42:
376:, an Alabamian himself, thought that allowing any delay was a signal to the South to further delay desegregation; he suggested a short, simple order mandating immediate integration, with no mention of debate over plans or delay. He also threatened to dissent from any opinion mentioning the word "plan," which would shatter a much-desired unanimous Court opinion.
303:
for extensions until
December 1, claiming that the plans would result in confusion and setbacks. This was the first time the federal government had supported a desegregation delay in the federal courts. The Fifth Circuit granted the delay, and no specific date for implementing the desegregation plans
322:
contacted Black to contest the delay in desegregation. On
September 3, Black received a memo from the Justice Department – Solicitor General Griswold was urging Black to permit the Mississippi delay. Black reluctantly permitted the delay as supervisory Justice, but invited the NAACP Legal Defense
2785:
311:, the supervisory Justice for the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, and senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, considered this delay to be Nixon's payoff to the South, after its electoral support had helped him win the presidential election, and as part of his "
416:
Warren Burger, along with
Justices White and Harlan, drafted an early opinion with no "outside" deadline, but the court's three most liberal justices – Brennan, Marshall, and Douglas – rejected that draft, knowing it would be unacceptable to Justice Black.
544:
In 1968 there were 771 white students in the county school system. Desegregation occurred in 1969, and that year the white student population decreased to 228. In 1970 no white students were enrolled. Over 99% of students attending public schools in
345:
had not been followed for more than a decade, and schools in the South were desegregating slowly if at all. During lower court battles over segregation, school districts would remain segregated until all appeals were exhausted.
428:'s draft, made with the help of justices Douglas and Marshall, and later presented to Justice Black, ordered immediate desegregation. It later was adopted as the Court's final opinion, with some edits by Harlan and Burger.
280:
Early in the summer of 1969, the federal appeals court had asked the US Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare (HEW) to submit desegregation plans for thirty-three school districts in Mississippi including
1775:
3621:
420:
The basic Court breakdown was four in favor of immediate desegregation and no full Court opinion (Black, Douglas, Brennan, and
Marshall), and another four wanting a more practical, less absolute opinion.
2721:
2713:
3424:
2865:
2833:
2689:
3512:
3328:
2988:
703:
1751:
3162:
357:. They asked the Court to order the original HEW plans to be implemented, and proposed that the Court shift the burden of proof, making desegregation the main objective of plans.
239:
The South took it as an excuse to emphasize "deliberate" over "speed" and conducted resistance to desegregating schools, in some jurisdictions closing public schools altogether.
2697:
1957:
3758:
2825:
2011:
1549:
3645:
3743:
3544:
2442:
2418:
1855:
2657:
2537:
1359:
443:
The Court wrote, "The obligation of every school district is to terminate dual school systems at once and to operate now and hereafter only unitary schools."
3488:
3138:
2625:
2601:
1799:
1743:
1254:
485:
The decision came as a surprise to the Nixon administration, which had previously referred to those calling for immediate integration as an "extreme group."
83:
272:, arguing the District made no meaningful attempt to integrate its schools, basing her opinion on the small number of black pupils in mainly White schools.
3763:
3432:
2497:
1823:
1791:
3464:
3376:
3320:
3234:
3226:
3122:
3020:
3605:
2980:
2849:
2769:
1703:
3202:
2801:
2617:
2593:
2294:
3783:
3768:
3748:
3504:
3496:
3114:
2916:
2705:
3154:
2577:
1871:
1658:
981:
581:
Jerris
Leonard, Government lawyer, refused to pose with John C. Satterfield, a notorious segregationist, even when both pleaded on the same side.
251:
2102:
1018:
711:
3788:
3653:
3004:
2761:
2402:
3456:
3368:
1995:
538:
282:
269:
1310:
3753:
2254:
1195:
3480:
3012:
2027:
1350:
3773:
3293:
2158:
1759:
1626:
399:, the Court's only African American, suggested an implementation deadline of January, the beginning of the next school semester.
2665:
1839:
1650:
3793:
2019:
3170:
2857:
2841:
2745:
2753:
1863:
296:
1051:
3569:
3285:
3210:
2474:
207:
46:
17:
3629:
1569:
1233:
1205:
1140:
497:
3448:
2318:
1265:
389:
did not support any notion of "immediate desegregation", but he did support overturning the Fifth
Circuit's delay.
139:
2198:
2043:
1557:
554:
492:
promised the establishment of a private school system, but advised against violence. This position was pushed by
474:
said the new Burger court was "no better than the Warren Court," and called the
Justices "limousine hypocrites."
392:
Justices
Stewart, White, and Brennan were all initially put off by Black's demands for immediate desegregation.
3028:
1886:
1670:
1409:
1343:
3778:
2426:
2278:
2230:
1971:
1586:
1292:
1098:"The Strange Career of Jane Crow: Sex Segregation and the Transformation of Anti-Discrimination Discourse"
3312:
2482:
1783:
1634:
479:
246:
216:
214:. It followed 15 years of delays to integrate by most Southern school boards after the Court's ruling in
2434:
546:
350:
3637:
3044:
3036:
2649:
2070:
2003:
3669:
3613:
2777:
2334:
2302:
1933:
1727:
1711:
1336:
1274:
319:
193:
369:, appointed by President Nixon, did not at first think that the requested delay was unreasonable.
3677:
3242:
3098:
2359:
2286:
1679:
1594:
425:
386:
354:
2908:
211:
147:
1328:
3597:
3440:
3408:
2996:
2545:
1493:
1385:
1258:
289:
75:
3589:
3336:
3186:
3079:
2884:
2817:
2326:
2262:
2142:
1979:
1807:
1767:
1719:
8:
3520:
3472:
3416:
3352:
3344:
3277:
3194:
3130:
2793:
2737:
2681:
2673:
2310:
2190:
2174:
2051:
1831:
1815:
1509:
1393:
558:
550:
512:
clerics backed integration. In order to smooth the transition, Federal agents were sent.
1097:
3581:
3400:
3392:
3218:
3178:
3146:
3063:
2932:
2924:
2892:
2809:
2633:
2585:
2561:
2529:
2450:
2394:
2386:
2238:
2134:
1949:
1618:
1533:
1462:
1373:
489:
412:
excluding the federal district court from a role due to its years of allowing stalling.
380:
300:
135:
522:
wanted to raise the funding of the HEW to give them the resources needed to implement
500:. Demonstrations against this decision were held. To the opposite of this, a group of
3716:
3708:
3661:
3384:
3258:
2972:
2729:
2569:
2553:
2504:
2490:
2466:
2222:
2206:
2166:
2094:
2035:
1735:
1642:
1578:
1525:
1417:
1229:
1201:
1182:
1109:
1059:
1026:
989:
396:
312:
229:
163:
2964:
2940:
2521:
2270:
2246:
2110:
1517:
1485:
1433:
1170:
406:
reversing the appeals court's decisions to grant a delay in the submission of plans
119:
353:
Board of
Education in Mississippi for failure to desegregate, were represented by
2786:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
2378:
2118:
1987:
1541:
1501:
1425:
1223:
505:
210:
case in which the Court ordered immediate desegregation of public schools in the
78:
1283:
3528:
3360:
3106:
3071:
2948:
2458:
2214:
2126:
1895:
1401:
471:
463:
151:
3737:
3622:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
3250:
2641:
2513:
2182:
2150:
2078:
1941:
1847:
1695:
1610:
1186:
1113:
1063:
1030:
993:
470:
for having "stood with the South in this case" while former Alabama Governor
467:
446:
The previously set pace of "all deliberate speed" was no longer permissible.
366:
3536:
2900:
2086:
1441:
1171:"Integration Now: A Study of Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education"
288:
HEW was responsible for drawing up desegregation plans, as mandated by the
285:, so HEW could order them implemented at the beginning of the school year.
478:
filed an amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which failed, stating
2410:
1687:
1602:
1474:
515:
159:
2866:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
704:"Little Known Black History Fact: Alexander Vs. Holmes County Bd. Of Ed"
2956:
519:
501:
493:
373:
308:
127:
2834:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
2690:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
1301:
1225:
Integration Now: Alexander v. Holmes and the End of Jim Crow Education
529:
Some districts tried to set up single-sex education in their schools.
475:
90:
1752:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
104:
The still segregated southern schools must desegregate immediately.
952:
950:
937:
935:
933:
918:
884:
882:
867:
809:
807:
794:
792:
755:
753:
726:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
609:
599:
597:
466:
of South Carolina decried the decision, while praising President
323:
Fund to bring the case to the Supreme Court as soon as possible.
1958:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
1358:
947:
930:
906:
894:
879:
855:
843:
831:
804:
789:
765:
750:
738:
41:
2012:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
633:
594:
242:
For fifteen years, schools in the South remained segregated.
220:(1954) that segregated public schools were unconstitutional.
1311:"BROWN V. BOARD: Timeline of School Integration in the U.S."
509:
962:
3646:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1550:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
656:
621:
2443:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
673:
671:
1856:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
2538:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
1120:
1077:
819:
777:
65:
Beatrice Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
3759:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
2602:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
1744:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
702:
Chandler, D.L.; Pendleton, Tonya (October 29, 2015).
683:
668:
440:
that reflected the initial demands of Justice Black.
3433:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
2498:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
1824:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
3321:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
2981:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
2850:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
1704:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
2618:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
2295:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
1193:
956:
941:
924:
912:
900:
888:
873:
861:
849:
837:
813:
798:
771:
759:
744:
732:
701:
650:
615:
603:
402:A majority of justices agreed on three elements:
268:Beatrice Alexander, mother of children, sued the
249:plans had been condemned by the Supreme Court in
236:order desegregation with "all deliberate speed".
3735:
3497:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
2706:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
3744:United States Supreme Court per curiam opinions
2578:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2103:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
982:"Governor of Mississippi Backs Private Schools"
360:
252:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
328:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education.
295:At the last minute, however, both HEW and the
3654:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
3005:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
2762:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
2610:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
2403:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
1344:
1251:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
203:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
35:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
1872:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
1776:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1659:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
537:The Supreme Court's effort to integrate the
3764:United States school desegregation case law
3457:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
3369:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
2358:
1996:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
532:
518:expressed satisfaction to the ruling while
178:
2722:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
2255:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
1351:
1337:
454:The decision was announced on October 29.
449:
270:Holmes County, Mississippi School District
3481:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
3013:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
2028:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
1141:"The Real Origins of the Religious Right"
2714:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
1194:Woodward, Bob; Armstrong, Scott (1979).
1102:Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities
3784:Education in Holmes County, Mississippi
3769:United States equal protection case law
3749:African-American history of Mississippi
3425:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
3294:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
2159:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
1760:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1627:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1221:
1168:
1126:
1083:
968:
825:
783:
689:
677:
662:
627:
496:while William K. Scarborough advocated
431:
409:keeping the Court of Appeals in control
315:" of appealing to conservative whites.
292:, and had submitted the plans on time.
14:
3736:
3568:
2666:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
1461:
1372:
1138:
1095:
1052:"Mississippi Clerics Back Integration"
1016:
457:
3696:
3567:
2357:
2020:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
1460:
1371:
1332:
1012:
1010:
349:The petitioners and others suing the
275:
29:1969 United States Supreme Court case
3789:Education segregation in Mississippi
2746:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
1887:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
1017:Wooten, James T. (January 1, 1970).
332:
232:demanded that the opinion in 1955's
3513:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
3329:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
2754:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
1864:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
1840:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1651:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
549:are black. White students attended
24:
3286:Arlington County Board v. Richards
3211:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
2989:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
2475:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1360:United States Fourteenth Amendment
1215:
1019:"U.S. FORMS PANEL FOR MISSISSIPPI"
1007:
482:was the standard for integration.
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
3805:
3754:United States Supreme Court cases
3630:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
3171:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
1243:
436:The final opinion was a two-page
3449:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
2858:Fisher v. University of Texas II
2319:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
1261:19 (1969) is available from:
1139:Balmer, Randall (May 27, 2014).
263:
40:
3163:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
2842:Fisher v. University of Texas I
2199:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
2044:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
1558:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
1162:
1132:
1089:
1044:
988:. January 4, 1970. p. 78.
974:
555:Central Holmes Christian School
3774:1969 in United States case law
3029:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
695:
575:
234:Brown v. Board of Education II
13:
1:
2698:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
1903:McNeese v. Board of Education
1410:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
957:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
942:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
925:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
913:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
901:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
889:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
874:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
862:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
850:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
838:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
814:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
799:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
772:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
760:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
745:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
733:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
651:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
616:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
604:Woodward & Armstrong 1979
587:
539:Holmes County School District
283:Holmes County School District
223:
3794:Legal history of Mississippi
2427:Hirabayashi v. United States
2279:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
2231:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
1972:Owen v. City of Independence
1587:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
1222:Hustwit, William P. (2019).
564:
361:Internal Court deliberations
337:The desegregation orders of
206:, 396 U.S. 19 (1969), was a
7:
3313:United States v. Cruikshank
2483:Brown v. Board of Education
1784:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1635:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1169:Doherty, Patric J. (1970).
217:Brown v. Board of Education
208:United States Supreme Court
10:
3810:
2435:Korematsu v. United States
1302:Oyez (oral argument audio)
3703:
3697:
3692:
3638:United States v. Morrison
3576:
3563:
3304:
3269:
3090:
3055:
3045:United States v. Skrmetti
3037:United States v. Virginia
2876:
2650:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
2370:
2366:
2353:
2071:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
2062:
2004:Gonzaga University v. Doe
1882:
1669:
1568:
1473:
1469:
1456:
1380:
1367:
488:In Mississippi, Governor
372:Senior Associate Justice
192:
187:
176:
171:
113:
108:
103:
98:
70:
60:
53:
39:
34:
3670:United States v. Georgia
3614:City of Boerne v. Flores
2778:United States v. Fordice
2335:Williams v. Pennsylvania
2303:Washington v. Glucksberg
1200:. Simon & Schuster.
569:
533:Effects in Holmes County
326:The case was brought as
320:NAACP Legal Defense Fund
194:Civil Rights Act of 1964
56:Decided October 29, 1969
3678:Shelby County v. Holder
3243:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
3099:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
2360:Equal Protection Clause
2287:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
1680:United States v. Vuitch
1595:Griswold v. Connecticut
1096:Serena, Mayeri (2006).
557:, privately controlled
450:Subsequent developments
426:William J. Brennan, Jr.
258:
54:Argued October 23, 1969
3545:Armour v. Indianapolis
2909:Moritz v. Commissioner
1965:Procunier v. Navarette
1883:Civil rights liability
1671:Abortion jurisprudence
179:
148:William J. Brennan Jr.
3598:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
3441:Richardson v. Ramirez
3409:Boddie v. Connecticut
2997:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
2826:Johnson v. California
2546:McLaughlin v. Florida
1934:O'Connor v. Donaldson
1494:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
1386:Slaughter-House Cases
1175:Notre Dame Law Review
559:segregation academies
290:1964 Civil Rights Act
3590:Katzenbach v. Morgan
3337:Breedlove v. Suttles
3187:Graham v. Richardson
3080:Obergefell v. Hodges
2885:Breedlove v. Suttles
2818:Grutter v. Bollinger
2658:Jefferson v. Hackney
2327:Obergefell v. Hodges
2263:Edwards v. Aguillard
2143:Epperson v. Arkansas
1980:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
1915:Jenkins v. McKeithen
1808:Mazurek v. Armstrong
1768:Hodgson v. Minnesota
1728:Bellotti v. Baird II
1720:Colautti v. Franklin
1475:Economic substantive
432:Opinion of the Court
3779:1969 in Mississippi
3521:Gregory v. Ashcroft
3489:Mills v. Habluetzel
3473:Zablocki v. Redhail
3417:Eisenstadt v. Baird
3353:Oyama v. California
3345:Skinner v. Oklahoma
3278:Shapiro v. Thompson
3195:Sugarman v. Dougall
3139:Porterfield v. Webb
3131:Terrace v. Thompson
2794:Missouri v. Jenkins
2738:Hunter v. Underwood
2682:Milliken v. Bradley
2674:Norwood v. Harrison
2626:McDaniel v. Barresi
2311:Troxel v. Granville
2191:Mathews v. Eldridge
2175:Taylor v. Louisiana
2052:Connick v. Thompson
1832:Gonzales v. Carhart
1816:Stenberg v. Carhart
1800:Lambert v. Wicklund
1712:Bellotti v. Baird I
1510:Lochner v. New York
1394:Minor v. Happersett
1293:Library of Congress
1058:. January 2, 1970.
971:, pp. 511–512.
714:on February 7, 2017
665:, pp. 500–501.
630:, pp. 493–496.
551:East Holmes Academy
462:Republican Senator
458:Political reactions
3582:Civil Rights Cases
3570:Enforcement Clause
3401:Oregon v. Mitchell
3393:Williams v. Rhodes
3219:Nyquist v. Mauclet
3179:Hernandez v. Texas
3064:Bowers v. Hardwick
3056:Sexual orientation
2933:Stanton v. Stanton
2925:Geduldig v. Aiello
2893:Goesaert v. Cleary
2810:Gratz v. Bollinger
2634:Palmer v. Thompson
2586:Hunter v. Erickson
2562:Loving v. Virginia
2530:Anderson v. Martin
2451:Shelley v. Kraemer
2395:Plessy v. Ferguson
2387:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
2239:Kolender v. Lawson
2135:Loving v. Virginia
1950:Imbler v. Pachtman
1927:Wood v. Strickland
1792:Leavitt v. Jane L.
1619:Bowers v. Hardwick
1534:Buchanan v. Warley
1463:Due Process Clause
1374:Citizenship Clause
1314:Teaching Tolerance
1228:. UNC Press Book.
1056:The New York Times
1023:The New York Times
986:The New York Times
541:was unsuccessful.
490:John Bell Williams
381:William O. Douglas
365:New Chief Justice
301:William Harold Cox
297:Justice Department
276:Procedural history
136:William O. Douglas
124:Associate Justices
18:Alexander v Holmes
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3717:Trump v. Anderson
3709:Gold Clause Cases
3688:
3687:
3662:Tennessee v. Lane
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3465:Trimble v. Gordon
3385:Levy v. Louisiana
3377:Rinaldi v. Yeager
3259:Bernal v. Fainter
3235:Ambach v. Norwick
3227:Foley v. Connelie
3123:Crane v. New York
3021:Lehr v. Robertson
2973:Caban v. Mohammed
2730:Palmore v. Sidoti
2570:Lee v. Washington
2554:Reitman v. Mulkey
2505:Gebhart v. Belton
2491:Briggs v. Elliott
2467:Sweatt v. Painter
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2223:Parratt v. Taylor
2207:Duren v. Missouri
2167:Arnett v. Kennedy
2095:Powell v. Alabama
2036:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
1921:Scheuer v. Rhodes
1736:H. L. v. Matheson
1643:Lawrence v. Texas
1579:Meyer v. Nebraska
1526:Coppage v. Kansas
1452:
1451:
1418:Perez v. Brownell
927:, pp. 51–55.
876:, pp. 46–47.
735:, pp. 36–37.
708:Black America Web
480:freedom of choice
397:Thurgood Marshall
383:supported Black.
333:Issue at question
313:Southern Strategy
247:freedom of choice
230:Felix Frankfurter
199:
198:
164:Thurgood Marshall
140:John M. Harlan II
89:90 S. Ct. 29; 24
16:(Redirected from
3801:
3694:
3693:
3606:Dellmuth v. Muth
3565:
3564:
2965:Parham v. Hughes
2941:Edwards v. Healy
2770:Freeman v. Pitts
2525:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
2522:Browder v. Gayle
2368:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2271:Turner v. Safley
2247:Hudson v. Palmer
2111:NAACP v. Alabama
1570:Right to privacy
1518:Muller v. Oregon
1486:Mugler v. Kansas
1471:
1470:
1458:
1457:
1434:Rogers v. Bellei
1369:
1368:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1239:
1211:
1190:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
945:
939:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
802:
796:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
723:
721:
719:
710:. Archived from
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
666:
660:
654:
648:
631:
625:
619:
618:, p. 37-38.
613:
607:
601:
582:
579:
182:
120:Warren E. Burger
109:Court membership
44:
43:
32:
31:
21:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3723:
3699:
3684:
3572:
3551:
3300:
3265:
3203:In re Griffiths
3147:Webb v. O'Brien
3086:
3051:
2872:
2802:Texas v. Lesage
2594:Hadnott v. Amos
2379:Pace v. Alabama
2362:
2341:
2119:Hoyt v. Florida
2058:
1988:Felder v. Casey
1884:
1878:
1665:
1564:
1542:Adams v. Tanner
1502:Holden v. Hardy
1476:
1465:
1448:
1426:Afroyim v. Rusk
1376:
1363:
1357:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1246:
1236:
1218:
1216:Further reading
1208:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1015:
1008:
998:
996:
980:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
948:
940:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
899:
895:
887:
880:
872:
868:
860:
856:
848:
844:
836:
832:
824:
820:
812:
805:
797:
790:
782:
778:
770:
766:
758:
751:
743:
739:
731:
727:
717:
715:
700:
696:
688:
684:
676:
669:
661:
657:
649:
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
602:
595:
590:
585:
580:
576:
572:
567:
535:
460:
452:
434:
363:
335:
278:
266:
261:
226:
162:
150:
138:
94:
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3529:Vacco v. Quill
3525:
3517:
3509:
3505:Clark v. Jeter
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3361:Oyler v. Boles
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3115:Heim v. McCall
3111:
3107:Truax v. Raich
3103:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3072:Romer v. Evans
3068:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2949:Craig v. Boren
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2917:Kahn v. Shevin
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2459:Perez v. Sharp
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2419:Smith v. Texas
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2215:Parham v. J.R.
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2127:Oyler v. Boles
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1909:Pierson v. Ray
1906:
1900:
1896:Monroe v. Pape
1891:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1466:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1402:Elk v. Wilkins
1398:
1390:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1307:
1275:Google Scholar
1245:
1244:External links
1242:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1191:
1181:(3): 489–514.
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1131:
1129:, p. 512.
1119:
1088:
1086:, p. 511.
1076:
1043:
1006:
973:
961:
946:
929:
917:
905:
893:
878:
866:
854:
842:
830:
828:, p. 505.
818:
803:
788:
786:, p. 504.
776:
764:
749:
737:
725:
694:
692:, p. 502.
682:
680:, p. 513.
667:
655:
632:
620:
608:
592:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
534:
531:
472:George Wallace
464:Strom Thurmond
459:
456:
451:
448:
433:
430:
414:
413:
410:
407:
387:Justice Harlan
362:
359:
355:Jack Greenberg
334:
331:
277:
274:
265:
262:
260:
257:
225:
222:
212:American South
197:
196:
190:
189:
185:
184:
174:
173:
169:
168:
167:
166:
152:Potter Stewart
125:
122:
117:
111:
110:
106:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
88:
72:
68:
67:
62:
61:Full case name
58:
57:
51:
50:
45:
37:
36:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3806:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:Plyler v. Doe
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:Frick v. Webb
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:Coit v. Green
2639:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:Lucy v. Adams
2511:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:Goss v. Lopez
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:In re Winship
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:Zucht v. King
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:Paul v. Davis
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:Azar v. Garza
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
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944:, p. 55.
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914:
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902:
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891:, p. 48.
890:
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864:, p. 46.
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762:, p. 39.
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2087:Buck v. Bell
2085:
2077:
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2018:
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1978:
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1500:
1492:
1484:
1442:Saenz v. Roe
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1318:. Retrieved
1313:
1250:
1224:
1197:The Brethren
1196:
1178:
1174:
1163:Bibliography
1148:. Retrieved
1144:
1134:
1127:Doherty 1970
1122:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1084:Doherty 1970
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1055:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1022:
997:. Retrieved
985:
976:
969:Doherty 1970
964:
920:
908:
896:
869:
857:
845:
833:
826:Doherty 1970
821:
784:Doherty 1970
779:
767:
740:
728:
716:. Retrieved
712:the original
707:
697:
690:Doherty 1970
685:
678:Doherty 1970
663:Doherty 1970
658:
628:Doherty 1970
623:
611:
577:
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202:
201:
200:
188:Laws applied
177:
172:Case opinion
155:
143:
131:
82:
64:
26:
2462:(Cal. 1948)
2411:Lum v. Rice
1688:Roe v. Wade
1603:Roe v. Wade
1477:due process
1320:October 11,
1150:October 11,
1069:October 11,
1036:October 11,
999:October 11,
718:October 11,
516:Ted Kennedy
160:Byron White
3738:Categories
2957:Orr v. Orr
588:References
520:Hugh Scott
502:Protestant
494:Jimmy Swan
438:per curiam
374:Hugo Black
309:Hugo Black
224:Background
180:Per curiam
128:Hugo Black
3270:Residency
1187:0745-3515
1114:1041-6374
1064:0362-4331
1031:0362-4331
994:0362-4331
565:Citations
524:Alexander
476:Sam Ervin
304:was set.
245:In 1968,
91:L. Ed. 2d
71:Citations
3091:Alienage
1362:case law
1249:Text of
1145:Politico
506:Catholic
424:Justice
395:Justice
379:Justice
343:Brown II
307:Justice
228:Justice
2486:(1954)
339:Brown I
99:Holding
3720:(2024)
3712:(1935)
3681:(2013)
3673:(2006)
3665:(2004)
3657:(2003)
3649:(2001)
3641:(2000)
3633:(2000)
3625:(1999)
3617:(1997)
3609:(1989)
3601:(1976)
3593:(1966)
3585:(1883)
3548:(2012)
3540:(2000)
3532:(1997)
3524:(1991)
3516:(1988)
3508:(1988)
3500:(1985)
3492:(1982)
3484:(1979)
3476:(1978)
3468:(1977)
3460:(1976)
3452:(1974)
3444:(1974)
3436:(1973)
3428:(1973)
3420:(1972)
3412:(1971)
3404:(1970)
3396:(1968)
3388:(1968)
3380:(1966)
3372:(1966)
3364:(1962)
3356:(1948)
3348:(1942)
3340:(1937)
3332:(1928)
3324:(1886)
3316:(1876)
3297:(1985)
3289:(1977)
3281:(1969)
3262:(1984)
3254:(1982)
3246:(1982)
3238:(1979)
3230:(1978)
3222:(1977)
3214:(1976)
3206:(1973)
3198:(1973)
3190:(1971)
3182:(1954)
3174:(1948)
3166:(1927)
3158:(1923)
3150:(1923)
3142:(1923)
3134:(1923)
3126:(1915)
3118:(1915)
3110:(1915)
3102:(1914)
3083:(2015)
3075:(1996)
3067:(1986)
3048:(2024)
3040:(1996)
3032:(1994)
3024:(1983)
3016:(1982)
3008:(1981)
3000:(1981)
2992:(1980)
2984:(1979)
2976:(1979)
2968:(1979)
2960:(1979)
2952:(1976)
2944:(1975)
2936:(1975)
2928:(1974)
2920:(1974)
2912:(1972)
2904:(1971)
2896:(1948)
2888:(1937)
2869:(2023)
2861:(2016)
2853:(2014)
2845:(2013)
2837:(2007)
2829:(2005)
2821:(2003)
2813:(2003)
2805:(1999)
2797:(1995)
2789:(1993)
2781:(1992)
2773:(1992)
2765:(1991)
2757:(1989)
2749:(1986)
2741:(1985)
2733:(1984)
2725:(1982)
2717:(1982)
2709:(1978)
2701:(1977)
2693:(1977)
2685:(1974)
2677:(1973)
2669:(1973)
2661:(1972)
2653:(1971)
2645:(1971)
2637:(1971)
2629:(1971)
2621:(1971)
2613:(1969)
2605:(1969)
2597:(1969)
2589:(1969)
2581:(1968)
2573:(1968)
2565:(1967)
2557:(1967)
2549:(1964)
2541:(1964)
2533:(1964)
2517:(1955)
2478:(1950)
2470:(1950)
2454:(1948)
2446:(1948)
2438:(1944)
2430:(1943)
2422:(1940)
2414:(1927)
2406:(1899)
2398:(1896)
2390:(1886)
2382:(1883)
2338:(2016)
2330:(2015)
2322:(2009)
2314:(2000)
2306:(1997)
2298:(1990)
2290:(1989)
2282:(1989)
2274:(1987)
2266:(1987)
2258:(1985)
2250:(1984)
2242:(1983)
2234:(1982)
2226:(1981)
2218:(1979)
2210:(1979)
2202:(1977)
2194:(1976)
2186:(1975)
2178:(1975)
2170:(1974)
2162:(1974)
2154:(1971)
2146:(1968)
2138:(1967)
2130:(1962)
2122:(1961)
2114:(1958)
2106:(1950)
2098:(1932)
2090:(1927)
2082:(1922)
2074:(1905)
2055:(2011)
2047:(2010)
2039:(2009)
2031:(2009)
2023:(2005)
2015:(2003)
2007:(2002)
1999:(1989)
1991:(1988)
1983:(1982)
1975:(1980)
1967:(1978)
1961:(1978)
1953:(1976)
1945:(1976)
1937:(1975)
1929:(1975)
1923:(1974)
1917:(1969)
1911:(1967)
1905:(1963)
1899:(1961)
1885:under
1875:(2022)
1867:(2020)
1859:(2019)
1851:(2018)
1843:(2016)
1835:(2007)
1827:(2006)
1819:(2000)
1811:(1997)
1803:(1997)
1795:(1996)
1787:(1992)
1779:(1990)
1771:(1990)
1763:(1989)
1755:(1986)
1747:(1983)
1739:(1981)
1731:(1979)
1723:(1979)
1715:(1976)
1707:(1976)
1699:(1973)
1691:(1973)
1683:(1971)
1662:(2022)
1654:(2016)
1646:(2003)
1638:(1992)
1630:(1989)
1622:(1986)
1614:(1973)
1606:(1973)
1598:(1965)
1590:(1925)
1582:(1923)
1561:(1937)
1553:(1931)
1545:(1917)
1537:(1917)
1529:(1915)
1521:(1908)
1513:(1905)
1505:(1898)
1497:(1897)
1489:(1887)
1445:(1999)
1437:(1971)
1429:(1967)
1421:(1958)
1413:(1898)
1405:(1884)
1397:(1875)
1389:(1873)
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1284:Justia
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1232:
1204:
1185:
1112:
1062:
1029:
992:
510:Jewish
158:
156:·
154:
146:
144:·
142:
134:
132:·
130:
3698:Other
3305:Other
2063:Other
1257:
1108:(2).
570:Notes
2371:Race
1322:2017
1259:U.S.
1230:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1183:ISSN
1152:2017
1110:ISSN
1071:2017
1060:ISSN
1038:2017
1027:ISSN
1001:2017
990:ISSN
720:2017
553:and
508:and
341:and
318:The
259:Case
84:more
76:U.S.
74:396
2877:Sex
1255:396
3740::
1253:,
1179:45
1177:.
1173:.
1143:.
1106:18
1104:.
1100:.
1054:.
1025:.
1021:.
1009:^
984:.
949:^
932:^
881:^
806:^
791:^
752:^
706:.
670:^
635:^
596:^
561:.
526:.
504:,
255:.
93:19
79:19
1352:e
1345:t
1338:v
1324:.
1238:.
1210:.
1189:.
1154:.
1116:.
1073:.
1040:.
1003:.
722:.
87:)
81:(
20:)
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