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only for course changes or combat and no maintenance was performed at sea. Due to these systems, the combat shift of Alfa submarines consisted only of eight officers stationed in the control room. While nuclear submarines typically have 120 to 160 crew members, the initially proposed crew number was 14 — all officers, except the cook. Later it was considered more practical to have additional crew aboard that could be trained to operate the new generation of submarines and the number was increased to 27 officers and four warrant officers. Also, given that most of the electronics were newly developed and failures were expected, additional crew was stationed to monitor their performance. Some reliability problems were connected with electronics, and it is possible that some accidents could have been foreseen with more mature and better developed monitoring systems. Overall performance was considered good for an experimental system.
67:
563:– was built in Leningrad. Leningrad built three subsequent Project 705 submarines, and Severodvinsk built three Project 705K submarines (only differing in the reactor plant; see below). The first vessel was commissioned in 1971. Project 705 boats were intended to be experimental platforms themselves, to test all innovations and rectify their faults, that would afterwards found a new generation of submarines. This highly experimental nature mostly predetermined their future. In 1981, with the completion of the seventh vessel, production ended. All vessels were assigned to the
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reactors of all operational Alfas were kept constantly running. While the BM-40A reactors are able to work for many years without stopping, they were not specifically designed for such treatment and any serious reactor maintenance became impossible. This led to a number of failures, including coolant leaks and one reactor broken down and frozen while at sea. However, constantly running the reactors proved better than relying on the coastal facilities. Four vessels were decommissioned due to freezing of the coolant.
80:
36:
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738:(Accord) combat information and control system, which received and processed hydroacoustic, television, radar, and navigation data from other systems, determining the location, speed, and predicted trajectory of other ships, submarines, and torpedoes. Information was displayed on control terminals, along with recommendations for operating a single submarine, both for attack and torpedo evasion, or commanding a group of submarines.
24:
1205:, to retrieve the team and the uranium, but four were forced to turn back because of bad weather. Only a single C-5, carrying 30,000 pounds of supplies Tennesseans had donated for Ust-Kamenogorsk area orphanages, got through. Eventually a second C-5 arrived, and the two planes carried the uranium to Dover, from where it was transported to Oak Ridge to be blended down for reactor fuel.
1180:. The material, known as uranium oxide-beryllium, was produced by the Ulba plant in the form of ceramic fuel rods for use by the submarines. "The Kazakh government had no idea that this material was there", Kazakh officials later told Harvard's Graham Allison, a national-security analyst. In February 1994 it was uncovered by Elwood Gift, an engineer from the Y-12 plant at
693:
solution could potentially decrease service times and increase reliability, it is still more expensive, and the idea of single-use reactors was unpopular in the 1970s. Furthermore, Project 705 does not have a modular design that would allow quick replacement of reactors, so such maintenance would take at least as long as refueling a normal submarine.
1221:. After being used for training she was officially decommissioned July 31, 1996. Decommissioning of the ships entailed the singular complication that, the reactor being cooled by liquid metals, the nuclear rods became fused with the coolant when the reactor was stopped and conventional methods for disassembling the reactor were unavailable.
676:. The issue was that the lead/bismuth eutectic solution solidifies at 125 °C (257 °F). If it ever hardened, it would be impossible to restart the reactor, since the fuel assemblies would be frozen in the solidified coolant. Thus, whenever the reactor is shut down, the liquid coolant must be heated externally with
1184:, stored in quart sized steel cans in a vault about twenty feet wide and thirty feet long. Some of it was on wire shelves while others were sitting on the floor. The cans were covered with dust. Word soon came that Iran had officially visited the site looking to purchase reactor fuel. Washington set up a
710:
Later, metallurgy and welding technology were improved and no hull problems were experienced on subsequent vessels. American intelligence services became aware of the use of titanium alloys in the construction by retrieving metal shavings that fell from a truck as it left the St. Petersburg ship yard.
1029:
be closed during operation had not been followed. As a result, the high pressure could reach the sensitive instrument and broke through it, pouring
Polonium-contaminated aerosols into the inhabited part of the reactor compartment. While the reactor could have been repaired, it was decided to replace
1020:
occured in Alfa class submarines. In 1971, suboptimal welding on the steam system allowed moisture to leak into an area where it picked up chlorides and then condensed and dripped onto primary coolant pipes containing the liquid metal coolant. This caused corrosion and breakage of the primary coolant
782:
All the systems of the submarine were fully automated and all operations requiring human decision were performed from the control room. While such automation is common on aircraft, other military ships and submarines have multiple, separate teams performing these tasks. Crew intervention was required
1123:
The Alfas were intended to be only the first of a new generation of light, fast submarines, and before their decommissioning, there was already a family of derivative designs, including
Project 705D, armed with long-range 650 mm torpedoes, and the Project 705A ballistic missile variant that was
692:
Both the OK-550 and the BM-40A designs were single-use reactors and could not be refueled as the coolant would inevitably freeze in the process. This was compensated for by a much longer lifetime on their only load (up to 15 years), after which the reactors would be completely replaced. While such a
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Alfas, as with almost all other nuclear submarines, were never actually used in combat. However, the Soviet government still made good use of them, by exaggerating the planned number of vessels, which were assumed to allow naval superiority to be gained by shadowing major ship groups and destroying
1024:
The second incident occured on
Project 705K (Task Order 105). Steam generator tubes in the evaporator section corroded and leaked steam into the primary system. Pressure increased in the primary system, which was designed to widthstand the full pressure in this incident. However, an procedural step
634:
Designed burst speed in tests was 43–45 kn (49–52 mph; 80–83 km/h) for all vessels, and speeds of 41–42 kn (47–48 mph; 76–78 km/h) could be sustained. Acceleration to top speed took one minute and reversing 180 degrees at full speed took just 40 seconds. This degree of
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alloy hulls, which was revolutionary in submarine design at the time due to the cost of titanium and the technologies and equipment needed to work with it. The difficulties in the engineering became apparent in the first submarine that was quickly decommissioned after cracks developed in the hull.
408:
cooled reactor as a power source, which greatly reduced the size of the reactor compared to conventional designs, thus reducing the overall size of the submarine, and allowing for very high speeds. However, it also meant that the reactor had a short lifetime and had to be kept warm when it was not
722:
The original test depth requirement specified for
Project 705 was 500 metres (1,600 ft), but after the preliminary design was completed, SKB-143 proposed relaxing this requirement to 400 metres (1,300 ft). Reducing test depth and thinning the pressure hull would make up for increases in
688:
Coastal facilities were treated with much less attention than the submarines and often turned out unable to heat the submarines' reactors. Consequently, the plants had to be kept running even while the subs were in harbor. The facilities completely broke down early in the 1980s and since then the
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and completed in 1972. The long build time was caused by numerous design flaws and difficulties in manufacture. Extensively tested, she was taken out of service following a reactor accident in 1980. She had a top speed of 41.2 knots (47.4 mph; 76.3 km/h) and a test depth of 400 m
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cargo planes with 130 tons of equipment. It took the team six weeks, working twelve-hour shifts, six days a week, to process and can the 1,050 cans of uranium. The
Sapphire Team finished recanning the uranium on 18 November 1994 at a cost of between ten and thirty million dollars (actual cost
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by a 40,000 shp steam turbine, and two 100 kW electric thrusters on the tips of the stern stabilizers were used for quieter "creeping" (low speed tactical maneuvering) and for emergency propulsion in the event of an engineering casualty. Electrical power was provided by two 1,500 kW
635:
maneuverability exceeds all other submarines and most torpedoes that were in service at the time. Indeed, during training the boats proved able to successfully evade torpedoes launched by other submarines, which required introduction of faster torpedoes such as the
American ADCAP or British
701:
Like most Soviet nuclear submarines, Project 705 used a double hull, where the internal hull withstands the pressure and the outer one protects it and provides an optimal hydrodynamic shape. The gracefully curved outer hull and sail were highly streamlined for high submerged speed and
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The main reason behind the small crew complement and high automation was not just to allow a reduction in the size of the submarine, but rather to provide an advantage in reaction speed by replacing long chains of command with instant electronics, speeding up any action.
684:
where the submarines were moored, a special facility was constructed to deliver superheated steam to the vessels' reactors when the reactors were shut down. A smaller ship was also stationed at the pier to deliver steam from her steam plant to the Alfa submarines.
445:
The project was highly innovative in order to meet demanding requirements: sufficient speed to successfully pursue any ship; the ability to avoid anti-submarine weapons and to ensure success in underwater combat; low detectability, in particular to airborne
491:
The practical problems with the design quickly became apparent and in 1963 the design team was replaced and a less radical design was proposed, increasing all main dimensions and the vessel weight by 800 tons and almost doubling the crew.
671:
The OK-550 plant was used on
Project 705, but later, on 705K, the BM-40A plant was installed due to the low reliability of the OK-550. While more reliable, BM-40A still turned out to be much more demanding in maintenance than older
1659:
1167:
was a covert United States military operation to retrieve 1,278 pounds (580 kg) of very highly enriched uranium fuel intended for the Alfa-class submarines from a warehouse at the Ulba
Metallurgical Plant outside
713:
The pressure hull was separated into six watertight compartments, of which only the third (center) compartment was manned and others were accessible only for maintenance. The third compartment had reinforced spherical
723:
weight of the reactor, sonar system, and transverse bulkheads. The common myth that the Alfas could dive to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) or deeper is rooted in
Western intelligence estimates made during the Cold War.
600:
Even though 1960s technology was barely sufficient to produce reliable LMRs, which are even today considered challenging, their advantages were considered compelling. Two power plants were developed independently,
718:
that could withstand the pressure at the test depth and offered additional protection to the crew in case of attack. To further enhance survivability, the ship was equipped with an ejectable rescue capsule.
350:
1226:
766:(Rhythm) system controlling operation of all machinery aboard, eliminating the need for any personnel servicing reactor and other machinery, which was the main factor in reducing crew complement.
1566:
Rawool-Sullivan, Mohini; Moskowitz, Paul D.; Shelenkova, Ludmila N. (2002). "Technical and proliferation-related aspects of the dismantlement of
Russian Alfa-Class nuclear submarines".
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1960:
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Lead-bismuth cooled reactors are much lighter and smaller than water-cooled reactors, which was the primary factor when considering power plant choice for the Project 705 submarines.
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1138:
The technologies and solutions developed, tested, and perfected on Alfas formed the foundation for future designs. The suite of submarine control systems was later used in the
1970:
750:(Ocean) automated hydroacoustic (sonar) system that provided target data to other systems and eliminated the need for crew members working with detection equipment.
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classified). The cans were loaded into 447 special fifty-five gallon drums for secure transport to the United States. Five C-5 Galaxys were dispatched from
1822:
Bugreev, M. I.; Efimov, E. I.; Ignatiev, S. V.; Pankratov, D. V.; Tchitaykin, V. I. (2002). "Assessment of Spent Fuel of Alfa Class Nuclear Submarines".
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missile programs projects (the latter was cancelled when more definitive information about the Soviet project was known). The creation of the high-speed
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474:
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1142:-class, or Project 971 attack submarines that have a crew of 50, more than the Alfa but still less than half as many as other attack submarines. The
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1128:. However, the main thrust of Russian/Soviet SSN development was instead focused toward the larger, quieter boats that eventually became the
760:(Bauxite) course control system, which integrated course, depth, trim, and speed control, for manual, automated, and programmed maneuvering.
2110:
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1638:
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weapon control system controlling attack, torpedo homing, and use of countermeasures, both by human command and automatically if required.
366:
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pipes on Task Order 900. A move towards an integral pool-type reactor was considered the appropriate design evolution after this.
1755:
Advisory Group Meeting on Small Power and Heat Generation Systems on the Basis of Propulsion and Innovative Reactor Technologies
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1806:
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being used. As a result, the submarines were used as interceptors, mostly kept in port ready for a high-speed dash into the
1725:
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Liquid lead-bismuth systems can not cause an explosion and quickly solidify in case of a leak, greatly improving safety.
426:
Project 705 was first proposed in 1957 by M. G. Rusanov and the initial design work led by Rusanov began in May 1960 in
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1939:
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641:. However, the price for this was a very high noise level at burst speed. According to U.S. Naval Intelligence, the
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1955:
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program, to create torpedoes with the range, speed, and intelligence to reliably pursue Alfa-class submarines.
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400:
The Project 705 submarines had a unique design among other submarines. In addition to the revolutionary use of
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classes, combining the stealth and towed sonar array of the Victor III with the automation of the Alfa class.
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intended be able to defend herself successfully against attack submarines, therefore not needing patrolled
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833:
Crush depth: possibly over 1300 m, depth figure contradicted by an authoritative Russian publication.
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until 1996. They were among the fastest military submarines ever built, with only the prototype submarine
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was also a response to the threat posed by the reported capabilities of submarines of the Project 705.
477:, staying in harbor or on patrol route and then racing out to reach an approaching fleet. A high-power
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434:, which would eventually become one of the three Soviet/Russian submarine design centers, along with
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with design task assigned to SKB-143, one of the two predecessors (the other being TsKB-16) of the
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arrays, and also especially to active sonars; minimal displacement; and minimal crew complement.
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underwent a refit between 1983 and 1992 and had her reactor compartment replaced with a VM-4
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Lifetime without refueling can be increased more easily, in part due to higher efficiency.
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The power plant for the boat was a lead-bismuth cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor. Such
555:, Leningrad and at Sevmashpredpriyatiye (SEVMASH — Northern Machine-building Enterprise),
8:
1932:
Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, 1945–2001
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Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, 1945–2001
470:
435:
394:
268:
1213:
The first vessel was decommissioned in 1974. five more in 1990 and the seventh in 1996.
1751:"Use of Russian technology of ship reactors with lead-bismuth coolant in nuclear power"
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1591:
1494:
Podvodnaya lodka-istrebitel Pr.705(705K), special issue "Tayfun", Sankt Peterburg, 2002
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241:
1935:
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Apart from the prototypes, all six Project 705 and 705K submarines were built with
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1233:, which was used to remove and store the reactors until they could be dismantled.
1990:
1961:
Bellona: Spent nuclear fuel from liquid metal cooled reactor unloaded in Gremikha
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was devised, which was kept liquid in port through external heating. Extensive
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1835:
1693:"The Alfa-Class Was Russia's 'Race Car' Submarine (With One Special Feature)"
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520:(1,300 ft). This combined with other reports created some alarm in the
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designed and donated special equipment for a dedicated dry-dock (SD-10) in
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Production started in 1964 as Project 705 with construction at both the
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Podvodnye Lodki, Tom I, Chast 2,Yu.V. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2003,
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A suite of new systems was developed for these submarines, including:
461:, six compartment vessel capable of very high speeds (in excess of 40
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for the primary cooling stage, and both producing 155 MW of power.
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401:
1660:"The ALFA SSN: Challenging Paradigms, Finding New Truths, 1969–79"
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would also greatly reduce the needed crew numbers to just 16 men.
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from 1971 into the early 1990s, with one serving later with the
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Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives
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40,000 shp (30,000 kW) steam turbine, one shaft
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855:, lead-bismuth cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor, 155
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Podvodnye Lodki, Yu.V. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2002,
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reactors have a number of advantages over other types:
1716:
Federation of American Scientists (December 8, 1998).
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1504:
1502:
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1188:, and on 8 October 1994 the Sapphire Team flew out of
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Complement: 27 officers, 4–18 NCOs; Russian source: 32
473:)) and deep diving. The submarine would operate as an
457:
hull would be used to create a small, low drag, 1,500
1607:
1605:
1146:-class submarines represent a hybrid of the Alfa and
1956:
the Environmental Foundation Bellona: Nuclear Energy
1872:
1783:
1108:
them in case of war. The US replied by starting the
495:
A prototype of a similar design, the Project 661 or
1999:
Article in Russian Language from Russian Submarines
1497:
1971:The Russian Northern Fleet Nuclear-powered vessels
1602:
778:television optical system for outside observation.
1639:"Titanium Fills Vital Role for Boeing and Russia"
2541:
617:design bureau in Nizhniy Novgorod, both using a
244:Lead-bismuth cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor
397:Papa-class) exceeding them in submerged speed.
1288:Decommissioned August 19, 1974, for scrapping
274:41 knots (47 mph; 76 km/h) submerged
2137:
2022:
1444:Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping
1417:Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping
1393:Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping
1366:Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping
1342:Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping
2111:List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
1744:
1742:
1490:
1488:
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1484:
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1480:
1478:
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1457:List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
1315:Decommissioned July 31, 1996, for scrapping
1929:
1611:
1075:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
660:turbogenerators, with a backup 500 kW
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2015:
1709:
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524:and prompted the rapid development of the
2560:Russian and Soviet Navy submarine classes
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1748:
1739:
1473:
1095:Learn how and when to remove this message
864:: OK-7K, 40,000 shp (30,000 kW)
583:Due to higher coolant temperature, their
416:
1859:"Urgent to lift dumped K-27 nuclear sub"
935:MRK.50 (Snoop Tray) surface search radar
880:): ~40 knots (46 mph; 74 km/h)
1934:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books Inc.
1910:
2542:
1856:
1824:MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive
1796:
1690:
1658:Thamm, Gerhardt (16 September 2008) .
1636:
1630:
1025:mandating that a valve to a sensitive
16:Nuclear-powered attack submarine class
2555:Nuclear submarines of the Soviet Navy
2125:
2106:List of Soviet and Russian submarines
2010:
1930:Polmar, Norman; Moore, K. J. (2003).
1657:
2166:Ballistic missile nuclear submarines
1728:from the original on 5 February 2006
1674:Center for the Study of Intelligence
1612:Polmar, Norman; Moore, K.J. (2005).
1190:McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base
1073:adding citations to reliable sources
1040:
1153:
13:
1904:
1637:Kramer, Andrew E. (July 5, 2013).
1616:. Potomac Books Inc. p. 319.
1208:
14:
2576:
2219:Cruise missile nuclear submarines
1966:Federation of American Scientists
1949:
1915:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1749:Zrodnikov, A V (20–24 Jul 1998).
726:
404:for its hull, it used a powerful
1691:Roblin, Sebastien (2019-07-04).
1045:
421:
78:
65:
40:An Alfa-class submarine underway
34:
22:
1850:
1815:
655:Propulsion was provided to the
284:350 m (1,148 ft) test
1684:
1651:
1559:
1534:
803:surfaced, 3,200 tons submerged
664:and a bank of 112 zinc-silver
609:(Hydropress) in Leningrad and
1:
1857:Nilsen, Thomas (2012-09-25).
1801:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1467:
963:radio communications antennas
570:
546:
440:Lazurit Central Design Bureau
302:6 × 533 mm (21 in)
2343:ballistic missile submarines
2159:submarine classes after 1945
1542:"Fastest military submarine"
1030:it entirely with a new one.
1011:
772:radiation monitoring system.
507:(referred to by NATO as the
7:
1984:Article in Russian Language
1775:: CS1 maint: date format (
1568:The Nonproliferation Review
1450:
10:
2581:
1913:The World's Worst Warships
1462:Future of the Russian Navy
1157:
674:pressurized water reactors
587:is up to 1.5 times higher.
2523:
2470:
2388:
2375:644/665 Whiskey (missile)
2367:cruise missile submarines
2364:
2340:
2278:Nuclear attack submarines
2276:
2217:
2164:
2101:
2044:
1799:The Twilight of the Bombs
1722:Military Analysis Network
1580:10.1080/10736700208436881
1219:pressurized water reactor
1112:program, and the British
1036:
1018:loss-of-coolant accidents
987:luch mine detection sonar
947:underwater communications
358:
207:81.4 m (267 ft)
165:
45:
33:
21:
1911:Preston, Antony (2002).
1836:10.1557/PROC-713-JJ11.61
1797:Rhodes, Richard (2010).
1236:
993:sonar intercept receiver
953:satellite communications
505:cruise missile submarine
175:Nuclear attack submarine
2457:(development suspended)
1665:Studies in Intelligence
941:navigation system radar
791:General characteristics
696:
223:7.6 m (25 ft)
215:9.5 m (31 ft)
166:General characteristics
1718:"Run Silent, Run Deep"
1680:on September 19, 2008.
1546:Guinness World Records
1429:Admiralty (Sudomekh),
1405:SEVMASH, Severodvinsk
1378:Admiralty (Sudomekh),
1354:SEVMASH, Severodvinsk
1327:Admiralty (Sudomekh),
1273:Admiralty (Sudomekh),
824:Usual operation: 350 m
756:navigation system and
559:. The lead boat – the
432:Malakhit Design Bureau
417:Design and development
28:Alfa-class SSN profile
2550:Alfa-class submarines
2038:Alfa-class submarines
1697:The National Interest
1192:in three blacked out
969:combat control system
344:, Soviet designation
2530:Single ship of class
2472:Auxiliary submarines
2333:(under construction)
1199:Dover Air Force Base
1182:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
1069:improve this section
981:active/passive sonar
511:), was built at the
379:in service with the
1414:September 30, 1981
1411:September 21, 1980
1339:September 30, 1978
1242:
975:fire control system
577:liquid metal cooled
479:liquid-metal cooled
436:Rubin Design Bureau
395:NATO reporting name
367:NATO reporting name
1989:2007-03-24 at the
1861:. Barents Observer
1757:(IAEA-TECDOC-1172)
1644:The New York Times
1441:December 30, 1981
1390:December 29, 1979
1363:December 31, 1978
1357:November 12, 1967
1312:December 12, 1977
1306:December 22, 1967
1285:December 31, 1971
1241:
924:a mix of the above
886:: 6 × 533 mm
372:), was a class of
2565:Submarine classes
2537:
2536:
2439:636 Improved Kilo
2391:attack submarines
2301:671RTM Victor III
2119:
2118:
1808:978-0-307-26754-2
1448:
1447:
1408:January 21, 1972
1360:November 3, 1977
1118:Spearfish torpedo
1105:
1104:
1097:
702:maneuverability.
678:superheated steam
585:energy efficiency
537:Spearfish torpedo
377:attack submarines
338:
337:
292:31 (all officers)
104:Succeeded by
2572:
2331:09851 Khabarovsk
2204:667BDRM Delta IV
2194:667BDR Delta III
2146:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1980:
1945:
1926:
1899:
1889:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1676:. Archived from
1655:
1649:
1648:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
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1538:
1532:
1522:
1495:
1492:
1243:
1240:
1165:Project Sapphire
1160:Project Sapphire
1154:Project Sapphire
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1049:
1041:
662:diesel generator
531:program and the
513:SEVMASH shipyard
360:
353:
346:Project 705 Lira
84:
82:
81:
71:
69:
68:
38:
26:
19:
18:
2580:
2579:
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2574:
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2570:
2569:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2519:
2466:
2384:
2360:
2336:
2296:671RT Victor II
2272:
2242:670M Charlie II
2213:
2160:
2150:
2120:
2115:
2097:
2040:
2035:
2001:
1993:
1991:Wayback Machine
1978:
1952:
1942:
1923:
1907:
1905:Further reading
1902:
1890:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1795:
1784:
1768:
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1714:
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1699:
1689:
1685:
1656:
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1635:
1631:
1624:
1610:
1603:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1523:
1498:
1493:
1474:
1470:
1453:
1438:March 30, 1981
1387:April 19, 1978
1333:April 26, 1969
1282:April 22, 1969
1239:
1211:
1209:Decommissioning
1172:in far eastern
1170:Ust-Kamenogorsk
1162:
1156:
1101:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1066:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1014:
912:cruise missiles
838:Compartments: 6
793:
729:
699:
645:was similar to
573:
549:
482:nuclear reactor
424:
419:
374:nuclear-powered
349:
79:
77:
66:
64:
41:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
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2482:
2476:
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2468:
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2465:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2436:
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2426:
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2395:
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2362:
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2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:945A Sierra II
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
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2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:667BD Delta II
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1950:External links
1948:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1927:
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1906:
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1871:
1849:
1814:
1807:
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1574:(1): 161–171.
1558:
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1469:
1466:
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1449:
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1435:June 26, 1975
1433:
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1384:June 26, 1972
1382:
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1340:
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1336:July 25, 1974
1334:
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1313:
1310:
1309:April 4, 1976
1307:
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1207:
1158:Main article:
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1038:
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1008:
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964:
954:
948:
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936:
927:
926:
925:
922:
915:
905:
881:
874:
865:
862:Steam turbines
859:
853:BM-40A reactor
849:OK-550 reactor
842:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
806:Length: 81.4 m
804:
792:
789:
780:
779:
773:
767:
761:
751:
745:
739:
728:
727:Control system
725:
698:
695:
643:tactical speed
607:OKB Gidropress
598:
597:
594:
591:
588:
572:
569:
565:Northern Fleet
553:Admiralty yard
548:
545:
455:titanium alloy
423:
420:
418:
415:
411:North Atlantic
336:
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105:
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47:
46:Class overview
43:
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31:
30:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2577:
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2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2389:Conventional
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2365:Conventional
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:AV611 Zulu IV
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2341:Conventional
2339:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:705/705K Alfa
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:627A November
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:949A Oscar II
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:670 Charlie I
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
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2222:
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2216:
2210:
2207:
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2147:
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2140:
2135:
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2128:
2127:
2124:
2112:
2109:
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2104:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
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2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
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2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1976:Storm of Deep
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1941:1-57488-594-4
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1922:0-85177-754-6
1918:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1897:5-8172-0069-4
1894:
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1886:
1884:
1882:
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1860:
1853:
1845:
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1793:
1791:
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1654:
1646:
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1625:
1623:1-57488-530-8
1619:
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1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
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1537:
1531:
1530:5-8172-0072-4
1527:
1521:
1519:
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1513:
1511:
1509:
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1503:
1501:
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1463:
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1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1279:June 2, 1968
1278:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:Commissioned
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1206:
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1195:
1191:
1187:
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1119:
1115:
1111:
1099:
1096:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1054:This section
1052:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:Leningrad-705
971:
968:
965:
962:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
928:
923:
920:
916:
913:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
892:
891:
889:
888:torpedo tubes
885:
882:
879:
875:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
840:
837:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
798:
795:
794:
788:
784:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:
732:
724:
720:
717:
711:
708:
703:
694:
690:
686:
683:
679:
675:
669:
667:
663:
658:
653:
651:
649:
644:
640:
639:
632:
630:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
595:
592:
589:
586:
582:
581:
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578:
568:
566:
562:
558:
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538:
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530:
527:
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487:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:Preproduction
414:
412:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
375:
371:
368:
364:
356:
352:
347:
343:
332:
328:
325:
324:VA-111 Shkval
321:
319:
316:
312:
308:
305:
304:torpedo tubes
301:
300:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
287:
283:
280:
279:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
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109:
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103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
76:
74:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
53:
50:
49:
44:
37:
32:
25:
20:
2510:210 Losharik
2500:1910 Uniform
2311:945 Sierra I
2305:
2291:671 Victor I
2184:667B Delta I
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2037:
2002:(in Russian)
1994:(in Russian)
1979:(in Russian)
1931:
1912:
1863:. Retrieved
1852:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1798:
1771:cite journal
1761:23 September
1759:. Retrieved
1754:
1730:. Retrieved
1721:
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
1678:the original
1669:
1663:
1653:
1642:
1632:
1613:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1550:. Retrieved
1548:. 2019-07-04
1545:
1536:
1423:
1399:
1372:
1348:
1321:
1302:Severodvinsk
1294:
1267:
1214:
1212:
1178:Soviet Union
1163:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1106:
1091:
1082:
1067:Please help
1055:
1032:
1023:
1015:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
797:Displacement
785:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
753:
747:
741:
735:
730:
721:
712:
704:
700:
691:
687:
670:
654:
652:submarines.
647:
636:
633:
599:
574:
560:
557:Severodvinsk
550:
517:Severodvinsk
500:
499:(since 1978
496:
494:
490:
452:
444:
425:
406:lead-bismuth
399:
389:
385:Russian Navy
369:
345:
341:
339:
181:Displacement
108:Sierra class
98:Victor class
86:Russian Navy
2515:20120 Sarov
2490:1710 Beluga
2424:641 Foxtrot
2404:613 Whiskey
2380:651 Juliett
2252:949 Oscar I
2232:675 Echo II
2199:941 Typhoon
2179:667A Yankee
1135:submarine.
680:. Near the
475:interceptor
381:Soviet Navy
361:, meaning "
112:Akula class
94:Preceded by
73:Soviet Navy
2544:Categories
2463:(proposed)
2451:(proposed)
2429:641B Tango
2409:615 Quebec
2269:(proposed)
2227:659 Echo I
1865:2012-08-02
1732:2006-03-18
1702:2019-10-30
1552:2021-03-06
1468:References
1252:Laid down
1194:C-5 Galaxy
1186:tiger team
1174:Kazakhstan
1148:Victor III
1114:Royal Navy
945:MG-21 Rosa
868:Propulsion
828:Test depth
571:Propulsion
547:Production
541:Royal Navy
509:Papa class
486:automation
469:; 74
453:A special
342:Alfa class
289:Complement
281:Test depth
271:) surfaced
267:; 22
228:Propulsion
126:In service
54:Alfa class
2505:865 Losos
2495:1840 Lima
2485:940 India
2480:690 Bravo
2419:633 Romeo
2414:617 Whale
2326:971 Akula
2267:545 Laika
2262:885 Yasen
2209:955 Borei
2174:658 Hotel
1844:0272-9172
1596:146142267
1588:1073-6700
1431:Leningrad
1380:Leningrad
1329:Leningrad
1300:SEVMASH,
1275:Leningrad
1255:Launched
1249:Shipyard
1085:July 2020
1056:does not
1027:manometer
1012:Incidents
1003:Chrome-KM
929:Systems:
895:torpedoes
878:submerged
872:propeller
716:bulkheads
666:batteries
638:Spearfish
533:Sea Lance
522:U.S. Navy
465:(46
428:Leningrad
351:‹See Tfd›
326:torpedoes
318:torpedoes
263:(14
197:submerged
150:Cancelled
142:Completed
129:1971–1996
121:1968–1981
59:Operators
2444:677 Lada
2434:877 Kilo
2399:611 Zulu
2356:629 Golf
2321:685 Mike
2247:661 Papa
1987:Archived
1726:Archived
1451:See also
1231:Gremikha
1203:Delaware
1126:bastions
902:SAET-60A
884:Armament
799:: 2,300
707:titanium
648:Sturgeon
629:solution
619:eutectic
402:titanium
297:Armament
259:12
190:surfaced
2157:Russian
1261:Status
1077:removed
1062:sources
999:ESM/ECM
991:Yenisei
951:Molniya
909:SS-N-15
898:SET-65A
876:Speed (
845:Reactor
830:: 400 m
821:Depth:
818:: 7.6 m
812:: 9.5 m
626:bismuth
613:by the
539:by the
529:torpedo
355:Russian
220:Draught
158:Retired
134:Planned
2461:Kalina
2153:Soviet
1938:
1919:
1895:
1842:
1805:
1620:
1594:
1586:
1528:
1223:France
1133:-class
1037:Impact
997:Bukhta
967:Accord
959:&
917:20–24
907:18–20
893:18–20
758:Boksit
742:Sargan
736:Akkord
650:-class
611:OK-550
603:BM-40A
315:53-65K
311:SET-65
306:(bow):
240:, 155-
238:BM-40A
234:OK-550
204:Length
193:3,200
186:2,300
83:
70:
2455:S1000
2092:K-493
2085:K-463
2078:K-432
2071:K-373
2064:K-316
2057:K-123
1672:(3).
1592:S2CID
1424:K-463
1400:K-493
1373:K-373
1349:K-432
1322:K-316
1295:K-123
1237:Units
1215:K-123
1144:Akula
1140:Akula
1131:Akula
1110:ADCAP
985:MG-24
979:Ocean
961:Tissa
933:Topol
919:mines
816:Draft
748:Okean
682:piers
657:screw
526:ADCAP
501:K-222
497:K-162
463:knots
390:K-222
331:mines
254:Speed
118:Built
2449:Amur
2155:and
2050:K-64
1936:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1840:ISSN
1803:ISBN
1777:link
1763:2024
1618:ISBN
1584:ISSN
1526:ISBN
1268:K-64
1116:the
1060:any
1058:cite
1016:Two
957:Vint
939:Sozh
921:(or)
914:(or)
904:(or)
870:: 1
810:Beam
801:tons
776:TV-1
770:Alfa
764:Ritm
754:Sozh
697:Hull
622:lead
615:OKBM
561:K-64
471:km/h
438:and
370:Alfa
363:Lyre
359:Лира
340:The
269:km/h
212:Beam
195:tons
188:tons
171:Type
51:Name
1832:doi
1828:713
1576:doi
1225:'s
1071:by
1005:IFF
900:or
851:or
605:by
515:in
467:mph
459:ton
448:MAD
365:",
329:24
322:20
313:or
309:18
265:mph
242:MWt
236:or
2546::
1874:^
1838:.
1830:.
1826:.
1785:^
1773:}}
1769:{{
1753:.
1741:^
1724:.
1720:.
1695:.
1670:37
1668:.
1662:.
1641:.
1604:^
1590:.
1582:.
1570:.
1544:.
1499:^
1475:^
1246:#
1201:,
890::
857:MW
847::
668:.
567:.
503:)
442:.
413:.
357::
261:kn
110:,
2527:S
2145:e
2138:t
2131:v
2030:e
2023:t
2016:v
1944:.
1925:.
1868:.
1846:.
1834::
1811:.
1779:)
1765:.
1735:.
1705:.
1647:.
1626:.
1598:.
1578::
1572:9
1555:.
1098:)
1092:(
1087:)
1083:(
1079:.
1065:.
624:-
393:(
348:(
161:7
153:1
145:7
137:8
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