Cognitive science - Knowledge

369:, the mind could be characterized as a set of complex associations, represented as a layered network. Critics argue that there are some phenomena which are better captured by symbolic models, and that connectionist models are often so complex as to have little explanatory power. Recently symbolic and connectionist models have been combined, making it possible to take advantage of both forms of explanation. While both connectionism and symbolic approaches have proven useful for testing various hypotheses and exploring approaches to understanding aspects of cognition and lower level brain functions, neither are biologically realistic and therefore, both suffer from a lack of neuroscientific plausibility. Connectionism has proven useful for exploring computationally how cognition emerges in development and occurs in the human brain, and has provided alternatives to strictly domain-specific / domain general approaches. For example, scientists such as Jeff Elman, Liz Bates, and Annette Karmiloff-Smith have posited that networks in the brain emerge from the dynamic interaction between them and environmental input. 2179:), the debate on this issue of beginning cognition is still in progress. From the different perspectives noted above, this problem can be reduced to the issue of how organisms at the simple reflexes stage of development overcome the threshold of the environmental chaos of sensory stimuli: electromagnetic waves, chemical interactions, and pressure fluctuations. The so-called Primary Data Entry (PDE) thesis poses doubts about the ability of such an organism to overcome this cue threshold on its own. In terms of mathematical tools, the PDE thesis underlines the insuperable high threshold of the cacophony of environmental stimuli (the stimuli noise) for young organisms at the onset of life. It argues that the temporal (phase) synchronization of neural activity based on dynamical self-organizing processes in neural networks, any dynamical bound together or integration to a representation of the perceptual object by means of a synchronization mechanism can not help organisms in distinguishing relevant cue (informative stimulus) for overcome this noise threshold. 2168:(BBS) Hypothesis from neurophysiology. Connectionist cognitive neuroarchitectures have been developed that use integrative synchronization mechanisms to solve this binding problem in perceptual cognition and in language cognition. In perceptual cognition the problem is to explain how elementary object properties and object relations, like the object color or the object form, can be dynamically bound together or can be integrated to a representation of this perceptual object by means of a synchronization mechanism ("feature binding", "feature linking"). In language cognition the problem is to explain how semantic concepts and syntactic roles can be dynamically bound together or can be integrated to complex cognitive representations like systematic and compositional symbol structures and propositions by means of a synchronization mechanism ("variable binding") (see also the "Symbolism vs. connectionism debate" in 1054:. By measuring behavioral responses to different stimuli, one can understand something about how those stimuli are processed. Lewandowski & Strohmetz (2009) reviewed a collection of innovative uses of behavioral measurement in psychology including behavioral traces, behavioral observations, and behavioral choice. Behavioral traces are pieces of evidence that indicate behavior occurred, but the actor is not present (e.g., litter in a parking lot or readings on an electric meter). Behavioral observations involve the direct witnessing of the actor engaging in the behavior (e.g., watching how close a person sits next to another person). Behavioral choices are when a person selects between two or more options (e.g., voting behavior, choice of a punishment for another participant). 720:, and kinaesthesis, to autonomic processes that involve heartbeat and respiration, to the role of the enteric gut microbiome. It also includes accounts of how the body engages with or is coupled to social and physical environments. 4E (embodied, embedded, extended and enactive) cognition includes a broad range of views about brain-body-environment interaction, from causal embeddedness to stronger claims about how the mind extends to include tools and instruments, as well as the role of social interactions, action-oriented processes, and affordances. 4E theories range from those closer to classic cognitivism (so-called "weak" embodied cognition) to stronger extended and enactive versions that are sometimes referred to as radical embodied cognitive science. 704:

are in accord with reality. According to Latvian professor Sandra Mihailova and professor Igor Val Danilov, the more elements of the phenomenon (or phenomena ) the mind can keep in the scope of attention simultaneously, the more significant number of reasonable combinations within that event it can achieve, enhancing the probability of better understanding features and particularity of the phenomenon (phenomena). For example, three items in the focal point of consciousness yield six possible combinations (3 factorial) and four items – 24 (4 factorial) combinations. The number of reasonable combinations becomes significant in the case of a focal point with six items with 720 possible combinations (6 factorial).

1191: 2164:" (that is, the problem of dynamically representing conjunctions of informational elements, from the most basic perceptual representations ("feature binding") to the most complex cognitive representations, like symbol structures ("variable binding")), by means of integrative synchronization mechanisms. In other words, one of the coordinating mechanisms appears to be the temporal (phase) synchronization of neural activity based on dynamical self-organizing processes in neural networks, described by the 29: 939: 1158:. This technique uses infrared transmitters and receivers to measure the amount of light reflectance by blood near different areas of the brain. Since oxygenated and deoxygenated blood reflects light by different amounts, we can study which areas are more active (i.e., those that have more oxygenated blood). Optical imaging has moderate temporal resolution, but poor spatial resolution. It also has the advantage that it is extremely safe and can be used to study infants' brains. 6761: 5021: 8103: 6725: 6048: 417:, argues that "the new sciences of the mind need to enlarge their horizon to encompass both lived human experience and the possibilities for transformation inherent in human experience". On the classic cognitivist view, this can be provided by a functional level account of the process. Studying a particular phenomenon from multiple levels creates a better understanding of the processes that occur in the brain to give rise to a particular behavior. 8129: 8116: 6750: 6058: 1421: 767:

nature that language must have in the abstract in order to be learned in such a fashion. Some of the driving research questions in studying how the brain itself processes language include: (1) To what extent is linguistic knowledge innate or learned?, (2) Why is it more difficult for adults to acquire a second-language than it is for infants to acquire their first-language?, and (3) How are humans able to understand novel sentences?

5009: 6068: 928: 6737: 4997: 1395:. Fields of cognitive science have been influential in understanding the brain's particular functional systems (and functional deficits) ranging from speech production to auditory processing and visual perception. It has made progress in understanding how damage to particular areas of the brain affect cognition, and it has helped to uncover the root causes and results of specific dysfunction, such as 729: 1213:. Computational modeling can help us understand the functional organization of a particular cognitive phenomenon. Approaches to cognitive modeling can be categorized as: (1) symbolic, on abstract mental functions of an intelligent mind by means of symbols; (2) subsymbolic, on the neural and associative properties of the human brain; and (3) across the symbolic–subsymbolic border, including hybrid. 2396: 1103: 2410: 919:, and the interrelationship between cognition and memory. One example of this could be, what mental processes does a person go through to retrieve a long-lost memory? Or, what differentiates between the cognitive process of recognition (seeing hints of something before remembering it, or memory in context) and recall (retrieving a memory, as in "fill-in-the-blank")? 1150:. fMRI measures the relative amount of oxygenated blood flowing to different parts of the brain. More oxygenated blood in a particular region is assumed to correlate with an increase in neural activity in that part of the brain. This allows us to localize particular functions within different brain regions. fMRI has moderate spatial and temporal resolution. 1134:. SPECT and PET use radioactive isotopes, which are injected into the subject's bloodstream and taken up by the brain. By observing which areas of the brain take up the radioactive isotope, we can see which areas of the brain are more active than other areas. PET has similar spatial resolution to fMRI, but it has extremely poor temporal resolution. 2159:

One of the core aims of cognitive science is to achieve an integrated theory of cognition. This requires integrative mechanisms explaining how the information processing that occurs simultaneously in spatially segregated (sub-)cortical areas in the brain is coordinated and bound together to give rise

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relies on how it perceives, remembers, considers, and evaluates in making decisions. The ground of this statement is that the more details (associated with an event) the mind may grasp for their comparison, association, and categorization, the closer apprehension, judgment, and reasoning of the event

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Psychophysical experiments are an old psychological technique, which has been adopted by cognitive psychology. They typically involve making judgments of some physical property, e.g. the loudness of a sound. Correlation of subjective scales between individuals can show cognitive or sensory biases as

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have found that, while humans form sentences in ways apparently governed by very complex systems, they are remarkably unaware of the rules that govern their own speech. Thus linguists must resort to indirect methods to determine what those rules might be, if indeed rules as such exist. In any event,

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defined this term as "that psychical process, which is operative in the clear perception of the narrow region of the content of consciousness." His experiments showed the limits of Attention in space and time, which were 3-6 letters during an exposition of 1/10 s. Because this notion develops within

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are two dominant senses that allow us to perceive the environment. Some questions in the study of visual perception, for example, include: (1) How are we able to recognize objects?, (2) Why do we perceive a continuous visual environment, even though we only see small bits of it at any one time? One

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while a person is trying to remember the phone number. Neither of these experiments on its own would fully explain how the process of remembering a phone number works. Even if the technology to map out every neuron in the brain in real-time were available and it were known when each neuron fired it

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This methodology is used to study a variety of cognitive processes, most notably visual perception and language processing. The fixation point of the eyes is linked to an individual's focus of attention. Thus, by monitoring eye movements, we can study what information is being processed at a given

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Attention is the selection of important information. The human mind is bombarded with millions of stimuli and it must have a way of deciding which of this information to process. Attention is sometimes seen as a spotlight, meaning one can only shine the light on a particular set of information.

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is closely tied to the field of linguistics. Linguistics was traditionally studied as a part of the humanities, including studies of history, art and literature. In the last fifty years or so, more and more researchers have studied knowledge and use of language as a cognitive phenomenon, the main

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are textbook implementations of this approach. Some critics of this approach feel that while these models approach biological reality as a representation of how the system works, these models lack explanatory powers because, even in systems endowed with simple connection rules, the emerging high

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The ability to learn and understand language is an extremely complex process. Language is acquired within the first few years of life, and all humans under normal circumstances are able to acquire language proficiently. A major driving force in the theoretical linguistic field is discovering the

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A central tenet of cognitive science is that a complete understanding of the mind/brain cannot be attained by studying only a single level. An example would be the problem of remembering a phone number and recalling it later. One approach to understanding this process would be to study behavior

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The time between the presentation of a stimulus and an appropriate response can indicate differences between two cognitive processes, and can indicate some things about their nature. For example, if in a search task the reaction times vary proportionally with the number of elements, then it is

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Cognitive science is a large field, and covers a wide array of topics on cognition. However, it should be recognized that cognitive science has not always been equally concerned with every topic that might bear relevance to the nature and operation of minds. Classical cognitivists have largely

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Brain imaging involves analyzing activity within the brain while performing various tasks. This allows us to link behavior and brain function to help understand how information is processed. Different types of imaging techniques vary in their temporal (time-based) and spatial (location-based)

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Memory allows us to store information for later retrieval. Memory is often thought of as consisting of both a long-term and short-term store. Long-term memory allows us to store information over prolonged periods (days, weeks, years). We do not yet know the practical limit of long-term memory

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claims to have coined the term "epistemics" to describe a reorientation of epistemology. Goldman maintains that his epistemics is continuous with traditional epistemology and the new term is only to avoid opposition. Epistemics, in Goldman's version, differs only slightly from traditional

651:(Mack and Rock, 1998). In the dichotic listening task, subjects are bombarded with two different messages, one in each ear, and told to focus on only one of the messages. At the end of the experiment, when asked about the content of the unattended message, subjects cannot report it. 581:

theories take into account the current state of the environment as well as the role of the body in cognition. With the newfound emphasis on information processing, observable behavior was no longer the hallmark of psychological theory, but the modeling or recording of mental states.

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paradigm dominated the field of psychology within the United States. Most psychologists focused on functional relations between stimulus and response, without positing internal representations. Chomsky argued that in order to explain language, we needed a theory like

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Artificial intelligence (AI) involves the study of cognitive phenomena in machines. One of the practical goals of AI is to implement aspects of human intelligence in computers. Computers are also widely used as a tool with which to study cognitive phenomena.

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There is some debate in the field as to whether the mind is best viewed as a huge array of small but individually feeble elements (i.e. neurons), or as a collection of higher-level structures such as symbols, schemes, plans, and rules. The former view uses

1142:. EEG measures the electrical fields generated by large populations of neurons in the cortex by placing a series of electrodes on the scalp of the subject. This technique has an extremely high temporal resolution, but a relatively poor spatial resolution. 122:

circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."

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has defined it as "the construction of formal models of the processes (perceptual, intellectual, and linguistic) by which knowledge and understanding are achieved and communicated." In his 1978 essay "Epistemics: The Regulative Theory of Cognition",

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Learning and development are the processes by which we acquire knowledge and information over time. Infants are born with little or no knowledge (depending on how knowledge is defined), yet they rapidly acquire the ability to use language, walk, and

491:, often comparing the output of models with aspects of human cognition. Similarly to the field of psychology, there is some doubt whether there is a unified cognitive science, which have led some researchers to prefer 'cognitive sciences' in plural. 404:. A person could be presented with a phone number and be asked to recall it after some delay of time; then the accuracy of the response could be measured. Another approach to measure cognitive ability would be to study the firings of individual 1087:

time. Eye tracking allows us to study cognitive processes on extremely short time scales. Eye movements reflect online decision making during a task, and they provide us with some insight into the ways in which those decisions may be processed.

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Eventually the limits of the symbolic AI research program became apparent. For instance, it seemed to be unrealistic to comprehensively list human knowledge in a form usable by a symbolic computer program. The late 80s and 90s saw the rise of

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approaches to cognitive science emphasize the role of body and environment in cognition. This includes both neural and extra-neural bodily processes, and factors that range from affective and emotional processes, to posture, motor control,

2098:, have been involved in collaborative projects with cognitive and social psychologists, political scientists and evolutionary biologists in attempts to develop general theories of culture formation, religion, and political association. 878:) have argued that Pinker's claims are biologically unrealistic. They argue that genes determine the architecture of a learning system, but that specific "facts" about how grammar works can only be learned as a result of experience. 479:. Cognitive scientists work collectively in hope of understanding the mind and its interactions with the surrounding world much like other sciences do. The field regards itself as compatible with the physical sciences and uses the 3433:

Val Danilov I, and Mihailova S. (2022). "A Case Study on the Development of Math Competence in an Eight-year-old Child with Dyscalculia: Shared Intentionality in Human-Computer Interaction for Online Treatment Via Subitizing."

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view, on the other hand, emphasizes that certain abilities are learned from the environment. Although clearly both genetic and environmental input is needed for a child to develop normally, considerable debate remains about

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Action is taken to refer to the output of a system. In humans, this is accomplished through motor responses. Spatial planning and movement, speech production, and complex motor movements are all aspects of action.

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Gray, C. M. & Singer, W. (1989). "Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86:

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is that it defines the intellectual functions of cognition such as apprehension, judgment, reasoning, and working memory. The development of attention scope increases the set of faculties responsible for the

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epistemology in its alliance with the psychology of cognition; epistemics stresses the detailed study of mental processes and information-processing mechanisms that lead to knowledge or beliefs.

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Many different methodologies are used to study cognitive science. As the field is highly interdisciplinary, research often cuts across multiple areas of study, drawing on research methods from

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Maurer, H. (2021). "Cognitive science: Integrative synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of the modern connectionism". CRC Press, Boca Raton/FL, ISBN 978-1-351-04352-6.

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would still be impossible to know how a particular firing of neurons translates into the observed behavior. Thus an understanding of how these two levels relate to each other is imperative.

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Di Paolo, Ezequiel A. (2003). "Organismically-inspired robotics: homeostatic adaptation and teleology beyond the closed sensorimotor loop". In Murase, Kazuyuki; Asakura, Toshiyuki (eds.).

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Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field of researchers from Linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science, and anthropology that seek to understand the mind.

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Singer, W. & A. Lazar. (2016). "Does the cerebral cortex exploit high-dimensional, non-linear dynamics for information processing?" Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience.10: 99.

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of Attention would reflect the sense when it accounts for the main features initially attributed to this term – it is a process of controlling thought that continues over time. While

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require a mathematically and logically formal representation of a problem. Computer models are used in the simulation and experimental verification of different specific and general

3832: 4191: 908:—refers to our memory for facts and specific knowledge, specific meanings, and specific experiences (e.g. "Are apples food?", or "What did I eat for breakfast four days ago?"). 628:. One way to view the issue is whether it is possible to accurately simulate a human brain on a computer without accurately simulating the neurons that make up the human brain. 326:

became the first institution in the world to grant an undergraduate degree in Cognitive Science. In 1986, the first Cognitive Science Department in the world was founded at the

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Hardcastle, V.G. (1998). "The binding problem". In W. Bechtel & G. Graham (eds.), A Companion to Cognitive Science (pp. 555-565). Blackwell Publisher, Malden/MA, Oxford/UK.

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to attempt to formally characterize the steps that human beings went through, for instance, in making decisions and solving problems, in the hope of better understanding human

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Wrote computer programs in languages such as LISP to attempt to formally characterize the steps that human beings go through, such as making decisions and solving problems

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or to focus on single simulative programs (or microtheories/"middle-range" theories) modelling specific cognitive faculties (e.g. vision, language, categorization etc.).

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Hummel, J. (1999). "Binding problem". In: R.A. Wilson & F.C. Keil, The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (pp. 85-86). Cambridge, MA, London: The MIT Press.

4916: 874:) have argued that specific information containing universal grammatical rules must be contained in the genes, whereas others (such as Jeffrey Elman and colleagues in 2147:

In the mid-1980s, the School of Epistemics was renamed as The Centre for Cognitive Science (CCS). In 1998, CCS was incorporated into the University of Edinburgh's

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Some of the more recognized names in cognitive science are usually either the most controversial or the most cited. Within philosophy, some familiar names include

973:. The image on the right of a Necker cube is an example of a bistable percept, that is, the cube can be interpreted as being oriented in two different directions. 193:

while mostly having never read Aristotle, and they were working with an entirely different set of tools and core concepts than those of the cognitive scientist.

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Connectionism relies on the idea that the mind/brain is composed of simple nodes and its problem-solving capacity derives from the connections between them.

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König, Peter; Wilming, Niklas; Kietzmann, Tim C.; Ossandón, Jose P.; Onat, Selim; Ehinger, Benedikt V.; Gameiro, Ricardo R.; Kaspar, Kai (1 December 2016).

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can also help us to understand aspects of intelligence. These methods allow us to understand how intelligent behavior is implemented in a physical system.

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In order to have a description of what constitutes intelligent behavior, one must study behavior itself. This type of research is closely tied to that in

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Marcus, G.F. (2001). "The algebraic mind. Integrating connectionism and cognitive science". Bradford Book, The MIT Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-262-13379-2.

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Marr, D.; Poggio, T. (1976). From Understanding Computation to Understanding Neural Circuitry. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Report). A.I. Memo.

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Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

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started the first undergraduate education program in Cognitive Science, led by Neil Stillings. In 1982, with assistance from Professor Stillings,

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Maurer, H. (2016). "Integrative synchronization mechanisms in connectionist cognitive Neuroarchitectures". Computational Cognitive Science. 2: 3.

2533: 552:. Most in cognitive science, however, presumably do not believe their field is the study of anything as certain as the knowledge sought by Plato. 2803: 2503: 1293:

All the above approaches tend either to be generalized to the form of integrated computational models of a synthetic/abstract intelligence (i.e.

4040: 577:, internal states such as affects and emotions, as well as awareness and covert attention became approachable again. For example, situated and 4130: 2148: 1010:

Consciousness is the awareness of experiences within oneself. This helps the mind with having the ability to experience or feel a sense of

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The study of language processing ranges from the investigation of the sound patterns of speech to the meaning of words and whole sentences.

208:, who sought to understand the organizing principles of the mind. McCulloch and Pitts developed the first variants of what are now known as 4433:

Rosch, Eleanor; Mervis, Carolyn B; Gray, Wayne D; Johnson, David M; Boyes-Braem, Penny (July 1976). "Basic objects in natural categories".

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The term "cognitive" in "cognitive science" is used for "any kind of mental operation or structure that can be studied in precise terms" (

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Varga, S.; Heck, D. H. (2017). "Rhythms of the body, rhythms of the brain: respiration, neural oscillations, and embodied cognition".

118:. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from 7675: 6104: 4277: 3528:"What the heart forgets: Cardiac timing influences memory for words and is modulated by metacognition and interoceptive sensitivity" 1248:

environment. Recently, especially in the context of cognitive decision-making, symbolic cognitive modeling has been extended to the

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allows us to remember actions and motor sequences (e.g. how to ride a bicycle) and is often dubbed implicit knowledge or memory .

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view of the mind—the view that mental states and processes should be explained by their function – what they do. According to the

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working within the psychology department and conducting experiments using computer memory as models for human cognition. In 1959,

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Widdows, D., Rani, J., & Pothos, E. M. (2023). Quantum Circuit Components for Cognitive Decision-Making. Entropy, 25(4), 548.

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Lewandowski, Gary; Strohmetz, David (2009). "Actions can speak as loud as words: Measuring behavior in psychological science".

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in that epistemology is the philosophical theory of knowledge, whereas epistemics signifies the scientific study of knowledge.

7535: 7455: 7430: 7309: 7189: 6792: 5826: 4626: 4595: 2965: 2833: 2319: 1605: 1146: 733: 521:, 1999). This conceptualization is very broad, and should not be confused with how "cognitive" is used in some traditions of 7655: 6863: 5677: 5025: 7435: 7360: 7287: 7263: 7211: 5831: 5103: 3855: 3718: 327: 315: 8095: 8047: 7680: 7066: 6819: 5336: 5001: 3865: 2781: 1992: 1717: 1587: 1438: 602: 495: 394: 7475: 5983: 5811: 5341: 4752: 4578: 4007: 3161:"An alternative to domain-general or domain-specific frameworks for theorizing about human evolution and ontogenesis" 3131: 3092: 2918: 2861: 2713: 2642: 2437:– topic tree that identifies many types of thoughts, types of thinking, aspects of thought, related fields, and more. 2007: 1460: 247:, would play a central role in cognitive science, both as a metaphor for the mind, and as a tool for investigation. 4884:

Singer, W. (2018). "Neuronal oscillations: unavoidable and useful?" European Journal of Neuroscience. 48: 2389-2399.

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account of functionalism, even non-human systems such as robots and computers can be ascribed as having cognition.

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complexity makes them less interpretable at the connection-level than they apparently are at the macroscopic level.

740:. This is one way of representing human language that shows how different components are organized hierarchically. 625: 586: 4300: 7710: 7690: 7403: 7148: 6856: 6851: 6824: 6677: 5459: 4070: 2349: 2106: 2055: 838:. Research in learning and development aims to explain the mechanisms by which these processes might take place. 362: 6765: 4808: 4243: 3373:

Sun, Ron (ed.) (2008). The Cambridge Handbook of Computational Psychology. Cambridge University Press, New York.

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Below are some of the main topics that cognitive science is concerned with. This is not an exhaustive list. See

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Singer, W. (1999b). "Neuronal synchrony: A versatile code for the definition of relations". Neuron. 24: 49-65.

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approach, including social and organizational cognition, interrelated with a sub-symbolic non-conscious layer.

435:, giving a representation of the inputs and outputs and the algorithms which transform one into the other; and 8040: 7725: 7705: 7642: 7093: 6962: 6903: 6241: 6097: 5892: 5869: 5599: 5589: 2428: 2385: 2234: 1511: 1245: 3345: 2431:– topic tree presenting the traits, capacities, models, and research fields of human intelligence, and more. 2175:

However, despite significant advances in understanding the integrated theory of cognition (specifically the

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Sun, Ron (ed.), Grounding Social Sciences in Cognitive Sciences. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2012.

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Malsburg, C. von der (1999). "The what and why of binding: The modeler's perspective". Neuron. 24: 95-104.

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Leahey, T. H. (1979). "Something old, something new: Attention in Wundt and modern cognitive psychology."

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Pothos, E. M., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2022). Quantum Cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 73, 749–778.

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Cognitive scientists study memory just as psychologists do, but tend to focus more on how memory bears on

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Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information

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capacity. Short-term memory allows us to store information over short time scales (seconds or minutes).

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The first instance of cognitive science experiments being done at an academic institution took place at

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Newell, Allen. 1990. Unified Theories of Cognition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Treisman A. (1999). "Solutions to the binding problem: progress through controversy and convergence."

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problems being how knowledge of language can be acquired and used, and what precisely it consists of.

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in 1979, which resulted in cognitive science becoming an internationally visible enterprise. In 1972,

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A major question in the study of cognitive development is the extent to which certain abilities are

802:. Many aspects of language can be studied from each of these components and from their interaction. 7908: 7792: 7665: 7485: 7418: 7280: 7253: 7108: 6883: 6846: 6729: 6577: 6567: 6364: 6090: 5902: 5735: 5321: 5190: 3759:

Clark, Andy (2011). "Précis of Supersizing the mind: embodiment, action, and cognitive extension".

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Garfinkel, S. N.; Barrett, A. B.; Minati, L.; Dolan, R. J.; Seth, A. K.; Critchley, H. D. (2013).

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Cognitive Science Movie Index: A broad list of movies showcasing themes in the Cognitive Sciences

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is the power of minds to be about something, Attention is the concentration of awareness on some

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Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field with contributors from various fields, including

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evident that this cognitive process of searching involves serial instead of parallel processing.

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if speech is indeed governed by rules, they appear to be opaque to any conscious consideration.

281:, which not only attributed internal representations but characterized their underlying order. 8030: 8025: 8000: 7948: 7943: 7783: 7775: 7766: 7761: 7730: 7622: 7408: 7345: 7098: 7017: 6649: 6369: 6197: 6028: 5859: 5740: 5507: 5497: 5492: 4442: 3902: 2951: 2455: 2375: 2339: 2274: 2224: 2194: 2051: 1876: 1701: 1669: 1384: 1294: 1162: 1138: 1116: 850: 737: 609: 566: 499: 3620:"The gut microbiome as a driver of individual variation in cognition and functional behaviour" 2016: 1568: 1277:

theory, (2) mapping symbolic models onto connectionist models (Neural-symbolic integration or

349:, and also in the hope of creating artificial minds. This approach is known as "symbolic AI". 135:. Cognitive science has a prehistory traceable back to ancient Greek philosophical texts (see 8057: 8020: 7918: 7827: 7822: 7797: 7525: 7505: 7355: 7275: 7248: 7179: 6947: 6572: 6562: 6524: 6497: 6459: 6432: 6342: 6251: 6170: 6160: 5998: 5968: 5958: 5854: 5768: 5644: 5584: 5551: 5541: 5424: 5389: 5379: 5316: 5185: 5160: 5155: 5120: 4499: 4152: 3491: 3121: 3082: 2948:

Dynamic Systems Approach for Embodiment and Sociality: From Ecological Psychology to Robotics

2908: 2309: 2254: 2214: 1967: 1904: 1530: 1325: 1224:, as well as a philosophical perspective (e.g. "Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence" ( 875: 749: 220: 32:

Figure illustrating the fields that contributed to the birth of cognitive science, including

2704:

Longuet-Higgins, H. C. (1973). "Comments on the Lighthill Report and the Sutherland Reply".

8010: 7817: 7802: 7770: 7757: 7618: 7530: 7398: 7365: 7340: 7194: 7158: 7052: 7022: 6841: 6519: 6359: 6332: 6327: 6224: 5758: 5730: 5702: 5697: 5526: 5502: 5454: 5437: 5432: 5414: 5404: 5399: 5361: 5311: 5306: 5223: 5169: 2229: 2165: 2110: 2059: 1857: 1787: 1733: 1697: 1047: 867: 377: 132: 49: 853:

view emphasizes that certain features are innate to an organism and are determined by its

561:

de-emphasized or avoided social and cultural factors, embodiment, emotion, consciousness,

8: 8077: 7842: 7627: 7545: 7086: 7030: 6957: 6699: 6693: 6619: 6534: 6479: 6354: 6219: 6165: 6023: 5948: 5864: 5849: 5614: 5394: 5351: 5346: 5243: 5233: 5205: 4269: 2304: 2204: 1404: 522: 373: 174: 170: 5031: 4368: 4092: 3066: 3049: 2128:

with the foundation of its School of Epistemics. Epistemics is to be distinguished from

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Alexandre, Boris; Navarro, Jordan; Reynaud, Emanuelle; Osiurak, François (1 May 2019).

2495: 2434: 2370: 2279: 2209: 2011: 1922:

Proponent of the Three-Level Hypothesis of levels of analysis of computational systems

1760: 1556: 1360: 1340: 897: 846: 712: 644: 578: 464: 278: 107: 4491: 3263: 2991:"Modeling language and cognition with deep unsupervised learning: a tutorial overview" 2475: 8128: 8121: 8115: 7898: 7893: 7609: 7350: 7317: 7184: 7045: 6993: 6952: 6930: 6898: 6614: 6609: 6597: 6592: 6464: 6374: 6317: 6261: 6008: 5938: 5917: 5879: 5687: 5654: 5634: 5326: 5238: 5112: 4748: 4632: 4622: 4574: 4456: 4419: 4308: 4003: 3951: 3861: 3780: 3703: 3649: 3592: 3557: 3326: 3279: 3267: 3192: 3127: 3088: 3030: 3012: 2961: 2914: 2857: 2829: 2797: 2709: 2678: 2638: 2615: 2499: 2487: 2479: 2415: 2401: 2380: 2360: 2199: 2189: 2063: 977: 961: 942:

An optical illusion. The square A is exactly the same shade of gray as square B. See

916: 909: 761: 480: 319: 59: 3483: 2975: 2754: 2611: 2160:

to coherent perceptual and symbolic representations. One approach is to solve this "

2031:

have been influential (both have also become notable as political commentators). In

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The psychological construct of Attention is sometimes confused with the concept of

562: 488: 468: 410: 293: 255: 240: 224: 201: 7199: 2101:

Computational theories (with models and simulations) have also been developed, by

380:, has accelerated work using elements from quantum mechanics in cognitive models. 131:

The cognitive sciences began as an intellectual movement in the 1950s, called the

8067: 7958: 7923: 7832: 7720: 7614: 7570: 7550: 7423: 7139: 7118: 6873: 6639: 6406: 6401: 6214: 5912: 5806: 5778: 5672: 5624: 5609: 5594: 5449: 5444: 5384: 5274: 5248: 5200: 5145: 5052: 4920: 4901: 3588: 3465: 2735: 2581: 2571: 2299: 2259: 2176: 2161: 2102: 1660: 1318: 1298: 1249: 1185: 1154: 931: 905: 901: 366: 354: 268: 94:; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as 1167:

MEG measures magnetic fields resulting from cortical activity. It is similar to

1106:

Image of the human head with the brain. The arrow indicates the position of the

70:(in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include 7560: 7540: 7450: 7143: 7035: 6910: 6754: 6602: 6514: 6509: 6266: 6187: 6182: 6113: 6018: 5922: 5821: 5667: 5639: 4537: 4520: 2249: 2083: 2071: 1999: 1976: 1947: 1814: 1518: 1496: 1352: 1202: 1035: 717: 672: 655: 323: 178: 4411: 3916: 3871: 3772: 3737: 3695: 667:

the framework of the original meaning during a hundred years of research, the

8150: 8062: 8005: 7995: 7555: 7375: 7335: 7331: 7322: 7165: 7134: 7123: 7113: 7040: 6942: 6836: 6705: 6661: 6624: 6554: 6529: 6439: 6337: 6283: 6278: 5907: 5195: 4312: 3330: 3295:"Communication Efficiency in Education: Increasing Emotions and Storytelling" 3016: 3007: 2682: 2619: 2596:"Which cognitive tools do we prefer to use, and is that preference rational?" 2560: 2483: 2169: 2091: 2075: 2036: 2028: 1959: 1841: 1798: 1612: 1594: 1335: 1260: 1233: 1228:)). They were developed by the first cognitive researchers and later used in 1051: 1005: 871: 684: 663: 621: 514: 376:, including the ability to run quantum circuits on quantum computers such as 358: 338: 263: 232: 190: 166: 4913: 4767:

Goldman, Alvin I. (1978). "Epistemics: The Regulative Theory of Cognition".

4636: 3857:

I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science, 2nd edition

3250:

Miller, G. A. (2003). "The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective".

2777: 1712:(Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer) theory, organizational decision-making 1680:

Wrote about the capacities of human thinking through mental representations

1240:

for the investigation of functional human-like intelligence models, such as

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and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of

45: 37: 6777: 4398:

Gleitman, Lila (January 1990). "The Structural Sources of Verb Meanings".

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uses simulations to study how human intelligence may be structured. (See

574: 460: 273: 236: 197: 95: 33: 5020: 4894: 3983: 3966: 3825:"Linguistics: Semantics, Phonetics, Pragmatics, and Human Communication" 3416: 3311: 3294: 2877: 969:

tool for studying visual perception is by looking at how people process

694:

The significance of knowledge about the scope of attention for studying

196:

The modern culture of cognitive science can be traced back to the early

7938: 7933: 7650: 7385: 6925: 6710: 6549: 6391: 6349: 6293: 6013: 5943: 5536: 5269: 5125: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4790: 4656:(Spring 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 4603: 3543: 3474: 3390: 3352:(Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 3321: 2989:

Zorzi, Marco; Testolin, Alberto; Stoianov, Ivilin P. (20 August 2013).

2821: 2289: 2264: 1445: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1376: 1023: 951: 858: 799: 680: 676: 668: 659: 494:

Many, but not all, who consider themselves cognitive scientists hold a

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Pinker S., Bloom P. (1990). "Natural language and natural selection".

3624:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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evolved from the computer science paradigms using the technologies of

866:

genetic information might guide cognitive development. In the area of

361:

as a research paradigm. Under this point of view, often attributed to

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Computational Architectures Integrating Neural and Symbolic Processes

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Johnsonlaird, P (March 1981). "Mental models in cognitive science".

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Davidson, G. L.; Cooke, A. C.; Johnson, C. N.; Quinn, J. L. (2018).

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Memory is also often grouped into declarative and procedural forms.

8052: 7812: 7517: 5579: 5062: 4680: 4571:

Beyond Modularity: A Developmental Perspective on Cognitive Science

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trans. Rudolf Pintner (London: Allen, 1912; reprint ed., New York:

3120:

Pfeifer, R.; Schreter, Z.; Fogelman-Soulié, F.; Steels, L. (1989).

2674: 1942:

framework used in cognitive modelling and artificial intelligence.

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compared to actual physical measurements. Some examples include:

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during a period of time, which is necessary to elevate the clear

476: 442:, or how algorithm and representation may be physically realized. 346: 243:

were instrumental in these developments. The modern computer, or

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Neural Geographies: Feminism and the Microstructure of Cognition

333:

In the 1970s and early 1980s, as access to computers increased,

4996: 2355: 1102: 957: 887: 842: 791: 405: 119: 79: 3084:

Neural Network Perspectives on Cognition and Adaptive Robotics

2593: 927: 3964: 1786:

Wide-ranging contributions to understanding the cognition of

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Rescorla, Michael (1 January 2017). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).

3429: 3427: 3425: 2816: 1371:(related to denotational mathematics), and many theories of 728: 4244:"Alan Baddeley in International Directory of Psychologists" 3525: 2826:

Neural-Symbolic Cognitive Reasoning. Cognitive Technologies

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perception, and has been influential in the development of

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which began cognitivism against then-dominant behaviorism

662:. At the beginning of experimental research on Attention, 6273: 3682:

Menary, Richard (2010). "Special Issue on 4E Cognition".

3617: 3422: 1168: 956:

Perception is the ability to take in information via the

537: 525:, where "cognitive" has to do only with formal rules and 415:

The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience

16:

Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes

4521:"Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy" 707: 4619:

A Dynamic systems approach to development: applications

2635:

Where wizards stay up late: The origins of the Internet

2154: 1979:, who writes from a computational systems perspective, 1075:

threshold differences for colors, tones, textures, etc.

723: 421:

gave a famous description of three levels of analysis:

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Popular names in the discipline of psychology include

3667:

Newen, A.; De Bruin, L.; Gallagher, S., eds. (2018).

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as well as constituting a substantial wing of modern

212:, models of computation inspired by the structure of 4711:"Fodor, Jerry | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 4214:"Fodor, Jerry | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 3937: 3811:

Radicalizing enactivism: Basic minds without content

2950:. Advanced Knowledge International. pp. 19–42. 2656: 2654: 2460:"The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective" 2391: 2245:

Computational-representational understanding of mind

1351:

Cognitive science has given rise to models of human

1072:

sameness judgments for colors, tones, textures, etc.

3892: 3716: 2661:Chomsky, Noam (1959). "Review of Verbal behavior". 2020:, which questions the nature of words and thought. 1879:in cognitive modelling and artificial intelligence 1273:Other approaches gaining in popularity include (1) 643:Experiments that support this metaphor include the 341:would write computer programs in languages such as 219:Another precursor was the early development of the 3967:"Eye movements as a window to cognitive processes" 3447: 3404:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 658:due to some degree of semantic ambiguity in their 4504:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3853: 2751:"UCSD Cognitive Science - UCSD Cognitive Science" 2745: 2743: 2651: 992:stimuli also fall into the domain of perception. 845:or learned. This is often framed in terms of the 624:to study the mind, whereas the latter emphasizes 8148: 3438:2022;6(2):17; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2202122 1367:. It has also given rise to a new theory of the 542:"pertaining to the action or process of knowing" 4739: 4568: 4002:. London, UK: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. 3158: 2703: 687:and which is feasible to control this focus in 3719:"Embodying the mind and representing the body" 2740: 2637:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 32. 1236:. Since the early 1990s it was generalized in 505: 6793: 6098: 5102:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 5078: 5058:List of leading thinkers in cognitive science 3381: 3379: 3292: 1529:Offered a computational systems perspective ( 589:for a list of various aspects of the field. 4477: 3717:Alsmith, A. J. T.; De Vignemont, F. (2012). 3496:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2778:"About - Cognitive Science - Vassar College" 2708:. Science Research Council. pp. 35–37. 1736:in Summer 1956, which started AI as a field 296:, which concerned the then-current state of 6807: 4958: 4616: 4184:"The Man Who Would Teach Machines to Think" 4063:"Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness" 2802:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2556: 2554: 1770:Established MIT Sloan School of Management 1755:Developed early artificial neural networks 1115:resolution. Brain imaging is often used in 818: 613: 573:psychologies. However, with the decline of 446: 150: 6800: 6786: 6105: 6091: 5085: 5071: 4593: 4369:"J.C.R. Licklider | Internet Hall of Fame" 4093:"Daniel C. Dennett | American philosopher" 3809:Hutto, Daniel D. & Erik Myin. (2012). 3376: 3293:Ferrés, Joan; Masanet, Maria-Jose (2017). 2848: 2706:Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium 2632: 1658:Published a review of B.F. Skinner's book 1308: 1125:Single-photon emission computed tomography 592: 429:, specifying the goals of the computation; 310:were founded. The founding meeting of the 300:research. In the same decade, the journal 4976: 4914:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40469-016-0010-8 4536: 4446: 3982: 3940:Social and Personality Psychology Compass 3906: 3643: 3574: 3551: 3510: 3473: 3320: 3310: 3186: 3176: 3065: 3024: 3006: 2955: 2448: 1461:Learn how and when to remove this message 1175: 1041: 7964:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 4649: 4397: 3684:Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 3448:Colombetti, G. and, Krueger, J. (2015). 2945: 2907:Wilson, Elizabeth A. (4 February 2016). 2551: 1383:. It has made its presence known in the 1313:Research methods borrowed directly from 1189: 1101: 937: 926: 922: 727: 27: 4766: 4653:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4617:Smith, Linda B; Thelen, Esther (1993). 4518: 3793: 3350:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3343: 3047: 2660: 2577:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 774:often divides language processing into 683:of the narrow region of the content of 337:research expanded. Researchers such as 8149: 5802:Knowledge representation and reasoning 4959:Val Danilov, Igor (17 February 2023). 4298: 4194:from the original on 17 September 2016 3860:. Oxford University Press. p. 5. 3681: 3249: 3080: 2906: 2784:from the original on 17 September 2012 2536:from the original on 17 September 2014 2454: 1410: 7456:Psychological effects of Internet use 6781: 6086: 5827:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 5066: 4895:https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351043526 4596:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4319:from the original on 21 December 2016 4000:Cognitive Design for Artificial Minds 3997: 3854:Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). 3758: 2506:from the original on 21 November 2018 2320:Indiana Archives of Cognitive Science 1244:, and, in parallel, developed as the 1147:Functional magnetic resonance imaging 708:Bodily processes related to cognition 388: 6736: 5146:Energy consumption (Green computing) 5092: 4811:from the original on 19 October 2010 4805:"The old WWW.cogsci.ed.ac.uk server" 4747:, London, UK: Fontana, p. 209, 4745:Fontana dictionary of modern thought 4721:from the original on 17 October 2015 4270:"Marvin Minsky | American scientist" 4250:from the original on 5 February 2023 4224:from the original on 17 October 2015 3450:"Scaffoldings of the affective mind" 3356:from the original on 20 October 2022 3140:from the original on 5 February 2023 3101:from the original on 5 February 2023 2927:from the original on 5 February 2023 2155:Binding problem in cognitive science 1443:adding citations to reliable sources 1414: 805:The study of language processing in 724:Knowledge and processing of language 7436:Digital media use and mental health 6112: 5832:Distributed artificial intelligence 5104:ACM Computing Classification System 5036:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4685:Internet Enclclopedia of Philosophy 3726:Review of Philosophy and Psychology 3669:The Oxford handbook of 4E cognition 2775: 2006:and is also known for articulating 1261:connectionist/neural network models 1017: 934:, an example of an optical illusion 647:task (Cherry, 1957) and studies of 532:The earliest entries for the word " 328:University of California, San Diego 316:University of California, San Diego 13: 7067:Automatic and controlled processes 5337:Integrated development environment 4691:from the original on 27 April 2016 4678: 4660:from the original on 18 March 2019 4379:from the original on 28 March 2017 4349:from the original on 25 April 2017 4280:from the original on 28 March 2017 4181: 4133:from the original on 24 April 2017 4043:from the original on 24 April 2017 3796:Radical embodied cognitive science 3671:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3515:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1606:Baddeley's model of working memory 603:Outline of artificial intelligence 395:Functionalism (philosophy of mind) 14: 8168: 7476:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 5812:Automated planning and scheduling 5342:Software configuration management 4989: 4569:Karmiloff-Smith, Annette (1992). 4103:from the original on 23 July 2016 4073:from the original on 8 April 2011 3415:"Mind". Encyclopedia Britannica. 3048:Tieszen, Richard (15 July 2011). 2888:from the original on 25 June 2011 2008:the hard problem of consciousness 8127: 8114: 8102: 8101: 7501:Mobile phones and driving safety 6759: 6748: 6735: 6724: 6723: 6066: 6056: 6047: 6046: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4163:from the original on 22 May 2017 3971:Journal of Eye Movement Research 3952:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00229.x 3835:from the original on 6 June 2017 2856:. Needham, MA: Kluwer Academic. 2408: 2394: 2124:is a term coined in 1969 by the 1419: 1091: 999: 626:symbolic artificial intelligence 587:List of cognitive science topics 200:in the 1930s and 1940s, such as 157:); Modern philosophers such as 7404:Computer-mediated communication 6678:List of social science journals 6057: 5460:Computational complexity theory 4934: 4925: 4906: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4797: 4760: 4733: 4703: 4672: 4643: 4610: 4587: 4562: 4553: 4512: 4471: 4426: 4391: 4361: 4331: 4292: 4262: 4236: 4206: 4175: 4145: 4115: 4085: 4055: 4025: 4016: 3991: 3958: 3931: 3886: 3847: 3817: 3802: 3787: 3752: 3710: 3675: 3660: 3611: 3568: 3519: 3504: 3441: 3409: 3396: 3367: 3337: 3286: 3243: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3152: 3113: 3074: 3067:10.31979/2151-6014(2011).020206 3041: 2982: 2939: 2900: 2870: 2852:; Bookman, Larry, eds. (1994). 2842: 2810: 2769: 2612:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.02.005 2530:American Federation of Teachers 2350:Personal information management 1430:needs additional citations for 1346: 400:through direct observation, or 262:published a scathing review of 7681:Empathising–systemising theory 6984:female intrasexual competition 6921:Evolutionarily stable strategy 6635:Science and technology studies 5244:Network performance evaluation 5024:Learning materials related to 4978:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2301156 4127:www.informationphilosopher.com 4037:www.informationphilosopher.com 3178:10.3934/Neuroscience.2015.2.91 2722: 2697: 2626: 2587: 2518: 1983:, known for his controversial 1792:syntactic bootstrapping theory 960:, and process it in some way. 292:in his 1973 commentary on the 252:MIT Sloan School of Management 1: 8041:Standard social science model 7094:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis 5615:Multimedia information system 5600:Geographic information system 5590:Enterprise information system 5179:Computer systems organization 4519:Gentner, Dedre (April 1983). 4494:(inactive 11 September 2024). 4492:10.1016/S0364-0213(81)80005-5 4301:"Christopher Longuet-Higgins" 4299:Darwin, Chris (9 June 2004). 3895:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3348:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 3344:Shields, Christopher (2020), 3264:10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00029-9 2633:Hafner, K.; Lyon, M. (1996). 2526:"Ask the Cognitive Scientist" 2476:10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00029-9 2441: 2429:Outline of human intelligence 2235:Cognitive science of religion 2116: 2023:In the realm of linguistics, 1512:hard problem of consciousness 1285:, which are often drawn from 870:, for example, some (such as 614:§ Computational modeling 433:Representation and algorithms 383: 7889:Missing heritability problem 7481:Social aspects of television 7104:Evolution of nervous systems 7072:Computational theory of mind 5974:Computational social science 5562:Theoretical computer science 5375:Software development process 5151:Electronic design automation 5136:Very Large Scale Integration 4741:Longuet-Higgins, Christopher 4457:10.1016/0010-0285(76)90013-X 3589:10.1016/j.concog.2017.09.008 3513:How the Body Shapes the Mind 3466:10.1080/09515089.2014.976334 3252:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3159:Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2015). 3123:Connectionism in Perspective 2464:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2330:List of cognitive scientists 2325:Informatics (academic field) 1875:Development of the field of 1475:List of cognitive scientists 1131:positron emission tomography 836:recognize people and objects 631: 7: 8135:Evolutionary biology portal 5797:Natural language processing 5585:Information storage systems 3577:Consciousness and Cognition 3387:Introduction to Psychology, 2182: 2136:Christopher Longuet-Higgins 1912:David Marr (neuroscientist) 1629:Christopher Longuet-Higgins 527:truth-conditional semantics 290:Christopher Longuet-Higgins 21:Cognitive Science (journal) 10: 8173: 8096:Evolutionary psychologists 7969:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 7884:Human–animal communication 7596:Ovulatory shift hypothesis 7446:Imprinted brain hypothesis 7414:Human–computer interaction 5713:Human–computer interaction 5683:Intrusion detection system 5595:Social information systems 5580:Database management system 4538:10.1207/s15516709cog0702_3 2315:Human–computer interaction 2285:Embodied cognitive science 2240:Computational neuroscience 1966:approach to understanding 1472: 1279:hybrid intelligent systems 1179: 1095: 1003: 949: 885: 822: 743: 635: 596: 392: 214:biological neural networks 210:artificial neural networks 126: 62:, scientific study of the 18: 8090: 8016:Environmental determinism 7987:Cultural selection theory 7979: 7874:Evolutionary epistemology 7861: 7788:evolutionary neuroscience 7750: 7743: 7641: 7516: 7461:Rank theory of depression 7384: 7308: 7210: 7016: 7009: 6963:Parent–offspring conflict 6872: 6815: 6719: 6686: 6670: 6417: 6143: 6120: 6042: 5979:Computational engineering 5954:Computational mathematics 5931: 5878: 5840: 5787: 5749: 5711: 5653: 5570: 5516: 5478: 5423: 5360: 5293: 5257: 5214: 5178: 5111: 5100: 5041:Cognitive Science Society 4770:The Journal of Philosophy 4412:10.1207/s15327817la0101_2 3917:10.1017/S0140525X00081061 3794:Chemero, Anthony (2011). 3773:10.1007/s11098-010-9597-x 3738:10.1007/s13164-012-0085-4 3696:10.1007/s11097-010-9187-6 3511:Gallagher, Shaun (2005). 2729:Cognitive Science Society 2386:Speech–language pathology 2335:List of psychology awards 2220:Cognitive neuropsychology 1732:and organized the famous 1369:philosophy of mathematics 1196:artificial neural network 1066:Psychophysical responses. 900:—grouped into subsets of 881: 312:Cognitive Science Society 308:Cognitive Science Society 272:. At the time, Skinner's 7909:Cultural group selection 7793:Biocultural anthropology 7486:Societal impacts of cars 7419:Media naturalness theory 7109:Fight-or-flight response 5989:Computational healthcare 5984:Differentiable computing 5903:Graphics processing unit 5322:Domain-specific language 5191:Computational complexity 5051:4 September 2015 at the 3454:Philosophical Psychology 3346:"Aristotle's Psychology" 3008:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00515 2818:d'Avila Garcez, Artur S. 2270:Educational neuroscience 1854:Structure-mapping Theory 1331:Direct brain stimulation 906:episodic forms of memory 829:Developmental psychology 819:Learning and development 555: 540:take it to mean roughly 447:Interdisciplinary nature 402:naturalistic observation 227:in the 1940s and 1950s. 8109:Evolutionary psychology 8073:Sociocultural evolution 7914:Dual inheritance theory 7371:Personality development 6832:Theoretical foundations 6809:Evolutionary psychology 6323:international relations 5964:Computational chemistry 5898:Photograph manipulation 5789:Artificial intelligence 5605:Decision support system 4919:5 February 2023 at the 4900:5 February 2023 at the 4681:"Chinese Room Argument" 4274:Encyclopædia Britannica 4097:Encyclopædia Britannica 3998:Lieto, Antonio (2021). 3813:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 3798:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 3385:Wilhelm Wundt. (1912). 2995:Frontiers in Psychology 2366:Simulated consciousness 2126:University of Edinburgh 2033:artificial intelligence 1901:computational modelling 1885:Annette Karmiloff-Smith 1832:Introduced the idea of 1822:Philip N. Johnson-Laird 1730:artificial intelligence 1373:artificial intelligence 1309:Neurobiological methods 1230:information engineering 1222:knowledge-based systems 1182:Computational cognition 944:checker shadow illusion 746:Theoretical linguistics 649:inattentional blindness 599:Artificial intelligence 593:Artificial intelligence 440:hardware implementation 372:Recent developments in 335:artificial intelligence 298:artificial intelligence 104:artificial intelligence 42:artificial intelligence 8031:Social constructionism 8026:Psychological nativism 8001:Biological determinism 7949:Recent human evolution 7944:Punctuated equilibrium 7767:Behavioral epigenetics 7762:evolutionary economics 7731:Variability hypothesis 7676:Emotional intelligence 7409:Engineering psychology 7099:Evolution of the brain 6650:Quantum social science 6029:Educational technology 5860:Reinforcement learning 5610:Process control system 5508:Computational geometry 5498:Algorithmic efficiency 5493:Analysis of algorithms 5141:Systems on Chip (SoCs) 5012:Quotations related to 4373:internethalloffame.org 3636:10.1098/rstb.2017.0286 3054:Comparative Philosophy 2376:Society of Mind theory 2340:Malleable intelligence 2275:Educational psychology 2225:Cognitive neuroscience 2195:Cognitive anthropology 1877:Cognitive architecture 1702:General Problem Solver 1385:philosophy of language 1295:cognitive architecture 1199: 1176:Computational modeling 1163:Magnetoencephalography 1139:Electroencephalography 1117:cognitive neuroscience 1111: 1042:Behavioral experiments 947: 935: 741: 610:Computational modeling 500:multiple realizability 151: 52: 8058:Multilineal evolution 8021:Nature versus nurture 7980:Theoretical positions 7828:Functional psychology 7823:Evolutionary medicine 7798:Biological psychiatry 7506:Texting while driving 7496:Lead–crime hypothesis 7356:Cognitive development 7341:Caregiver deprivation 6852:Gene selection theory 6687:Other categorizations 6540:International studies 6525:History of technology 6460:Communication studies 6343:public administration 5999:Electronic publishing 5969:Computational biology 5959:Computational physics 5855:Unsupervised learning 5769:Distributed computing 5645:Information retrieval 5552:Mathematical analysis 5542:Mathematical software 5425:Theory of computation 5390:Software construction 5380:Requirements analysis 5258:Software organization 5186:Computer architecture 5156:Hardware acceleration 5121:Printed circuit board 4153:"Gödel, Escher, Bach" 3761:Philosophical Studies 2780:. Cogsci.vassar.edu. 2580:(Fall 2008 Edition), 2310:Human Cognome Project 2255:Decision field theory 2215:Cognitive linguistics 2149:School of Informatics 2014:, famous for writing 1968:cognitive development 1905:cognitive development 1836:in cognitive science 1531:Multiple drafts model 1326:Single-unit recording 1193: 1105: 941: 930: 923:Perception and action 876:Rethinking Innateness 750:Cognitive linguistics 738:phrase structure tree 731: 221:theory of computation 31: 19:For the journal, see 8011:Cultural determinism 7818:Evolutionary biology 7803:Cognitive psychology 7751:Academic disciplines 7399:Cognitive ergonomics 7366:Language acquisition 7346:Childhood attachment 7159:Wason selection task 7053:Behavioral modernity 6842:Cognitive revolution 6825:Evolutionary thought 6520:Historical sociology 5759:Concurrent computing 5731:Ubiquitous computing 5703:Application security 5698:Information security 5527:Discrete mathematics 5503:Randomized algorithm 5455:Computability theory 5433:Model of computation 5405:Software maintenance 5400:Software engineering 5362:Software development 5312:Programming language 5307:Programming paradigm 5224:Network architecture 5004:at Wikimedia Commons 4944:1999, 24(1):105-125. 4435:Cognitive Psychology 4400:Language Acquisition 3831:. 16 February 2014. 2878:"Encephalos Journal" 2734:17 July 2010 at the 2570:15 July 2018 at the 2230:Cognitive psychology 2166:Binding-by-synchrony 2111:Philip Johnson-Laird 2060:Philip Johnson-Laird 1858:analogical reasoning 1788:language acquisition 1734:Dartmouth conference 1698:Logic Theory Machine 1488:Year of contribution 1439:improve this article 1256:Subsymbolic modeling 1203:Computational models 1048:cognitive psychology 868:language acquisition 427:computational theory 378:IBM Quantum Platform 133:cognitive revolution 8078:Unilineal evolution 7843:Population genetics 7628:Sexy son hypothesis 7566:Hormonal motivation 7546:Concealed ovulation 7087:Dual process theory 6958:Parental investment 6700:Geisteswissenschaft 6694:Behavioral sciences 6620:Political sociology 6535:Information science 6480:Development studies 6034:Document management 6024:Operations research 5949:Enterprise software 5865:Multi-task learning 5850:Supervised learning 5572:Information systems 5395:Software deployment 5352:Software repository 5206:Real-time computing 5032:"Cognitive Science" 3984:10.16910/jemr.9.5.3 3312:10.3916/c52-2017-05 3081:Browne, A. (1997). 2305:Heterophenomenology 2205:Cognitive computing 2017:Gödel, Escher, Bach 1852:Development of the 1809:Development of the 1620:1970s, early 1980s 1569:Gödel, Escher, Bach 1411:Notable researchers 1405:hemispatial neglect 917:cognitive processes 523:analytic philosophy 374:quantum computation 245:Von Neumann machine 175:Nicolas Malebranche 171:Benedict de Spinoza 8036:Social determinism 7919:Fisher's principle 7879:Great ape language 7869:Cultural evolution 7838:Philosophy of mind 7671:Division of labour 7633:Westermarck effect 7581:Mating preferences 7491:Distracted driving 7225:Literary criticism 7082:Domain specificity 7062:modularity of mind 6755:Society portal 6242:auxiliary sciences 5817:Search methodology 5764:Parallel computing 5721:Interaction design 5630:Computing platform 5557:Numerical analysis 5547:Information theory 5332:Software framework 5295:Software notations 5234:Network components 5131:Integrated circuit 3630:(1756): 20170286. 3544:10.1111/psyp.12039 2435:Outline of thought 2371:Situated cognition 2280:Embodied cognition 2210:Cognitive ethology 2078:. Anthropologists 2012:Douglas Hofstadter 1761:J. C. R. Licklider 1557:Douglas Hofstadter 1361:behavioral finance 1341:Postmortem studies 1200: 1112: 948: 936: 898:Declarative memory 847:nature and nurture 742: 734:well known example 713:Embodied cognition 645:dichotic listening 579:embodied cognition 465:philosophy of mind 389:Levels of analysis 279:generative grammar 53: 8157:Cognitive science 8144: 8143: 8122:Psychology portal 8086: 8085: 7929:Hologenome theory 7899:Unit of selection 7894:Primate cognition 7808:Cognitive science 7739: 7738: 7610:Sexual attraction 7586:Mating strategies 7351:Cinderella effect 7281:Moral foundations 7185:Visual perception 7077:Domain generality 7046:Facial expression 6994:Sexual dimorphism 6953:Natural selection 6899:Hamiltonian spite 6775: 6774: 6615:Political economy 6610:Political ecology 6465:Community studies 6455:Cognitive science 6418:Interdisciplinary 6318:Political science 6080: 6079: 6009:Electronic voting 5939:Quantum Computing 5932:Applied computing 5918:Image compression 5688:Hardware security 5678:Security services 5635:Digital marketing 5415:Open-source model 5327:Modeling language 5239:Network scheduler 5026:Cognitive science 5014:Cognitive science 5002:Cognitive science 5000:Media related to 4628:978-0-585-03867-4 4525:Cognitive Science 4480:Cognitive Science 3236:Marr, D. (1982). 3165:AIMS Neuroscience 2967:978-0-9751004-1-7 2882:www.encephalos.gr 2835:978-3-540-73245-7 2820:; Lamb, Luis C.; 2565:Cognitive Science 2532:. 8 August 2014. 2416:Psychology portal 2402:Philosophy portal 2381:Spatial cognition 2361:Quantum cognition 2200:Cognitive biology 2190:Affective science 2064:Lawrence Barsalou 1973: 1972: 1964:dynamical systems 1903:into theories of 1641:cognitive science 1471: 1470: 1463: 1275:dynamical systems 1218:Symbolic modeling 971:optical illusions 910:Procedural memory 807:cognitive science 762:Psycholinguistics 509:science: the term 481:scientific method 320:Hampshire College 303:Cognitive Science 286:cognitive science 254:, established by 60:interdisciplinary 56:Cognitive science 8164: 8131: 8118: 8105: 8104: 7748: 7747: 7744:Related subjects 7531:Adult attachment 7058:Cognitive module 7014: 7013: 7001:Social selection 6975:Costly signaling 6970:Sexual selection 6857:Modern synthesis 6802: 6795: 6788: 6779: 6778: 6763: 6753: 6752: 6739: 6738: 6727: 6726: 6630:Regional science 6475:Cultural studies 6450:Business studies 6107: 6100: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6070: 6069: 6060: 6059: 6050: 6049: 5870:Cross-validation 5842:Machine learning 5726:Social computing 5693:Network security 5488:Algorithm design 5410:Programming team 5370:Control variable 5347:Software library 5285:Software quality 5280:Operating system 5229:Network protocol 5094:Computer science 5087: 5080: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4965:OBM Neurobiology 4956: 4945: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4923: 4910: 4904: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4503: 4495: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4450: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4033:"David Chalmers" 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3910: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3870:. 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Licklider 241:John von Neumann 225:digital computer 202:Warren McCulloch 156: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8082: 8068:Neoevolutionism 7975: 7959:Species complex 7924:Group selection 7862:Research topics 7857: 7833:Neuropsychology 7735: 7721:Substance abuse 7643:Sex differences 7637: 7551:Coolidge effect 7512: 7424:Neuroergonomics 7389: 7380: 7304: 7206: 7140:Folk psychology 7021: 7005: 6875: 6868: 6811: 6806: 6776: 6771: 6747: 6715: 6682: 6666: 6640:Science studies 6424:Administration 6413: 6139: 6116: 6114:Social sciences 6111: 6081: 6076: 6067: 6038: 6019:Word processing 5927: 5913:Virtual reality 5874: 5836: 5807:Computer vision 5783: 5779:Multiprocessing 5745: 5707: 5673:Security hacker 5649: 5625:Digital library 5566: 5517:Mathematics of 5512: 5474: 5450:Automata theory 5445:Formal language 5419: 5385:Software design 5356: 5289: 5275:Virtual machine 5253: 5249:Network service 5210: 5201:Embedded system 5174: 5107: 5096: 5091: 5053:Wayback Machine 4992: 4987: 4986: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4921:Wayback Machine 4911: 4907: 4902:Wayback Machine 4892: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4783:10.2307/2025838 4765: 4761: 4755: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4715:www.iep.utm.edu 4709: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4679:Hauser, Larry. 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4648: 4644: 4629: 4615: 4611: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4517: 4513: 4497: 4496: 4476: 4472: 4448:10.1.1.149.3392 4431: 4427: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4218:www.iep.utm.edu 4212: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4182:Somers, James. 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4010: 3996: 3992: 3963: 3959: 3946:(6): 992–1002. 3936: 3932: 3908:10.1.1.116.4044 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3829:Decoded Science 3823: 3822: 3818: 3807: 3803: 3792: 3788: 3757: 3753: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3680: 3676: 3665: 3661: 3616: 3612: 3573: 3569: 3524: 3520: 3509: 3505: 3489: 3488: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3406:15(3), 242-252. 3401: 3397: 3393:, 1973), p. 16. 3384: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3342: 3338: 3291: 3287: 3248: 3244: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3134: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3095: 3079: 3075: 3046: 3042: 2987: 2983: 2968: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2921: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2815: 2811: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2785: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2736:Wayback Machine 2727: 2723: 2716: 2702: 2698: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2631: 2627: 2592: 2588: 2582:Edward N. Zalta 2572:Wayback Machine 2559: 2552: 2539: 2537: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2300:Folk psychology 2260:Decision theory 2185: 2177:Binding problem 2162:Binding problem 2157: 2119: 2103:David Rumelhart 2047:are prominent. 1998:Others include 1938:Creator of the 1661:Verbal Behavior 1477: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1436: 1424: 1413: 1349: 1319:neuropsychology 1311: 1299:decision-making 1283:Bayesian models 1281:), and (3) and 1250:socio-cognitive 1198:with two layers 1188: 1186:Cognitive model 1178: 1155:Optical imaging 1100: 1094: 1044: 1020: 1008: 1002: 954: 932:The Necker cube 925: 890: 884: 857:endowment. The 831: 823:Main articles: 821: 764: 744:Main articles: 726: 710: 640: 634: 605: 597:Main articles: 595: 558: 511: 449: 397: 391: 386: 367:David Rumelhart 355:neural networks 269:Verbal Behavior 129: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8170: 8160: 8159: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8125: 8112: 8099: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7773: 7764: 7754: 7752: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7612: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7451:Mind-blindness 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7395: 7393: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7216: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7146: 7144:theory of mind 7137: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7027: 7025: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6977: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6911:Baldwin effect 6908: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6805: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6583:social science 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6515:Global studies 6512: 6510:Gender studies 6507: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6493:social science 6489:Environmental 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6188:macroeconomics 6185: 6183:microeconomics 6175: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6054: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5923:Solid modeling 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5822:Control method 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5774:Multithreading 5771: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5668:Formal methods 5665: 5659: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5640:World Wide Web 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5429: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5090: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5043: 5038: 5029: 5028:at Wikiversity 5017: 5005: 4991: 4990:External links 4988: 4985: 4984: 4946: 4933: 4924: 4905: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4796: 4777:(10): 509–23. 4759: 4753: 4732: 4702: 4671: 4642: 4627: 4609: 4586: 4579: 4561: 4552: 4531:(2): 155–170. 4511: 4470: 4441:(3): 382–439. 4425: 4390: 4360: 4339:"Noam Chomsky" 4330: 4291: 4261: 4235: 4205: 4174: 4144: 4114: 4084: 4054: 4024: 4015: 4008: 3990: 3957: 3930: 3901:(4): 707–784. 3885: 3874:on 6 July 2011 3867:978-0199660179 3866: 3846: 3816: 3801: 3786: 3767:(3): 413–416. 3751: 3709: 3674: 3659: 3610: 3567: 3538:(6): 505–512. 3518: 3503: 3440: 3421: 3408: 3395: 3375: 3366: 3336: 3301:(in Spanish). 3285: 3258:(3): 141–144. 3242: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3151: 3132: 3112: 3093: 3073: 3040: 2981: 2966: 2957:10.1.1.62.4813 2938: 2919: 2899: 2869: 2862: 2841: 2834: 2822:Gabbay, Dov M. 2809: 2768: 2757:on 9 July 2015 2739: 2721: 2714: 2696: 2675:10.2307/411334 2650: 2643: 2625: 2586: 2550: 2517: 2470:(3): 141–144. 2446: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2405: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2250:Concept mining 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2156: 2153: 2118: 2115: 2084:Edwin Hutchins 2072:Howard Gardner 2000:David Chalmers 1987:argument, and 1977:Daniel Dennett 1971: 1970: 1958:Together with 1956: 1953: 1950: 1948:Linda B. Smith 1944: 1943: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815:categorisation 1807: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1738: 1737: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1519:Daniel Dennett 1515: 1514: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1497:David Chalmers 1493: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1485:Year of birth 1483: 1469: 1468: 1427: 1425: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1353:cognitive bias 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1310: 1307: 1291: 1290: 1271: 1253: 1234:expert systems 1177: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1159: 1151: 1143: 1135: 1096:Main article: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1063: 1059:Reaction time. 1043: 1040: 1036:systems theory 1019: 1016: 1004:Main article: 1001: 998: 950:Main article: 924: 921: 886:Main article: 883: 880: 820: 817: 725: 722: 718:proprioception 709: 706: 673:Intentionality 656:Intentionality 636:Main article: 633: 630: 594: 591: 557: 554: 510: 504: 448: 445: 444: 443: 436: 430: 390: 387: 385: 382: 324:Vassar College 288:was coined by 198:cyberneticists 179:Pierre Cabanis 128: 125: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8169: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8137: 8136: 8130: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8117: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8063:Neo-Darwinism 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8048:Functionalism 8046: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8006:Connectionism 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7996:indeterminism 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7716:Schizophrenia 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7701:Mental health 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7576:Mate guarding 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7536:Age disparity 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7466:Schizophrenia 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7391:Mental health 7387: 7386:Human factors 7383: 7377: 7376:Socialization 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7336:paternal bond 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7201: 7200:Naïve physics 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7166:Motor control 7164: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7124:Ophidiophobia 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7114:Arachnophobia 7112: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7041:Display rules 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6943:Kin selection 6941: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6837:Adaptationism 6835: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6798: 6796: 6791: 6789: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6706:Human science 6704: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6662:Vegan studies 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6625:Public health 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6559:Philosophies 6558: 6556: 6555:Media studies 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6530:Human ecology 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6440:Anthrozoology 6438: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:developmental 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6338:public policy 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6289:legal systems 6287: 6285: 6284:legal history 6282: 6280: 6279:jurisprudence 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6073: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6053: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:Mixed reality 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5741:Accessibility 5739: 5737: 5736:Visualization 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5196:Dependability 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4763: 4756: 4754:9780002161497 4750: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4621:. MIT Press. 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4580:9780262111690 4576: 4573:. MIT Press. 4572: 4565: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4486:(1): 71–115. 4485: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4123:"John Searle" 4118: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4011: 4009:9781138207929 4005: 4001: 3994: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3850: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3812: 3805: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3305:(52): 51–60. 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3171:(2): 91–104. 3170: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3139: 3135: 3133:0-444-59876-6 3129: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3100: 3096: 3094:0-7503-0455-3 3090: 3087:. CRC Press. 3086: 3085: 3077: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2926: 2922: 2920:9781317958765 2916: 2913:. Routledge. 2912: 2911: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2863:0-7923-9517-4 2859: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2805: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2717: 2715:0-901660-18-3 2711: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2655: 2646: 2644:0-684-81201-0 2640: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561:Thagard, Paul 2557: 2555: 2547: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2447: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2406: 2403: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2170:connectionism 2167: 2163: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2092:James Wertsch 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076:Steven Pinker 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:Marvin Minsky 2034: 2030: 2029:George Lakoff 2026: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1993:functionalism 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960:Esther Thelen 1957: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1842:Dedre Gentner 1840: 1839: 1835: 1834:mental models 1831: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1799:Eleanor Rosch 1797: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1718:John McCarthy 1716: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1686:Herbert Simon 1684: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1670:George Miller 1668: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1613:Marvin Minsky 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1595:Alan Baddeley 1593: 1592: 1589: 1588:Functionalism 1586: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1465: 1462: 1454: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1428:This section 1426: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1336:Animal models 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1092:Brain imaging 1085: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1052:psychophysics 1049: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1015: 1013: 1007: 1006:Consciousness 1000:Consciousness 997: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 976:The study of 974: 972: 967: 963: 959: 953: 945: 940: 933: 929: 920: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 889: 879: 877: 873: 872:Steven Pinker 869: 865: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 837: 830: 826: 816: 813: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 739: 735: 730: 721: 719: 714: 705: 702: 697: 692: 690: 686: 685:consciousness 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 664:Wilhelm Wundt 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 639: 629: 627: 623: 622:connectionism 617: 615: 611: 604: 600: 590: 588: 583: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 508: 503: 501: 497: 496:functionalist 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 441: 437: 434: 431: 428: 424: 423: 422: 420: 416: 412: 407: 403: 396: 381: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 360: 359:connectionism 356: 350: 348: 344: 340: 339:Marvin Minsky 336: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 304: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 275: 271: 270: 265: 264:B. F. Skinner 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 233:Alonzo Church 230: 226: 222: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 191:scholasticism 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 167:Immanuel Kant 164: 160: 155: 154: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 124: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 8133: 8120: 8107: 8094: 7853:Sociobiology 7807: 7711:Neuroscience 7691:Intelligence 7237:Anthropology 7190:Color vision 7175:Multitasking 7154:Flynn effect 7149:Intelligence 7131:Folk biology 6874:Evolutionary 6764: 6740: 6728: 6698: 6505:Food studies 6454: 6445:Area studies 6198:mathematical 6193:econometrics 6151:Anthropology 6004:Cyberwarfare 5663:Cryptography 5035: 5016:at Wikiquote 4968: 4964: 4941: 4936: 4927: 4908: 4889: 4880: 4871: 4862: 4852: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4813:. Retrieved 4799: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4744: 4735: 4723:. Retrieved 4714: 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4684: 4674: 4662:. 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Retrieved 2467: 2463: 2450: 2295:Epistemology 2174: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2130:epistemology 2121: 2120: 2100: 2049: 2045:Allen Newell 2025:Noam Chomsky 2022: 2015: 1997: 1985:Chinese room 1974: 1962:, created a 1897:neuroscience 1895:Integrating 1865:Allen Newell 1790:, including 1783:1970s-2010s 1752:1930s–1940s 1729: 1706:Allen Newell 1659: 1648:Noam Chomsky 1640: 1567: 1550:Chinese room 1457: 1448: 1437:Please help 1432:verification 1429: 1389:epistemology 1350: 1347:Key findings 1315:neuroscience 1312: 1292: 1259: 1255: 1217: 1211:intelligence 1201: 1161: 1153: 1145: 1137: 1129: 1123: 1113: 1108:hypothalamus 1098:Neuroimaging 1082:Eye tracking 1080: 1065: 1058: 1045: 1028:neuroscience 1021: 1009: 994: 975: 955: 914: 895: 891: 863: 849:debate. The 840: 832: 806: 804: 769: 765: 711: 693: 653: 641: 618: 606: 584: 571:evolutionary 559: 548:theories of 541: 533: 531: 512: 506: 493: 473:anthropology 457:neuroscience 450: 439: 432: 426: 414: 398: 371: 351: 332: 301: 285: 283: 267: 260:Noam Chomsky 249: 218: 206:Walter Pitts 195: 140: 130: 116:anthropology 112:neuroscience 55: 54: 46:anthropology 38:neuroscience 25: 7992:Determinism 7904:Coevolution 7848:Primatology 7686:Gender role 7591:Orientation 7471:Screen time 7328:Affectional 7310:Development 6989:Mate choice 6916:By-products 6884:Adaptations 6847:Cognitivism 6766:Wikiversity 6657:Social work 6545:Linguistics 6470:Criminology 6387:criminology 6370:personality 6328:comparative 6306:Linguistics 6299:private law 6156:archaeology 6014:Video games 5994:Digital art 5751:Concurrency 5620:Data mining 5532:Probability 5265:Interpreter 4604:1721.1/5782 4406:(1): 3–55. 3732:(1): 1–13. 3475:10871/15680 3322:10272/14087 2892:20 February 2606:: 108–114. 2540:25 December 2096:Scott Atran 2088:Bradd Shore 2080:Dan Sperber 1989:Jerry Fodor 1981:John Searle 1696:Co-created 1584:1968, 1975 1577:Jerry Fodor 1539:John Searle 1451:August 2012 1393:linguistics 1267:Neural nets 776:orthography 772:Linguistics 758:Linguistics 660:definitions 575:behaviorism 567:comparative 483:as well as 461:linguistics 274:behaviorist 237:Alan Turing 189:, rejected 96:linguistics 34:linguistics 7939:Population 7934:Lamarckism 7780:behavioral 7758:Behavioral 7706:Narcissism 7651:Aggression 7441:Hypophobia 7431:Depression 7318:Attachment 7300:Universals 7264:Psychology 7242:Biological 7230:Musicology 7220:Aesthetics 7119:Basophobia 6926:Exaptation 6904:Reciprocal 6711:Humanities 6645:historical 6578:psychology 6550:Management 6392:demography 6350:Psychology 6333:philosophy 6294:public law 6225:integrated 6072:Glossaries 5944:E-commerce 5537:Statistics 5480:Algorithms 5438:Stochastic 5270:Middleware 5126:Peripheral 4971:(1): 156. 4857:1698-1702. 4606:. AIM-357. 3839:7 February 3391:Arno Press 3360:20 October 2510:5 February 2442:References 2290:Enactivism 2265:Dynamicism 2122:Epistemics 2117:Epistemics 1473:See also: 1377:persuasion 1363:, part of 1242:personoids 1207:properties 1180:See also: 1024:psychology 952:Perception 859:empiricist 800:pragmatics 788:morphology 681:perception 677:phenomenon 669:definition 485:simulation 453:psychology 393:See also: 384:Principles 229:Kurt Gödel 187:John Locke 163:David Hume 108:philosophy 100:psychology 76:perception 50:psychology 7784:cognitive 7776:Affective 7661:Cognition 7615:Sexuality 7601:Pair bond 7361:Education 7018:Cognition 6936:Inclusive 6876:processes 6864:Criticism 6589:Planning 6568:economics 6485:Education 6382:Sociology 6360:cognitive 6311:semiotics 6262:political 6220:technical 6205:Geography 6178:Economics 5893:Rendering 5888:Animation 5519:computing 5470:Semantics 5161:Processor 4815:27 August 4443:CiteSeerX 4420:144713838 4313:0261-3077 4157:Goodreads 4067:consc.net 3903:CiteSeerX 3781:170708745 3704:143621939 3583:: 77–90. 3417:Retrieved 3331:1134-3478 3299:Comunicar 3280:206129621 3017:1664-1078 2952:CiteSeerX 2788:15 August 2776:Box 729. 2683:0097-8507 2620:0010-0277 2600:Cognition 2500:206129621 2484:1364-6613 1742:McCulloch 1365:economics 1303:reasoning 1258:includes 1238:systemics 990:gustatory 986:olfactory 812:Linguists 796:semantics 784:phonology 780:phonetics 696:cognition 638:Attention 632:Attention 550:knowledge 536:" in the 534:cognitive 507:Cognitive 284:The term 159:Descartes 147:Aristotle 88:reasoning 84:attention 68:cognition 8151:Category 8053:Memetics 7813:Ethology 7771:genetics 7606:Physical 7571:Jealousy 7526:Activity 7332:maternal 7288:Religion 7276:Morality 7254:Language 7135:taxonomy 6948:Mismatch 6894:Cheating 6889:Altruism 6730:Category 6598:regional 6593:land use 6428:business 6397:internet 6355:abnormal 6257:military 6247:economic 6237:cultural 6210:physical 6171:physical 6161:cultural 6052:Category 5880:Graphics 5655:Security 5317:Compiler 5216:Networks 5113:Hardware 5049:Archived 4917:Archived 4898:Archived 4809:Archived 4725:27 March 4719:Archived 4695:27 March 4689:Archived 4664:27 March 4658:Archived 4637:42854628 4383:24 April 4377:Archived 4353:24 April 4347:Archived 4323:27 March 4317:Archived 4284:27 March 4278:Archived 4254:10 March 4248:Archived 4246:. 1966. 4222:Archived 4192:Archived 4161:Archived 4131:Archived 4101:Archived 4077:24 April 4071:Archived 4047:24 April 4041:Archived 3833:Archived 3654:30104431 3597:29073509 3562:23521494 3484:73617860 3354:archived 3272:12639696 3197:26682283 3144:16 April 3138:Archived 3105:16 April 3099:Archived 3035:23970869 2976:15349751 2931:16 April 2925:Archived 2886:Archived 2850:Sun, Ron 2824:(2008). 2798:cite web 2782:Archived 2732:Archived 2663:Language 2568:Archived 2534:Archived 2504:Archived 2492:12639696 2423:Outlines 2183:See also 1397:dyslexia 1381:coercion 902:semantic 851:nativist 825:Learning 754:Language 546:Platonic 489:modeling 306:and the 266:'s book 223:and the 153:De Anima 72:language 7954:Species 7726:Suicide 7561:Fantasy 7541:Arousal 7323:Bonding 7212:Culture 7036:Display 7023:Emotion 6931:Fitness 6820:History 6742:Commons 6573:history 6563:science 6498:studies 6232:History 6144:Primary 6130:History 6125:Outline 6062:Outline 5034:on the 4942:Neuron, 4791:2025838 4547:5371492 4465:5612467 3925:6167614 3878:29 July 3746:5823387 3645:6107574 3605:8448790 3553:4340570 3188:4678597 3026:3747356 3001:: 515. 2004:Dualism 1508:Dualism 1401:anopsia 982:tactile 966:hearing 855:genetic 519:Johnson 477:biology 406:neurons 347:thought 183:Leibniz 127:History 92:emotion 58:is the 8132: 8119: 8106: 7696:Memory 7656:Autism 7623:female 7556:Desire 7293:Origin 7269:Speech 7259:Origin 7031:Affect 6433:public 6375:social 6267:social 6166:social 4789: 4751: 4635: 4625: 4577: 4545: 4463: 4445: 4418: 4311: 4006: 3923: 3905: 3864: 3779: 3744: 3702: 3652: 3642: 3603: 3595: 3560: 3550: 3482: 3329: 3278: 3270: 3195: 3185: 3130: 3091: 3033: 3023: 3015: 2974: 2964: 2954: 2917: 2860: 2832: 2761:8 July 2712: 2691:411334 2689: 2681: 2641: 2618: 2584:(ed.). 2498: 2490: 2482: 2356:Qualia 2043:, and 2010:, and 1403:, and 988:, and 978:haptic 962:Vision 958:senses 888:Memory 882:Memory 843:innate 798:, and 792:syntax 760:, and 565:, and 515:Lakoff 239:, and 120:neural 114:, and 90:, and 80:memory 48:, and 7666:Crime 7249:Crime 7180:Sleep 7170:skill 7010:Areas 6603:urban 6407:urban 6402:rural 6252:human 6215:human 6135:Index 5465:Logic 5299:tools 4787:JSTOR 4543:S2CID 4461:S2CID 4416:S2CID 4228:3 May 4198:3 May 4167:3 May 4137:3 May 4107:3 May 3977:(5). 3921:S2CID 3777:S2CID 3742:S2CID 3722:(PDF) 3700:S2CID 3690:(4). 3601:S2CID 3480:S2CID 3276:S2CID 3060:(2). 2972:S2CID 2687:JSTOR 2496:S2CID 2352:(PIM) 1955:1993 1952:1951 1935:2000 1932:1949 1919:1990 1916:1945 1892:1992 1889:1938 1872:1990 1869:1927 1849:1983 1846:1944 1829:1980 1826:1936 1806:1976 1803:1938 1780:1929 1765:1915 1746:Pitts 1725:1955 1722:1927 1704:with 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