 406
13342:
13339:
13338:
13334:
13328:, p. 39.
13327:
13322:
13320:
13312:
13307:
13300:
13299:Grousset 1970
13295:
13288:
13283:
13281:
13274:, p. 74.
13273:
13268:
13261:
13256:
13249:
13244:
13242:
13234:
13229:
13222:
13217:
13210:
13205:
13196:, p. 759
13195:
13192:
13190:, p. 220
13189:
13186:
13184:, p. 264
13183:
13180:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:, p. 407
13166:
13163:
13162:
13158:
13149:, p. 759
13148:
13145:
13143:, p. 220
13142:
13139:
13137:, p. 218
13136:
13133:
13131:, p. 215
13130:
13127:
13125:, p. 271
13124:
13121:
13119:, p. 264
13118:
13115:
13112:
13109:
13106:
13103:
13101:, p. 120
13100:
13097:
13094:
13091:
13089:, p. 114
13088:
13085:
13084:
13080:
13070:
13069:Cunliffe 2019
13067:
13064:
13061:
13059:, p. 124
13058:
13055:
13053:, p. 107
13052:
13049:
13047:, p. 145
13046:
13045:Grayson 1991c
13043:
13041:, p. 432
13040:
13037:
13035:, p. 407
13034:
13031:
13029:, p. 132
13028:
13027:Phillips 1972
13025:
13024:
13020:
13013:
13008:
13001:
12996:
12987:, p. 219
12986:
12983:
12981:, p. 758
12980:
12977:
12975:, p. 124
12974:
12971:
12969:, p. 145
12968:
12967:Grayson 1991c
12965:
12963:, p. 432
12962:
12959:
12958:
12954:
12947:
12942:
12933:, p. 219
12932:
12929:
12927:, p. 219
12926:
12923:
12921:, p. 758
12920:
12917:
12915:, p. 264
12914:
12911:
12909:, p. 106
12908:
12907:Cunliffe 2019
12905:
12902:
12901:Cunliffe 2019
12899:
12896:
12893:
12891:, p. 124
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12879:
12878:Grousset 1970
12876:
12875:
12871:
12862:, p. 218
12861:
12858:
12855:
12854:Cunliffe 2019
12852:
12850:, p. 148
12849:
12846:
12844:, p. 114
12843:
12840:
12839:
12835:
12828:
12823:
12814:, p. 217
12813:
12810:
12806:
12800:
12797:
12794:
12793:Cunliffe 2019
12791:
12788:
12787:Cunliffe 2019
12785:
12783:, p. 120
12782:
12779:
12777:, p. 148
12776:
12773:
12770:
12767:
12764:
12761:
12758:
12755:
12753:, p. 508
12752:
12749:
12746:
12743:
12741:, p. 113
12740:
12737:
12735:, p. 116
12734:
12731:
12730:
12726:
12715:
12709:
12706:
12703:
12700:
12697:
12694:
12691:
12688:
12686:, p. 508
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12675:, p. 197
12674:
12671:
12669:, p. 129
12668:
12667:Phillips 1972
12665:
12664:
12660:
12653:
12648:
12639:, p. 215
12638:
12635:
12633:, p. 758
12632:
12629:
12627:, p. 289
12626:
12623:
12621:, p. 273
12620:
12617:
12615:, p. 264
12614:
12611:
12609:, p. 104
12608:
12605:
12602:
12599:
12597:, p. 405
12596:
12593:
12592:
12588:
12581:
12576:
12567:, p. 217
12566:
12563:
12561:, p. 215
12560:
12557:
12555:, p. 758
12554:
12551:
12548:
12545:
12543:, p. 269
12542:
12539:
12536:
12533:
12529:
12523:
12520:
12518:, p. 106
12517:
12516:Cunliffe 2019
12514:
12511:
12510:Cunliffe 2019
12508:
12505:
12502:
12500:, p. 120
12499:
12496:
12494:, p. 160
12493:
12490:
12488:, p. 148
12487:
12484:
12481:
12478:
12475:
12472:
12469:
12466:
12463:
12460:
12458:, p. 508
12457:
12454:
12452:, p. 181
12451:
12450:Harmatta 1996
12448:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:, p. 645
12434:
12431:
12429:, p. 643
12428:
12425:
12423:, p. 452
12422:
12419:
12417:, p. 197
12416:
12413:
12410:
12407:
12405:, p. 406
12404:
12401:
12399:, p. 132
12398:
12397:Phillips 1972
12395:
12394:
12390:
12383:
12378:
12371:
12366:
12364:
12355:
12350:, p. 20.
12349:
12344:
12337:
12332:
12325:
12320:
12311:, p. 750
12310:
12307:
12304:
12303:Cunliffe 2019
12301:
12299:, p. 213
12298:
12295:
12292:
12289:
12287:, p. 132
12286:
12285:Phillips 1972
12283:
12282:
12278:
12271:
12266:
12264:
12256:
12251:
12245:, p. 72.
12244:
12239:
12237:
12235:
12228:, p. 36.
12227:
12222:
12215:
12210:
12208:
12200:
12195:
12186:, p. 214
12185:
12182:
12180:, p. 264
12179:
12176:
12173:
12170:
12168:, p. 103
12167:
12164:
12162:, p. 101
12161:
12158:
12156:, p. 645
12155:
12152:
12149:
12146:
12145:
12141:
12134:
12129:
12122:
12117:
12110:
12105:
12098:
12093:
12091:
12089:
12081:
12076:
12067:, p. 219
12066:
12063:
12061:, p. 216
12060:
12057:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:, p. 645
12043:
12040:
12037:
12036:Brinkman 1991
12034:
12031:
12030:Brinkman 1991
12028:
12027:
12023:
12016:
12011:
12002:, p. 219
12001:
11998:
11996:, p. 757
11995:
11992:
11989:
11986:
11984:, p. 124
11983:
11980:
11979:
11975:
11969:, p. 46.
11968:
11963:
11957:, p. 45.
11956:
11951:
11949:
11939:, p. 215
11938:
11935:
11933:, p. 103
11932:
11929:
11926:
11923:
11921:, p. 645
11920:
11917:
11916:
11912:
11905:
11900:
11890:
11887:
11884:
11883:Cunliffe 2019
11881:
11879:, p. 160
11878:
11875:
11872:
11869:
11867:, p. 102
11866:
11863:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:, p. 559
11849:
11846:
11844:, p. 404
11843:
11840:
11838:, p. 402
11837:
11834:
11832:, p. 132
11831:
11830:Phillips 1972
11828:
11827:
11823:
11816:
11811:
11804:
11799:
11790:, p. 758
11789:
11786:
11784:, p. 215
11783:
11780:
11778:, p. 264
11777:
11774:
11771:
11768:
11766:, p. 160
11765:
11762:
11759:
11756:
11753:
11750:
11747:
11744:
11742:, p. 404
11741:
11738:
11735:
11732:
11731:
11727:
11720:
11715:
11713:
11705:
11700:
11694:, p. 44.
11693:
11688:
11686:
11678:
11673:
11666:
11661:
11651:
11648:
11646:, p. 264
11645:
11642:
11639:
11638:Cunliffe 2019
11636:
11633:
11630:
11628:, p. 643
11627:
11624:
11622:, p. 132
11621:
11620:Phillips 1972
11618:
11616:
11613:
11612:
11608:
11601:
11596:
11594:
11592:
11590:
11583:, p. 35.
11582:
11581:Cunliffe 2019
11577:
11570:
11565:
11556:, p. 559
11555:
11552:
11550:, p. 217
11549:
11546:
11542:
11536:
11533:
11530:
11529:Cunliffe 2019
11527:
11525:, p. 121
11524:
11521:
11518:
11515:
11514:
11510:
11504:, p. 79.
11503:
11498:
11496:
11488:
11487:Cunliffe 2019
11483:
11476:
11475:Grayson 1991c
11471:
11464:
11459:
11457:
11455:
11453:
11443:, p. 217
11442:
11439:
11437:, p. 757
11436:
11433:
11430:
11427:
11424:
11421:
11420:
11416:
11410:, p. 23.
11409:
11404:
11398:, p. 95.
11397:
11392:
11390:
11388:
11378:, p. 221
11377:
11374:
11372:, p. 217
11371:
11368:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:, p. 559
11354:
11351:
11348:
11347:Grousset 1970
11345:
11344:
11340:
11334:, p. 92.
11333:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11309:
11306:
11303:
11300:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11288:
11284:
11278:, p. 73.
11277:
11272:
11262:
11259:
11257:, p. 216
11256:
11253:
11251:, p. 214
11250:
11247:
11244:
11241:
11238:
11235:
11234:
11230:
11221:, p. 213
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:, p. 559
11209:
11206:
11204:, p. 136
11203:
11202:Phillips 1972
11200:
11197:
11196:Grousset 1970
11194:
11193:
11189:
11183:, p. 69.
11182:
11177:
11175:
11167:
11162:
11156:, p. 74.
11155:
11150:
11148:
11140:
11135:
11126:, p. 213
11125:
11122:
11119:
11116:
11113:
11110:
11108:, p. 106
11107:
11106:Cunliffe 2019
11104:
11101:
11100:Cunliffe 2019
11098:
11095:
11092:
11090:, p. 148
11089:
11086:
11083:
11080:
11077:
11074:
11071:
11068:
11066:, p. 181
11065:
11064:Harmatta 1996
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:, p. 559
11054:
11051:
11049:, p. 624
11048:
11045:
11042:
11039:
11036:
11033:
11031:, p. 196
11030:
11027:
11025:, p. 526
11024:
11023:Vaggione 1973
11021:
11019:, p. 132
11018:
11017:Phillips 1972
11015:
11012:
11011:Grousset 1970
11009:
11008:
11004:
10997:
10996:Phillips 1972
10992:
10990:
10982:
10977:
10970:
10965:
10963:
10955:
10950:
10944:, p. 65.
10943:
10938:
10929:, p. 214
10928:
10925:
10922:
10919:
10916:
10913:
10910:
10907:
10904:
10901:
10899:, p. 181
10898:
10897:Harmatta 1996
10895:
10892:
10889:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:, p. 559
10875:
10872:
10870:, p. 145
10869:
10868:Grayson 1991c
10866:
10864:, p. 127
10863:
10862:Grayson 1991b
10860:
10858:, p. 427
10857:
10854:
10852:, p. 358
10851:
10848:
10845:
10842:
10840:, p. 131
10839:
10838:Phillips 1972
10836:
10835:
10831:
10824:
10819:
10817:
10815:
10807:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10789:, p. 82.
10788:
10783:
10781:
10779:
10772:, p. 63.
10771:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10752:
10744:
10739:
10737:
10735:
10727:
10722:
10716:, p. 85.
10715:
10710:
10700:
10697:
10695:, p. 564
10694:
10691:
10689:, p. 105
10688:
10685:
10683:, p. 358
10682:
10679:
10678:
10674:
10667:
10662:
10655:
10650:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10634:
10629:
10623:, p. 94.
10622:
10617:
10610:
10609:Grousset 1970
10605:
10598:
10593:
10583:
10580:
10578:, p. 509
10577:
10574:
10571:
10570:Jacobson 1995
10568:
10566:, p. 103
10565:
10562:
10560:, p. 294
10559:
10556:
10555:
10551:
10542:, p. 214
10541:
10538:
10535:
10532:
10530:, p. 264
10529:
10526:
10523:
10520:
10518:, p. 114
10517:
10516:Cunliffe 2019
10514:
10511:
10510:Cunliffe 2019
10508:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:, p. 148
10494:
10491:
10488:
10485:
10483:, p. 509
10482:
10479:
10477:, p. 564
10476:
10473:
10471:, p. 129
10470:
10469:Grayson 1991a
10467:
10465:, p. 359
10464:
10461:
10459:, p. 103
10458:
10455:
10453:, p. 131
10452:
10451:Phillips 1972
10449:
10447:, p. 294
10446:
10443:
10442:
10438:
10431:
10426:
10419:
10414:
10407:
10402:
10396:, p. 80.
10395:
10390:
10383:
10378:
10376:
10366:, p. 751
10365:
10362:
10360:, p. 214
10359:
10356:
10353:
10350:
10347:
10344:
10343:
10339:
10332:
10327:
10318:, p. 749
10317:
10314:
10311:
10308:
10305:
10302:
10300:, p. 517
10299:
10296:
10294:, p. 564
10293:
10290:
10287:
10284:
10281:
10280:Grousset 1970
10278:
10277:
10273:
10266:
10261:
10254:
10249:
10243:, p. 68.
10242:
10237:
10235:
10233:
10231:
10229:
10221:
10216:
10209:
10204:
10197:
10192:
10185:
10180:
10174:, p. 71.
10173:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10162:
10154:
10149:
10143:, p. 87.
10142:
10137:
10128:, p. 214
10127:
10124:
10121:
10118:
10115:
10112:
10110:, p. 358
10109:
10106:
10105:
10101:
10094:
10089:
10087:
10077:, p. 747
10076:
10073:
10071:, p. 264
10070:
10067:
10064:
10061:
10058:
10055:
10052:
10049:
10048:
10044:
10035:, p. 214
10034:
10031:
10029:, p. 264
10028:
10025:
10022:
10019:
10016:
10013:
10010:
10007:
10005:, pp. 87
10004:
10001:
9999:, p. 128
9998:
9997:Grayson 1991a
9995:
9994:
9990:
9983:
9978:
9976:
9966:, p. 214
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9954:
9951:
9948:
9945:
9942:
9939:
9937:, p. 564
9936:
9933:
9931:, p. 128
9930:
9929:Grayson 1991a
9927:
9925:, p. 358
9924:
9921:
9919:, p. 101
9918:
9915:
9912:
9909:
9907:, p. 131
9906:
9905:Phillips 1972
9903:
9900:
9899:Grousset 1970
9897:
9896:
9892:
9885:
9880:
9873:
9868:
9866:
9858:
9853:
9846:
9841:
9831:
9828:
9825:
9822:
9819:
9816:
9814:, p. 169
9813:
9810:
9809:
9805:
9796:, p. 114
9795:
9792:
9790:, p. 103
9789:
9786:
9783:
9780:
9777:
9774:
9773:
9769:
9763:, p. 97.
9762:
9757:
9755:
9744:
9741:
9738:
9735:
9732:
9729:
9727:, p. 100
9726:
9723:
9720:
9717:
9715:, p. 131
9714:
9713:Phillips 1972
9711:
9709:, p. 129
9708:
9707:Phillips 1972
9705:
9702:
9701:Grousset 1970
9699:
9698:
9694:
9685:, p. 264
9684:
9681:
9678:
9675:
9672:
9669:
9666:
9663:
9662:
9658:
9651:
9646:
9640:, p. 92.
9639:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9620:
9615:
9609:, p. 64.
9608:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9591:
9586:
9584:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9557:
9548:, p. 750
9547:
9544:
9542:, p. 221
9541:
9538:
9536:, p. 263
9535:
9532:
9529:
9526:
9523:
9520:
9517:
9514:
9512:, p. 560
9511:
9508:
9507:
9503:
9493:
9490:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9476:
9473:
9472:
9468:
9462:, p. 70.
9461:
9456:
9454:
9446:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9435:
9428:, p. 33.
9427:
9426:Cunliffe 2019
9422:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9407:, p. 57.
9406:
9401:
9394:
9393:Phillips 1972
9389:
9387:
9380:, p. 67.
9379:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9368:
9358:, p. 116
9357:
9354:
9352:, p. 323
9351:
9348:
9346:, p. 263
9345:
9342:
9339:
9336:
9333:
9330:
9328:, p. 356
9327:
9324:
9322:, p. 559
9321:
9318:
9317:
9313:
9303:
9300:
9297:
9296:Grayson 1991a
9294:
9291:
9288:
9286:, p. 356
9285:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9270:
9265:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9246:, p. 66.
9245:
9240:
9238:
9230:
9225:
9223:
9216:, p. 42.
9215:
9210:
9204:, p. 37.
9203:
9198:
9191:
9186:
9180:, p. 23.
9179:
9174:
9167:
9162:
9155:
9150:
9144:, p. 43.
9143:
9138:
9136:
9128:
9123:
9117:, p. 22.
9116:
9111:
9105:, p. 30.
9104:
9099:
9090:, p. 211
9089:
9086:
9083:
9080:
9077:
9074:
9071:
9070:Jacobson 1995
9068:
9065:
9062:
9059:
9056:
9053:
9050:
9047:
9044:
9041:
9038:
9036:, p. 196
9035:
9032:
9030:, p. 131
9029:
9028:Phillips 1972
9026:
9025:
9021:
9014:
9009:
9000:, p. 211
8999:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8987:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8962:
8953:, p. 211
8952:
8949:
8946:
8945:Cunliffe 2019
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8929:, p. 148
8928:
8925:
8922:
8919:
8917:, p. 313
8916:
8913:
8911:, p. 310
8910:
8907:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8896:
8890:, p. 47.
8889:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8872:
8867:
8861:, p. 50.
8860:
8855:
8848:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8828:
8825:
8822:
8819:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8797:
8791:, p. 18.
8790:
8785:
8779:, p. 51.
8778:
8773:
8767:, p. 90.
8766:
8761:
8759:
8757:
8749:
8744:
8742:
8740:
8732:
8727:
8720:
8715:
8708:
8703:
8697:, p. 62.
8696:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8679:
8674:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8639:
8633:, p. 53.
8632:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8612:
8609:
8606:
8603:
8600:
8597:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8586:
8579:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8563:, p. 91.
8562:
8557:
8555:
8547:
8542:
8536:, p. 69.
8535:
8530:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8516:
8515:Cunliffe 2019
8511:
8504:
8499:
8492:
8487:
8480:
8479:Cunliffe 2019
8475:
8469:, p. 31.
8468:
8467:Cunliffe 2019
8463:
8461:
8459:
8451:
8450:Grayson 1991a
8446:
8444:
8437:, p. 65.
8436:
8431:
8429:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8411:
8410:Cunliffe 2019
8406:
8404:
8402:
8394:
8389:
8387:
8379:
8378:Cunliffe 2019
8374:
8372:
8362:, p. 211
8361:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8346:
8343:
8340:
8337:
8334:
8332:, p. 129
8331:
8330:Phillips 1972
8328:
8327:
8323:
8316:
8315:Grousset 1970
8311:
8309:
8302:, p. 91.
8301:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8278:
8273:
8266:
8261:
8259:
8251:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8225:, p. 84.
8224:
8219:
8217:
8215:
8213:
8206:, p. 43.
8205:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8187:, p. 96.
8186:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8168:, p. 83.
8167:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8143:, p. 60.
8142:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8123:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8103:, p. 99.
8102:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8081:
8080:Cunliffe 2019
8076:
8074:
8066:
8065:Grousset 1970
8061:
8055:, p. 36.
8054:
8053:Jacobson 1995
8049:
8047:
8039:
8038:Cunliffe 2019
8034:
8027:
8022:
8015:
8010:
8004:, p. 30.
8003:
8002:Cunliffe 2019
7998:
7996:
7994:
7986:
7981:
7979:
7971:
7966:
7959:
7954:
7947:
7946:Cunliffe 2019
7942:
7940:
7933:, p. 46.
7932:
7931:Jacobson 1995
7927:
7921:, p. 81.
7920:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7904:, p. 93.
7903:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7879:, p. 86.
7878:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7855:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7837:, p. 80.
7836:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7820:, p. 95.
7819:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7797:, p. 94.
7796:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7776:, p. 76.
7775:
7770:
7768:
7760:
7759:Petrenko 1995
7755:
7753:
7751:
7743:
7742:Phillips 1972
7738:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7724:
7723:Cunliffe 2019
7719:
7712:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7687:
7686:Jacobson 1995
7682:
7680:
7672:
7671:Cunliffe 2019
7667:
7665:
7657:
7656:Cunliffe 2019
7652:
7645:
7644:Cunliffe 2019
7640:
7638:
7630:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7613:
7608:
7601:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7582:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7547:
7546:Cunliffe 2019
7542:
7535:
7534:Cunliffe 2019
7530:
7520:
7519:Cunliffe 2019
7517:
7515:, p. 106
7514:
7513:Cunliffe 2019
7511:
7509:, p. 130
7508:
7505:
7503:, p. 102
7502:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7487:
7486:Petrenko 1995
7482:
7476:, p. 27.
7475:
7470:
7468:
7460:
7455:
7453:
7445:
7440:
7430:
7427:
7425:, p. 119
7424:
7421:
7419:, p. 148
7418:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7392:
7386:, p. 16.
7385:
7384:van Loon 1966
7380:
7374:, p. 61.
7373:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7355:, p. 98.
7354:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7315:, p. 517
7314:
7311:
7308:
7307:Harmatta 1996
7305:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7294:
7287:
7282:
7280:
7273:, p. 94.
7272:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7251:
7246:
7239:
7238:Phillips 1972
7234:
7225:, p. 211
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7190:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7168:"Darius I 31"
7163:
7161:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7139:"Xerxes I 12"
7134:
7132:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7107:
7101:, p. 93.
7100:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7079:
7074:
7067:
7062:
7055:
7050:
7048:
7040:
7035:
7028:
7027:Harmatta 1996
7023:
7021:
7019:
7011:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6955:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6842:Aržan culture
6839:
6834:
6832:
6827:
6825:
6814:
6810:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6724:
6722:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6696:
6694:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6672:
6671:galaktophagoi
6666:
6657:
6656:Ancient Greek
6652:
6646:
6637:
6636:Ancient Greek
6630:Equestrianism
6627:
6624:
6610:
6588:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6564:
6561:
6553:
6545:
6542:
6534:
6532:
6510:
6505:
6496:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6469:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6387:
6378:
6366:
6352:
6346:
6342:
6334:
6329:
6325:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6270:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6233:
6228:
6224:
6216:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6159:Linguist List
6155:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6091:Indo-European
6088:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6019:Iranic people
6010:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5975:Transcaucasia
5972:
5968:
5963:
5949:
5935:
5919:
5917:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5841:
5840:Crimean Tatar
5837:
5835:
5828:
5826:
5821:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5796:
5793:, a novel by
5792:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5763:, created by
5762:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5745:Tudor Parfitt
5742:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5708:pseudohistory
5705:
5702:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5675:
5665:winter people
5649:
5648:Ancient Greek
5644:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5616:
5615:Ancient Greek
5611:
5606:
5604:
5598:
5595:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:in the north;
5530:
5527:) located in
5525:
5519:
5510:
5509:Ancient Greek
5506:
5503:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:Magna Graecia
5471:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5428:
5427:Ancient Greek
5423:
5418:
5414:
5406:
5405:Ancient Greek
5401:
5396:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5340:
5331:
5330:Ancient Greek
5327:
5323:
5317:
5311:χωρη Κιμμερια
5308:
5307:Ancient Greek
5304:
5300:
5294:
5285:
5284:Ancient Greek
5281:
5277:
5271:
5262:
5261:Ancient Greek
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5250:city of Tyras
5243:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5109:
5101:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5045:
5030:
5024:
5015:
5014:Ancient Greek
5007:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4969:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4911:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4863:
4861:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4744: 638 BC
4737:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718: 635 BC
4711:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4688: 635 BC
4673:
4671:
4666:
4657:
4653:
4649: 625 BC
4644: –
4630:
4626: 640 BC
4613:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598: 641 BC
4580:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4479:
4475:
4472:tribe of the
4471:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4335: 657 BC
4316:
4313: 662 BC
4305:
4303:
4298:
4295: 660 BC
4281:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242: 665 BC
4234:
4232:
4228:
4204:
4201: 650 BC
4186:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4171: 750 BC
4165:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4092: 669 BC
4078:
4076:
4071:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4031:
4010: 670 BC
4003:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3979:, whose king
3978:
3974:
3969: 675 BC
3957:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:Warpalawas II
3939:
3935:
3925:
3921:
3912:
3909:
3900:
3894:
3891: 667 BC
3884: 669 BC
3877:
3874: 669 BC
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3840: 669 BC
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:Šērūʾa-ēṭirat
3816:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3798:Koban culture
3793:
3789:
3786: 675 BC
3779: 675 BC
3771:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3750:
3745: 677 BC
3731:
3729:
3728:Haftavan Tepe
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3710:, such as at
3709:
3703: 645 BC
3698: –
3685:
3681:
3680:Mount Sabalan
3676:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3608: 680 BC
3601:
3597: 650 BC
3592: –
3579:
3569:
3560:
3559:territories.
3556:
3529:
3523: 600 BC
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3493: 700 BC
3487:
3486:Caspian Gates
3483:
3468:
3466:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3417:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290: 685 BC
3279:
3273:
3269:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3150:
3147: 700 BC
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3069:steppe nomads
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:in the east.
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:Syrian Desert
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2862:
2859: 600 BC
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829: 750 BC
2817:
2814: 700 BC
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2732:
2731:Ancient Greek
2728:
2724:
2718:
2712:χωρη Κιμμερια
2709:
2708:Ancient Greek
2705:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2685:Ancient Greek
2682:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:equestrianism
2603:
2601:
2600:Aržan culture
2590:
2586:
2585:Kuban culture
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:-like carved
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:Central Asian
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:Broader usage
2339:
2334:
2330:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2180:according to
2179:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2161:Ancient Greek
2157:
2153:
2148:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:J. P. Mallory
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:Reconstructed
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1454:Insular Celts
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:Indo-Iranians
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:Pontic Steppe
1106:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
959:
958:
955:
953:
950:
946:
945:Kurgan stelae
943:
942:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
929:
928:Pontic Steppe
922:
919:
918:
912:
911:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
870:
869:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
846:
845:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
816:
815:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
728:
727:
719:
718:Proto-Iranian
715:
712:
709:
705:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
686:
682:
679:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:
601:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Daco-Thracian
559:
557:
554:
553:
550:
547:
546:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:
524:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:Reconstructed
512:
511:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
469:
465:
462:
458:
455:
451:
450:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
432:
429:
428:
422:
418:
417:
416:
413:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
390:
389:
388:
385:
380:
376:
375:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
356:
352:
349:
345:
344:
343:
340:
338:
335:
330:
326:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
314:
313:
309:
306:
305:
301:
296:
295:
291:
287:
286:
283:
280:
279:
275:
271:
270:
250:
248:
245:
244:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
221:
218:
211:
210:
207:
204:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
150:
147:
144:
138:
135:
132:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
68:
63:
56:
49:
45:
41:
39:
22:
17665:
17658:Lewis, D. M.
17618:
17593:
17581:. Retrieved
17576:
17570:
17548:
17535:. Retrieved
17515:
17509:
17496:
17492:
17476:. Retrieved
17446:
17442:
17426:. Retrieved
17421:
17417:
17413:
17379:
17376:"Cimmerians"
17357:. Retrieved
17341:
17337:
17331:
17292:
17234:
17215:. Retrieved
17187:
17181:
17162:. Retrieved
17142:
17138:
17122:. Retrieved
17102:
17096:
17080:. Retrieved
17060:
17054:
17038:. Retrieved
17018:
17012:
16996:. Retrieved
16976:
16970:
16939:
16900:
16896:
16875:
16847:
16816:
16781:
16741:
16728:. Retrieved
16716:
16684:
16641:
16598:
16594:Sinor, Denis
16555:
16497:
16482:. Retrieved
16475:the original
16462:
16421:: eaat4457.
16414:
16408:
16373:
16350:. Retrieved
16336:
16301:
16295:
16260:
16248:. Retrieved
16226:
16207:. Retrieved
16195:
16189:
16134:
16119:. Retrieved
16107:
16101:
16067:
16062:
16027:
16004:. Retrieved
15984:
15980:
15976:
15934:
15929:
15890:
15823:
15761:
15718:
15679:
15628:
15577:
15526:
15487:
15471:. Retrieved
15462:(1): 64–89.
15459:
15453:
15412:
15393:. Retrieved
15388:
15384:
15368:. Retrieved
15346:
15327:. Retrieved
15305:
15282:. Retrieved
15262:
15258:
15223:
15208:. Retrieved
15203:
15164:
15141:. Retrieved
15137:
15098:
15047:
15008:
14974:
14971:Batty, Roger
14936:
14882:
14832:
14817:. Retrieved
14813:
14797:. Retrieved
14793:
14758:
14726:
14673:
14661:
14649:
14637:
14625:
14613:
14601:
14589:
14577:
14565:
14538:
14526:
14514:
14502:
14495:Vitchak 1999
14490:
14478:
14466:
14435:
14408:
14396:
14388:, p. 61
14382:, p. 18
14370:, p. 33
14360:
14307:, p. 51
14297:
14268:
14256:
14249:Barnett 1982
14244:
14232:
14203:
14191:
14184:Parfitt 2003
14179:
14172:Parfitt 2003
14167:
14155:
14143:
14116:
14104:
14037:
14025:
13998:
13986:
13972:, p. 60
13954:, p. 30
13933:
13921:
13894:
13882:
13855:
13843:
13829:, p. 38
13812:, p. 92
13802:
13790:
13776:, p. 35
13770:, p. 70
13754:
13746:, p. 34
13740:, p. 62
13734:, p. 96
13718:
13706:
13694:
13682:
13675:Hammond 1982
13670:
13658:
13646:
13634:
13622:
13561:
13549:
13522:
13510:
13498:
13471:, p. 25
13469:de Boer 2021
13448:, p. 92
13421:
13409:
13384:, p. 45
13382:de Boer 2006
13349:, p. 95
13333:
13306:
13301:, p. 9.
13294:
13267:
13255:
13228:
13216:
13204:
13178:, p. 63
13157:
13113:, p. 72
13107:, p. 63
13095:, p. 39
13079:
13071:, p. 33
13065:, p. 63
13039:Hawkins 1982
13019:
13007:
12995:
12961:Hawkins 1982
12953:
12941:
12903:, p. 33
12897:, p. 71
12870:
12856:, p. 35
12834:
12822:
12799:de Boer 2021
12795:, p. 35
12789:, p. 33
12771:, p. 45
12769:de Boer 2006
12765:, p. 19
12759:, p. 82
12725:
12708:de Boer 2021
12704:, p. 70
12698:, p. 19
12659:
12647:
12603:, p. 36
12587:
12575:
12524:, p. 20
12522:de Boer 2021
12512:, p. 33
12506:, p. 71
12480:de Boer 2006
12476:, p. 19
12470:, p. 39
12464:, p. 92
12433:Mellink 1991
12427:Mellink 1991
12421:Hawkins 1982
12411:, p. 36
12389:
12377:
12348:de Boer 2021
12343:
12331:
12324:de Boer 2006
12319:
12305:, p. 33
12277:
12250:
12221:
12214:Mellink 1991
12194:
12154:Mellink 1991
12150:, p. 36
12140:
12128:
12116:
12104:
12075:
12042:Mellink 1991
12038:, p. 53
12032:, p. 53
12022:
12010:
11990:, p. 71
11974:
11967:de Boer 2006
11962:
11955:de Boer 2006
11927:, p. 98
11919:Mellink 1991
11911:
11899:
11885:, p. 33
11873:, p. 92
11822:
11815:de Boer 2006
11810:
11803:de Boer 2006
11798:
11772:, p. 71
11760:, p. 39
11746:Mellink 1991
11726:
11699:
11692:de Boer 2006
11677:Hawkins 1982
11672:
11660:
11640:, p. 33
11634:, p. 92
11626:Mellink 1991
11607:
11576:
11564:
11537:, p. 22
11535:de Boer 2021
11531:, p. 37
11519:, p. 68
11509:
11482:
11470:
11431:, p. 70
11425:, p. 63
11415:
11403:
11366:, p. 69
11339:
11310:, p. 92
11304:, p. 74
11298:, p. 68
11283:
11271:
11245:, p. 64
11229:
11188:
11161:
11139:Mellink 1991
11134:
11102:, p. 33
11096:, p. 67
11084:, p. 44
11082:de Boer 2006
11078:, p. 38
11072:, p. 92
11047:Mellink 1991
11043:, p. 20
11037:, p. 95
11003:
10976:
10949:
10937:
10923:, p. 63
10917:, p. 44
10915:de Boer 2006
10911:, p. 19
10905:, p. 38
10856:Hawkins 1982
10850:Barnett 1982
10846:, p. 95
10830:
10806:Summers 2023
10721:
10709:
10701:, p. 85
10681:Barnett 1982
10673:
10661:
10628:
10616:
10604:
10592:
10572:, p. 33
10550:
10524:, p. 66
10512:, p. 33
10463:Barnett 1982
10437:
10425:
10413:
10401:
10389:
10348:, p. 91
10338:
10326:
10312:, p. 63
10288:, p. 97
10272:
10260:
10248:
10215:
10208:Barnett 1982
10203:
10196:Barnett 1982
10191:
10179:
10148:
10136:
10108:Barnett 1982
10100:
10093:Barnett 1982
10065:, p. 69
10059:, p. 87
10053:, p. 97
10043:
10017:, p. 61
10011:, p. 40
9989:
9955:, p. 68
9949:, p. 63
9943:, p. 79
9923:Barnett 1982
9913:, p. 97
9891:
9879:
9852:
9840:
9832:, p. 62
9826:, p. 23
9820:, p. 19
9804:
9784:, p. 99
9778:, p. 96
9768:
9745:, p. 60
9739:, p. 83
9733:, p. 19
9721:, p. 52
9693:
9679:, p. 92
9673:, p. 82
9667:, p. 86
9657:
9645:
9614:
9565:
9556:
9530:, p. 65
9524:, p. 62
9518:, p. 86
9502:
9494:, p. 63
9488:, p. 55
9477:, p. 95
9467:
9400:
9356:Summers 2023
9340:, p. 67
9334:, p. 54
9326:Barnett 1982
9312:
9304:, p. 67
9298:, p. 92
9290:Hawkins 1982
9284:Barnett 1982
9276:
9229:Barnett 1982
9209:
9197:
9185:
9173:
9161:
9149:
9122:
9110:
9098:
9078:, p. 66
9072:, p. 33
9066:, p. 53
9054:, p. 19
9042:, p. 95
9020:
9008:
8994:, p. 66
8988:, p. 91
8982:, p. 19
8961:
8947:, p. 32
8941:, p. 38
8923:, p. 18
8895:
8866:
8854:
8829:, p. 66
8823:, p. 91
8817:, p. 47
8806:, p. 95
8796:
8784:
8772:
8726:
8714:
8702:
8673:
8665:, p. 91
8659:, p. 83
8653:, p. 75
8638:
8613:, p. 62
8607:, p. 95
8601:, p. 86
8585:
8578:Barnett 1982
8541:
8510:
8498:
8486:
8474:
8356:, p. 91
8350:, p. 83
8344:, p. 93
8338:, p. 51
8322:
8317:, p. 8.
8272:
8060:
8033:
8021:
8009:
7965:
7953:
7926:
7761:, p. 8.
7718:
7651:
7607:
7541:
7529:
7493:
7488:, p. 5.
7481:
7439:
7431:, p. 60
7407:, p. 37
7401:, p. 72
7391:
7379:
7303:, p. 51
7293:
7250:Barnett 1975
7245:
7233:
7219:, p. 62
7213:, p. 93
7207:, p. 23
7171:
7142:
7115:
7106:
7078:Parpola 1970
7073:
7061:
7034:
6958:
6905:(679-640 BC)
6886:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6852:In West Asia
6846:
6838:Central Asia
6835:
6828:
6821:
6774:
6772:
6737:
6725:
6718:
6702:
6690:
6682:
6660:γαλακτοφαγοι
6633:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6562:
6559:
6551:
6543:
6540:
6527:
6462:𒁹𒊓𒀭𒁖𒆳𒊒
6336:"divine dog"
6236:
6229:
6210:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6145:
6115:
6096:Indo-Iranian
6031:
6027:
6016:
5996:
5930:
5922:In West Asia
5913:
5905:Lake Maeotis
5902:
5894:Kuban steppe
5879:
5850:
5807:Isaac Asimov
5805:
5785:
5777:Hyborian Age
5758:
5749:
5698:
5681:
5673:
5489:Lake Avernus
5450:
5443:
5392:
5383:
5375:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5254:
5247:
5228:
5212:
5209:
5175:
5140:
5138:sets there.
5105:
5061:
5054:
4994:Hebrew Bible
4991:
4905:
4901:
4869:
4866:In West Asia
4857:
4823:
4796:
4793:
4784:
4777:
4765:
4752:
4748:
4738:
4712:
4705:
4694:Final defeat
4674:
4667:
4663:
4654:
4631:
4619:
4585:
4534:
4521:
4494:
4460:
4443:
4435:
4424:
4413:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4379:
4344:
4322:
4306:
4299:
4282:
4258:
4246:
4235:
4210:
4187:
4179:
4149:
4133:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4100:
4080:And between
4079:
4072:
4069:
4049:
4004:
3989:
3963:
3954:
3931:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3899:Ashurbanipal
3895:
3878:
3848:
3827:
3823:
3811:
3794:
3790:
3772:
3732:
3677:
3666:
3628:
3620:
3602:
3574:
3557:
3535:𒆳𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀
3528:māt Iškuzaya
3497:
3479:
3462:
3453:
3449:
3432:the ancient
3426:
3409:𒇽𒅔𒁕𒊒𒀀𒀀
3386:
3379:and arrows.
3377:
3368:
3356:
3342:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3274:
3270:
3237:
3226:
3216:
3184:
3151:
3118:
3109:
3093:
3089:
3062:
3051:
2967:
2920:
2886:through the
2868:
2865:In West Asia
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2798:in southern
2793:
2789:
2781:
2765:
2752:
2674:
2658:
2650:Araxes river
2642:Ciscaucasian
2639:
2627:
2604:
2596:
2578:Animal Style
2525:
2510:
2491:
2475:
2448:
2435:Sauromatians
2413:
2388:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2296:𒇽𒄀𒂆𒊏𒀀𒀀
2270:
2143:
2129:Graeco-Roman
2125:Neo-Assyrian
2122:
2089:
2087:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2011:Publications
2010:
1996:
1977:
1931:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:Paleo-Balkan
1786:
1785:
1773:
1772:
1714:
1713:
1669:
1668:
1656:
1626:
1609:Greater Iran
1602:
1601:
1590:
1589:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1482:Paleo-Balkan
1461:
1447:Celtiberians
1426:
1425:
1408:
1407:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1260:
1230:
1229:
1172:
1171:
1149:
1148:
1111:
1110:
1073:
1072:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1021:
963:Bug–Dniester
927:
926:
792:Gothic Bible
708:Proto-Baltic
704:Proto-Slavic
689:Proto-Italic
685:Proto-Celtic
648:
603:
591:Italo-Celtic
586:Indo-Hittite
576:Graeco-Aryan
549:Hypothetical
548:
513:
448:Paleo-Balkan
430:
387:Indo-Iranian
342:Balto-Slavic
315:
188:Succeeded by
187:
182:
35:
17662:Ostwald, M.
17348:: 107–128.
17196:Switzerland
17063:: 133–147.
16897:Die Skythen
16755:Eisenbrauns
16536:Mellink, M.
16338:Daily Sabah
16269:Netherlands
16223:"Scythians"
16036:Netherlands
15953:(Germany).
15284:10 November
15265:: 151–166.
15153:Cook, J. M.
15017:Netherlands
15001:Bouzek, Jan
14871:Gadd, C. J.
14702:Keskin 2023
14697:Carola 2023
14596:, Table S2.
14543:Bouzek 2001
14329:Bouzek 2001
14196:Asimov 1991
13827:Bouzek 2001
13326:Bouzek 2001
13093:Bouzek 2001
12880:, p. 8
12733:Graham 1982
12468:Bouzek 2001
11758:Bouzek 2001
11569:Graham 1982
11349:, p. 8
11198:, p. 8
11076:Bouzek 2001
11013:, p. 8
10903:Bouzek 2001
10282:, p. 8
10009:Bouzek 2001
9901:, p. 8
9703:, p. 8
8939:Bouzek 2001
8204:Bouzek 2001
7405:Bouzek 2001
7325:Bouzek 2001
6939:Umman Manda
6909:Sandakšatru
6803:Archaeology
6709:Sandakšatru
6651:hippēmolgoi
6495:Sandakšatru
6455:Sandakšatru
6403: [
6392:*Duγδamaiši
5948:māt Gamirra
5916:Tyras river
5882:Caspian Sea
5771:Weird Tales
5733:antisemitic
5585:Strabo and
5242:Tyras river
5158:Aethiopians
5097:In Homer's
5064:Konya Plain
4819:Siropaiones
4811:Axios river
4755:Halys river
4670:Sandakšatru
4461:Around the
4433:in 653 BC.
4374:šar-kiššati
4352:šar-kiššati
4278:Karōn Limēn
4262:Borysthenēs
4216: 670s
4108:Paphlagonia
3938:Konya Plain
3915:In Anatolia
3760:Mount Bikni
3712:Rusāipatari
3516:Muğan plain
3482:Caspian Sea
3444:Oguz people
3345:Sennacherib
3337:Sennacherib
3244:Sennacherib
3195:Lake Çıldır
3129:Cyrus river
3101:mercenaries
3096:Paphlagonia
2935:Sennacherib
2899: [
2646:Caspian Sea
2554:Inner Asian
2482:Ciscaucasia
2478:transhumant
2201: [
1889:Continental
1882:Anglo-Saxon
1585:Middle Ages
1535:Middle Ages
1390:Indo-Aryans
1383:Indo-Aryans
1190:Bell Beaker
1185:Corded ware
1081:Corded ware
970:Sredny Stog
915:Archaeology
695:Proto-Greek
675:Proto-Norse
183:Preceded by
158:Sandakšatru
17710:Cimmerians
17704:Categories
17499:: 223–239.
17164:2 November
17124:25 October
17082:2 November
16998:5 November
16484:5 December
16362:Kõiv, Mait
16306:Cell Press
15820:Thapar, R.
15816:Obenga, T.
15329:14 October
14686:Adalı 2023
14606:Adalı 2023
14519:Novák 2013
14471:Novák 2013
14386:Adalı 2017
13970:Adalı 2017
13780:Adalı 2023
13738:Adalı 2017
13699:Adalı 2017
13687:Fuchs 2023
13627:Adalı 2017
13615:Adalı 2017
13600:Adalı 2017
13542:Adalı 2023
13503:Fuchs 2023
13488:Adalı 2023
13458:Adalı 2017
13399:Fuchs 2023
13272:Adalı 2017
13248:Adalı 2023
13194:Fuchs 2023
13188:Adalı 2023
13176:Adalı 2017
13147:Fuchs 2023
13141:Adalı 2023
13135:Adalı 2023
13129:Adalı 2023
13111:Adalı 2017
13105:Adalı 2017
13063:Adalı 2017
13012:Adalı 2023
13000:Fuchs 2023
12985:Adalı 2023
12979:Fuchs 2023
12931:Adalı 2023
12925:Adalı 2023
12919:Fuchs 2023
12895:Adalı 2017
12860:Adalı 2023
12812:Adalı 2023
12702:Adalı 2017
12652:Adalı 2023
12637:Adalı 2023
12631:Fuchs 2023
12601:Braun 1982
12565:Adalı 2023
12559:Adalı 2023
12553:Fuchs 2023
12504:Adalı 2017
12409:Braun 1982
12309:Fuchs 2023
12297:Adalı 2023
12270:Adalı 2023
12243:Adalı 2017
12226:Braun 1982
12184:Adalı 2023
12172:Fuchs 2023
12148:Braun 1982
12109:Adalı 2023
12065:Adalı 2023
12059:Adalı 2023
12000:Adalı 2023
11994:Fuchs 2023
11988:Adalı 2017
11937:Adalı 2023
11904:Adalı 2023
11788:Fuchs 2023
11782:Adalı 2023
11770:Adalı 2017
11650:Adalı 2023
11600:Adalı 2023
11548:Adalı 2023
11463:Adalı 2023
11441:Adalı 2023
11435:Fuchs 2023
11429:Adalı 2017
11423:Adalı 2017
11376:Adalı 2023
11370:Adalı 2023
11261:Adalı 2023
11255:Adalı 2023
11249:Adalı 2023
11243:Adalı 2017
11219:Adalı 2023
11124:Adalı 2023
11094:Adalı 2017
11041:Young 1988
10954:Adalı 2023
10927:Adalı 2023
10921:Adalı 2017
10823:Adalı 2023
10770:Adalı 2017
10743:Fuchs 2023
10726:Fuchs 2023
10654:Adalı 2023
10540:Adalı 2023
10534:Fuchs 2023
10382:Fuchs 2023
10364:Fuchs 2023
10358:Adalı 2023
10316:Fuchs 2023
10310:Adalı 2017
10241:Adalı 2017
10172:Adalı 2017
10153:Fuchs 2023
10126:Adalı 2023
10120:Fuchs 2023
10075:Fuchs 2023
10063:Adalı 2017
10033:Adalı 2023
10021:Fuchs 2023
10015:Adalı 2017
9982:Fuchs 2023
9964:Adalı 2023
9953:Adalı 2017
9947:Adalı 2017
9872:Fuchs 2023
9830:Adalı 2017
9743:Adalı 2017
9650:Adalı 2017
9619:Adalı 2017
9607:Adalı 2017
9590:Adalı 2017
9546:Fuchs 2023
9540:Adalı 2023
9528:Adalı 2017
9522:Adalı 2017
9460:Adalı 2017
9378:Adalı 2017
9350:Adalı 2023
9338:Adalı 2017
9302:Adalı 2017
9269:Adalı 2023
9244:Adalı 2017
9088:Adalı 2023
9076:Adalı 2017
8998:Adalı 2023
8992:Adalı 2017
8951:Adalı 2023
8847:Fuchs 2023
8827:Adalı 2017
8748:Adalı 2023
8695:Adalı 2017
8611:Adalı 2017
8534:Adalı 2017
8435:Adalı 2017
8393:Adalı 2017
8360:Adalı 2023
8141:Adalı 2017
8122:Adalı 2023
7958:Batty 2007
7612:Batty 2007
7429:Adalı 2017
7372:Adalı 2017
7223:Adalı 2023
7217:Adalı 2017
6945:References
6899:(?-679 BC)
6785:R1a2c-B111
6640:ιππημολγοι
6614:𒇽𒂗𒌷𒈨𒌍
6602:city-lords
6578:equestrian
6556:Assemblies
6531:Oguz Turks
6481:Old Iranic
6473:Sandakurru
6412:*Dugdamiya
6358:𒁹𒌇𒁮𒈨𒄿
6276:𒁹𒋼𒍑𒉺𒀀
6005:and later
5971:Lake Sevan
5723:Protestant
5643:Kheimerioi
5529:Hyperborea
5491:in Italy:
5417:Cimmericum
5409:Κιμμερικον
5400:Kimmerikon
5187:Arimaspeia
5068:Cappadocia
4879:, and the
4875:, various
4681: 637
4642: 645
4591: 644
4553:Artemision
4501:Lycaonians
4347:divination
4288: 665
4218:and early
4194: 700
4085: 672
4035:𒇽𒂗𒌷𒈨𒌍
4023:city-lords
4000:Cappadocia
3867: 671
3833: 672
3749:Esarhaddon
3738: 680
3724:Lake Urmia
3716:Teišebaini
3696: 685
3636:Bīt-Ḫambān
3590: 675
3512:Mingəçevir
3278:Argišti II
3264: 735
3199:Lake Sevan
3140: 750
2852: 750
2807: 750
2773:Massagetae
2570:deer stone
2470:Bronze Age
2439:Sarmatians
2379:See also:
2288:𒆳𒄀𒂆𒀀𒀀
2213:Old Iranic
2186:Old Iranic
2147:Cimmerians
2103:equestrian
2090:Cimmerians
1997:Institutes
1917:Lithuanian
1671:Indo-Aryan
1657:Historical
1591:Indo-Aryan
1548:Tocharians
1462:Cimmerians
1340:Bronze Age
1231:South Asia
1105:Bronze Age
1043:Afanasievo
847:Mainstream
611:Vocabulary
531:Sound laws
393:Indo-Aryan
108:Government
59:Cimmerians
17674:Cambridge
17583:27 August
17537:22 August
17478:14 August
17473:245898469
17424:: 607–612
17301:Cambridge
17243:Cambridge
17145:: 49–57.
17040:10 August
17035:170768431
16730:28 August
16689:Cambridge
16604:Cambridge
16564:Cambridge
16518:Routledge
16352:15 August
16209:24 August
16121:17 August
15971:(1993b).
15947:Göttingen
15927:(1993a).
15899:Cambridge
15852:Routledge
15812:Lonis, R.
15770:Cambridge
15688:Cambridge
15637:Cambridge
15586:Cambridge
15535:Cambridge
15419:Cambridge
15279:165043567
15173:Cambridge
15143:15 August
15107:Cambridge
15056:Cambridge
14945:Cambridge
14891:Cambridge
14819:15 August
14814:Arkeonews
14799:15 August
14794:Arkeonews
14731:Cambridge
14030:Kõiv 2022
14018:Kõiv 2022
13976:Kõiv 2022
13482:Kõiv 2022
13260:Dale 2015
13182:Kõiv 2022
13123:Kõiv 2022
13117:Kõiv 2022
12913:Kõiv 2022
12673:Cook 1982
12625:Kõiv 2022
12619:Kõiv 2022
12613:Kõiv 2022
12547:Kõiv 2022
12541:Kõiv 2022
12535:Kõiv 2022
12492:Dale 2015
12415:Cook 1982
12336:Kõiv 2022
12178:Kõiv 2022
11889:Kõiv 2022
11877:Dale 2015
11776:Kõiv 2022
11764:Dale 2015
11665:Cook 1982
11644:Kõiv 2022
11166:Kõiv 2022
11118:Kõiv 2022
11112:Kõiv 2022
11029:Cook 1982
10528:Kõiv 2022
10069:Kõiv 2022
10027:Kõiv 2022
9683:Kõiv 2022
9534:Kõiv 2022
9344:Kõiv 2022
9190:Kõiv 2022
9082:Kõiv 2022
9034:Cook 1982
8707:Kõiv 2022
8546:Kõiv 2022
6950:Citations
6929:Agathyrsi
6665:romanized
6645:romanized
6623:bēl ālāni
6567:Lifestyle
6486:Sandakuru
6333:Daiva-spā
6315:Taiu-aspa
6294:Tavispaya
6239:Anatolian
6206:Scythians
6200:group of
6175:Glottolog
6140:ISO 639-3
6116:Cimmerian
6055:Cimmerian
6023:Scythians
6013:Ethnicity
5934:māt Gamir
5909:Agathyrsi
5812:Cimmerium
5701:racialist
5652:Χειμεριοι
5630:Kerberioi
5624:romanized
5619:Κερβεριοι
5535:Aeschylus
5518:romanized
5439:Cimmerius
5431:Κιμμεριος
5422:Kimmerios
5339:romanized
5316:romanized
5293:romanized
5270:romanized
5084:) in the
5032:), where
5023:romanized
4935:Scythians
4854:In Europe
4610:Batinētis
4602:Antandros
4400:Psamtik I
4044:bēl ālāni
3992:Phrygians
3859:Kār-Kaššî
3855:Kaštaritu
3804:culture.
3800:into the
3714:, and at
3661:Bīt-Akītī
3652:Lower Zab
3648:Ḫarrāniya
3616:Mannaeans
3471:In Mannai
3416:Indaruāya
3333:Sargon II
3248:Sargon II
3179:māt Gamir
2943:Euphrates
2931:Sargon II
2923:West Asia
2907:Sarmatian
2872:Scythians
2777:Issedones
2768:Scythians
2740:romanized
2717:romanized
2694:romanized
2670:Agathyrsi
2562:arrowhead
2513:Agathyrsi
2431:Scythians
2423:Southeast
2281:Gimirrāya
2258:Κιμμεριοι
2172:Κιμμεριοι
2165:Kimmerioi
2140:Etymology
2118:Scythians
1932:Practices
1751:Yarsanism
1561:Albanians
1541:East Asia
1528:Scythians
1520:Phrygians
1513:Paeonians
1506:Illyrians
1492:Thracians
1409:East Asia
1360:Armenians
1287:Hallstatt
1269:Chernoles
1210:Terramare
1200:Trzciniec
1167:Sintashta
1162:Andronovo
1063:Cernavodă
1036:East Asia
991:Khvalynsk
731:Philology
641:Particles
527:Phonology
468:Liburnian
443:Tocharian
438:Anatolian
407:Nuristani
300:Languages
247:Scythians
87:Religion
17664:(eds.).
17554:Istanbul
17408:(2007).
17374:(1991).
17176:(1954).
17159:40000130
17077:40001126
17014:Saeculum
16944:Berkeley
16938:(eds.).
16895:(2004).
16881:Kevelaer
16873:(1970).
16845:(2003).
16646:Berkeley
16640:(eds.).
16496:(2014).
16453:30417088
16364:(2022).
16343:Istanbul
16324:31303491
16250:8 August
16221:(2018).
16096:(2001).
16060:(2000).
16018:(1999).
16006:26 April
16001:23671794
15943:Fribourg
15889:(eds.).
15760:(eds.).
15716:(1970).
15525:(eds.).
15468:27100276
15370:8 August
15341:(2015).
15300:(2006).
15222:(2019).
15163:(eds.).
15046:(eds.).
14973:(2007).
14935:(eds.).
14881:(eds.).
14831:(1991).
6934:Sigynnae
6923:See also
6903:Dugdammî
6781:R1a-Z645
6734:Genetics
6699:Religion
6548:Kingship
6445:Dugdamis
6439:Lugdamis
6433:Tugdammî
6427:Dugdammî
6383:Δυγδαμις
6377:Dugdamis
6371:Λυγδαμις
6365:Lugdamis
6351:Dugdammî
6345:Tugdammî
6324:Taiu-spā
6262:𒁹𒋼𒍑𒉺
6247:Assyrian
6198:Scythian
6111:Scythian
6048:Language
6034:Thracian
5999:Anatolia
5955:𒆳𒂵𒂆𒊏
5871:Location
5854:'s song
5737:Edomites
5635:Cerberus
5607:and the
5580:Plutarch
5365:and the
5170:κεμμερος
5164:kemmeros
5132:Tiresias
5042:ʾAškənāz
4925:𒆳𒄀𒂆𒊑
4917:𒆳𒄀𒈪𒅕
4887:and the
4860:trousers
4817:and the
4815:Sintians
4807:Mygdonia
4730:Alyattes
4561:Colophon
4470:Thracian
4274:Kallatis
4104:Bithynia
4058:medimnoi
3815:Bartatua
3768:Bartatua
3708:Lake Van
3632:Parsuwaš
3624:Ḫubuškia
3612:Išpakāya
3514:and the
3455:Empire.
3400:Anatolia
3339:(right).
3073:Ossetian
3056:and the
3054:Anatolia
2654:Bosporus
2619:Caucasia
2613:and the
2517:Sigynnae
2463:Siberian
2394:Akkadian
2324:𒆳𒄀𒂆𒊑
2316:𒆳𒄀𒈪𒅕
2191:Gayamira
2156:Cimmerii
2092:were an
1978:Scholars
1876:Germanic
1847:Scottish
1812:Thracian
1806:Illyrian
1800:Albanian
1788:European
1781:Armenian
1765:Ossetian
1759:Scythian
1744:Yazidism
1694:Buddhism
1685:Hinduism
1576:Norsemen
1486:Anatolia
1403:Iranians
1396:Iranians
1377:Iron Age
1352:Hittites
1305:Colchian
1298:Caucasus
1256:Iron Age
1225:Lusatian
1220:Urnfield
1144:Srubnaya
1139:Poltavka
1129:Catacomb
1068:Cucuteni
1023:Caucasus
840:Religion
825:Homeland
767:Behistun
747:Linear B
636:Numerals
631:Pronouns
556:Balkanic
503:Thracian
496:Phrygian
489:Paeonian
475:Messapic
461:Illyrian
373:Hellenic
368:Germanic
337:Armenian
329:Albanian
323:Albanoid
274:a series
272:Part of
172:Iron Age
146:Dugdammî
111:Monarchy
81:Scythian
21:Cimmeria
17579:: 50–59
17532:3263121
17359:25 July
17340:].
17233:(ed.).
17217:4 April
17212:3249059
16909:Germany
16885:Germany
16853:Phoenix
16596:(ed.).
16444:6223350
16423:Bibcode
16382:Austria
16026:(ed.).
15983:].
15411:(ed.).
15395:29 July
15391:: 43–55
15302:"Media"
15007:(ed.).
14714:Sources
6968:Gimirri
6872:in the
6870:İmirler
6715:Warfare
6677:Odyssey
6667::
6647::
6596:
6509:-xšaθra
5987:Georgia
5979:Colchis
5820:toponym
5694:Jutland
5690:Britain
5685:Odyssey
5659:
5626::
5610:Odyssey
5520::
5459:Odyssey
5367:Cyclops
5363:Pelasgi
5341::
5318::
5295::
5272::
5182:Colchis
5149:fantasy
5144:Odyssey
5128:Oceanus
5118:Odyssey
5100:Odyssey
5073:Gamirkʿ
5066:and to
5025::
4946:
4910:Gimirri
4897:Lydians
4881:Mongols
4849:Ancient
4826:Illyria
4773:Lydians
4713:Around
4708:Lydians
4637:
4557:Ephesus
4505:Lydians
4497:Lycians
4431:Teumman
4383:kiššūtu
4360:
4266:Histria
4182:Cyzicus
4166:around
4164:Miletus
4152:ancient
4116:Cilicia
4017:
3985:Gordion
3977:Phrygia
3950:Ḫilakku
3934:Ḫubišna
3879:Around
3774:before
3720:Yerevan
3691:
3684:Rusa II
3656:Arbaʾil
3650:on the
3585:
3544:
3434:Xiongnu
3259:
3233:Muṣaṣir
3191:Diaueḫi
3157:
3125:Georgia
3121:Colchis
2995:Babylon
2980:Gordion
2976:Phrygia
2896:Klukhor
2800:Siberia
2742::
2719::
2696::
2550:Karasuk
2519:in the
2496:or the
2466:steppes
2457:due to
2410:Origins
2375:History
2309:Gimirri
2106:nomadic
2097:Eastern
2094:ancient
1910:Latvian
1868:Cornish
1738:Kurdish
1724:Persian
1716:Iranian
1708:Sikhism
1701:Jainism
1664:Hittite
1603:Iranian
1499:Dacians
1292:Jastorf
1215:Tumulus
1195:Únětice
1124:Yamnaya
1119:Chariot
1057:Usatovo
998:Yamnaya
835:Society
819:Origins
752:Rigveda
604:Grammar
431:Extinct
421:Romance
400:Iranian
220:Phrygia
17688:
17637:
17623:Oxford
17558:Turkey
17530:
17471:
17461:
17428:28 May
17315:
17257:
17210:
17192:Ascona
17157:
17119:599752
17117:
17075:
17033:
16993:123971
16991:
16954:
16919:
16905:Munich
16859:
16831:
16821:Kraków
16796:
16786:Kraków
16761:
16703:
16656:
16618:
16578:
16524:
16502:London
16451:
16441:
16417:(10).
16392:
16378:Vienna
16347:Turkey
16322:
16304:(14).
16279:
16265:Leiden
16173:
16155:London
16082:
16076:Russia
16072:Moscow
16046:
16032:Leiden
15999:
15957:
15937:]
15913:
15862:
15856:UNESCO
15848:France
15828:London
15784:
15738:
15702:
15651:
15600:
15549:
15506:
15473:6 June
15466:
15433:
15277:
15259:Kadmos
15242:
15228:Oxford
15210:8 June
15187:
15121:
15070:
15027:
15013:Leiden
14989:
14979:Oxford
14959:
14905:
14851:
14777:
14763:London
14745:
6897:Teušpâ
6891:Rulers
6882:Samsun
6878:Turkey
6793:U5a1b1
6418:*dugda
6374:) and
6306:Teušpâ
6289:Iranic
6269:Teušpâ
6255:Teušpa
6101:Iranic
6060:Region
6038:Treres
6003:Mannai
5941:𒆳𒂵𒂆
5886:Araxēs
5834:Crimea
5817:Turkic
5678:Modern
5567:other.
5553:Cimbri
5200:Araxes
5136:Helios
5080:Գամիրք
5010:גֹּמֶר
5006:Hebrew
4844:Legacy
4838:Dodona
4834:Epirus
4799:Thrace
4722:Madyes
4606:Priene
4541:Aeolia
4515:hubris
4509:Sardis
4474:Treres
4468:, the
4427:Ishtar
4340:Levant
4302:Abydos
4276:, and
4254:Marduk
4175:Sinope
4155:Greeks
3946:Tuwana
3844:Šubria
3644:Anisus
3578:Aḫšēri
3504:Araxes
3441:Turkic
3363:Ḫarran
3252:Rusa I
3172:𒆳𒂵𒂆
3037:Mannai
3031:Ellipi
3018:Urartu
2939:Tigris
2894:, and
2892:Darial
2888:Alagir
2661:Hesiod
2574:stelae
2558:dagger
2437:, and
2419:Iranic
2344:גֹּמֶר
2333:Hebrew
2246:Gimĭr-
2239:Gimĕr-
2219:Gāmīra
2100:Iranic
1925:Slavic
1904:Baltic
1854:Breton
1834:Celtic
1818:Dacian
1774:Others
1554:Europe
1427:Europe
1421:Yuezhi
1275:Europe
1262:Steppe
1173:Europe
1030:Maykop
984:Samara
940:Kurgan
757:Avesta
539:Ablaut
535:Accent
482:Mysian
454:Dacian
415:Italic
363:Celtic
355:Slavic
348:Baltic
316:Extant
134:Teušpâ
119:
17613:. In
17528:JSTOR
17469:S2CID
17416:[
17344:(1).
17336:[
17208:JSTOR
17190:(3).
17155:JSTOR
17115:JSTOR
17073:JSTOR
17031:S2CID
16989:JSTOR
16899:[
16811:. In
16776:. In
16721:(PDF)
16478:(PDF)
16467:(PDF)
16368:. In
16066:[
16040:Brill
16022:. In
15997:JSTOR
15979:[
15939:(PDF)
15933:[
15844:Paris
15464:JSTOR
15275:S2CID
6911:(640-
6756:mtDNA
6744:Y-DNA
6705:Šanta
6502:Šanta
6484:*
6407:]
6331:*
6322:*
6313:*
6292:*
6266:) or
6219:into
6007:Media
5967:Kuros
5945:) or
5852:Manau
5845:qırım
5842:word
5831:name
5825:Qırım
5781:Gaels
5728:Cymry
5720:white
5603:Iliad
5481:Latin
5470:Cumae
5435:Latin
5413:Latin
5379:Media
5237:flee;
5124:Hades
5112:Homer
5057:Samos
5049:אשכנז
5035:Gōmer
5029:Gamer
5018:Γαμερ
5000:Gōmer
4929:) in
4893:Medes
4883:, in
4803:Edoni
4769:Medes
4545:Ionia
4537:Troad
4524:Ardys
4250:Aššur
4231:Gyges
4227:Lydia
4096:Melid
4075:Tabal
3996:Lydia
3981:Midas
3640:Zamuā
3508:Gəncə
3500:Cyrus
3465:Media
3359:Melid
3322:Tabal
3315:Midas
3229:Waysi
3187:Kulḫa
3044:Medes
3022:Ṭušpa
3001:Egypt
2987:Lydia
2903:]
2876:Alans
2546:Aržan
2542:Altai
2338:Gōmer
2244:*
2237:*
2226:Gmīra
2224:*
2217:*
2215:term
2205:]
2189:*
2152:Latin
1896:Norse
1861:Welsh
1840:Irish
1829:Roman
1824:Greek
1679:Vedic
1571:Slavs
1566:Balts
1440:Gauls
1434:Celts
1416:Wusun
1311:India
1087:Baden
787:Ogham
762:Homer
649:Other
626:Nouns
621:Verbs
379:Greek
233:Lydia
17686:ISBN
17635:ISBN
17585:2022
17539:2022
17480:2022
17459:ISBN
17430:2023
17361:2024
17313:ISBN
17255:ISBN
17219:2023
17166:2021
17126:2021
17084:2021
17042:2022
17000:2021
16952:ISBN
16917:ISBN
16857:ISBN
16829:ISBN
16794:ISBN
16759:ISBN
16732:2024
16701:ISBN
16654:ISBN
16616:ISBN
16576:ISBN
16522:ISBN
16486:2021
16449:PMID
16390:ISBN
16354:2024
16320:PMID
16277:ISBN
16252:2022
16211:2022
16171:ISBN
16123:2022
16080:ISBN
16044:ISBN
16008:2023
15955:ISBN
15911:ISBN
15860:ISBN
15782:ISBN
15736:ISBN
15700:ISBN
15649:ISBN
15598:ISBN
15547:ISBN
15504:ISBN
15475:2023
15431:ISBN
15397:2024
15372:2022
15331:2023
15286:2021
15240:ISBN
15212:2023
15185:ISBN
15145:2024
15119:ISBN
15068:ISBN
15025:ISBN
14987:ISBN
14957:ISBN
14903:ISBN
14849:ISBN
14821:2024
14801:2024
14775:ISBN
14743:ISBN
13475:help
12805:help
12714:help
12528:help
12354:help
11541:help
6811:and
6797:U2e2
6795:and
6783:and
6766:and
6752:Q1a1
6750:and
6593:lit.
6442:and
6430:and
6181:None
6146:None
5983:Gori
5692:and
5656:lit.
5156:and
4987:Huns
4971:and
4943:lit.
4939:Saka
4921:and
4895:and
4873:Huns
4771:and
4683:and
4604:and
4543:and
4420:Elam
4404:Sais
4357:lit.
4290:and
4252:and
4106:and
4087:and
4014:lit.
3835:and
3740:and
3646:and
3634:and
3541:lit.
3502:and
3189:and
3154:lit.
3133:Gori
3084:балц
3078:balc
3011:Susa
3007:Elam
2985:and
2941:and
2933:and
2880:Huns
2878:and
2809:and
2796:Tuva
2663:nor
2589:mace
2580:art;
2576:and
2566:bits
2560:and
2548:and
2425:and
2383:and
2331:and
2320:and
2292:and
2207:and
2135:Name
2088:The
1958:Yule
1949:Sati
1238:BMAC
616:Root
116:King
17598:doi
17520:doi
17497:124
17451:doi
17350:doi
17200:doi
17147:doi
17107:doi
17065:doi
17023:doi
16981:doi
16439:PMC
16431:doi
16310:doi
16200:doi
16112:doi
15989:doi
15985:210
15267:doi
6876:of
6789:H35
6770:.
6764:C5c
6760:H9a
6687:Art
6348:or
6280:):
6166:08i
6150:mis
6070:Era
5654:),
5472:in
5403:" (
5190:by
5173:).
5114:'s
4593:to
4555:of
4499:or
4402:of
4196:to
3944:of
3869:to
3857:of
3361:to
3293:).
3182:).
3142:to
2947:Que
2854:to
2335:as
2306:as
2278:as
2242:or
2222:or
1243:Yaz
103:(?)
98:(?)
93:(?)
17706::
17680::
17676:,
17668:.
17660:;
17656:;
17652:;
17629::
17625:,
17621:.
17596:.
17575:.
17556:,
17552:.
17526:.
17516:92
17514:.
17508:.
17495:.
17491:.
17467:.
17457:.
17445:.
17441:.
17396:;
17392::
17388:,
17384:.
17378:.
17342:50
17330:.
17307::
17303:,
17295:.
17287:;
17283:;
17279:;
17271:;
17249::
17245:,
17237:.
17206:.
17194:,
17188:17
17186:.
17180:.
17153:.
17143:15
17141:.
17137:.
17113:.
17103:98
17101:.
17095:.
17071:.
17061:13
17059:.
17053:.
17029:.
17019:28
16987:.
16975:.
16969:.
16946:,
16942:.
16915:.
16911::
16907:,
16883:,
16879:.
16855:.
16851:.
16823::
16819:.
16788::
16784:.
16753::
16749:,
16723:.
16695::
16691:,
16679:;
16675:;
16671:;
16648:,
16644:.
16610::
16606:,
16602:.
16570::
16566:,
16558:.
16550:;
16546:;
16542:;
16520:.
16516::
16512:,
16508:;
16504:,
16447:.
16437:.
16429:.
16413:.
16407:.
16384::
16380:,
16345:,
16341:.
16335:.
16318:.
16302:29
16300:.
16294:.
16275:.
16271::
16267:,
16263:.
16243:;
16239::
16235:,
16231:.
16225:.
16196:16
16165:;
16161::
16157:,
16153:;
16149:,
16145:;
16141:,
16137:.
16106:.
16100:.
16074:,
16038::
16034:,
16030:.
15995:.
15905::
15901:,
15893:.
15885:;
15881:;
15877:;
15854:;
15850::
15846:,
15842:;
15838:,
15834:;
15830:,
15818:;
15814:;
15806:;
15802:;
15776::
15772:,
15764:.
15756:;
15734:.
15730::
15726:,
15694::
15690:,
15682:.
15674:;
15670:;
15666:;
15643::
15639:,
15631:.
15623:;
15619:;
15615:;
15592::
15588:,
15580:.
15572:;
15568:;
15564:;
15541::
15537:,
15529:.
15521:;
15498::
15494:,
15460:70
15458:.
15452:.
15425::
15421:,
15389:42
15387:.
15383:.
15363:;
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15355:,
15351:.
15345:.
15322:;
15318::
15314:,
15310:.
15304:.
15296:;
15273:.
15263:54
15261:.
15257:.
15238:.
15234::
15230:,
15226:.
15179::
15175:,
15167:.
15159:;
15136:.
15113::
15109:,
15101:.
15093:;
15089:;
15085:;
15062::
15058:,
15050:.
15042:;
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15015:,
15011:.
14985:.
14981::
14977:.
14951::
14947:,
14939:.
14931:;
14927:;
14923:;
14897::
14893:,
14885:.
14877:;
14873:;
14869:;
14843::
14839:,
14835:.
14812:.
14792:.
14769::
14765:,
14737::
14733:,
14729:.
14550:^
14447:^
14420:^
14345:^
14280:^
14215:^
14128:^
14085:^
14066:^
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