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back to myself, though, I did not experience the sequences in the order that they were recorded on the tape. It appeared that non-adjacent sounds were grouping together and appeared to be adjacent. It was the similar sounds that seemed to be forming integrated perceptual sequences. This reminded me of an essay I had written at the
University of Toronto on the topic of Gestalt Psychology. Some of the Gestaltist's examples showed that similar visual forms would group together and segregate from dissimilar ones. Perhaps an analogous sort of grouping might be happening in my auditory sequence. Although I had never been trained in auditory perception research, this one subjective experience set me off on a 36-year period of study."
534:(CASA), the principles of ASA have been used in the development of computer systems that carry out ASA automatically, for example segregating speech from other concurrent sounds. The principles have been applied to music to explain the segregation and integration of musical sounds and have also been applied to speech perception ASA has been found in human newborns and in non-human animals, suggesting an innate basis for the process.
99:
25:
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In 1992, Bregman set up an electronic mail list, AUDITORY, on the topic of auditory perception. Administered by
Professor Daniel P. Ellis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, it includes over 2500 researchers and practitioners of the auditory arts and sciences in about 45 countries
252:. His ideas about ASA have provided a new framework for research in the auditory systems of both humans and non-human animals, for behavioral and neurological studies of speech perception, for music theory, hearing aids, audio technology, and the separation of speech from other sounds by computers (
518:
Bregman developed the concept of auditory stream segregation (also called "streaming") to describe how a single sequence of sounds could be interpreted by the auditory system as two or more concurrent streams of sound. Extensive research by
Bregman and his students and postdoctoral fellows exposed
505:
I was preparing an experiment on learning, involving a rapid sequence of unrelated sounds, each about the length of a speech phoneme. I spliced together one-tenth-second segments of many different sounds – water splashing in a sink, a dentist's drill, a tone, a vowel, etc. When I played the tape
302:. His graduate students have included, among others, Gary L. Dannenbring, Valter Ciocca, Howard Steiger, Martine Turgeon, Poppy A.C. Crum, Michael Mills (Communications), James K. Wright (Music), and Francesco Tordini (Electrical Engineering). Postdoctoral fellows in his laboratory have included
393:
Bregman arrived at McGill
University in 1965 as an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology, rose to the rank of full professor, and in 1999 received a lifetime post-retirement appointment in the Psychology Department at the rank of emeritus professor. He spent sabbatical periods at
581:
Bregman's extensive research on ASA yielded one book, one audio compact disk, three articles in encyclopedias or handbooks, 16 book chapters, and 53 papers in scientific journals. In addition he published 12 scientific articles on other perception-related topics, and six on human memory.
500:
Bregman's first research at McGill was a continuation of his earlier research on memory. However, in 1969, while preparing a recording of a rapid succession of sounds for an experiment on learning, he made a fortuitous discovery.
523:" (ASA), a process responsible for analyzing the complex mixture of sound that reaches the listener's ears and for building distinct perceptual representations of the individual acoustic sources that were buried in the mixture.
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set up one of the earliest computer systems for controlling psychological experiments, based on a PDP-4 computer. He also taught two courses in the
Harvard Psychology Department. One was the laboratory section of a course in
567:
346:, with a concentration in Philosophy (ethics), in 1957. He received a master's degree in Psychology, also from the University of Toronto, in 1959, after which he worked as a research assistant for two summers for
514:
computer for working with auditory and visual signals and testing human subjects. Laboratory supervisors included Gary
Bernstein, Gary Dannenbring, Philippe Grall, Sharif Qureshi, and Pierre Abdel Ahad.
350:, studying how subjective organization affected the process of memorization. In 1963, he received a PhD degree from Yale University, where he had gone, in 1959, to study the formation of concepts with
1468:
Fay, R.R. (2008) Sound source perception and stream segregation in non-human vertebrate animals. In Yost, W. A., Popper, A.N., & Fay, R.R. (Eds.) Auditory perception of sound sources. Springer.
1341:
Bregman, A.S. (1984) Auditory scene analysis. In
Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress on Pattern Recognition. Silver Spring, MD: IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 168-175.
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many of the acoustic variables that controlled this process. Eventually he came to think of streaming as a part of a larger auditory process, which he called "
407:
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Scheirer, E.D. (1996) "Bregman’s chimerae: Music perception as auditory scene analysis". International
Conference on Music Perception and Cognition.
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1123:"Attentional modulation of electrophysiological activity in auditory cortex for unattended sounds in multi-stream auditory environments"
1350:
Wang, D., & Brown, G.J. (2006) Computational
Auditory Scene Analysis: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications. Wiley-IEEE Press
571:
274:
Many of
Bregman's McGill undergraduate students have gone on to make significant contributions to intellectual life. These include
259:
Until his death, Bregman held a post-retirement appointment at the rank of emeritus professor in the Department of Psychology at
1297:
Bregman, A.S.; Campbell, J. (1971). "Primary auditory stream segregation and perception of order in rapid sequences of tones".
738:
Bregman, A.S.; Campbell, J. (1971). "Primary auditory stream segregation and perception of order in rapid sequences of tones".
563:
323:, Canada on September 15, 1936. His father was an office manager and his mother, a home-maker. He had one sister, who lives in
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Bregman, A.S.; Liao, C.; Levitan, R. (1990). "Auditory grouping based on fundamental frequency and formant peak frequency".
471:
354:. However, after Hovland died in 1961, he did his dissertation research on human memory, supervised by Fred D. Sheffield.
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666:
Bregman, A.S. (1993). Auditory scene analysis: Listening in complex environments. In S.E. McAdams, and E. Bigand (Eds.)
1516:
551:
547:
439:
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Wright, J.K.; Bregman, A.S. (1987). "Auditory stream segregation and the control of dissonance in polyphonic music".
659:
Bregman, A.S. (1981). Asking the "what for" question in auditory perception. In M. Kubovy and J.R. Pomerantz (Eds.),
67:
673:
Bregman, A.S. (1998). Psychological data and computational ASA. In David F. Rosenthal and Hiroshi G. Okuno (Eds.),
1606:
777:
Moeser, S.D.; Bregman, A.S. (1972). "The role of reference in the acquisition of a miniature artificial language".
638:
Bregman, A.S. (2007) Auditory scene analysis. In A.I. Basbaum, A. Koneko, G.M. Shepherd & G.Westheimer (Eds.)
327:, Israel. His wife is a retired history professor and active artist. He had three stepdaughters and two stepsons.
1611:
1601:
49:
1371:"An artificial environment is often a noisy environment: auditory scene analysis and speech perception in noise"
479:
45:
correction of typographical errors and tone; biographical data also appears to rely on self-published sources.
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Winkler, I.; Kushnerenko, E.; Horváth, J.; Ceponiene, R.; Fellman, V.; Huotilainen, M.; et al. (2003).
1245:
1591:
358:
1517:"Not the years in your life, but the life in your years: Lessons from Canadian psychology on living fully"
1270:
Bregman, A.S. (2005). "Auditory Scene Analysis and the Role of Phenomenology in Experimental Psychology".
1100:
Bregman, A.S. (2005). "Auditory Scene Analysis and the Role of Phenomenology in Experimental Psychology".
1067:"Cumulation of the tendency to segregate auditory streams: Resetting by changes in location and loudness"
475:
387:
339:
575:
283:
256:). In acknowledgement of these contributions, he was called "the father of auditory scene analysis".
40:
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752:
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Coren, S., & Ward, L.M. (2004). Sensation and Perception. Sixth Edition. John Wiley & Sons
555:
527:
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562:. In 1995 he was awarded the Jacques Rousseau Medal for interdisciplinary contributions by the
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362:
455:
343:
146:
642:, P. Dallos & D. Oertel (Volume Eds.) San Diego: Academic Press, 2008, pp. 861–870.
271:, Learning Theory, Auditory Perception, Psychological Theory, and honors research seminars.
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1423:
478:, as well as at research institutes including Advanced Technology Research (ATR) in Kyoto,
427:
399:
264:
8:
435:
403:
1427:
624:
Bregman, A.S. (2004) Auditory scene analysis. In N.J. Smelzer & P.B. Baltes (Eds.)
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414:. He gave invited lectures on auditory scene analysis at many universities, including
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1491:"CPA Donald O. Hebb Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology as a Science"
1451:
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879:
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765:
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260:
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195:
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35:
1007:
978:
Bregman, A.S.; Mills, M.I. (1982). "Perceived movement: the Flintstone constraint".
970:
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CPA Donald O. Hebb Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology as a Science
374:
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202:
122:
709:
Bregman, A.S. (1967). "Distribution of practice and between-trials interference".
423:
351:
150:
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Demonstrations of Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound.
1416:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
652:
Bregman, A.S. (1978). The formation of auditory streams. In J. RĂ©quin (Ed.),
559:
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To support this research, he developed a computer-based laboratory based on a
225:(September 15, 1936 – May 18, 2023) was a Canadian academic and researcher in
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Bregman was known for having defined and conceptually organized the field of
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Bregman, A.S. (1977). "Perception and behavior as compositions of ideals".
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263:. Arriving at McGill in 1965, he became the first professor there to teach
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in 1995. From 1984 to 1986 he held a Killam Research Fellowship from the
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829:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
98:
482:(NTT) in Tokyo, the Kitano Symbiotic Systems Project in Tokyo, and
1409:
267:. He also taught courses on Computer and Man, Research methods in
858:"Auditory streaming: competition among alternative organizations"
626:
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences.
511:
246:
Auditory Scene Analysis: the perceptual Organization of Sound (
924:
McAdams, S.; Bregman, A.S. "Hearing musical streams. (1979)".
600:
Cambridge, Mass.: Bradford Books, MIT Press. (Paperback, 1994)
598:
Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound.
1186:
Auditory scene analysis: The perceptual organization of sound
1121:
Sussman, E.; Bregman, A. S.; Wang, W.J.; Khan, F.J. (2005).
688:
Bregman, A.S. (1966). "Is recognition memory all-or-none?".
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1368:
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Bregman, A.S. (1978). "Auditory streaming is cumulative".
618:
526:
Bregman's work on ASA had influences outside the field of
895:(1978). "Auditory streaming and the building of timbre".
681:
640:
The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, Vol. 3, Audition
1120:
237:, primarily in the perceptual organization of sound.
373:, where he continued to study memory. There, he and
1369:Ueda, K.; Nakajima, Y.; Akahane-Yamada, R. (2005).
1296:
1127:
Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
408:
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics
357:From 1962 to 1965, he was a research fellow at the
1035:
1412:"Newborn infants can organize the auditory world"
631:Bregman, A.S. (2008) Auditory scene analysis. In
628:Amsterdam: Pergamon (Elsevier). pp. 940–942.
1563:
670:London: Oxford University Press, pp. 10–36.
338:Bregman received a Bachelor of Arts degree from
330:Bregman died on May 18, 2023, at the age of 86.
737:
614:Audio compact disk. (Distributed by MIT Press).
779:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
690:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
635:(L.R. Squire, Editor.) Oxford: Academic Press.
16:Canadian psychologist and academic (1936–2023)
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663:Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
646:
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
656:Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
585:
572:Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
1269:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1099:
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855:
826:
797:
708:
687:
619:Articles in encyclopedias and handbooks
610:Bregman, A.S., & Ahad, P.A. (1996)
319:Bregman was born to a Jewish family in
1597:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
1564:
1514:
1161:For a full list of publications, see:
682:Selected papers in scientific journals
675:Computational Auditory Scene Analysis.
564:Association francophone pour le savoir
386:; the other was a graduate seminar in
306:, Sheila Williams, and Brian Roberts.
1225:"Al Bregman, Auditory Scene Analysis"
1156:
604:
532:Computational auditory scene analysis
1174:
1163:Al Bregman, Auditory scene analysis.
1065:Rogers, W.L.; Bregman, A.S. (1998).
541:
18:
1582:Academic staff of McGill University
1222:
406:, where he was associated with the
13:
1495:Canadian Psychological Association
1375:J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci
1299:Journal of Experimental Psychology
740:Journal of Experimental Psychology
552:American Psychological Association
548:Canadian Psychological Association
546:Bregman was elected fellow of the
333:
14:
1623:
294:, Stephen McAdams, Bruce Walker,
23:
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1188:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
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1071:Perception & Psychophysics
1038:Canadian Journal of Psychology
897:Canadian Journal of Psychology
862:Perception & Psychophysics
711:Canadian Journal of Psychology
654:Attention and Performance VII.
480:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
1:
1167:
791:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80010-0
702:10.1016/s0022-5371(66)80098-1
633:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience.
298:, Alexander I. Rudnicky, and
1515:Dozois, David J. A. (2018).
955:10.1016/0010-0277(81)90022-6
812:10.1016/0010-0285(77)90009-3
359:Center for Cognitive Studies
309:
7:
1259:– via Remembering.ca.
566:. In 2004, he received the
314:
43:. The specific problem is:
10:
1628:
1587:Jewish Canadian scientists
939:"Chomsky without language"
576:Governor General of Canada
493:
1029:10.1080/07494468708567054
1017:Contemporary Music Review
841:10.1037/0096-1523.4.3.380
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1478:http://www.auditory.org/
1184:Bregman, Albert (1990).
661:Perceptual Organization.
590:
476:New University of Lisbon
244:(ASA) in his 1990 book,
1607:Scientists from Toronto
1437:10.1073/pnas.2031891100
556:Royal Society of Canada
528:experimental psychology
521:auditory scene analysis
496:Auditory scene analysis
490:Auditory scene analysis
380:experimental psychology
269:experimental psychology
242:auditory scene analysis
227:experimental psychology
182:experimental psychology
178:Auditory scene analysis
161:Auditory scene analysis
1612:Yale University alumni
1602:Canadian psychologists
937:Bregman, A.S. (1981).
926:Computer Music Journal
856:Bregman, A.S. (1978).
647:Selected book chapters
596:Bregman, A.S. (1990).
508:
218:Albert Stanley Bregman
84:Albert Stanley Bregman
586:Selected publications
530:. In a field called
503:
344:University of Toronto
290:, Alfonso Caramazza,
147:University of Toronto
800:Cognitive Psychology
677:Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
410:(CCRMA), founded by
400:University of Sussex
265:cognitive psychology
50:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
1592:Auditory scientists
1524:Canadian Psychology
1428:2003PNAS..10011812W
1422:(20): 11812–11815.
1272:Canadian Psychology
1140:10.3758/cabn.5.1.93
1102:Canadian Psychology
550:(CPA) in 1978, the
404:Stanford University
1536:10.1037/cap0000135
1388:10.2114/jpa.24.129
1157:Other publications
1084:10.3758/bf03206171
875:10.3758/bf03204141
668:Thinking in sound.
605:Audio compact disk
538:(as of Aug 2011).
486:in San Francisco.
396:Cornell University
384:Richard Herrnstein
371:Harvard University
340:University College
235:Gestalt psychology
119:September 15, 1936
1195:978-0-262-02297-2
570:and in 2012, the
554:in 1984, and the
542:Honors and awards
261:McGill University
231:cognitive science
215:
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207:Fred D. Sheffield
196:McGill University
186:cognitive science
168:Scientific career
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41:quality standards
32:This article may
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367:Jerome S. Bruner
363:George A. Miller
321:Toronto, Ontario
304:Richard Parncutt
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203:Doctoral advisor
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891:Bregman, A.S.;
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388:learning theory
361:established by
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143:Alma mater
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1480:AUDITORY List
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