723:'s assistant and close collaborator. Ellacuría was one of the slain scholars during the massacre in which Cristiani was implicated. Ellacuria was allegedly also the main target of the operation. Despite the efforts, an unknown witness in the case confessed his participation in this massacre, implicating the High Command of the Salvadoran Military as well as former Cristiani. Judge Velasco's resolution on the demand, initially included investigations on the 14 implicated members of the Salvadoran Military, excluding the former Salvadoran president, but including the Military High Command, represented by General (then Colonel,) René Emilio Ponce (then the chief of defence of El Salvador). However, the new testimony opened up for the indictment of Cristiani as well. Some of the most compelling evidence that has been available for journalists is notes taken by hand during a meeting of the Salvadoran military High Command. The massacre was allegedly planned during the meeting, and both the High Command and the country's executive, were probably aware, if not directly involved, of the planning meetings. Declassified documents by the CIA have recently shed new light on this case. They indicate that the CIA had for many years known of the Salvadoran government's plans to murder the Jesuits. The court found 20 members of the Salvadoran military guilty on the counts of murder, terrorism, and crimes against humanity. Together, the 20 Salvadorans could serve up to 270 years in a Spanish prison. However, the court did not have enough evidence to convict Cristiani for encouraging the crime. The court established that the military executed the Jesuits because they were strong advocates of a peaceful solution to the civil war. Ellacuria was considered an obstacle to the military victory over FMLN because of his strong influence for peace negotiations.
493:
1435:
52:
568:
countries, was part of a diplomatic effort carried out by
Cristiani and his delegates in order to find and secure international support for the peace negotiation efforts that were being carried out by his government. Support was actively and officially sanctioned by Venezuela, Mexico, and Spain, who
741:
The
National Assembly proposed a penal code specific for the youth, and it was approved during President Cristiani's term. His minister of justice was Rene Hernandez. The law came into effect on 6 May 1995 and protects children from being tried as adults. Crimes committed by young minors are not
484:, Cristiani was elected President with 53.8% of the vote. His swearing-in marked the beginning of a 20-year period of ARENA presidencies, and also marked only the second time in El Salvador's history that the ruling party peacefully surrendered power to the opposition.
742:
longer judged under the regular Penal Code but under the Youth Penal Code, which applies to minors between the ages of 12 and 16 years. The maximum term for a minor who commits a crime was originally only 5 years, but it has recently been changed to 7 years.
1200:
719:. According to a cable from the US Embassy in El Salvador, both politicians were worried about the implications that the case could have in El Salvador. However, their efforts focused on Cristiani's situation Samayoa was once
694:
During the course of the judicial process, recognized
Salvadoran personalities travelled to Spain to intercede for president Cristiani and remove him from the list of the accused. One of the members of the delegations was
1990:
1275:
432:
in
Washington, D.C., where he graduated with a degree in Business Administration. He returned to El Salvador to work for the family business, which included pharmaceuticals, coffee, cotton and until July 2008 the
452:
He remained generally outside politics until the beginning of the 1980s when the armed conflict in El
Salvador reached a critical point. As insurrection became more widespread, he became involved with the
669:
492:
596:
During his term as president, his
Minister of the Presidency, the 73-year-old Dr. Jose Antonio Rodriguez Porth, was assassinated. This brought disapproval by the international community against
500:
After becoming
President of El Salvador, he, with members of his cabinet, and other colleagues visited Europe and London. He was the principal guest at a dinner held in his honour by the
656:
He retired from politics in 1994 when his presidential term ended, and returned as president of the ARENA party in 2009 after the first presidential defeat of ARENA in twenty years.
1192:
1230:
1272:
496:
President
William Jefferson Clinton with Presidents of Central American nations on the State Floor of the White House. Second on left President Alfredo Cristiani, El Salvador
299:
233:
775:
1373:
1164:
712:
688:
2175:
1621:
700:
1651:
1641:
1606:
621:
696:
1646:
1636:
937:
1309:
331:
465:. In March 1985 D'Aubuisson resigned after ARENA suffered a defeat in the presidential elections. Cristiani became leader of the party in 1988.
226:
2190:
2054:
1244:
1711:
1273:
http://www.laprensagrafica.com/el-salvador/judicial/143166-a-vista-publica-acusada-de-ayudar-a-jonathan-d-en-homicidio-de-carlos-garay.html
2200:
2195:
2180:
1366:
672:, filed lawsuit in a Spanish court charging Cristiani and fourteen members of the Salvadoran military with direct responsibility for the
805:
628:. He also is responsible for the privatization of Hotel Presidente. His government also supported a unilateral reduction of Salvadoran
1532:
1205:
932:
733:
In June 2023, Cristiani's properties were raided and seized by the office of the attorney general as a part of a "war on corruption".
665:
219:
1434:
1821:
1359:
673:
356:
2185:
481:
287:
1946:
704:
469:
270:
1132:
783:
1970:
1960:
1443:
2170:
1390:
2165:
2005:
1297:
964:
848:
620:
of
Salvadoran banks. His wife's family bought a considerable amount of stock of one of El Salvador's largest banks,
282:
1517:
373:
94:
2020:
715:. Both were part of the negotiating commissions of the FMLN and the Salvadoran government that put an end to the
454:
326:
164:
2120:
1911:
1901:
1419:
681:
609:
529:
1626:
1611:
2015:
1826:
1816:
1791:
1781:
1751:
1746:
1736:
2025:
1975:
1965:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1796:
1671:
472:, ARENA won 80% of the local votes and 31 of the 60 seats in the Congress; Cristiani won one of the seats.
309:
265:
887:
2110:
1477:
1081:
1053:
1025:
997:
1876:
1502:
1492:
1193:"Sumario 97/10. Juzgado de instrucción número 6, Audiencia Nacional, Madrid. Firma, Eloy Velasco Núñez"
292:
1980:
2064:
1985:
1326:
590:
368:
106:
2095:
1726:
1701:
1104:
865:
2010:
1404:
1382:
1333:
389:
71:
1881:
1856:
1512:
1452:
1886:
1801:
1572:
1557:
1482:
1472:
1462:
645:
501:
304:
2090:
1343:
730:. He had created at least 16 offshore companies in the year following his departure from power.
118:
2155:
2035:
1249:
505:
462:
458:
351:
918:
838:
2030:
2000:
1896:
1631:
1616:
1567:
1522:
1507:
429:
321:
192:
1861:
1661:
1547:
1537:
2160:
2045:
942:
716:
586:
346:
243:
1931:
1562:
1487:
1048:
1020:
840:
Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of
Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 2000-2001
720:
428:
descent. He was educated at the 'Escuela Americana' (American School) in San Salvador and
8:
1716:
1706:
817:
806:
Jul 2008+PRN20080702 Monsanto Company Completes Acquisition of Semillas Cristiani Burkard
341:
1831:
1811:
1766:
1756:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1577:
1552:
1542:
1527:
1409:
992:
2059:
532:, all of whom were active anti-communists. This visit, along with others that included
336:
1846:
1836:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1656:
1891:
1851:
1293:
906:
844:
513:
1921:
1109:
965:"Presentan demanda en España contra el ex presidente salvadoreño Alfredo Cristiani"
565:
521:
444:
He married Margarita Llach in 1970, and has three children and nine grandchildren.
438:
1841:
1231:"Cristiani abrió 16 empresas en paraísos fiscales tras salir de Casa Presidencial"
1955:
1806:
1786:
1691:
1681:
1414:
1279:
1076:
759:
633:
1995:
1696:
1351:
2105:
1776:
1399:
1105:"El ex presidente Cristiani sabía que iban a atentar contra el padre Ellacuría"
727:
629:
570:
509:
409:
2149:
1936:
1871:
1497:
1467:
1457:
1424:
617:
541:
441:
representative, leading corn seed company focused on hybrid corn production.
508:, London, on 25 September 1989. The guest list included figures such as Sir
2115:
2100:
1866:
1771:
1761:
1142:
677:
641:
637:
597:
525:
425:
405:
260:
153:
22:
1592:
711:. Another of the members of the delegation was the Salvadoran politician
517:
393:
1601:
1582:
1245:"Bukele Anuncia Allanamientos en Propiedades de Expresidente Cristiani"
969:
613:
421:
211:
187:
1169:
1165:"Procesados 20 cargos militares de El Salvador por matar a Ellacuría"
823:
625:
553:
549:
51:
1137:
600:. His murder has been attributed to an urban commando of the FMLN.
413:
561:
26:
1077:"Ex militar implicado en asesinato jesuitas confiesa en España"
687:
According to former rector José María Tojeira, the Jesuits and
545:
57:
993:"Una misión a España para sacar a Cristiani del caso jesuitas"
557:
537:
533:
417:
1201:
Juzgado de instrucción número 6, Audiencia Nacional, Madrid
708:
582:
388:(born 22 November 1947) is a Salvadoran politician who was
933:"Audiencia Nacional de España investigará a 14 militares"
581:
He was successful in the peace negotiations with the
1271:Article of El Salvador Newspaper La Prensa Grafica
680:admitted this lawsuit in 2009, on the basis of the
1133:"Declassified Docs Shed Light on Jesuits' Murders"
888:"Former El Salvador leader in war crimes case.com"
1381:
764:. Vol. 10. Political Research, Incorporated.
2147:
420:and his mother Margoth Burkard de Cristiani was
726:In October 2021, his name was mentioned in the
33: and the second or maternal family name is
1021:"Salvadorans discuss Cristiani case in Madrid"
1367:
689:Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas
227:
827:, Court & Social page, 26 September 1989
757:
2176:Nationalist Republican Alliance politicians
761:Clements' Encyclopedia of World Governments
475:
1374:
1360:
836:
798:
589:finally ended on 16 January 1992 with the
569:would play an active role, along with the
234:
220:
50:
16:President of El Salvador from 1989 to 1994
1292:, 63rd edition, Surrey, UK, p. 345,
1204:(in Spanish). 31 May 2011. Archived from
666:The Center for Justice and Accountability
664:In 2008, two human rights organizations,
670:The Spanish Association for Human Rights
651:
491:
241:
691:, had nothing to do with this lawsuit.
2148:
674:1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador
461:trained military intelligence officer
1355:
886:Chief, Al Goodman CNN Madrid Bureau.
751:
470:congressional elections of March 1988
215:
2191:Salvadoran people of Italian descent
608:He is also known for having started
408:, his father Felix Cristiani was an
1991:Revolutionary Council of Government
1444:Federal Republic of Central America
736:
457:(ARENA), which had been founded by
447:
13:
2201:People named in the Pandora Papers
2196:Salvadoran people of Swiss descent
2181:People of the Salvadoran Civil War
1141:. 27 November 2009. Archived from
1049:"Del gobierno a la clandestinidad"
603:
576:
399:
84:1 June 1989 – 1 June 1994
14:
2212:
2133:– Acting or provisional president
1303:
941:. 13 January 2009. Archived from
885:
487:
1433:
1290:The International Who's Who 2000
863:
1265:
1237:
1223:
1185:
1157:
1125:
1097:
1069:
1041:
1013:
985:
636:, and the elimination of other
455:Nationalist Republican Alliance
386:Alfredo Félix Cristiani Burkard
165:Nationalist Republican Alliance
138:Alfredo Félix Cristiani Burkard
2055:Revolutionary Government Junta
957:
925:
879:
857:
830:
810:
768:
707:) and the high command of the
682:principle of universal justice
659:
610:structural adjustment programs
573:, in the negotiating process.
404:Born into a wealthy family in
1:
1383:Heads of state of El Salvador
745:
2186:Georgetown University alumni
640:. Despite the fact that the
624:, which was later bought by
174:Margarita Llach de Cristiani
25:, the first or paternal
7:
2079:Post-Civil War (since 1992)
1057:(in Spanish). 25 April 1998
837:Karatnycky, Adrian (2001).
616:approach. He initiated the
437:(SCB) the Central American
95:José Francisco Merino López
10:
2217:
1288:Europa Publications Ltd.,
843:. Transaction Publishers.
632:, the introduction of the
482:1989 presidential election
435:Semillas Cristiani Burkard
20:
2171:Presidents of El Salvador
2129:
2078:
2044:
1945:
1591:
1442:
1431:
1389:
1340:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1278:25 September 2010 at the
1253:(in Spanish). 1 June 2023
1173:(in Spanish). 31 May 2011
1001:(in Spanish). 7 June 2011
591:Chapultepec Peace Accords
253:
206:
198:
186:
178:
170:
160:
133:
128:
124:
112:
100:
88:
77:
69:
65:
49:
42:
2166:People from San Salvador
2011:Civic-Military Directory
1334:President of El Salvador
705:Popular Liberation Front
476:President of El Salvador
72:President of El Salvador
1593:Republic of El Salvador
866:"El Salvador Civil War"
646:government expenditures
502:Western Goals Institute
703:(the Marxist–Leninist
506:Simpsons-in-the-Strand
497:
459:School of the Americas
758:Clements, J. (1992).
699:, a former member of
652:Retirement and return
612:, following a strong
495:
430:Georgetown University
193:Georgetown University
2046:Salvadoran Civil War
1327:José Napoleón Duarte
804:Reuters 2 July 2008
717:Salvadoran Civil War
587:Salvadoran Civil War
245:Salvadoran Civil War
119:Armando Calderón Sol
107:José Napoleón Duarte
2006:Junta of Government
1947:Military presidents
818:The Daily Telegraph
776:"Alfredo Cristiani"
512:(policy advisor to
463:Roberto D'Aubuisson
396:from 1989 to 1994.
310:Lolotique shootdown
1971:Hernández Martínez
1961:Hernández Martínez
1319:Political offices
1310:Biography by CIDOB
1211:on 9 February 2012
1145:on 3 December 2010
973:. 16 November 2006
917:has generic name (
780:Comune di Bagnaria
498:
271:Political tensions
2143:
2142:
2048:(1979–1992)
1949:(1931–1979)
1595:(1841–1931)
1446:(1823–1841)
1393:(1821–1823)
1391:Post-independence
1350:
1349:
1341:Succeeded by
721:Ignacio Ellacuría
514:Margaret Thatcher
468:In the local and
382:
381:
305:Offensive of 1989
300:Offensive of 1982
288:Offensive of 1981
266:1972 coup attempt
210:
209:
44:Alfredo Cristiani
2208:
2136:– Military junta
1752:J. M. San Martín
1737:J. M. San Martín
1478:J. D. Villacorta
1463:J. V. Villacorta
1437:
1420:Consultive Junta
1376:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1344:Armando Calderón
1324:Preceded by
1316:
1315:
1282:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1197:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
945:on 1 August 2013
929:
923:
922:
916:
912:
910:
902:
900:
898:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
861:
855:
854:
834:
828:
814:
808:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
782:. Archived from
772:
766:
765:
755:
737:Youth Penal Code
713:Oscar Santamaría
697:Salvador Samayoa
566:Central American
522:Zigmunt Szkopiak
448:Political career
439:Monsanto Company
374:Truth Commission
327:Romero's funeral
293:Ilopango Airport
283:1979 coup d'état
248:
246:
236:
229:
222:
213:
212:
151:
148:22 November 1947
147:
145:
129:Personal details
115:
103:
91:
82:
60:, September 1989
54:
40:
39:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2125:
2074:
2040:
1956:Civic Directory
1941:
1587:
1438:
1429:
1385:
1380:
1346:
1337:
1329:
1306:
1285:
1280:Wayback Machine
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
963:
962:
958:
948:
946:
938:Diario CoLatino
931:
930:
926:
914:
913:
904:
903:
896:
894:
884:
880:
870:
868:
862:
858:
851:
835:
831:
815:
811:
803:
799:
789:
787:
774:
773:
769:
756:
752:
748:
739:
662:
654:
648:remained high.
634:Value Added Tax
622:Banco Cuscatlán
606:
604:Economic policy
579:
577:Domestic policy
490:
478:
450:
412:immigrant from
402:
400:Life and career
383:
378:
249:
244:
242:
240:
161:Political party
152:
149:
143:
141:
140:
139:
113:
101:
89:
83:
78:
61:
45:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
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2178:
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2168:
2163:
2158:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
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1914:
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1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
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1854:
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1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
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1684:
1679:
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1654:
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1604:
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1588:
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1555:
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1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
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1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:External links
1302:
1301:
1300:
1284:
1283:
1264:
1236:
1222:
1184:
1156:
1124:
1096:
1068:
1040:
1012:
984:
956:
924:
878:
856:
849:
829:
809:
797:
786:on 25 May 2018
767:
749:
747:
744:
738:
735:
728:Pandora Papers
661:
658:
653:
650:
644:were reduced,
630:trade barriers
605:
602:
578:
575:
571:United Nations
510:Alfred Sherman
489:
488:Foreign policy
486:
477:
474:
449:
446:
401:
398:
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92:
90:Vice President
86:
85:
75:
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67:
66:
63:
62:
55:
47:
46:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2121:C. Rodríguez
2085:
2069:
1797:J. E. Guzmán
1712:R. Rodríguez
1672:J. E. Guzmán
1632:J. J. Guzmán
1617:J. J. Guzmán
1453:J. Rodríguez
1332:
1312:(in Spanish)
1289:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1199:
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1168:
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1143:the original
1136:
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864:Pike, John.
859:
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790:20 September
788:. Retrieved
784:the original
779:
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693:
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678:Eloy Velasco
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642:tax revenues
638:direct taxes
607:
598:human rights
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526:Denis Walker
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406:San Salvador
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332:Missionaries
315:
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276:
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261:Football War
255:
154:San Salvador
114:Succeeded by
79:
34:
30:
23:Spanish name
18:
2161:1947 births
1976:A. Menéndez
1966:A. Menéndez
1922:J. Meléndez
1912:C. Meléndez
1902:C. Meléndez
1862:F. Menéndez
1717:Vasconcelos
1707:Vasconcelos
1553:T. Menéndez
1543:T. Menéndez
897:27 December
871:27 December
660:Accusations
530:Harvey Ward
518:Antony Flew
394:El Salvador
347:El Calabozo
102:Preceded by
2150:Categories
2111:S. Sánchez
2026:F. Sánchez
1513:G. Salazar
1508:C. Salazar
1338:1989–1994
970:La Jornada
746:References
614:neoliberal
564:, and all
422:Salvadoran
342:Santa Rita
202:politician
199:Profession
188:Alma mater
144:1947-11-22
2086:Cristiani
2070:Cristiani
2036:C. Romero
2031:A. Molina
1986:Castaneda
1937:A. Araujo
1932:P. Romero
1897:M. Araujo
1877:Gutiérrez
1832:del Valle
1647:C. Molina
1637:C. Molina
626:Citi Bank
554:Argentina
550:Venezuela
390:President
363:Aftermath
352:Zona Rosa
337:El Mozote
316:Massacres
277:Civil War
80:In office
31:Cristiani
2091:Calderón
1927:Quiñónez
1917:Quiñónez
1907:Quiñónez
1892:Figueroa
1882:Regalado
1872:A. Ezeta
1867:C. Ezeta
1852:Figueroa
1847:Zaldívar
1837:Zaldívar
1827:González
1817:González
1747:V. Gómez
1687:Palacios
1677:Palacios
1667:Palacios
1662:Malespín
1657:Palacios
1533:F. Gómez
1528:Espinoza
1415:Codallos
1410:Filísola
1400:Barriere
1276:Archived
1250:El Mundo
1149:25 April
1138:IPS News
1117:25 April
1110:El Mundo
1089:25 April
977:25 April
949:25 April
907:cite web
676:. Judge
414:Bagnaria
179:Children
21:In this
1981:Aguirre
1887:Escalón
1857:Rosales
1842:Guirola
1807:Barrios
1802:Peralta
1787:Barrios
1692:Aguilar
1682:Aguilar
1578:Ramírez
1563:Morazán
1518:Escolán
1488:Morazán
1483:Cornejo
1473:Cornejo
1405:Delgado
1170:El País
1082:El Faro
1054:El Faro
1026:El Faro
998:El Faro
562:Uruguay
528:and Dr
480:In the
410:Italian
357:Jesuits
256:Prelude
35:Burkard
27:surname
2116:Bukele
2096:Flores
2065:Duarte
2060:Magaña
2021:Rivera
2016:Cordón
1996:Osorio
1822:Méndez
1812:Dueñas
1792:Santín
1782:Santín
1777:Zepeda
1767:Dueñas
1757:Dueñas
1742:Dueñas
1732:Dueñas
1727:Quirós
1722:Dueñas
1702:Quirós
1697:Medina
1296:
1257:1 June
1215:31 May
1177:31 May
1061:7 June
1033:7 June
1005:7 June
847:
585:. The
546:Mexico
322:Sumpul
171:Spouse
58:London
2106:Funes
2001:Lemus
1772:Campo
1762:Campo
1627:Marín
1612:Marín
1602:Lindo
1583:Lindo
1573:Cañas
1568:Silva
1558:Cañas
1548:Vigil
1538:Vigil
1523:Silva
1498:Prado
1468:Prado
1458:Prado
1425:Prado
1209:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
824:Times
558:Chile
538:Italy
534:Spain
426:Swiss
418:Italy
70:75th
2101:Saca
1652:Arce
1642:Arce
1607:Arce
1294:ISBN
1259:2023
1217:2011
1179:2011
1151:2011
1119:2011
1091:2011
1063:2011
1035:2011
1007:2011
979:2011
951:2011
919:help
899:2017
873:2017
845:ISBN
821:and
792:2014
709:FMLN
668:and
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892:CNN
701:FPL
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