733:
1493:
846:
828:, hoping that Alauddin would present the loot to him there. However, Alauddin marched directly to Kara with all the wealth. Jalaluddin's advisors such as Ahmad Chap recommended intercepting Alauddin at Chanderi, but Jalaluddin had faith in his nephew. He returned to Delhi, believing that Alauddin would carry the wealth from Kara to Delhi. After reaching Kara, Alauddin sent a letter of apology to the Sultan and expressed concern that his enemies may have poisoned Sultan's mind against him during his absence. He requested a letter of pardon signed by the Sultan, which the Sultan immediately despatched through messengers. At Kara, Jalaluddin's messengers learned of Alauddin's military strength and of his plans to dethrone the Sultan. However, Alauddin detained them and prevented them from communicating with the Sultan.
1506:
2155:
1530:
2126:
1890:
42:
2175:
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By this time, Jait Singh may have already lost his life, as tradition holds, and the crown taken up by his son, Mularaj. It was at this stage that the women of
Jaisalmer fort performed jauhar, while the men, led by Rawal Mularaj, and his younger brother Ratan Singh, flung open the gates of the fort and rushed forth to die fighting to the last. Some sources suggest that Mularaj died in an earlier sortie, and that Ratan Singh (or Ratan-Si), succeeded him as Rawal and carried out the defence of Jaisalmer, until the final shaka. In any event, once Jaisalmer was invested, it is known to have remained in Khilji hands for the next few years
1636:
935:). As Alauddin marched to Delhi, the news spread in towns and villages that he was recruiting soldiers while distributing gold. Many people, from both military and non-military backgrounds, joined him. By the time he reached Badaun, he had a 56,000-strong cavalry and a 60,000-strong infantry. At Baran, Alauddin was joined by seven powerful Jalaluddin nobles who had earlier opposed him. These nobles were Tajul Mulk Kuchi, Malik Abaji Akhur-bek, Malik Amir Ali Diwana, Malik Usman Amir-akhur, Malik Amir Khan, Malik Umar Surkha, and Malik Hiranmar. Alauddin gave each of them 30 to 50
753:. Malika-i-Jahan was greatly infuriated by her husband taking a second wife. According to Dabir, this was the main cause of the misunderstanding between Alauddin and his first wife. Once, while Alauddin and Mahru were together in a garden, Jalaluddin's daughter attacked Mahru out of jealousy. In response, Alauddin assaulted her. The incident was reported to Jalaluddin, but the Sultan did not take any action against Alauddin. Alauddin was not on good terms with his mother-in-law either, who wielded great influence over the Sultan. According to the 16th-century historian
2195:
1702:
forced the rural chiefs to pay same taxes as the others, and banned them from imposing illegal taxes on the peasants. To prevent any rebellions, his administration deprived the rural chiefs of their wealth, horses and arms. By suppressing these chiefs, Alauddin projected himself as the protector of the weaker section of the rural society. However, while the cultivators were free from the demands of the landowners, the high taxes imposed by the state meant a cultivator had "barely enough for carrying on his cultivation and his food requirements."
1520:
1297:
2644:
1919:(prime minister), and even executed the minister Sharaf Qa'ini. It appears that Malik Kafur, who considered these officers as his rivals and a threat, convinced Alauddin to carry out this purge. Kafur had Alauddin's eldest sons Khizr Khan and Shadi Khan blinded. He also convinced Alauddin to order the killing of his brother-in-law Alp Khan, an influential noble who could rival Malik Kafur's power. The victims allegedly hatched a conspiracy to overthrow Alauddin, but this might be Kafur's propaganda.
1389:
1648:
nobles and cancelled revenue assignments which were henceforth controlled by the central authorities. Henceforth, "everybody was busy with earning a living so that nobody could even think of rebellion". He also ordered "to supply some rules and regulations for grinding down the Hindus, and for depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion. The Hindu was to be so reduced as to be unable to keep a horse to ride on, wear fine clothes, or to enjoy any luxuries of life."
1289:. The Mongols engaged his forces in some minor conflicts, but neither army achieved a decisive victory. The invaders ransacked Delhi and its neighbourhoods, but ultimately decided to retreat after being unable to breach Siri. The Mongol invasion of 1303 was one of the most serious invasions of India, and prompted Alauddin to take several steps to prevent its repeat. He strengthened the forts and the military presence along the Mongol routes to India. He also implemented a series of
1851:, and excommunicated drunkards and gamblers from Delhi, along with vendors of intoxicants. Alauddin's administration strictly punished the violators, and ensured non-availability of alcohol not only in Delhi, but also in its surrounding areas. Nevertheless, alcohol continued to be illegally produced in and smuggled into Delhi. Sometime later, Alauddin relented, and allowed brewing and drinking in private. However, public distribution and drinking of wine remained prohibited.
2608:
2596:
2620:
1540:
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2104:, and after the Mongols left, he built the Qasr-i-Hazar Situn palace at the site of his camp. The fortified city of Siri existed in the time of Timur, whose memoirs state that it had seven gates. The destruction of the Fort is attributed to the local rulers who removed the fort's stones, bricks and other artifacts for their own buildings. In particular, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), from Eastern India (Bihar), took away material from Siri to build his own city.
6310:
1165:
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965:, Ruknuddin led an army against him. However, a section of Ruknuddin's army defected to Alauddin at midnight. A dejected Ruknuddin then retreated and escaped to Multan with his mother and the loyal nobles. Alauddin then entered the city, where a number of nobles and officials accepted his authority. On 21 October 1296, Alauddin was formally proclaimed as the Sultan in Delhi.
1777:, his administration prohibited peasants and traders from storing the grains, and established government-run granaries, where government's share of the grain was stored. The government also forced the transport workers to re-settle in villages at specific distances along the Yamuna river to enable rapid transport of grain to Delhi.
1156:, Alauddin personally led the Delhi forces, but his general Zafar Khan attacked the Mongols without waiting for his orders. Although Zafar Khan managed to inflict heavy casualties on the invaders, he and other soldiers in his unit were killed in the battle. Qutlugh Khwaja was also seriously wounded, forcing the Mongols to retreat.
1602:, he implemented several reforms to be able to maintain a large army and to weaken those capable of organizing a revolt against him. Barani also attributes Alauddin's revenue reforms to the Sultan's desire to subjugate the Hindus by "depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion". According to historian
1285:), and the army had lost several men and its baggage. Neither this army, nor the reinforcements sent by Alauddin's provincial governors could enter the city because of the blockades set up by the Mongols. Under these difficult circumstances, Alauddin took shelter in a heavily guarded camp at the under-construction
2037:
believe that
Alauddin and Kafur were in a homosexual relationship. Historian Judith E. Walsh, scholar Nilanjan Sarkar and scholar Thomas Gugler also believe Alauddin and Kafur were lovers in a sexually intimate relationship. Given his relationship with Kafur, historians believe Alauddin may have been
1643:
The countryside and agricultural production during
Alauddin's time was controlled by the village headmen, the traditional Hindu authorities. He viewed their haughtiness and their direct and indirect resistance as the main difficulty affecting his reign. He also had to face talk of conspiracies at his
3378:
The attack on
Jaisalmer during Sultan Alauddin Khilji's reign seems to have begun in AD 1299, when its Bhati king Jait Singh I was ruling. The besieged fort withstood the assault and encirclement until, at long last, scarcity of food and provisions played their inevitable part in deciding the issue.
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Contemporary chroniclers did not write much about
Alauddin's childhood. According to the 16th/17th-century chronicler Haji-ud-Dabir, Alauddin was 34 years old when he started his march to Ranthambore (1300–1301). Assuming this is correct, Alauddin's birth can be dated to 1266–1267. His original name
1926:
murdered him. Towards the end of the night, Kafur brought the body of
Alauddin from the Siri Place and had it buried in Alauddin's mausoleum (which had already been built before Alauddin's death). The mausoleum is said to have been located outside a Jama Mosque, but neither of these structures can
1577:
During this campaign, the Mongol general Abachi had conspired to ally with the
Pandyas, and as a result, Alauddin ordered him to be executed in Delhi. This, combined with their general grievances against Alauddin, led to resentment among Mongols who had settled in India after converting to Islam. A
831:
Meanwhile, Alauddin's younger brother Almas Beg (later Ulugh Khan), who was married to a daughter of
Jalaluddin, assured the Sultan of Alauddin's loyalty. He convinced Jalaluddin to visit Kara and meet Alauddin, saying that Alauddin would commit suicide out of guilt if the Sultan did not pardon him
783:
While instigating
Alauddin to revolt against Jalaluddin, Malik Chajju's supporters emphasized that he needed a lot of money to raise a large army and stage a successful coup: Malik Chajju's revolt had failed for want of resources. To finance his plan to dethrone Jalaluddin, Alauddin decided to raid
2383:
Allaudin realized his duties as a king. To him, this kingly office was divine, which carried a lot of responsibilities with itself. For he was very thankful to God
Almighty. Moreover, as a Muslim, he believed in the day of judgment & considered himself answerable for all his deeds on that day.
1809:
Alauddin's government maintained a descriptive roll of every soldier, and occasionally conducted strict reviews of the army to examine the horses and arms of the soldiers. To ensure that no horse could be presented twice or replaced by a poor-quality horse during the review, Alauddin established a
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and the 14th century writer Hamid Qalandar suggest that Alauddin introduced these changes for public welfare. However, Barani states that Alauddin wanted to reduce the prices so that low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers, and thus, to maintain a large army. In addition, Barani suggests that
1705:
To enforce these land and agrarian reforms, Alauddin set up a strong and efficient revenue administration system. His government recruited many accountants, collectors and agents. These officials were well-paid but were subject to severe punishment if found to be taking bribes. Account books were
1701:
directly from the cultivators. He did not levy any additional taxes on agriculture, and abolished the cut that the intermediaries received for collecting revenue. Alauddin's demand for tax proportional to land area meant that the rich and powerful villages with more land had to pay more taxes. He
1035:), who had deserted Jalaluddin's family to join Alauddin, were arrested, blinded or killed. All their property, including the money earlier given to them by Alauddin, was confiscated. As a result of these confiscations, Nusrat Khan obtained a huge amount of cash for the royal treasury. Only three
1854:
Alauddin also increased his level of control over the nobility. To prevent rebellions by the nobles, he confiscated their wealth and removed them from their bases of power. Even charitable lands administered by nobles were confiscated. Severe punishments were given for disloyalty. Even wives and
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Mughis replied that the Hindu "should pay the taxes with meekness and humility coupled with the utmost respect and free from all reluctance. Should the collector choose to spit in his mouth, he should open the same without hesitation, so that the official may spit into it... The purport of this
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After some initial conspiracies and Hindu revolts in rural areas during the early period of his reign, he struck the root of the problem by introducing reforms that also aimed at ensuring support of his army and food supply to his capital. He took away all landed properties of his courtiers and
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of 1290. The marriage, however, was not a happy one. Having suddenly become a princess after Jalaluddin's rise as a monarch, she was very arrogant and tried to dominate Alauddin. According to Haji-ud-Dabir, Alauddin married a second woman, named Mahru, who was the sister of Malik Sanjar alias
1780:
Chroniclers such as Khusrau and Barani state that the prices were not allowed to increase during Alauddin's lifetime, even when the rainfall was scarce. The shopkeepers who violated the price control regulations or tried to circumvent them (such as, by using false weights) were given severe
2501:
and Wassaf. Barani, while summing up his achievements, mentions that the submission and obedience of the Hindus during the last decade of his reign had become an established fact. He states that such a submission on the part of the Hindus "has neither been seen before nor will be witnessed
2358:. In accordance with this opinion, whatever affair of state came before him, he only looked to the public good, without considering whether his mode of dealing with it was lawful or unlawful. He never asked for legal opinions about political matters, and very few learned men visited him.
1430:
The plunder obtained from Devagiri prompted Alauddin to plan an invasion of the other southern kingdoms, which had accumulated a huge amount of wealth, having been shielded from the foreign armies that had ransacked northern India. In late 1309, he sent Malik Kafur to ransack the
1862:, and ordered all existing prostitutes of Delhi to be married. Firishta states that he classified prostitutes into three grades, and fixed their fees accordingly. However, historian Kishori Saran Lal dismisses this account as inaccurate. Alauddin also took steps to curb
2029:) of the Sultanate. A deep emotional bond developed between Alauddin and Kafur. According to Barani, during the last four or five years of his life, Alauddin deeply favoured Kafur, and handed over the administration to him. Based on Barani's description, scholars
836:
with a smaller body of around 1,000 soldiers. On 20 July 1296, Alauddin had Jalaluddin killed, after pretending to greet the Sultan, and declaring himself the new king. Jalaluddin's companions were also killed, while Ahmad Chap's army retreated to Delhi.
2583:
merchants spread over North India and in 1314, the sons of a Shrimala and others along with their cousins and a huge congregation of pilgrims were able to visit a temple at Phaludi despite Ajmer and its neighbourhood being under siege by Muslim forces.
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extreme meekness and humility on his part... is to show the extreme submissiveness incumbent upon this race. God Almighty Himself (in the Quran) commands their complete degradation in as much as these Hindus are the deadliest foes of the true prophet.
2334:
had not been able to subvert Islam, and people would revolt against Alauddin for founding a new religion. Barani's claim that Alauddin thought of founding a religion has been repeated by several later chroniclers as well as later historians. Historian
2420:, it is said that the citizens were caught by surprise. Wassaf states that "The Muhammadan forces began to kill and slaughter on the right and on the left unmercifully, throughout the impure land, for the sake of Islam, and blood flowed in torrents."
1213:
had granted asylum to the leaders of the mutiny near Jalore. After Nusrat Khan was killed during the siege, Alauddin personally took charge of the siege operations, and conquered the fort in July 1301. During the Ranthambore campaign, Alauddin faced
1597:
Alauddin was the most powerful ruler of his dynasty. Unlike the previous rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, who had largely relied on the pre-existing administrative set-up, Alauddin undertook large-scale reforms. After facing the Mongol invasions and
1606:, Alauddin's reforms were based on his conception of fear and control as the basis of good government as well as his military ambitions: the bulk of the measures were designed to centralise power in his hands and to support a large military.
2384:
Therefore he always tried his best to do the deeds which were acceptable to God. He introduced many reforms only to remove the sufferings of the masses, irrespective of their color and creed so that he could win the pleasure of his creator
1855:
children of soldiers rebelling for greater war spoils were imprisoned. An efficient spy network was set up that reached into the private households of nobles. Marriage alliances made between noble families had to be approved by the king.
775:(subordinate nobles) at Kara considered Jalaluddin as a weak and ineffective ruler and instigated Alauddin to usurp the throne of Delhi. This, combined with his unhappy domestic life, made Alauddin determined to dethrone Jalaluddin.
2490:
Alauddin believed "that the Hindu will never be submissive and obedient to the Musalman unless he is reduced to abject poverty." He undertook measures to impoverish them and felt it was justified because he knew that the chiefs and
977:, the ones appointed by Jalaluddin and his own appointees. He also increased the strength of the Sultanate's army, and gifted every soldier the salary of a year and a half in cash. Of Alauddin's first year as the Sultan, chronicler
1901:
During the last years of his life, Alauddin had an illness, and became very distrustful of his officers. He started concentrating all the power in the hands of his family and his slaves. He became charmed with his slave-general
1280:
around August 1303. Alauddin managed to reach Delhi before the invaders, but did not have enough time to prepare for a strong defence. Meanwhile, the Warangal campaign was unsuccessful (because of heavy rains according to
1039:
s from Jalaluddin's time were spared: Malik Qutbuddin Alavi, Malik Nasiruddin Rana, and Malik Amir Jamal Khalji. The rest of the older aristocrats were replaced with the new nobles, who were extremely loyal to Alauddin.
2271:) minorities, after the orthodox Sunnis falsely accused them of permitting incest in their "secret assemblies". Alauddin ordered an inquiry against them sometime before 1311. The inquiry was conducted by the orthodox
2486:
has given orders regarding the slaying, plundering and imprisoning of them, ordaining that they must either follow the true faith, or else be slain or imprisoned, and have all their wealth and property confiscated."
707:
Alauddin was brought up by Jalaluddin after Shihabuddin's death. Both Alauddin and his younger brother Almas Beg married Jalaluddin's daughters. After Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin was appointed as
2014:
from the custody of her father, Raja Karan. Alauddin sent an order to Raja Karan telling him to send Deval Devi immediately. Deval Devi was eventually brought to Delhi and lived in the royal palace with her mother.
1801:
to ensure that the low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers. Although he was opposed to granting lands to his generals and soldiers, he generously rewarded them after successful campaigns, especially those in
823:
in 1296. He left Devagiri with a huge amount of wealth, including precious metals, jewels, silk products, elephants, horses, and slaves. When the news of Alauddin's success reached Jalaluddin, the Sultan came to
2543:
Mahasena to Delhi. There was no learned Digambracarya in North India during this period and Mahasena was persuaded by Jains to defend the faith. Alauddin was impressed by his profound learning and asceticism. A
1570:. Both Vira and Sundara fled their headquarters, and thus, Kafur was unable to make them Alauddin's tributaries. Nevertheless, the Delhi army looted many treasures, elephants and horses. The Delhi chronicler
757:, she warned Jalaluddin that Alauddin was planning to set up an independent kingdom in a remote part of the country. She closely monitored Alauddin and encouraged her daughter's arrogant behavior toward him.
1832:, drinking was common among the Muslim royals and nobles of the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century, and Alauddin himself was a heavy drinker. As part of his measures to prevent rebellions, Alauddin imposed
1197:
at the time under Jait Singh I. Following a long siege and due to the dearth of food and resources, eventually, the besieged Rajputs under the command of Mularaja performed Saka where the women committed
1269:. According to his courtier Amir Khusrau, he ordered a massacre of 30,000 local Hindus after this conquest. Some later legends state that Alauddin invaded Chittor to capture Ratnasimha's beautiful queen
1677:
Alauddin Khalji's taxation system was probably the one institution from his reign that lasted the longest, surviving indeed into the nineteenth or even the twentieth century. From now on, the land tax (
1454:
Meanwhile, after conquering Siwana, Alauddin had ordered his generals to subjugate other parts of Marwar, before returning to Delhi. The raids of his generals in Marwar led to their confrontations with
832:
personally. A gullible Jalaluddin set out for Kara with his army. After reaching close to Kara, he directed Ahmad Chap to take his main army to Kara by land route, while he himself decided to cross the
808:. Therefore, he shrewdly surrendered the loot from Bhilsa to Jalaluddin to win Sultan's confidence, while withholding the information on the Yadava kingdom. A pleased Jalaluddin gave him the office of
2154:
5429:
958:
heard that Jalaluddin's nobles had joined Alauddin, she apologized to Arkali and offered him the throne, requesting him to march from Multan to Delhi. However, Arkali refused to come to her aid.
2497:
led a luxurious life but never paid a jital in taxes. His vigorous and extensive conquests led to him being viewed as persecutor both at home and abroad, including by Maulana Shamsuddin Turk,
973:
Initially, Alauddin consolidated power by making generous grants and endowments and appointing many people to government positions. He balanced the power between the officers appointed by the
2346:
came to the conclusion that polity and government are one thing, and the rules and decrees of law are another. Royal commands belong to the king, legal decrees rest upon the judgment of the
1043:
Meanwhile, Ala-ul Mulk, who was Alauddin's governor at Kara, came to Delhi with all the officers, elephants, and wealth that Alauddin had left at Kara. Alauddin appointed Ala-ul Mulk as the
2474:
of the Hindu chiefs bowing before Alauddin. This policy of compromise with Hindus was greatly criticized by a small but vocal set of Muslim extremists, as apparent from Barani's writings.
2326:), with whose help he could establish a new religion. Barani's uncle Alaul Mulk convinced him to drop this idea, stating that a new religion could only be found based on a revelation from
1202:
and the men fought until death. Thus, Alauddin successfully penetrated into territories of the Bhattis. After the conquest of Jaisalmer, it remained under the Khalji's for few more years.
2509:, obtaining a membership in the higher bureaucracy was difficult for the Indian Muslims and impossible for Hindus. This however seems to have changed under the Khaljis. Khusrau states in
2025:, caught the fancy of Alauddin. He rose rapidly in Alauddin's service, mainly because of his proven ability as military commander and wise counsellor, and eventually became the viceroy (
3888:...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555).
2375:
disagrees with Barani, mentioning that Alauddin had great faith in his religion and never permitted anything irreligious to be said, the 14th-century Indian historian and court poet,
896:. His objective was to cause a change in the general political opinion, by portraying himself as someone with huge public support. To portray himself as a generous king, he ordered 5
1733:), which were not sanctioned by the Islamic law. In addition, Alauddin demanded four-fifths share of the spoils of war from his soldiers, instead of the traditional one-fifth share (
1485:
kingdoms located further south. After returning to Delhi, he took Alauddin's permission to lead an expedition there. Kafur started his march from Delhi in November 1310, and crossed
5403:
2462:(feudal landlords) kindly, and granted more favours to them than they had expected. In his poetic style, Khusrau states that by this time, all the insolent Hindus in the realm of
2174:
1706:
audited and even small discrepancies were punished. The effect was both large landowners and small-scale cultivators were fearful of missing out on paying their assessed taxes.
732:
1137:) from them. Alauddin's administration meted out brutal punishments to the mutineers' families in Delhi, including killings of children in front of their mothers. According to
950:
appointed her youngest son Qadr Khan as the new king with the title Ruknuddin Ibrahim, without consulting the nobles. This irked Arkali Khan, her elder son and the governor of
506:, and used the acquired loot to stage a successful revolt against Jalaluddin. After killing Jalaluddin, he consolidated his power in Delhi, and subjugated Jalaluddin's sons in
1423:
region unsuccessfully for several years. In August–September 1308, Alauddin personally took charge of the siege operations in Siwana. The Delhi army conquered the fort in the
1589:, after Ramachandra's death, his son tried to overthrow Alauddin's suzerainty. Malik Kafur invaded Devagiri again in 1313, defeated him, and became the governor of Devagiri.
3916:
The sultan captured the Rajput fort of Chitor, in Rājasthān, and in 1310 he subjected most of the Deccan to his power. He took Devagiri – the capital of the Yādava – in 1307
2466:
had died on the battlefield, and the other Hindus had bowed their heads before Alauddin. Describing a court held on 19 October 1312, Khusrau writes the ground had become
2295:
was firm like the faith of the illiterate and the ignorant". He further states that Alauddin once thought of establishing a new religion. Just like the Islamic prophet
6280:
1029:(prime minister). Having strengthened his control over Delhi, the Sultan started eliminating the officers that were not his own appointees. In 1297, the aristocrats (
892:
rivers were flooded. But Alauddin made preparations for a march to Delhi, and ordered his officers to recruit as many soldiers as possible, without fitness tests or
5351:
1840:, Alauddin banned alcohol, after a noble condemned him for merrymaking when his subjects were suffering from a famine. However, this account appears to be hearsay.
1439:. Helped by Ramachandra of Devagiri, Kafur entered the Kakatiya territory in January 1310, ransacking towns and villages on his way to Warangal. After a month-long
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states that Gujarat was only annexed in the second invasion which took place seven years after the first one, implying the first was merely a plundering raid. At
1773:
To ensure that the goods were sold at regulated prices, Alauddin appointed market supervisors and spies, and received independent reports from them. To prevent a
671:
During the last years of his life, Alauddin had an illness and relied on Malik Kafur to handle the administration. After his death in 1316, Malik Kafur appointed
1547:
At this time, the Pandya kingdom was reeling under a war of succession between the two brothers Vira and Sundara, and taking advantage of this, the Hoysala king
1088:, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle, and many more were killed in Delhi after being brought there as prisoners. In 1298–99, another Mongol army (possibly
2458:
He compromised with the Hindu chiefs who were willing to accept his suzerainty. In a 1305 document, Khusrau mentions that Alauddin treated the obedient Hindu
1492:
1412:(later married to Alauddin's son Khizr Khan). At Devagiri, Kafur achieved an easy victory, and Ramachandra agreed to become a lifelong vassal of Alauddin.
1823:
460:
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1127:, who later led Alauddin's southern campaigns. During the army's return journey to Delhi, some of its Mongol soldiers staged an unsuccessful mutiny near
1767:
1372:. Duwa died next year, and after that the Mongols did not launch any further expeditions to India during Alauddin's reign. On the contrary, Alauddin's
2567:, completed in 1336–1337, details atrocities on Jains under his reign including destruction of a religious fair in 1313 while capturing Jabalipura (
1609:
Some of Alauddin's land reforms were continued by his successors, and formed a basis of the agrarian reforms introduced by the later rulers such as
1337:
In December 1305, the Mongols invaded India again. Instead of attacking the heavily guarded city of Delhi, the invaders proceeded south-east to the
1836:, because he believed that the rampant use of alcoholic drinks enabled people to assemble, lose their senses and think of rebellion. According to
1181:
Around the same time, Alauddin turned his attention towards the present-day state of Rajasthan to subdue the Rajput kingdoms for a secure base to
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He had amassed wealth in his treasury through campaigns in Deccan and South India and issued many coins. His coins omitted the mention of the
1123:, where it desecrated the famous Hindu temple. The Delhi army also captured several people, including the Vaghela queen Kamala Devi and slave
2002:
king of Gujarat. She was captured by Khalji forces during an invasion, escorted to Delhi as part of the war booty, and taken into Alauddin's
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Alauddin rarely listened to the advice of the orthodox ulama. When he had asked about the position of Hindus under an Islamic state, the
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625:
2521:). Because of the large presence of non-Muslims in the imperial army, Alaul Mulk advised him not to leave Delhi to repel the Mongol
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section of Mongol leaders plotted to kill Alauddin, but the conspiracy was discovered by Alauddin's agents. Alauddin then ordered a
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in Delhi, established laws to prevent his nobles from networking with each other, and confiscated wealth from the general public.
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described this seizure of wealth from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom as the greatest one since the Muslim capture of Delhi.
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was controlled by Jalaluddin's son Arkali, who harbored the fugitives from Delhi. In November 1296, Alauddin sent an army led by
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The Political Theory of the Delhi Sultanate: Including a Translation of Ziauddin Barani's Fatawa-i Jahandari, Circa, 1358-9 A.D
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1408:. Kafur was supported by Alauddin's Gujarat governor Alp Khan, whose forces invaded Baglana, and captured Karna's daughter
6103:
1051:, the governorship of Kara was entrusted to Nusrat Khan, who had become unpopular in Delhi because of the confiscations.
853:
Alauddin, known as Ali Gurshasp until his ascension in July 1296, was formally proclaimed as the new king with the title
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213:
961:
Alauddin resumed his march to Delhi in the second week of October 1296, when the Yamuna river subsided. When he reached
769:
Malik Chajju. Jalaluddin rewarded Alauddin by appointing him as the new governor of Kara in 1291. Malik Chajju's former
6255:
6250:
1630:
1599:
1290:
1215:
946:
Alauddin's march to Delhi was interrupted by the flooding of the Yamuna river. Meanwhile, in Delhi, Jalaluddin's widow
452:
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5886:
5862:
5334:
5307:
5280:
5227:
5042:
4948:
4011:
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1987:, probably after the 1296 Devagiri raid, or after his 1308 conquest of Devagiri. Alauddin had a son with Jhatyapali,
1798:
1748:
1081:
522:
456:
2194:
1669:
tax on the agricultural produce in a substantial part of northern India: this was the maximum amount allowed by the
5836:
2807:
1505:
228:
6233:
6221:
391:
2074:, who invaded Delhi in 1398, mention that the reservoir was a source of water for the city throughout the year.
4800:
4737:
2101:
1369:
1277:
1047:
of Delhi and placed all the non-Turkic municipal employees under his charge. Since Ala-ul Mulk had become very
736:
Gold coinage of 'Ala al-Din Muhammad (AH 695-715 / AD 1296–1316). Dar al-Islam mint. Dated AH 709 (AD 1309–10).
542:
534:
2342:
According to Barani, Alauddin was the first sultan to separate religion from the state. Barani wrote that he:
816:. In addition, the Sultan granted Alauddin's request to use the revenue surplus for hiring additional troops.
6389:
6354:
5989:
5516:. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
2802:
1529:
796:, which had been weakened by multiple invasions. At Bhilsa, he learned of the immense wealth of the southern
605:
2339:
doubts the authenticity of this claim, arguing that it is not supported by Alauddin's contemporary writers.
1551:
had invaded the Pandyan territory. When Ballala learned about Kafur's march, he hurried back to his capital
1404:
had discontinued the tribute payments promised in 1296, and had granted asylum to the Vaghela king Karna at
1020:. On his orders, Nusrat Khan arrested, blinded, and/or killed the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.
984:
At this time, Alauddin could not exercise his authority over all of Jalaluddin's former territories. In the
6344:
1651:
Alauddin brought a large tract of fertile land under the directly governed crown territory, by eliminating
1447:
agreed to become a tributary of Alauddin, and surrendered a large amount of wealth (possibly including the
1218:. To suppress any future rebellions, he set up an intelligence and surveillance system, instituted a total
371:
1797:. He managed to raise such a large army by paying relatively low salaries to his soldiers, and introduced
1318:, which resulted in the annexation of the Vaghela kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate. In 1305, he launched an
1141:, the practice of punishing wives and children for the crimes of men started with this incident in Delhi.
6127:
6058:
2655:
2319:
1334:, which ruled the region to the north-east of Malwa, also appears to have fallen to Alauddin's invasion.
1266:
1238:
1101:
1013:
924:
577:
550:
387:
2643:
1533:). Devagiri was ultimately captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1307. The trading ship raises the flag of the
6364:
5896:
5872:
1889:
5949:
5733:
2517:, to repel the Mongols. During Ikat Khan's rebellion, the Sultan's life was saved by Hindu soldiers (
997:
865:. Over the next two days, Alauddin formed a provisional government at Kara. He promoted the existing
697:
514:
471:
464:
41:
2235:
has also been attributed to Alauddin, because its architecture and design is similar to that of the
1276:
While the imperial armies were busy in Chittor and Warangal campaigns, the Mongols launched another
6369:
6334:
6313:
6209:
6174:
5982:
5529:
1618:
1093:
526:
278:
2161:
6074:
5507:
5255:
5144:
5118:
1995:
1984:
1763:
1440:
1401:
1116:
641:
629:
253:
246:
81:
1687:) became the principal form in which the peasant's surplus was expropriated by the ruling class.
692:
was Ali Gurshasp. He was the eldest son of Shihabuddin Mas'ud, who was the elder brother of the
6033:
5853:
5613:
5478:
4940:
Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India – Vol. III: Medieval Indian Society And Culture
4729:
4722:
3902:
The worlds of the Indian Ocean : a global history : a revised and updated translation
2667:
2607:
2595:
2506:
2406:
2336:
2213:
2043:
1931:, the ruined foundations of these two structures probably lie under one of the mounds at Siri.
1928:
1377:
974:
680:
479:
5787:
5737:
5555:
5217:
5032:
4938:
2287:, writing half a century after his death, mentions that Alauddin did not patronize the Muslim
2242:
In 1311, Alauddin repaired the 100-acre Hauz-i-Shamasi reservoir that had been constructed by
1906:, who became the de facto ruler of the Sultanate after being promoted to the rank of viceroy (
6180:
5921:
5667:
5324:
5297:
5270:
2818:
2774:
2769:
2739:
1922:
Alauddin died on the night of 4 January 1316. Barani claims that according to "some people",
1582:
in his empire, which according to Barani, resulted in the death of 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols.
1556:
633:
5643:
861:. Meanwhile, the head of Jalaluddin was paraded on a spear in his camp before being sent to
6349:
6048:
5199:
5014:
2631:
2619:
2315:
1460:
912:
713:
487:
155:
5622:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
5616:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.).
5510:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
5299:
Interpreting Medieval India: Early medieval, Delhi Sultanate, and regions (circa 750–1550)
451:. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative changes in India, related to
8:
6028:
2716:
2687:
2110:
1697:
Alauddin also eliminated the intermediary Hindu rural chiefs, and started collecting the
858:
797:
766:
721:
637:
609:
448:
329:
2548:
Jain Purancandra was very close to him and the Sultan also maintained contacts with the
2513:
that Alauddin had dispatched a 30,000 strong army under a Hindu officer Malik Naik, the
2010:, sometime between 1306 and 1307, Kamala Devi requested Alauddin to secure her daughter
1994:
Alauddin also married Kamala Devi, a Hindu woman, who was originally the chief queen of
490:). After suppressing a revolt against Jalaluddin, Alauddin obtained the governorship of
5811:
5639:
5576:
2393:
At times, he exploited Muslim fanaticism against Hindu chiefs and the treatment of the
2067:
1935:
1881:(called "blood-sucking magicians" by his courtier Amir Khusrau) to be stoned to death.
1878:
1811:
672:
283:
5430:"Did You Know? Deepika Padukone is not the first actress to play Padmavati on-screen?"
4753:
Nilanjan Sarkar (2013). "Forbidden Privileges and History-Writing in Medieval India".
2549:
2221:
2201:
6086:
6038:
5974:
5927:
5906:
5882:
5858:
5793:
5767:
5743:
5721:
5699:
5675:
5649:
5623:
5601:
5582:
5561:
5539:
5517:
5330:
5303:
5276:
5223:
5158:
5132:
5106:
5038:
5013:. Islam and the Modern Age Society; Dr. Zakir Husain Institute of Islamic Societies,
4991:
4944:
4796:
4733:
4100:
4098:
4007:
3905:
3367:
2892:
2865:
2702:
2539:
2498:
2376:
2217:
2117:
2055:
1837:
1715:
tax on its non-Muslim subjects, and his Muslim subjects were obligated to contribute
1660:
1548:
1519:
1468:
1331:
1296:
745:
657:
617:
549:. The military commanders that successfully led his army against the Mongols include
541:(1305). In 1306, his forces achieved a decisive victory against the Mongols near the
475:
359:
264:
232:
5851:
S. Digby (1978). "Kāfūr, Malik". In E. Van Donzel; B. Lewis; Charles Pellat (eds.).
2330:, not based on human wisdom. Alaul Mulk also argued that even great conquerors like
2140:
1345:. Alauddin's 30,000-strong cavalry, led by Malik Nayak, defeated the Mongols at the
6227:
5823:
5807:
3879:
2825:
2746:
2560:
1988:
1617:. However, his other regulations, including price control, were revoked by his son
1555:. However, he could not put up a strong resistance, and negotiated a truce after a
1346:
1323:
1073:
893:
789:
765:
In 1291, Alauddin played an important role in crushing a revolt by the governor of
597:
538:
518:
419:
91:
5878:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One
4095:
4044:
6139:
6009:
5900:
5876:
5715:
5693:
5617:
5595:
5533:
5511:
3883:
3361:
2886:
2750:
2710:
2467:
2364:
2284:
2232:
2212:, which was completed in 1311, and serves as the southern gateway leading to the
2093:
1999:
1844:
1829:
1635:
1571:
1524:
1489:
in early 1311, supported by Alauddin's tributaries Ramachandra and Prataparudra.
1482:
1471:
1424:
1338:
1307:
1282:
1138:
1112:
978:
849:
Extent of the Delhi Sultanate at the time of Jalaluddin Khalji's ascension (1290)
661:
601:
585:
444:
399:
53:
5272:
A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century
2720:(The right hand of the Caliphate, the helper of the Commander of the Faithful).
897:
6215:
5757:
5711:
5176:
4292:
2790:
2698:) translates to 'The Second Alexander' in recognition of his military success.
2537:
sources, Alauddin held discussions with Jain sages and once specially summoned
2522:
1939:
1610:
1603:
1486:
1342:
1258:
1190:
1168:
1153:
1149:
801:
693:
676:
613:
569:
530:
440:
375:
318:
4032:
1866:
by ordering the male adulterer to be castrated and the female adulterer to be
1477:
During the siege of Warangal, Malik Kafur had learned about the wealth of the
1388:
1357:) of 8,000 Mongols were used to build the Siri Fort commissioned by Alauddin.
1273:, but most modern historians have rejected the authenticity of these legends.
6328:
6295:
5783:
5771:
5703:
5635:
5551:
5543:
4891:
4889:
2814:
2765:
2745:
He is also depicted as a central character of the Medieval Bengali epic poem
2264:
2034:
1913:
Alauddin removed several experienced administrators, abolished the office of
1790:
1754:
1510:
1119:
offered a weak resistance. Alauddin's army plundered several towns including
1097:
985:
491:
118:
5725:
5627:
5586:
5521:
2427:
temples during their military campaigns. These temples included the ones at
1824:
Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji § Measures for preventing rebellions
1380:
regularly raided the Mongol territories located in present-day Afghanistan.
1189:
and for further expeditions in the South. In 1299 CE, Alauddin besieged the
1023:
Shortly after the conquest of Multan, Alauddin appointed Nusrat Khan as his
981:
wrote that it was the happiest year that the people of Delhi had ever seen.
6290:
6275:
6270:
6080:
5958:
5827:
5605:
5213:
2798:
2580:
2413:
2331:
2307:
2260:
2236:
2209:
2181:
2165:
2146:
2097:
2059:
1954:
1943:
1894:
1859:
1793:, which included 475,000 horsemen according to the 16th-century chronicler
1774:
1758:
1552:
1444:
1327:
1270:
1254:
1230:
1085:
833:
649:
620:. His slave-general Malik Kafur led multiple campaigns to the south of the
5087:
4886:
4253:
6043:
5779:
5663:
4982:
M.B. Deopujari (1973). "The Deccan Policy of the Sultanate (1296–1351)".
4640:
4638:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4491:
4489:
4190:
4146:
3957:
3831:
3771:
3699:
3615:
3528:
3516:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3281:
3035:
2785:
2683:
2572:
2448:
2277:, who found several Ismailis guilty. Alauddin ordered the convicts to be
2030:
2018:
2006:. She eventually reconciled to her new life. According to the chronicler
1923:
1903:
1833:
1464:
1456:
1365:
1349:. Many Mongols were taken captive and killed; the 16th-century historian
1219:
1210:
1124:
920:
558:
546:
340:
297:
5456:"Padmavati row: Who was Rani Padmavati's husband Maharawal Ratan Singh?"
3184:
3182:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3116:
3114:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
1983:'s sister Mahru. He also married Jhatyapali, the daughter of Hindu king
1539:
6053:
5028:
4772:
Gugler TK (2011). "Politics of Pleasure: Setting South Asia Straight".
4701:
3795:
3783:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2922:
2920:
2311:
2231:
The construction of the Lal Mahal (Red Palace) sandstone building near
2225:
2011:
1656:
1562:
From Dwarasamudra, Malik Kafur marched to the Pandya kingdom, where he
1559:, agreeing to surrender his wealth and become a tributary of Alauddin.
1448:
1415:
Meanwhile, a section of Alauddin's army had been besieging the fort of
1409:
1361:
1262:
1245:
In the winter of 1302–1303, Alauddin dispatched an army to ransack the
1164:
1009:
989:
928:
554:
68:
5075:
4874:
4635:
4596:
4562:
4560:
4501:
4486:
4316:
4304:
2837:
Darshan Paandya played roles of Alauddin in the historical drama film
2058:) water reservoir, which covered an area of 70 acres, and had a stone-
1364:, ransacking the territories along the way. Alauddin's forces, led by
5689:
5619:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)
4862:
4838:
4523:
4521:
4394:
4352:
4202:
4083:
3933:
3921:
3819:
3723:
3639:
3552:
3540:
3480:
3468:
3432:
3420:
3317:
3305:
3206:
3179:
3143:
3126:
3111:
3092:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3023:
2830:
2822:
2736:
2563:
2545:
2463:
2372:
2243:
2132:
2078:
1874:
1534:
1286:
1234:
1059:
962:
701:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4625:
4623:
4384:
4382:
4369:
4367:
4231:
4229:
3867:
3759:
3711:
3651:
3576:
3504:
3444:
3329:
2932:
2917:
1973:
Alauddin's wives included Jalaluddin's daughter, who held the title
1942:. However, Kafur was killed shortly after, and Alauddin's elder son
1293:
to ensure sufficient revenue inflows for maintaining a strong army.
6023:
4557:
3564:
2839:
2731:
2493:
2483:
2459:
2432:
2417:
2323:
2300:
2296:
2185:
2039:
2007:
1980:
1958:
1863:
1848:
1794:
1652:
1586:
1501:
1436:
1432:
1373:
1350:
1250:
1246:
1225:
1089:
905:
805:
754:
750:
645:
621:
239:
5957:), a book describing Alauddin's military career by his court poet
5923:
The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times
5766:. Vol. VI (Second ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
5063:
4679:
4677:
4518:
4476:
4474:
4163:
4161:
3269:
3223:
3221:
1427:, and the defending ruler Sitaladeva was killed in November 1308.
5763:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate
5175:
4850:
4826:
4809:
4689:
4650:
4620:
4551:
4533:
4442:
4430:
4406:
4379:
4364:
4340:
4328:
4226:
2999:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2905:
2781:
2534:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2089:
1867:
1757:
measures for a wide variety of market goods. Alauddin's courtier
1726:
1567:
1478:
1405:
1182:
1120:
1065:
1048:
1001:
932:
825:
653:
313:
5672:
The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750
4913:
4901:
4608:
4584:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4418:
4282:
4280:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4073:
4071:
4020:
3969:
3945:
3807:
3747:
3735:
3687:
3663:
3627:
3341:
3245:
1843:
Subsequently, Alauddin also banned other intoxicants, including
1322:
in central India, which resulted in the defeat and death of the
1131:, after the generals forcibly tried to extract a share of loot (
5634:
5005:
M. Yaseen Mazhar Siddiqi. "Chronology of the Delhi Sultanate".
4674:
4471:
4298:
4158:
4104:
4056:
4050:
4038:
3593:
3591:
3293:
3218:
3167:
3155:
3011:
2754:
2691:
2471:
2428:
2398:
2354:
2303:
2086:
2082:
1915:
1803:
1679:
1670:
1665:
1496:
Western coast of India, with the traditional Yadava capital of
1420:
1416:
1302:
1199:
1128:
1044:
1025:
1005:
993:
951:
916:
889:
819:
After years of planning and preparation, Alauddin successfully
593:
30:
5051:
4265:
2987:
2966:
2949:
513:
Over the next few years, Alauddin successfully fended off the
4572:
4454:
4277:
4241:
4214:
4173:
4110:
4068:
3492:
3257:
2758:
2568:
2444:
2424:
2402:
2327:
2292:
2273:
2071:
2003:
1962:
1735:
1717:
1711:
1614:
1360:
In 1306, another Mongol army sent by Duwa advanced up to the
1301:
Sultan Alau'd Din put to Flight; Women of Ranthambhor commit
1194:
1186:
1133:
1077:
1069:
1031:
885:
873:
862:
813:
804:
region, as well as about the routes leading to their capital
793:
495:
201:
99:
5246:
Pushpa Prasad. "The Jain Community in the Delhi Sultanate".
4122:
4003:
Essays in Indian history : towards a Marxist perception
3981:
3675:
3603:
3588:
3456:
3233:
2864:(1st ed.). New Delhi: India Research Press. p. 8.
2306:
helped spread Islam, Alauddin believed that he too had four
2046:
believes that the closeness between the two was not sexual.
545:, and later ransacked the Mongol territories in present-day
5196:
The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526
3194:
2348:
2268:
2077:
In the early years of the 14th century, Alauddin built the
2063:
1766:, and Alauddin's market reforms resulted from the Sultan's
1673:
school of Islam, which was dominant in Delhi at that time.
1383:
1145:
1107:
In early 1299, Alauddin sent Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to
867:
771:
5857:. Vol. 4, Iran–Kha (2 ed.). Brill. p. 419.
5135:. "Political conditions of the Hindus under the Khaljis".
5109:. "Political conditions of the Hindus under the Khaljis".
4963:
K. S. Lal , History of the Khaljis: A.D. 1290-1320, p. 308
470:
Alauddin was a nephew and a son-in-law of his predecessor
4134:
2862:
The French & Delhi : Agra, Aligarh, and Sardhana
2278:
5352:"Padmavati isn't history, so what's all the fuss about?"
5193:
4662:
2228:, but the project was abandoned, probably when he died.
1692:
The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200-c.1750,
1523:), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the
1392:
Khalji territory at its maximum extent including vassals
1205:
In 1301, Alauddin ordered Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to
668:(1311), obtaining much treasure, elephants, and horses.
4795:. Vol. 1: To 1500. Cengage Learning. p. 366.
2401:
states that he sent an expedition against Gujarat as a
6004:
5668:"Northern India under the Sultanate: Agrarian Economy"
5612:
5574:
5093:
5081:
4895:
4880:
4793:
Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History
4644:
4602:
4512:
4495:
4322:
4310:
4259:
4208:
4196:
4152:
4089:
3963:
3939:
3927:
3837:
3825:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3729:
3705:
3645:
3621:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3486:
3474:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3323:
3311:
3287:
3212:
3188:
3149:
3137:
3120:
3105:
3086:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
2943:
2926:
675:, son of Alauddin and his Hindu wife Jhatyapali, as a
5971:, by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. Page:67-92.
5789:
Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature
5739:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
5717:
Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period
2571:). The conditions seem to have changed a year later.
2054:
In 1296, Alauddin constructed the Hauz-i-Alai (later
1927:
be identified with certainty. According to historian
988:, his authority was limited to the areas east of the
812:(Minister of War), and also made him the governor of
5760:(1967) . "Social Life: Hindu and Muslim Relations".
5593:
5322:
5268:
5004:
3570:
2405:
and it was not motivated by "lust of conquest". The
1253:. Meanwhile, he himself led another army to conquer
727:
5967:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
5506:
5404:"Actor's actor Om Puri redefined idea of male lead"
5034:
Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
3005:
1934:The next day, Kafur appointed Alauddin's young son
5778:
5557:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate
5219:The Age of Wrath: A History of The Delhi Sultanate
4721:
4707:
4527:
1060:Mongol invasions and northern conquests, 1297–1306
5822:(3). Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies: 283–319.
5688:
4919:
4907:
4868:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4820:
4656:
4629:
4614:
4590:
4566:
4448:
4436:
4412:
4400:
4388:
4373:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4235:
4026:
3975:
3951:
3904:. Cambridge University Press. p. Chapter 8.
3813:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3717:
3693:
3669:
3657:
3582:
3510:
3450:
3335:
3299:
3275:
3227:
3173:
3161:
3017:
2993:
2981:
2960:
2911:
2224:, which was intended to be double to size of the
939:s of gold, and each of their soldiers 300 silver
704:(later Ulugh Khan), Qutlugh Tigin, and Muhammad.
624:, obtaining a considerable amount of wealth from
6326:
5919:
5834:
5806:
5528:
5275:. Pearson India Education Services. p. 13.
5069:
4683:
2062:. Gradually, it became filled with mud, and was
778:
16:Turco-Afghan emperor of Khalji dynasty 1296–1316
5837:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim states: II"
5447:
4752:
4719:
2888:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
2081:. The fort walls were mainly constructed using
1104:defeated the invaders and recaptured the fort.
840:
5895:
5871:
5756:
5710:
5057:
4981:
4578:
4424:
4271:
4220:
4184:
4167:
4116:
4077:
4062:
3872:Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie
3498:
3462:
3263:
2246:in 1229, and also built a dome at its centre.
1991:, who succeeded him as the next Khalji ruler.
884:At that time, there were heavy rains, and the
5990:
5732:
5670:. In Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib (eds.).
5550:
5157:
5131:
5105:
4790:
4695:
4539:
4480:
4465:
4286:
4247:
4128:
3987:
3681:
3633:
3609:
3597:
3347:
3251:
3239:
3200:
2891:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 141.
2817:portrayed a fictional version of Alauddin in
2705:, replacing it with the self-laudatory title
2070:around 1354. The autobiographical memoirs of
1159:
877:, and appointed his close friends as the new
474:. When Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi
5212:
5163:Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India
2423:Alauddin and his generals destroyed several
2085:(in mud), although there are some traces of
1314:In 1304, Alauddin appears to have ordered a
911:One section of his army, led by himself and
784:the neighboring Hindu kingdoms. In 1293, he
5812:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim states"
5662:
5295:
4972:Abdul Malik Isami, Fatuh Us Salatin, p. 306
4299:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004
4140:
4105:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004
4051:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004
4039:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004
2528:
2388:
1171:was captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1299 CE.
5997:
5983:
5248:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
5241:
5239:
5137:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
5111:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
5027:
3359:
2556:Ramachandra Suri was also honored by him.
2220:. He also started the construction of the
1396:Around 1308, Alauddin sent Malik Kafur to
855:Alauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan
463:. He also successfully fended off several
424:
304:Alauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan
46:A 17th century portrait of Alauddin Khalji
40:
5477:Chauhan, Chetansingh (17 February 2024).
5350:Sharma, Manimugdha S. (29 January 2017).
5245:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4771:
1592:
1474:after defeating and killing Kanhadadeva.
1177:Alauddin Khalji's Conquest of North India
968:
716:), while Almas Beg was given the post of
596:and other Hindu dynasties, including the
384:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore
5850:
4668:
3899:
2860:Lafont, Jean-Marie & Rehana (2010).
2686:for 'Alexander', a title popularized by
1888:
1634:
1491:
1387:
1384:Marwar and southern campaigns, 1307–1313
1295:
1224:
1163:
1080:. Alauddin's forces, led by Ulugh Khan,
844:
740:Alauddin married Jalaluddin's daughter,
731:
5538:(Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala.
5476:
5236:
4936:
4552:Qutb Complex: Ala al Din Khalji Madrasa
3852:Antiquities from San Thomé and Mylapore
2678:Khalji minted coins using the title of
2188:, which also has his tomb to the south.
6327:
5964:English translation, as it appears in
5454:Palat, Lakshana N (21 November 2017).
5349:
4925:
2859:
2259:Like his predecessors, Alauddin was a
2100:). Alauddin camped in Siri during the
1953:dedicated to him exist at the back of
1721:. He also levied taxes on residences (
683:seized power shortly after his death.
592:(1311). These victories ended several
568:(raided in 1299 and annexed in 1304),
34:Sikander-e-Sani (Alexander the Second)
5978:
5535:The Sultanate of Delhi, 711–1526 A.D.
5479:"Review of Gujarati Movie "Kasoombo""
5453:
5401:
4984:Nagpur University Journal: Humanities
3999:
3865:
2884:
2729:Alauddin Khalji is the antagonist of
2723:
1265:. Alauddin captured Chittor after an
1054:
482:, Alauddin was given the position of
380:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat
5427:
4943:. Sterling Publishers. p. 102.
4006:. London: Anthem Press. p. 81.
2263:. His administration persecuted the
2254:
404:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore
5902:History of Medieval India: 800-1700
5835:Richard M. Eaton (5 January 2001).
5470:
5428:Shah, Shravan (21 September 2017).
5375:
3366:. Rupa & Company. p. 368.
2249:
1784:
1076:raided Punjab, advancing as far as
760:
636:(1311). These victories forced the
564:Alauddin conquered the kingdoms of
423:
396:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa
214:Madrasa and tomb of Alauddin Khalji
13:
6286:Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha
5695:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)
5402:Ghosh, Avijit (27 February 2017).
2707:Sikander-us-sani Yamin-ul-Khilafat
1709:Alauddin's government imposed the
1631:Revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji
1624:
368:Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri
14:
6401:
5942:
5194:Kanhaiya Lall Srivastava (1980).
5037:. Psychology Press. p. 168.
1817:
1749:Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji
1742:
1152:to conquer Delhi. In the ensuing
1084:on 6 February 1298. According to
900:of gold pieces to be shot from a
728:Marriage to Jalaluddin's daughter
494:in 1291, and the governorship of
6309:
6308:
5513:A Comprehensive History of India
5421:
5395:
5369:
5343:
5316:
5289:
5262:
5206:
5187:
5169:
5165:. Aditya Prakashan. p. 128.
5151:
5125:
5099:
5021:
4998:
4975:
4966:
4957:
4784:
4765:
4746:
4713:
4545:
2808:Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2193:
2173:
2153:
2139:
2124:
2109:
1968:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1504:
1100:. This time, Alauddin's general
364:Alauddin Khalji's raid on Bhilsa
6375:Indian people of Afghan descent
5698:. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
5575:Ashok Kumar Srivastava (1979).
5499:
5329:. Adam Publishers. p. 88.
4728:. Infobase Publishing. p.
3993:
3893:
3859:
3843:
3353:
2694:for 'Second'. The coin legend (
2049:
557:, and Alauddin's slave-general
430:
392:Mongol invasion of India (1303)
328:Shihabuddin Mas'ud (brother of
6360:People from Kaushambi district
5742:. Cambridge University Press.
5560:. Penguin Books. p. 178.
4708:R. Vanita & S. Kidwai 2000
4528:R. Vanita & S. Kidwai 2000
2878:
2853:
2661:Silver Tanka Dar al-Islam Mint
2042:or even homosexual. Historian
2021:, a slave captured during the
1762:the Hindu traders indulged in
1639:Copper coin of Alauddin Khalji
1621:a few months after his death.
1513:(1375). On top of the city of
1467:. In 1311, Alauddin's general
1229:Alauddin Khalji conquered the
1:
6340:Sultans of the Khalji dynasty
5720:. People's Publishing House.
5594:Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956).
5378:"Chitoor Rani Padmini (1963)"
5323:Thomas Walker Arnold (2010).
5269:Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011).
2847:
2803:Sony Entertainment Television
2784:portrayed Alauddin Khalji in
2673:Silver Tanka Qila Deogir Mint
1216:three unsuccessful rebellions
923:). The other section, led by
779:Conspiracy against Jalaluddin
686:
606:Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura
184:
167:
128:
109:
6385:14th-century Indian monarchs
6380:13th-century Indian monarchs
5581:. Sahitya Sansar Prakashan.
5376:Guy, Randor (13 June 2015).
4755:The Medieval History Journal
1884:
1789:Alauddin maintained a large
1144:In 1299, the Chagatai ruler
841:Ascension and march to Delhi
498:in 1296, after a profitable
372:Khilji invasion of Jaisalmer
7:
6251:Rebellions against Alauddin
5183:. Kitab Mahal. p. 150.
5094:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
5082:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4896:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4881:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4645:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4603:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4513:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4496:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4323:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4311:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4260:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4209:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4197:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4153:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4090:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3964:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3940:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3928:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3900:Beaujard, Philippe (2019).
3838:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3826:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3802:Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1979
3790:Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1979
3778:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3730:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3706:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3646:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3622:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3559:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3547:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3535:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3523:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3487:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3475:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3439:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3427:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3415:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3403:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3391:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3363:A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)
3324:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3312:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3288:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3213:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3189:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3150:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3138:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3121:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3106:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3087:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3066:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3054:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3042:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3030:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2944:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2927:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2885:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979).
2168:added by Khalji in 1300 CE.
1239:Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)
1148:sent a Mongol force led by
1096:, and occupied the fort of
1064:In the winter of 1297, the
388:Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)
63:19 July 1296–4 January 1316
10:
6406:
5881:. Har-Anand Publications.
5816:Journal of Islamic Studies
5600:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
3884:10.29091/9783954909537/009
2735:, an epic poem written by
2208:Alauddin commissioned the
1821:
1746:
1628:
1451:diamond) to the invaders.
1316:second invasion of Gujarat
1174:
1160:Conquest of northern India
612:, the Rawal branch of the
6304:
6243:
6196:
6155:
6096:
6067:
6016:
5920:Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996).
5302:. Macmillan. p. 17.
5179:, Afsar Umar Salim Khan.
3855:. 1936. pp. 264–265.
3571:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956
2363:Tarikh i Firoze Shahi by
2291:, and that "his faith in
1893:Tomb of Alauddin Khalji,
1663:region. He imposed a 50%
700:. He had three brothers:
666:raided the Pandya kingdom
465:Mongol invasions of India
409:
355:
350:
346:
336:
324:
312:
303:
296:
292:
263:
221:
208:
191:
178:
174:
163:
151:
143:
135:
124:
116:
105:
97:
87:
77:
67:
59:
51:
39:
28:
23:
5007:Islam and the Modern Age
4724:A Brief History of India
4720:Judith E. Walsh (2006).
3006:A. B. M. Habibullah 1992
2797:Khalji was portrayed by
2764:Khalji was portrayed by
2715:Yamin-ul-Khilafat Nāsir
2713:'s name, instead adding
2587:
2529:Relationships with Jains
2389:Relationship with Hindus
1949:Alauddin's tomb and the
1580:mass massacre of Mongols
1517:floats a peculiar flag (
1509:) at the center, in the
1472:captured the Jalore fort
788:, a wealthy town in the
279:Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah
252:Jhatyapali (daughter of
5969:: The Muhammadan Period
5578:The Chahamanas of Jalor
5256:Indian History Congress
5145:Indian History Congress
5119:Indian History Congress
2525:who had surrounded it.
1985:Ramachandra of Devagiri
1353:claims that the heads (
927:, marched to Delhi via
915:, marched to Delhi via
679:. Alauddin's elder son
439:, was a ruler from the
82:Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji
6197:Conflicts with Mongols
6034:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
5854:Encyclopaedia of Islam
5614:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
4920:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4908:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4869:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4857:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4845:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4833:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4821:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4791:Craig Lockard (2006).
4657:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4630:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4615:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4591:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4567:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4449:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4437:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4413:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4401:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4389:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4374:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4359:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4347:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4335:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4236:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4027:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3976:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3952:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3814:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3766:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3754:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3742:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3718:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3694:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3670:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3658:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3583:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3511:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3451:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3336:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3300:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3276:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3228:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3174:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3162:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3018:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
2994:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
2982:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
2961:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
2912:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
2386:
2369:
2337:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
2214:Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque
2162:Quwwat ul-Islam mosque
2160:Courts to the east of
2044:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
1929:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
1898:
1695:
1640:
1619:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
1593:Administrative changes
1544:
1393:
1311:
1267:eight-month long siege
1242:
1172:
969:Consolidation of power
908:) at a crowd in Kara.
850:
737:
681:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
6017:Generals and officers
5597:Chaulukyas of Gujarat
5070:Richard M. Eaton 2001
4684:Shanti Sadiq Ali 1996
4000:Habib, Irfan (2002).
3868:"On the Timurid flag"
2819:Sanjay Leela Bhansali
2775:Chittoor Rani Padmini
2770:Chitrapu Narayana Rao
2757:poet of medieval era
2740:Malik Muhammad Jayasi
2552:sages. The Jain poet
2410:Deval Devi—Khizr Khan
2381:
2344:
1892:
1799:market price controls
1753:Alauddin implemented
1675:
1638:
1495:
1469:Malik Kamaluddin Gurg
1391:
1299:
1257:, the capital of the
1228:
1191:fortress of Jaisalmer
1167:
848:
735:
660:to become Alauddin's
245:Kamala Devi (wife of
6390:Afghan Sunni Muslims
6355:Indian Sunni Muslims
6281:Chanderi inscription
6177:(1302-1303 and 1310)
5926:. Orient Blackswan.
5828:10.1093/jis/11.3.283
5648:. Psychology Press.
5296:Vipul Singh (2009).
5200:Munshiram Manoharlal
5015:Jamia Millia Islamia
4774:South Asia Chronicle
3866:Kadoi, Yuka (2010).
2805:'s historical drama
2788:'s historical drama
2397:. Persian historian
2244:Shamsuddin Iltutmish
2180:Alauddin's Madrasa,
2102:1303 Mongol invasion
1828:Although Islam bans
1564:raided several towns
1443:, the Kakatiya king
1370:defeated the Mongols
1082:defeated the Mongols
992:. The region beyond
943:s (hammered coins).
714:Master of ceremonies
502:. In 1296, Alauddin
488:master of ceremonies
156:Master of ceremonies
6345:13th-century births
6266:Massacre of Mongols
6029:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
5508:A. B. M. Habibullah
5096:, pp. 355–356.
5058:R. C. Majumdar 1967
4898:, pp. 336–337.
4871:, pp. 376–377.
4847:, pp. 377–378.
4710:, p. 113, 132.
4579:Satish Chandra 2004
4542:, pp. 178–179.
4425:Satish Chandra 2004
4403:, pp. 262–263.
4361:, pp. 256–257.
4272:Satish Chandra 2007
4262:, pp. 374–376.
4221:Satish Chandra 2004
4199:, pp. 358–359.
4185:Satish Chandra 2007
4168:Satish Chandra 2004
4155:, pp. 357–358.
4117:Satish Chandra 2007
4078:Satish Chandra 2007
4063:Satish Chandra 2004
4053:, pp. 172–173.
3840:, pp. 411–412.
3768:, pp. 195–197.
3720:, pp. 192–193.
3708:, pp. 400–402.
3660:, pp. 171–172.
3636:, pp. 227–228.
3624:, pp. 392–393.
3585:, pp. 133–134.
3537:, pp. 369–370.
3499:Mohammad Habib 1981
3463:Satish Chandra 2004
3453:, pp. 119–120.
3417:, pp. 350–352.
3405:, pp. 343–346.
3393:, pp. 342–347.
3360:Rima Hooja (2006).
3350:, pp. 221–222.
3338:, pp. 159–161.
3290:, pp. 334–335.
3264:Mohammad Habib 1981
3254:, pp. 219–220.
3044:, pp. 322–323.
2709:. He ceased adding
2688:Alexander the Great
2470:-coloured from the
1659:and vassals in the
1566:reaching as far as
1343:Himalayan foothills
722:Master of the Horse
616:, and possibly the
449:Indian subcontinent
204:(present-day India)
6156:Southern campaigns
6097:Northern campaigns
5905:. Orient Longman.
5810:(September 2000).
5645:A History of India
5640:Dietmar Rothermund
5408:The Times of India
5356:The Times of India
4761:(1): 33–4, 48, 55.
4698:, p. 177-178.
4696:Abraham Eraly 2015
4540:Abraham Eraly 2015
4481:Abraham Eraly 2015
4466:Peter Jackson 2003
4287:Abraham Eraly 2015
4248:Peter Jackson 2003
4129:Peter Jackson 2003
4107:, p. 171-173.
3988:Peter Jackson 2003
3966:, p. 415-417.
3780:, p. 409-410.
3682:Peter Jackson 2003
3634:Peter Jackson 2003
3610:Peter Jackson 2003
3598:Peter Jackson 2003
3525:, p. 366-369.
3513:, p. 164-165.
3348:Peter Jackson 2003
3252:Peter Jackson 2003
3240:Peter Jackson 2003
3201:Peter Jackson 2003
2724:In popular culture
2515:Akhur-bek Maisarah
2068:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
1946:seized the power.
1899:
1641:
1600:several rebellions
1545:
1394:
1312:
1243:
1207:invade Ranthambore
1173:
1055:Military campaigns
919:and Baran (modern
851:
744:, long before the
738:
696:'s founder Sultan
284:Shihab-ud-din Omar
6365:Deaths from edema
6322:
6321:
6039:Kamal al-Din Gurg
5933:978-81-250-0485-1
5912:978-81-250-3226-7
5799:978-1-137-05480-7
5749:978-0-521-54329-3
5690:Kishori Saran Lal
5681:978-0-521-22692-9
5655:978-0-415-32919-4
5567:978-93-5118-658-8
5159:Kishori Saran Lal
5133:Kishori Saran Lal
5107:Kishori Saran Lal
5072:, pp. 72–73.
4992:Nagpur University
4569:, pp. 56–57.
3911:978-1-108-42456-1
3792:, pp. 48–50.
3373:978-81-291-1501-0
3278:, pp. 84–86.
2914:, pp. 40–41.
2898:978-81-207-0617-0
2717:Amīri 'l-Mu'minīn
2499:Abdul Malik Isami
2377:Abdul Malik Isami
2255:Views on religion
2218:Qutb al-Din Aibak
1847:. He also banned
1661:Ganga-Yamuna Doab
1441:siege of Warangal
1332:Yajvapala dynasty
1320:invasion of Malwa
1278:invasion of Delhi
1261:kingdom ruled by
894:background checks
746:Khalji revolution
413:
412:
360:Khalji Revolution
330:Jalaluddin Khalji
308:
307:
238:Mahru (sister of
199:(aged 49–50)
112:1296–19 July 1296
6397:
6312:
6311:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5950:Khazáínu-l Futúh
5937:
5916:
5892:
5868:
5847:
5841:
5831:
5808:Richard M. Eaton
5803:
5775:
5753:
5729:
5707:
5685:
5659:
5631:
5609:
5590:
5571:
5547:
5530:A. L. Srivastava
5525:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5451:
5445:
5444:
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5425:
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5055:
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5048:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5002:
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4979:
4973:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4934:
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4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
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4818:
4807:
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4788:
4782:
4781:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4727:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4633:
4627:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4516:
4510:
4499:
4493:
4484:
4483:, p. 177-8.
4478:
4469:
4463:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4427:, p. 76-77.
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4377:
4371:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4171:
4170:, p. 78-80.
4165:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4141:Irfan Habib 1982
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4066:
4065:, p. 76-79.
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3804:, p. 52-53.
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3109:
3103:
3090:
3084:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2964:
2958:
2947:
2941:
2930:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2857:
2747:Padmavati (poem)
2696:Sikander-e -Sani
2690:, while sani is
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2613:Copper half Gani
2610:
2601:Copper half Gani
2598:
2367:
2250:Religious policy
2197:
2177:
2157:
2143:
2128:
2113:
2023:Gujarat campaign
1989:Shihabuddin Omar
1873:Alauddin banned
1858:Alauddin banned
1830:alcoholic drinks
1785:Military reforms
1768:desire to punish
1693:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1508:
1347:Battle of Amroha
1291:economic reforms
1074:Chagatai Khanate
761:Governor of Kara
519:Chagatai Khanate
515:Mongol invasions
434:
433: 1296–1316
432:
427:
426:
294:
293:
198:
186:
169:
130:
111:
92:Shihabuddin Omar
44:
21:
20:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6370:Indian warriors
6335:Alauddin Khalji
6325:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6300:
6256:Revenue reforms
6239:
6192:
6151:
6118:(1299 and 1304)
6092:
6081:Prataparudra II
6063:
6012:
6010:Delhi Sultanate
6006:Alauddin Khalji
6003:
5953:(also known as
5945:
5940:
5934:
5913:
5889:
5865:
5839:
5800:
5750:
5682:
5674:. CUP Archive.
5656:
5568:
5502:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5475:
5471:
5461:
5459:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5348:
5344:
5337:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5267:
5263:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5211:
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5003:
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4682:
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4387:
4380:
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4345:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4183:
4174:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4103:
4096:
4088:
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4069:
4061:
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4049:
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4037:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4014:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3898:
3894:
3864:
3860:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3374:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3127:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3093:
3085:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2967:
2959:
2950:
2942:
2933:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2726:
2674:
2671:
2662:
2659:
2650:
2647:
2638:
2635:
2626:
2623:
2614:
2611:
2602:
2599:
2590:
2561:Kharataragaccha
2531:
2511:Khazainul Futuh
2391:
2379:confirms this:
2368:
2365:Ziauddin Barani
2362:
2285:Ziauddin Barani
2257:
2252:
2233:Chausath Khamba
2204:
2200:The unfinished
2198:
2189:
2178:
2169:
2158:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2131:Ruined wall of
2129:
2120:
2114:
2052:
1971:
1887:
1868:stoned to death
1826:
1820:
1787:
1751:
1745:
1694:
1691:
1633:
1627:
1625:Revenue reforms
1595:
1572:Ziauddin Barani
1525:Delhi Sultanate
1500:("Deogiri", or
1425:Siege of Siwana
1398:invade Devagiri
1386:
1339:Gangetic plains
1308:Rajput painting
1283:Ziauddin Barani
1179:
1162:
1139:Ziauddin Barani
1062:
1057:
979:Ziauddin Barani
971:
871:to the rank of
843:
821:raided Devagiri
781:
763:
730:
720:(equivalent to
712:(equivalent to
689:
504:raided Devagiri
486:(equivalent to
445:Delhi Sultanate
443:that ruled the
429:
425:علاء الدین خلجی
416:Alauddin Khalji
402:
400:Siege of Siwana
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
351:Military career
288:
259:
217:
200:
196:
183:
159:
154:(equivalent to
73:21 October 1296
54:Sultan of Delhi
47:
33:
24:Alauddin Khalji
17:
12:
11:
5:
6403:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6261:Market reforms
6258:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6234:Ravi riverbank
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6187:Pandya kingdom
6184:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6084:
6078:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5962:
5955:Táríkh-i 'Aláí
5944:
5943:External links
5941:
5939:
5938:
5932:
5917:
5911:
5897:Satish Chandra
5893:
5887:
5873:Satish Chandra
5869:
5863:
5848:
5832:
5804:
5798:
5776:
5758:R. C. Majumdar
5754:
5748:
5730:
5712:Mohammad Habib
5708:
5686:
5680:
5660:
5654:
5632:
5610:
5591:
5572:
5566:
5548:
5526:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5469:
5446:
5434:www.zoomtv.com
5420:
5394:
5368:
5342:
5335:
5315:
5308:
5288:
5281:
5261:
5235:
5228:
5222:. Penguin UK.
5216:(April 2015).
5205:
5202:. p. 142.
5186:
5177:Mohammad Habib
5168:
5150:
5124:
5098:
5086:
5084:, p. 354.
5074:
5062:
5060:, p. 625.
5050:
5043:
5020:
4997:
4974:
4965:
4956:
4949:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4885:
4883:, p. 399.
4873:
4861:
4859:, p. 380.
4849:
4837:
4835:, p. 376.
4825:
4823:, p. 375.
4808:
4801:
4783:
4764:
4745:
4738:
4712:
4700:
4688:
4673:
4671:, p. 419.
4661:
4659:, p. 297.
4649:
4647:, p. 402.
4634:
4632:, p. 190.
4619:
4607:
4605:, p. 334.
4595:
4583:
4571:
4556:
4544:
4532:
4530:, p. 132.
4517:
4515:, p. 425.
4500:
4498:, p. 421.
4485:
4470:
4468:, p. 176.
4453:
4451:, p. 265.
4441:
4439:, p. 264.
4429:
4417:
4415:, p. 263.
4405:
4393:
4391:, p. 262.
4378:
4376:, p. 261.
4363:
4351:
4349:, p. 260.
4339:
4337:, p. 257.
4327:
4325:, p. 387.
4315:
4313:, p. 379.
4303:
4301:, p. 173.
4291:
4289:, p. 166.
4276:
4274:, p. 103.
4264:
4252:
4250:, p. 243.
4240:
4238:, p. 250.
4225:
4213:
4211:, p. 361.
4201:
4189:
4187:, p. 104.
4172:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4131:, p. 242.
4121:
4119:, p. 102.
4109:
4094:
4092:, p. 429.
4082:
4080:, p. 105.
4067:
4055:
4043:
4041:, p. 172.
4031:
4029:, p. 241.
4019:
4012:
3992:
3990:, p. 174.
3980:
3978:, p. 213.
3968:
3956:
3954:, p. 203.
3944:
3942:, p. 413.
3932:
3930:, p. 412.
3920:
3910:
3892:
3858:
3842:
3830:
3828:, p. 411.
3818:
3816:, p. 201.
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3756:, p. 186.
3746:
3744:, p. 135.
3734:
3732:, p. 396.
3722:
3710:
3698:
3696:, p. 189.
3686:
3684:, p. 229.
3674:
3672:, p. 175.
3662:
3650:
3648:, p. 393.
3638:
3626:
3614:
3612:, p. 145.
3602:
3600:, p. 198.
3587:
3575:
3573:, p. 191.
3563:
3561:, p. 373.
3551:
3549:, p. 372.
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3501:, p. 267.
3491:
3489:, p. 369.
3479:
3477:, p. 368.
3467:
3455:
3443:
3441:, p. 367.
3431:
3429:, p. 366.
3419:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3372:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3326:, p. 338.
3316:
3314:, p. 335.
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3266:, p. 266.
3256:
3244:
3242:, p. 221.
3232:
3217:
3215:, p. 333.
3205:
3193:
3191:, p. 332.
3178:
3166:
3154:
3152:, p. 331.
3142:
3140:, p. 330.
3125:
3123:, p. 329.
3110:
3108:, p. 328.
3091:
3089:, p. 327.
3070:
3068:, p. 324.
3058:
3056:, p. 323.
3046:
3034:
3032:, p. 322.
3022:
3010:
3008:, p. 322.
2998:
2986:
2965:
2948:
2946:, p. 321.
2931:
2929:, p. 326.
2916:
2904:
2897:
2877:
2870:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2812:
2795:
2791:Bharat Ek Khoj
2779:
2762:
2743:
2725:
2722:
2682:. Sikander is
2676:
2675:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2649:Bilingual coin
2648:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2579:mentions that
2577:Ardhakathanaka
2530:
2527:
2523:Qutlugh Khwaja
2507:Mamluk dynasty
2390:
2387:
2360:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2051:
2048:
1976:Malika-i-Jahan
1970:
1967:
1940:puppet monarch
1886:
1883:
1877:, and ordered
1822:Main article:
1819:
1818:Social reforms
1816:
1786:
1783:
1747:Main article:
1744:
1743:Market reforms
1741:
1689:
1629:Main article:
1626:
1623:
1611:Sher Shah Suri
1604:Satish Chandra
1594:
1591:
1585:Meanwhile, in
1385:
1382:
1169:Jaisalmer Fort
1161:
1158:
1154:Battle of Kili
1150:Qutlugh Khwaja
1109:invade Gujarat
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1018:conquer Multan
996:suffered from
970:
967:
956:Malika-i-Jahan
842:
839:
810:Ariz-i Mamalik
798:Yadava kingdom
780:
777:
762:
759:
742:Malika-i-Jahan
729:
726:
694:Khalji dynasty
688:
685:
677:puppet monarch
543:Ravi riverbank
500:raid on Bhilsa
476:after deposing
457:price controls
441:Khalji dynasty
411:
410:
407:
406:
376:Battle of Kili
357:
353:
352:
348:
347:
344:
343:
338:
334:
333:
326:
322:
321:
319:Khalji dynasty
316:
310:
309:
306:
305:
301:
300:
290:
289:
287:
286:
281:
276:
273:
269:
267:
261:
260:
258:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:Malika-i-Jahan
225:
223:
219:
218:
212:
210:
206:
205:
195:4 January 1316
193:
189:
188:
180:
176:
175:
172:
171:
165:
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
126:
122:
121:
114:
113:
107:
103:
102:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6402:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6315:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6297:
6296:Thakkar Pheru
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:Miscellaneous
6242:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6000:
5995:
5993:
5988:
5986:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5970:
5968:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5935:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5888:9788124110645
5884:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5864:90-04-05745-5
5860:
5856:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5734:Peter Jackson
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5637:
5636:Hermann Kulke
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5552:Abraham Eraly
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5458:. India Today
5457:
5450:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5338:
5336:9788174350336
5332:
5328:
5327:
5326:The Caliphate
5319:
5311:
5309:9780230637610
5305:
5301:
5300:
5292:
5284:
5282:9788131732021
5278:
5274:
5273:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5240:
5231:
5229:9789351186588
5225:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5095:
5090:
5083:
5078:
5071:
5066:
5059:
5054:
5046:
5044:9780415239028
5040:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4952:
4950:9788120704329
4946:
4942:
4941:
4937:J. L. Mehta.
4933:
4931:
4929:
4922:, p. 91.
4921:
4916:
4910:, p. 90.
4909:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4882:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4692:
4686:, p. 35.
4685:
4680:
4678:
4670:
4669:S. Digby 1978
4665:
4658:
4653:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4617:, p. 86.
4616:
4611:
4604:
4599:
4593:, p. 84.
4592:
4587:
4581:, p. 92.
4580:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4450:
4445:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4402:
4397:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4375:
4370:
4368:
4360:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4273:
4268:
4261:
4256:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4223:, p. 80.
4222:
4217:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4169:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4149:
4143:, p. 62.
4142:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4064:
4059:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4013:9781843310617
4009:
4005:
4004:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3791:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3524:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3465:, p. 89.
3464:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3302:, p. 88.
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3230:, p. 81.
3229:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3203:, p. 85.
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3176:, p. 80.
3175:
3170:
3164:, p. 79.
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3020:, p. 45.
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2996:, p. 43.
2995:
2990:
2984:, p. 42.
2983:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2963:, p. 41.
2962:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2871:9788183860918
2867:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:Ranveer Singh
2813:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2766:M. N. Nambiar
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:Sikander Sani
2669:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2581:Jain Shrimala
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:(1298–1310),
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2035:Saleem Kidwai
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1969:Personal life
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:standing army
1782:
1781:punishments.
1778:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1755:price control
1750:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1511:Catalan Atlas
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:, whose king
1399:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1378:Malik Tughluq
1375:
1371:
1368:, decisively
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:, whose king
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:invaded Sindh
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:Punjab region
982:
980:
976:
966:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
948:Malka-i-Jahan
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
875:
870:
869:
864:
860:
856:
847:
838:
835:
829:
827:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:raided Bhilsa
776:
774:
773:
768:
758:
756:
752:
747:
743:
734:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
703:
699:
695:
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
664:. Kafur also
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:(1297–1298),
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
421:
417:
408:
405:
401:
397:
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389:
385:
381:
377:
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369:
365:
361:
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349:
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339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
317:
315:
311:
302:
299:
295:
291:
285:
282:
280:
277:
274:
271:
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268:
266:
262:
255:
251:
248:
244:
241:
237:
234:
231:(daughter of
230:
227:
226:
224:
220:
215:
211:
207:
203:
194:
190:
181:
177:
173:
166:
162:
157:
152:Amir-i-Tuzuk
150:
147:ʿAlāʾ ul-Mulk
146:
142:
138:
134:
127:
123:
120:
115:
108:
104:
101:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
50:
43:
38:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6291:Amir Khusrow
6276:Alai Darwaza
6271:Rani Padmini
6204:Jaran-Manjur
6181:Dwarasamudra
6005:
5965:
5959:Amir Khusrau
5954:
5948:
5922:
5901:
5877:
5852:
5843:
5819:
5815:
5792:. Springer.
5788:
5761:
5738:
5716:
5694:
5671:
5644:
5618:
5596:
5577:
5556:
5534:
5512:
5500:Bibliography
5486:. Retrieved
5482:
5472:
5460:. Retrieved
5449:
5437:. Retrieved
5433:
5423:
5411:. Retrieved
5407:
5397:
5385:. Retrieved
5381:
5371:
5359:. Retrieved
5355:
5345:
5325:
5318:
5298:
5291:
5271:
5264:
5251:
5247:
5218:
5214:Burjor Avari
5208:
5195:
5189:
5180:
5171:
5162:
5153:
5140:
5136:
5127:
5114:
5110:
5101:
5089:
5077:
5065:
5053:
5033:
5023:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4968:
4959:
4939:
4915:
4903:
4876:
4864:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4792:
4786:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4723:
4715:
4703:
4691:
4664:
4652:
4610:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4547:
4535:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4085:
4058:
4046:
4034:
4022:
4002:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3915:
3901:
3895:
3887:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3851:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3377:
3362:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3208:
3196:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2907:
2887:
2880:
2861:
2855:
2838:
2829:
2826:period drama
2806:
2799:Mukesh Rishi
2789:
2773:
2730:
2714:
2711:Al-Musta'sim
2706:
2700:
2695:
2679:
2677:
2637:Silver Tanka
2625:Billion Gani
2576:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2502:hereafter".
2492:
2489:
2478:
2476:
2457:
2422:
2414:Amir Khusrau
2409:
2394:
2392:
2382:
2370:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2332:Genghis Khan
2288:
2283:
2272:
2261:Sunni Muslim
2258:
2241:
2237:Alai Darwaza
2230:
2210:Alai Darwaza
2207:
2182:Qutb complex
2166:Qutb complex
2147:Alai Darwaza
2098:lime plaster
2076:
2060:masonry wall
2053:
2050:Architecture
2026:
2017:
1993:
1974:
1972:
1955:Qutb complex
1950:
1948:
1944:Mubarak Khan
1933:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:Qutb complex
1872:
1860:prostitution
1857:
1853:
1842:
1827:
1814:the horses.
1808:
1788:
1779:
1775:black market
1772:
1770:the Hindus.
1764:profiteering
1759:Amir Khusrau
1752:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1664:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1576:
1561:
1553:Dwarasamudra
1546:
1514:
1497:
1476:
1453:
1445:Prataparudra
1429:
1414:
1395:
1359:
1354:
1336:
1328:Mahalakadeva
1313:
1300:
1275:
1244:
1231:Chittor Fort
1204:
1180:
1143:
1132:
1111:, where the
1106:
1086:Amir Khusrow
1063:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1004:rebellions.
998:Mongol raids
983:
972:
960:
955:
947:
945:
940:
936:
910:
901:
883:
878:
872:
866:
854:
852:
834:Ganges river
830:
818:
809:
782:
770:
764:
739:
717:
710:Amir-i-Tuzuk
709:
706:
690:
670:
650:Prataparudra
634:Dwarasamudra
588:(1308), and
563:
537:(1303), and
523:Jaran-Manjur
512:
484:Amir-i-Tuzuk
483:
469:
437:Ali Gurshasp
436:
415:
414:
356:Battles/wars
197:(1316-01-04)
182:Ali Gurshasp
139:Malik Chajju
117:Governor of
98:Governor of
29:
18:
6350:1316 deaths
6122:Ranthambore
6087:Ballala III
6075:Ramachandra
6068:Tributaries
6049:Nusrat Khan
6044:Malik Kafur
5664:Irfan Habib
5488:18 February
5439:13 November
5413:13 November
5387:23 November
5361:13 November
5258:: 224, 225.
2786:Doordarshan
2749:in 1648 by
2684:Old Persian
2573:Banarasidas
2550:Shwetambara
2451:(1311) and
2449:Chidambaram
2118:Hauz-i-Khas
2056:Hauz-i-Khas
2031:Ruth Vanita
2019:Malik Kafur
1936:Shihabuddin
1904:Malik Kafur
1834:prohibition
1657:land grants
1557:short siege
1457:Kanhadadeva
1402:Ramachandra
1366:Malik Kafur
1220:prohibition
1211:Hammiradeva
1125:Malik Kafur
1092:fugitives)
921:Bulandshahr
913:Nusrat Khan
792:kingdom of
673:Shihabuddin
662:tributaries
658:Ballala III
642:Ramachandra
632:(1310) and
574:Ranthambore
559:Malik Kafur
547:Afghanistan
341:Sunni Islam
298:Regnal name
254:Ramachandra
136:Predecessor
78:Predecessor
6329:Categories
6083:(Kakatiya)
6059:Zafar Khan
6054:Ulugh Khan
5483:Newz Daddy
5462:24 January
5147:: 234–235.
5029:Mary Boyce
4802:0618386114
4780:: 355–392.
4739:1438108257
2848:References
2759:Syed Alaol
2505:Under the
2371:Historian
2281:into two.
2226:Qutb Minar
2222:Alai Minar
2202:Alai Minar
2012:Deval Devi
1875:charlatans
1810:system of
1449:Koh-i-Noor
1410:Devaladevi
1362:Ravi River
1341:along the
1263:Ratnasimha
1175:See also:
1102:Zafar Khan
1014:Zafar Khan
1010:Ulugh Khan
990:Ravi river
925:Zafar Khan
698:Jalaluddin
687:Early life
652:, and the
618:Yajvapalas
555:Ulugh Khan
551:Zafar Khan
472:Jalaluddin
275:Shadi Khan
272:Khizr Khan
233:Jalaluddin
69:Coronation
6089:(Hoysala)
5844:Frontline
5784:S. Kidwai
5780:R. Vanita
5772:634843951
5704:685167335
5544:607636383
5382:The Hindu
4554:, ArchNet
2831:Padmaavat
2737:Sufi poet
2564:Pattavali
2546:Digambara
2494:muqaddams
2460:zamindars
2373:K. S. Lal
2216:built by
2079:Siri Fort
1885:Last days
1879:sorcerers
1535:Ilkhanate
1463:ruler of
1461:Chahamana
1376:governor
1310:from 1825
1287:Siri Fort
1237:, in the
1235:Rajasthan
1193:ruled by
1068:led by a
718:Akhur-beg
702:Almas Beg
598:Paramaras
570:Jaisalmer
517:from the
170:1290–1291
144:Successor
131:1266–1316
88:Successor
6314:Category
6210:Sivistan
6175:Warangal
6169:Devagiri
6163:Devagiri
6077:(Yadava)
6024:Alp Khan
5899:(2007).
5875:(2004).
5846:: 70–77.
5786:(2000).
5736:(2003).
5726:32230117
5714:(1981).
5692:(1950).
5666:(1982).
5642:(2004).
5628:31870180
5587:12737199
5554:(2015).
5532:(1966).
5522:31870180
5031:(2001).
2840:Kasoombo
2772:'s film
2742:in 1540.
2732:Padmavat
2455:(1311).
2447:(1301),
2443:(1299),
2435:(1295),
2433:Devagiri
2431:(1292),
2418:Khambhat
2403:holy war
2361:—
2301:Rashidun
2299:'s four
2297:Muhammad
2186:Mehrauli
2064:desilted
2040:bisexual
2008:Firishta
1981:Alp Khan
1959:Mehrauli
1864:adultery
1849:gambling
1845:cannabis
1812:branding
1795:Firishta
1690:—
1587:Devagiri
1502:Devagiri
1437:Warangal
1435:capital
1433:Kakatiya
1374:Dipalpur
1351:Firishta
1324:Paramara
1251:Warangal
1249:capital
1247:Kakatiya
1098:Sivistan
1090:Neguderi
931:(modern
906:catapult
902:manjaniq
888:and the
806:Devagiri
790:Paramara
755:Firishta
751:Alp Khan
646:Kakatiya
630:Warangal
628:(1308),
626:Devagiri
622:Vindhyas
602:Vaghelas
584:(1305),
580:(1303),
576:(1301),
572:(1299),
533:(1299),
529:(1298),
527:Sivistan
453:revenues
435:), born
337:Religion
240:Alp Khan
6128:Chittor
6116:Gujarat
5606:4413150
3878:: 148.
2843:(2024).
2834:(2018).
2782:Om Puri
2778:(1963).
2755:Arakani
2751:Bengali
2703:Khalifa
2554:Acharya
2540:Acharya
2484:Mustafa
2468:saffron
2453:Madurai
2441:Somnath
2437:Vijapur
2407:masnavi
2304:caliphs
2265:Ismaili
2090:masonry
2000:Vaghela
1951:madrasa
1897:, Delhi
1731:chara'i
1727:grazing
1644:court.
1568:Madurai
1549:Ballala
1479:Hoysala
1406:Baglana
1271:Padmini
1255:Chittor
1183:Gujarat
1121:Somnath
1113:Vaghela
1072:of the
1066:Mongols
1002:Khokhar
975:Mamluks
954:. When
933:Aligarh
826:Gwalior
800:in the
654:Hoysala
614:Guhilas
578:Chittor
566:Gujarat
480:Mamluks
461:society
447:in the
420:Persian
216:, Delhi
6236:(1306)
6230:(1305)
6228:Amroha
6224:(1303)
6218:(1299)
6212:(1298)
6206:(1298)
6189:(1311)
6183:(1311)
6171:(1308)
6165:(1296)
6148:(1311)
6146:Jalore
6142:(1308)
6140:Siwana
6136:(1305)
6130:(1303)
6124:(1301)
6112:(1296)
6110:Multan
6106:(1293)
6104:Bhilsa
5930:
5909:
5885:
5861:
5796:
5770:
5746:
5724:
5702:
5678:
5652:
5626:
5604:
5585:
5564:
5542:
5520:
5333:
5306:
5279:
5226:
5121:: 234.
5041:
5017:: 184.
4947:
4799:
4736:
4010:
3908:
3370:
2895:
2868:
2692:Arabic
2472:tilaks
2429:Bhilsa
2399:Wassaf
2395:zimmis
2355:muftis
2316:Nusrat
2087:ashlar
2083:rubble
1998:, the
1979:, and
1804:Deccan
1725:) and
1699:kharaj
1680:kharaj
1671:Hanafi
1666:kharaj
1653:iqta's
1515:Diogil
1498:Diogil
1487:Deccan
1483:Pandya
1465:Jalore
1459:, the
1421:Marwar
1417:Siwana
1330:. The
1303:Jauhar
1259:Guhila
1200:Jauhar
1195:Bhatis
1129:Jalore
1045:kotwal
1032:maliks
1006:Multan
994:Lahore
952:Multan
917:Badaun
890:Yamuna
874:Maliks
802:Deccan
644:, the
638:Yadava
610:Jalore
604:, the
600:, the
594:Rajput
590:Jalore
586:Siwana
539:Amroha
508:Multan
459:, and
325:Father
222:Spouse
209:Burial
164:Tenure
125:Tenure
106:Tenure
31:Sultan
6222:Delhi
6134:Malwa
5840:(PDF)
4994:: 39.
2828:film
2588:Coins
2569:Jalor
2519:paiks
2445:Jhain
2425:Hindu
2349:qazis
2320:Zafar
2312:Ulugh
2308:Khans
2293:Islam
2289:ulama
2274:ulama
2164:, in
2072:Timur
2027:Na'ib
2004:harem
1996:Karna
1963:Delhi
1961:, in
1938:as a
1924:Kafur
1916:wazir
1908:Na'ib
1838:Isami
1736:khums
1723:ghari
1718:zakat
1712:jizya
1615:Akbar
1326:king
1187:Malwa
1134:khums
1117:Karna
1115:king
1078:Kasur
1070:noyan
1049:obese
1037:malik
1026:wazir
941:tanka
898:manns
886:Ganga
879:Amirs
868:Amirs
863:Awadh
814:Awadh
794:Malwa
772:Amirs
656:king
648:king
640:king
582:Malwa
535:Delhi
521:, at
496:Awadh
314:House
265:Issue
247:Karna
202:Delhi
100:Awadh
60:Reign
52:13th
6216:Kili
5928:ISBN
5907:ISBN
5883:ISBN
5859:ISBN
5794:ISBN
5768:OCLC
5744:ISBN
5722:OCLC
5700:OCLC
5676:ISBN
5650:ISBN
5624:OCLC
5602:OCLC
5583:OCLC
5562:ISBN
5540:OCLC
5518:OCLC
5490:2024
5464:2018
5441:2017
5415:2017
5389:2017
5363:2017
5331:ISBN
5304:ISBN
5277:ISBN
5224:ISBN
5039:ISBN
4945:ISBN
4797:ISBN
4734:ISBN
4008:ISBN
3906:ISBN
3368:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2823:epic
2801:in
2535:Jain
2533:Per
2479:qazi
2464:Hind
2352:and
2322:and
2279:sawn
2269:Shia
2133:Siri
2116:The
2096:and
2094:lime
2092:(in
2033:and
1613:and
1481:and
1306:, a
1185:and
1146:Duwa
1012:and
1000:and
963:Siri
937:mann
929:Koil
859:Kara
767:Kara
608:and
531:Kili
492:Kara
478:the
192:Died
187:1266
179:Born
119:Kara
6008:of
5824:doi
3880:doi
2821:'s
2768:in
2575:in
2412:by
2328:God
2324:Alp
2066:by
1910:).
1739:).
1685:mal
1683:or
1419:in
1355:sir
1233:in
1016:to
857:at
724:).
6331::
5842:.
5820:11
5818:.
5814:.
5782:;
5638:;
5481:.
5432:.
5406:.
5380:.
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5254:.
5252:54
5250:.
5238:^
5198:.
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5113:.
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5009:.
4990:.
4988:24
4986:.
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4776:.
4759:16
4757:.
4732:.
4730:71
4676:^
4637:^
4622:^
4559:^
4520:^
4503:^
4488:^
4473:^
4456:^
4381:^
4366:^
4279:^
4228:^
4175:^
4160:^
4097:^
4070:^
3914:.
3886:.
3874:.
3870:.
3590:^
3376:.
3220:^
3181:^
3128:^
3113:^
3094:^
3073:^
2968:^
2951:^
2934:^
2919:^
2318:,
2314:,
2239:.
2184:,
1965:.
1957:,
1870:.
1806:.
1655:,
1543:).
881:.
561:.
553:,
510:.
467:.
455:,
431:r.
428:;
422::
185:c.
168:c.
158:)
129:c.
110:c.
5998:e
5991:t
5984:v
5961:.
5936:.
5915:.
5891:.
5867:.
5830:.
5826::
5802:.
5774:.
5752:.
5728:.
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242:)
235:)
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