208:
1164:
916:, dropping off subgroups as people migrated. Goddard also points out that there is clear evidence for pre-historical contact between Eastern Algonquian and Cree-Montagnais, as well as between Cheyenne and Arapaho–Gros Ventre. There has long been especially extensive back-and-forth influence between Cree and Ojibwe.
895:
This historical reconstruction accords best with the observed levels of divergence within the family, whereby the most divergent languages are found furthest west (since they constitute the earliest branchings during eastern migration), and the shallowest subgroupings are found furthest to the east
919:
It has been suggested that the "Eastern Great Lakes" languages – what
Goddard has called "Core Central", e.g., Ojibwe–Potawatomi, Shawnee, Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo, and Miami-Illinois (but not Cree–Montagnais or Menominee) – may also constitute their own genetic grouping within Algonquian. They share
865:(in which he includes the Plains Algonquian languages) is a genetic subgroup, with Eastern Algonquian consisting of several different subgroups. However, this classification scheme has failed to gain acceptance from other specialists in the Algonquian languages.
880:
for Proto-Algonquian in his 1994 paper. By this scenario, Blackfoot was the first language to branch off, which coincides well with its being the most divergent language of
Algonquian. In west-to-east order, the subsequent branchings were:
1099:
1025:
of a noun, that it must be a purely linguistic characterization. Anthropological linguists have conversely argued the strong connection between animacy and items viewed as having spiritual importance.
896:(Eastern Algonquian, and arguably Core Central). This general west-to-east order is compatible with the proposal from J.P. Denny (1991) that Proto-Algonquian people may have moved east from the
3927:
1021:
issue, along with a variety of arguments in between. More structurally inclined linguistic scholars have argued that since there is no consistent semantic system for determining the
1013:. There is ongoing debate over whether there is a semantic significance to the categorization of nouns as animate or inanimate, with scholars arguing for it as either a clearly
3942:
3937:
3521:
392:
languages are marked with †, and endangered languages are noted as such. For dialects and subdialects, consult the separate main articles for each of the three divisions.
3932:
2547:
1070:, distinguishing between an unmarked voice where the subject outranks the object in a person hierarchy and a marked voice where the opposite relation obtains.
3792:
1083:
1449:
1104:
Because
Algonquian languages were some of the first with which Europeans came into contact in North America, the language family has given many words to
3729:
2538:
920:
certain intriguing lexical and phonological innovations. However, this theory has not yet been fully fleshed out and is still considered conjectural.
3531:
1038:. Proximate nouns are those deemed most central or important to the discourse, while obviative nouns are those less important to the discourse.
3922:
3427:
1561:
3569:
3853:
1703:
3912:
3526:
17:
935:. However, linguistic evidence is scarce and poorly recorded, and it is unlikely that reliable evidence of a connection can be found.
3843:
1887:
931:, whose speakers were both in geographic proximity to Algonquian speakers and who share DNA in common with the Algonquian-speaking
1155:
For a more detailed treatment of geographical names in three
Algonquian languages, see the external link to the book by Trumbull.
3947:
2531:
2551:
1792:
1773:
1635:
3754:
1692:
1217:
287:
3917:
3724:
3400:
857:
groupings. Although these areal groups often do share linguistic features, these commonalities are usually attributed to
347:, was spoken around 2,500 to 3,000 years ago. There is no scholarly consensus about where this language was spoken.
294:
are included in the group. The name of the
Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar
876:
originated with people to the west who then moved east, although
Goddard did not attempt to identify a specific western
1676:
909:
1079:
3833:
3562:
3480:
2524:
1754:
1595:
1237:
273:
3907:
3858:
3536:
2316:
3734:
2930:
2899:
2197:
613:
1704:"A preliminary analysis of the DNA and diet of the extinct Beothuk: A systematic approach to ancient human DNA"
1474:
3897:
2516:
1880:
888:
then the core Great Lakes languages: (Ojibwe–Potawatomi, Shawnee, Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo, and Miami–Illinois); and
3555:
2375:
2184:
2034:
1574:
1207:
1202:
1058:
808:
788:
764:
727:
564:
475:
378:
374:
364:
360:
117:
3902:
3248:
2397:
2284:
2279:
2069:
1212:
403:
370:
356:
1606:
3485:
2866:
1655:
1042:
3848:
3669:
2479:
1811:
Proulx, Paul (2003). "The
Evidence on Algonquian Genetic Grouping: A Matter of Relative Chronology".
1630:, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Vol. 15. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 583–87.
1067:
928:
873:
344:
77:
207:
3838:
3495:
3346:
3328:
2991:
2574:
2311:
1873:
1049:
verbs with an animate object (abbreviated "TA"), transitive verbs with an inanimate object ("TI"),
947:
598:
587:
3868:
3597:
2336:
2306:
2296:
2076:
1684:
1587:
642:
548:
132:
1041:
There are personal pronouns which distinguish three persons, two numbers (singular and plural),
3322:
3280:
3089:
3055:
2773:
1941:
1498:
1053:
verbs with an animate subject ("AI"), and intransitive verbs with an inanimate subject ("II").
944:
423:
1766:
A Cultural
History of the Native Peoples of Southern New England: Voices from Past and Present
3490:
3436:
3355:
3333:
2974:
2856:
2083:
2056:
1850:
1734:
1680:
629:
621:
382:
3388:
3381:
1645:
Goddard, Ives (1979). "Comparative
Algonquian". In Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.).
388:
The languages are listed following the classifications of
Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999).
3714:
3315:
3163:
2695:
2472:
1989:
1984:
1935:
983:
572:
451:
369:
This subfamily of around 30 languages is divided into three groups according to geography:
8:
3782:
3500:
3339:
3297:
3237:
3216:
3010:
2946:
2889:
2837:
2822:
2795:
2763:
2579:
2354:
2346:
2321:
2257:
2202:
2161:
2062:
1979:
1927:
1913:
1663:
1614:
877:
817:
515:
431:
418:
141:
89:
3739:
3411:
3367:
3291:
3191:
3177:
3107:
2997:
2813:
2757:
2750:
2661:
2645:
2447:
2391:
2381:
2274:
2154:
2107:
2010:
1555:
1222:
1196:
1191:
991:
959:
932:
714:
680:
491:
411:
328:
295:
122:
94:
2634:
198:
187:
3475:
3417:
3170:
3153:
3128:
3114:
2969:
2832:
2827:
2789:
2672:
2454:
2386:
2326:
2301:
2290:
2243:
2208:
2191:
1838:
1834:
Composition of Geographical Names from the Algonkin Languages, by J. Hammond Trumbull
1802:
Pentland, David H. (2006). "Algonquian and Ritwan Languages". In Brown, Keith (ed.).
1788:
1769:
1750:
1726:
1688:
1631:
1591:
1470:
1050:
753:
740:
466:
99:
1526:
3800:
3505:
3450:
3443:
3361:
3302:
3230:
3223:
3142:
3100:
3065:
3023:
3004:
2979:
2940:
2919:
2913:
2876:
2783:
2681:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2592:
2403:
2178:
2134:
2090:
2020:
1921:
1718:
1466:
1457:
1186:
1105:
955:
924:
897:
858:
668:
655:
579:
537:
443:
226:
146:
112:
1622:
Goddard, Ives (1978). "Central Algonquian Languages". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).
1045:, and proximate and obviative third persons. Verbs are divided into four classes:
3772:
3308:
3265:
3258:
3135:
3121:
3071:
2985:
2960:
2883:
2849:
2843:
2740:
2706:
2606:
2568:
2491:
2266:
2253:
2118:
2112:
1896:
1176:
1046:
688:
507:
336:
302:(Chippewa), which is a senior member of the Algonquian language family. The term
299:
291:
137:
60:
55:
1199:– a similarly named language which is a member of the Algonquian language family
3777:
3684:
3679:
3649:
3374:
3206:
3184:
3037:
3016:
2908:
2802:
2722:
2715:
2654:
2599:
2507:
2499:
2430:
2424:
2331:
2125:
1607:"The Algonquian Migration from Plateau to Midwest: Linguistics and Archaeology"
1531:
699:
389:
340:
2546:
3891:
3078:
3044:
3030:
2688:
2585:
2236:
2050:
1961:
1952:
1844:
1113:
854:
483:
332:
104:
48:
1647:
The Languages of Native North America: Historical and Comparative Assessment
1028:
Another important distinction involves the contrast between nouns marked as
3767:
3664:
3659:
3634:
2231:
2223:
1730:
1232:
1227:
1149:
995:
869:
861:. Paul Proulx has argued that this traditional view is incorrect, and that
526:
127:
171:
3810:
3689:
3644:
3578:
1180:
1117:
1109:
3639:
3629:
2015:
1994:
1722:
1584:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
1087:
108:
3547:
1266:
868:
Instead, the commonly accepted subgrouping scheme is that proposed by
3825:
3805:
3719:
3709:
3694:
3654:
1969:
1833:
1133:
1129:
1034:
1014:
990:"it frightens us". These languages have been extensively studied by
180:
164:
160:
1854:
3607:
1125:
1121:
321:
307:
1865:
1550:. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology. Vol. 6. New York.
1163:
3744:
3699:
3674:
3619:
3581:
1254:
1137:
1022:
1002:
913:
3876:
3815:
3704:
3624:
3589:
2495:
1974:
1145:
1141:
1018:
905:
797:
773:
1671:
Goddard, Ives (1996). "Introduction". In Goddard, Ives (ed.).
885:
Arapaho-Gros Ventre, Cree-Montagnais, Menominee, and Cheyenne;
1302:
1168:
901:
3928:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
1860:
1056:
A very notable feature of the Algonquian languages is their
311:
3611:
951:
381:. Of the three, only Eastern Algonquian constitutes a true
262:
259:
244:
1430:
1428:
1415:
1413:
923:
Algonquian is sometimes said to have included the extinct
241:
238:
229:
1785:
Understanding Indian Place Names in Southern New England
1374:
943:
The Algonquian language family is known for its complex
1425:
1410:
343:
from which all of the languages of the family descend,
1525:
1260:
1090:, the free dictionary and Knowledge's sibling project.
1649:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 70–132.
1398:
1338:
1314:
1290:
274:
265:
253:
247:
3943:
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
3938:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast
822:
802:
784:
778:
758:
745:
732:
719:
704:
673:
660:
647:
634:
603:
553:
456:
435:
427:
232:
1656:"The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology"
1362:
1350:
1278:
235:
954:system. Statements that take many words to say in
3933:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
1326:
27:Subfamily of the Algic languages of North America
3889:
1571:Native American Place Names of the United States
1386:
212:Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages
1851:Comparative Algonquian Swadesh vocabulary lists
1763:
3247:
3563:
2532:
1881:
872:(1994). The essence of this proposal is that
3854:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
1148:, is named after the Algonquian nation, the
853:groups are not genetic groupings but rather
3426:
1782:
1043:inclusive and exclusive first person plural
3570:
3556:
2539:
2525:
1888:
1874:
1560:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1546:Bloomfield, Leonard (1946). "Algonquian".
1545:
1100:List of English words of Algonquian origin
958:can be expressed with a single word. Ex: (
2548:Indigenous language families and isolates
1806:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 161–6.
1804:Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics
1711:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3152:
1801:
1660:Papers of the 25th Algonquian Conference
1611:Papers of the 22nd Algonquian Conference
1581:
1434:
1419:
1272:
1162:
3577:
1670:
1653:
1644:
1621:
1548:Linguistic Structures of Native America
1447:
1380:
1368:
1344:
1320:
1296:
1171:' in the different Algonquian languages
938:
14:
3890:
1810:
1744:
1662:. 25th Algonquian Conference. Ottawa:
1613:. 22nd Algonquian Conference. Ottawa:
1568:
1404:
1332:
1308:
1284:
320:
306:has been suggested to derive from the
3923:Indigenous languages of North America
3551:
2520:
1869:
1747:The languages of Native North America
1604:
1356:
1701:
1499:"Ottawa | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
1392:
1218:Indigenous languages of the Americas
1005:contrast: some nouns are classed as
325:), "they are our relatives/allies".
288:Indigenous languages of the Americas
3725:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
1895:
845:is a true genetic subgrouping. The
24:
1764:Moondancer; Woman, Strong (2007).
1677:Handbook of North American Indians
1628:Handbook of North American Indians
891:finally, Proto-Eastern Algonquian.
350:
25:
3959:
3913:First Nations languages in Canada
3834:Anishinabek Educational Institute
1825:
1768:. Boulder, Colorado: Bauu Press.
1238:List of Algonquian personal names
1112:have names of Algonquian origin (
290:and most of the languages in the
1683:. Vol. 17. Washington, DC:
966:"He is heard by higher powers" (
329:Speakers of Algonquian languages
225:
206:
1518:
1491:
1440:
1275:, pp. 401, notes 133, 136.
331:stretch from the east coast of
3948:Languages of the United States
1749:. Cambridge University Press.
1503:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
1108:. Many eastern and midwestern
1078:See the lists of words in the
13:
1:
3685:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
1783:O'Brien, Frank Waabu (2010).
1093:
1073:
3844:Canadian residential schools
1575:University of Oklahoma Press
1471:10.1016/0024-3841(92)90043-i
1248:
1208:Eastern Algonquian languages
1203:Central Algonquian languages
1132:, etc.), as do many cities:
1009:, while all other nouns are
837:
809:Eastern Algonquian languages
789:Eastern Algonquian languages
765:Eastern Algonquian languages
365:Eastern Algonquian languages
361:Central Algonquian languages
7:
2502:language •
2091:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog
2070:Massachusett Pidgin English
1861:Algonquian Linguistic Atlas
1813:Anthropological Linguistics
1658:. In Cowan, William (ed.).
1609:. In Cowan, William (ed.).
1213:Plains Algonquian languages
1158:
910:Rocky Mountain-Great Plains
656:Quiripi-Naugatuck-Unquachog
357:Plains Algonquian languages
10:
3964:
3918:Great Lakes tribal culture
1845:Algonquian language family
1261:Dictionary.com: Algonquian
1097:
1084:words of Algonquian origin
1077:
982:third-person subject) or (
354:
298:dialect of the Indigenous
18:Algonquian language family
3867:
3849:Hannahville Indian School
3824:
3791:
3753:
3606:
3588:
3514:
3468:
3399:
3279:
3205:
3088:
3054:
2959:
2929:
2898:
2865:
2812:
2772:
2739:
2705:
2671:
2644:
2558:
2489:
2464:
2439:
2416:
2367:
2345:
2265:
2252:
2222:
2171:
2144:
2100:
2042:
2033:
2003:
1960:
1951:
1912:
1903:
1745:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
1068:morphosyntactic alignment
1001:Algonquian nouns have an
205:
179:
159:
154:
83:
73:
56:Linguistic classification
54:
42:
37:
32:
3859:U.S. residential schools
3839:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
2376:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
2317:North of Superior Ojibwa
1787:. Colorado: Bauu Press.
1605:Denny, J. Peter (1991).
1569:Bright, William (2004).
1311:, pp. 328, 333–335.
1243:
3908:Aquinnah, Massachusetts
2224:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo
1953:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
1847:on Native-languages.org
1685:Smithsonian Institution
1588:Oxford University Press
1582:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1448:Klaiman, M. H. (1992).
312:
3655:Grand Medicine Society
3532:Unclassified languages
2198:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
1702:Kuch, Melanie (2007).
1654:Goddard, Ives (1994).
1172:
614:Maliseet-Passamaquoddy
322:[ɛlæˈɡomoɡwik]
194:(Algonquian-Blackfoot)
128:Meskwaki-Sauk-Kickapoo
1855:Swadesh-list appendix
1681:William C. Sturtevant
1166:
549:Miami–Illinois–Peoria
542:(severely endangered)
531:(severely endangered)
496:(severely endangered)
292:Algic language family
3898:Algonquian languages
3715:Seven fires prophecy
2043:Southern New England
1080:Algonquian languages
1032:and those marked as
939:Grammatical features
715:Nanticoke–Piscataway
221:Algonquian languages
3735:Traditional beliefs
3481:Algonquian–Wakashan
2322:Northwestern Ojibwa
2285:Border Lakes Ojibwa
2280:Berens River Ojibwa
2185:Carolina Algonquian
2063:Massachusett Pidgin
1853:(from Wiktionary's
1666:. pp. 187–211.
1664:Carleton University
1615:Carleton University
1450:"Inverse languages"
1017:issue, or a purely
787:), uncertain – See
783:(probably Nipmuck (
728:Carolina Algonquian
3903:Algonquian peoples
3768:Birch bark scrolls
3740:Underwater panther
3469:Proposed groupings
2559:Language families
2035:Eastern Algonquian
1723:10.1002/ajpa.20536
1617:. pp. 103–24.
1223:Leonard Bloomfield
1197:Algonquin language
1192:Algonquian peoples
1173:
992:Leonard Bloomfield
950:and sophisticated
863:Central Algonquian
851:Central Algonquian
843:Eastern Algonquian
379:Eastern Algonquian
286:) are a family of
118:Eastern Algonquian
3885:
3884:
3545:
3544:
3527:Extinct languages
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3275:
3274:
3201:
3200:
2955:
2954:
2931:Takelma–Kalapuyan
2514:
2513:
2508:extinct languages
2412:
2411:
2363:
2362:
2291:Broken Oghibbeway
2218:
2217:
2029:
2028:
1839:Project Gutenberg
1794:978-0-9820467-6-0
1775:978-0-9721349-3-4
1637:978-0-16-004575-2
1383:, pp. 106–7.
1144:, the capital of
1003:animate/inanimate
847:Plains Algonquian
807:(uncertain – See
763:(uncertain – See
527:Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo
501:Ojibwe–Potawatomi
484:Cree–Innu–Naskapi
217:
216:
16:(Redirected from
3955:
3801:Birchbark biting
3612:myth and stories
3572:
3565:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3537:Linguistic areas
3424:
3423:
3245:
3244:
3150:
3149:
2863:
2862:
2642:
2641:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2480:Proto-Algonquian
2312:Nipissing Ojibwa
2263:
2262:
2040:
2039:
1958:
1957:
1910:
1909:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1841:
1820:
1807:
1798:
1779:
1760:
1741:
1739:
1733:. Archived from
1708:
1698:
1694:978-0-87474197-1
1667:
1650:
1641:
1618:
1601:
1578:
1565:
1559:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1473:. Archived from
1465:(3–4): 227–261.
1454:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1187:Algonquian Bible
1082:and the list of
925:Beothuk language
874:Proto-Algonquian
859:language contact
828:
824:
812:
804:
792:
786:
780:
768:
760:
747:
734:
721:
706:
694:
693:(nearly extinct)
675:
662:
649:
636:
605:
593:
592:(nearly extinct)
555:
543:
532:
521:
520:(nearly extinct)
497:
458:
437:
429:
345:Proto-Algonquian
324:
319:
315:
278:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
256:
255:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
210:
201:
195:
191:
190:
175:
174:
78:Proto-Algonquian
30:
29:
21:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3863:
3820:
3787:
3749:
3602:
3584:
3576:
3546:
3541:
3510:
3456:
3422:
3404:linguistic area
3403:
3395:
3284:linguistic area
3283:
3271:
3243:
3197:
3148:
3093:linguistic area
3092:
3084:
3058:linguistic area
3057:
3050:
2951:
2925:
2894:
2861:
2808:
2768:
2735:
2701:
2667:
2640:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2515:
2510:
2485:
2465:Proto-languages
2460:
2435:
2408:
2359:
2341:
2248:
2214:
2167:
2140:
2119:Pidgin Delaware
2096:
2025:
1999:
1947:
1899:
1897:Algic languages
1894:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1795:
1776:
1757:
1737:
1706:
1695:
1638:
1598:
1553:
1552:
1537:
1535:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1177:Algic languages
1161:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1076:
1062:(also known as
978:- passivizer, -
941:
840:
835:
826:
806:
782:
762:
692:
599:Eastern Abenaki
591:
588:Western Abenaki
541:
530:
519:
495:
367:
355:Main articles:
353:
351:Family division
337:Rocky Mountains
317:
300:Ojibwe language
276:
258:
252:
228:
224:
213:
197:
196:
193:
186:
185:
170:
169:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3961:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3778:Ottawa dialect
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3680:Medicine wheel
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Gitche Manitou
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3522:Classification
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:Macro-Chibchan
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3405:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3331:
3329:Tequistlatecan
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2992:Tequistlatecan
2989:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2779:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2398:Miami–Illinois
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2337:Western Ojibwa
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2307:Eastern Ojibwa
2304:
2299:
2297:Central Ojibwa
2294:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2232:Mesquakie–Sauk
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2077:Mohegan–Pequot
2073:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1848:
1842:
1827:
1826:External links
1824:
1822:
1821:
1808:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1774:
1761:
1755:
1742:
1740:on 2011-07-25.
1717:(4): 594–604.
1699:
1693:
1668:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1619:
1602:
1596:
1579:
1566:
1543:
1532:Dictionary.com
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1490:
1439:
1437:, p. 164.
1424:
1422:, p. 163.
1409:
1407:, p. 368.
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1359:, p. 103.
1349:
1347:, p. 199.
1337:
1325:
1323:, p. 187.
1313:
1301:
1299:, p. 587.
1289:
1277:
1265:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1160:
1157:
1098:Main article:
1095:
1092:
1075:
1072:
1059:direct-inverse
998:, and others.
964:paehtāwāēwesew
940:
937:
893:
892:
889:
886:
839:
836:
834:
833:
832:
831:
830:
829:
813:
793:
769:
749:
736:
723:
710:
709:
708:
695:
677:
664:
651:
643:Mohegan–Pequot
638:
625:
617:
609:
608:
607:
594:
576:
561:
560:
559:
558:
557:
544:
533:
522:
511:
498:
487:
472:
471:
470:
462:
461:
460:
447:
444:Arapaho proper
415:
394:
352:
349:
341:proto-language
215:
214:
211:
203:
202:
183:
177:
176:
167:
157:
156:
155:Language codes
152:
151:
150:
149:
144:
135:
133:Miami-Illinois
130:
125:
120:
115:
102:
97:
92:
85:
81:
80:
75:
74:Proto-language
71:
70:
69:
68:
58:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3960:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Turtle Island
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:Little people
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:Calusa–Tunica
3246:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2552:North America
2549:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1942:Nawathinehena
1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
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1273:Campbell 1997
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1114:Massachusetts
1111:
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999:
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989:
988:kāstāhikoyahk
985:
981:
977:
974:- 'spirit', -
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
945:polysynthetic
936:
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424:Nawathinehena
421:
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333:North America
330:
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309:
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50:
49:North America
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3762:
3665:Jingle dress
3660:Jiibayaabooz
3635:Dreamcatcher
3486:Aztec–Tanoan
3449:
3442:
3437:Guanahatabey
3435:
3428:Pre-Arawakan
3410:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3354:
3345:
3338:
3323:Oto-Manguean
3321:
3314:
3307:
3290:
3281:Mesoamerican
3264:
3257:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3090:Coahuiltecan
3077:
3070:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3003:
2996:
2984:
2939:
2918:
2900:Coast Oregon
2882:
2875:
2842:
2801:
2794:
2782:
2774:Macro-Siouan
2756:
2749:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2660:
2653:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2567:
2561:and isolates
2503:
2478:
2471:
2453:
2446:
2423:
2396:
2374:
2289:
2207:
2190:
2183:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2133:
2124:
2117:
2089:
2084:Narragansett
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2057:Massachusett
2049:
1940:
1926:
1904:
1832:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1784:
1765:
1746:
1735:the original
1714:
1710:
1679:, edited by
1672:
1659:
1646:
1627:
1623:
1610:
1586:. New York:
1583:
1570:
1547:
1536:. Retrieved
1530:
1527:"Algonquian"
1519:Bibliography
1506:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1475:the original
1462:
1456:
1442:
1400:
1388:
1381:Goddard 1979
1376:
1369:Goddard 1994
1364:
1352:
1345:Goddard 1994
1340:
1328:
1321:Goddard 1994
1316:
1304:
1297:Goddard 1978
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1233:H.C. Wolfart
1228:Ives Goddard
1154:
1150:Odawa people
1103:
1064:hierarchical
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:intransitive
1040:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1010:
1006:
1000:
996:Ives Goddard
987:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
942:
929:Newfoundland
922:
918:
912:boundary of
894:
870:Ives Goddard
867:
862:
850:
846:
842:
841:
816:
796:
772:
752:
739:
726:
713:
698:
687:
679:
667:
654:
641:
630:Narragansett
628:
622:Massachusett
620:
612:
597:
586:
578:
571:
563:
547:
536:
525:
514:
506:
500:
490:
482:
474:
465:
450:
442:
417:
410:
402:
397:
387:
368:
327:
303:
283:
220:
218:
84:Subdivisions
65:
45:distribution
3811:Ribbon work
3690:Mudjekeewis
3645:Elbow witch
3598:Clan system
3579:Anishinaabe
3491:Macro-Mayan
3356:Uto-Aztecan
3334:Totozoquean
3164:Coahuilteco
2975:Palaihnihan
2857:Tsimshianic
2473:Proto-Algic
2146:Nanticockan
1990:Swampy Cree
1985:Plains Cree
1936:Gros Ventre
1405:Mithun 1999
1333:Proulx 2003
1309:Mithun 1999
1285:Bright 2004
1181:Proto-Algic
1118:Connecticut
1110:U.S. states
984:Plains Cree
970:- 'hear', -
827:(uncertain)
452:Gros Ventre
422:(including
3892:Categories
3783:Potawatomi
3763:Algonquian
3640:Drumkeeper
3630:Deer Woman
3347:Mixe–Zoque
3316:Misumalpan
3238:Chitimacha
2730:Algonquian
2696:Athabaskan
2575:Yuki–Wappo
2355:Potawatomi
2347:Potawatomi
2258:Potawatomi
2162:Piscataway
2016:Innu-aimun
1995:Woods Cree
1980:Moose Cree
1928:Besawunena
1905:Algonquian
1573:. Norman:
1538:2008-07-07
1508:2022-06-22
1484:2022-01-14
1357:Denny 1991
1167:The word '
1094:Loan words
1088:Wiktionary
1074:Vocabulary
1047:transitive
948:morphology
900:region of
818:Shinnecock
516:Potawatomi
432:Besawunena
398:Algonquian
385:subgroup.
318:pronounced
313:elakómkwik
279:-k(w)ee-ən
142:Potawatomi
109:Montagnais
66:Algonquian
43:Geographic
33:Algonquian
3826:Education
3806:Quillwork
3755:Languages
3720:Shingebis
3710:Pukwudgie
3695:Nanabozho
3501:Tolatecan
3401:Caribbean
3389:Alagüilac
3382:Purépecha
3368:Cuitlatec
3340:Totonacan
3298:Jicaquean
3217:Muskogean
3192:Mamulique
3178:Comecrudo
3108:Karankawa
3011:Jicaquean
2998:Chimariko
2947:Kalapuyan
2890:Sahaptian
2838:Yok-Utian
2823:Chinookan
2796:Iroquoian
2764:Chimakuan
2580:Chumashan
2506:indicate
2448:Nansemond
2440:Uncertain
2392:Menominee
2382:Blackfoot
2275:Algonquin
2155:Nanticoke
2101:Delawaran
2011:Atikamekw
1970:East Cree
1914:Arapahoan
1819:: 201–25.
1673:Languages
1624:Northeast
1556:cite book
1446:See e.g.
1393:Kuch 2007
1249:Citations
1140:, et al.
1134:Milwaukee
1130:Wisconsin
1035:obviative
1030:proximate
1019:syntactic
1011:inanimate
960:Menominee
838:Subgroups
492:Menominee
419:Arapahoan
412:Blackfoot
304:Algonquin
296:Algonquin
284:Algonkian
181:Glottolog
161:ISO 639-2
123:Menominee
95:Blackfoot
90:Arapahoan
38:Algonkian
3608:Religion
3412:Arawakan
3292:Chibchan
3171:Cotoname
3129:Quinigua
3115:Maratino
2814:Penutian
2758:Wakashan
2751:Salishan
2662:Eskimoan
2646:Eskaleut
2455:Pamunkey
2387:Cheyenne
2327:Oji-Cree
2302:Chippewa
2244:Kickapoo
2209:Powhatan
2192:Etchemin
2108:Delaware
1731:17205549
1159:See also
1126:Michigan
1122:Illinois
1015:semantic
878:urheimat
849:and the
754:Etchemin
741:Powhatan
467:Cheyenne
308:Maliseet
199:algo1257
188:algo1256
100:Cheyenne
3869:Housing
3745:Wendigo
3700:Nokomis
3675:Manitou
3620:Aayaase
3582:culture
3476:Amerind
3451:Ciguayo
3444:Macorix
3418:Cariban
3392: ?
3251: ?
3231:Atakapa
3224:Natchez
3209: ?
3156: ?
3154:Pakawan
3143:Tonkawa
3101:Aranama
3056:Pueblo
3024:Salinan
3005:Esselen
2970:Shastan
2963: ?
2941:Takelma
2933: ?
2920:Siuslaw
2902: ?
2877:Klamath
2869: ?
2867:Plateau
2833:Maiduan
2828:Wintuan
2816: ?
2790:Caddoan
2776: ?
2743: ?
2682:Tlingit
2673:Na-Dene
2628:Waikuri
2621:Timucua
2614:Kutenai
2593:Beothuk
2504:Italics
2404:Shawnee
2203:Mi'kmaq
2179:Abenaki
2135:Mahican
2021:Naskapi
1922:Arapaho
1138:Chicago
1106:English
1023:animacy
1007:animate
956:English
933:Miꞌkmaq
914:Montana
908:or the
898:Plateau
669:Mohican
580:Abenaki
573:Miꞌkmaq
565:Eastern
538:Shawnee
476:Central
430:), and
390:Extinct
383:genetic
375:Central
335:to the
282:; also
192:
147:Shawnee
113:Naskapi
3877:Wigwam
3816:Wampum
3773:Ojibwe
3705:Powwow
3625:Baykok
3590:Family
3506:Waroid
3362:Xincan
3303:Lencan
3266:Calusa
3259:Tunica
3136:Solano
3122:Naolan
3066:Tanoan
2980:Pomoan
2914:Coosan
2909:Alsean
2884:Molala
2844:Yokuts
2784:Siouan
2635:Pericú
2607:Cayuse
2496:Pidgin
2492:Creole
2417:Others
2368:Others
2332:Ottawa
2267:Ojibwa
2254:Ojibwa
2172:Others
2113:Munsee
2004:Others
1975:Michif
1791:
1772:
1753:
1729:
1691:
1634:
1594:
1458:Lingua
1179:(from
1146:Canada
1142:Ottawa
906:Oregon
798:Loup B
774:Loup A
689:Munsee
681:Lenape
508:Ojibwe
404:Plains
377:, and
371:Plains
363:, and
339:. The
138:Ojibwe
3515:Lists
3375:Huave
3309:Mayan
3185:Garza
3072:Keres
3038:Washo
3017:Karuk
2986:Yuman
2961:Hokan
2850:Utian
2803:Yuchi
2741:Mosan
2723:Yurok
2716:Wiyot
2707:Algic
2655:Aleut
2600:Bidai
2569:Haida
2500:Mixed
2431:Yurok
2425:Wiyot
2126:Unami
1738:(PDF)
1707:(PDF)
1478:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1244:Notes
1169:woman
968:paeht
902:Idaho
855:areal
700:Unami
310:word
61:Algic
3207:Gulf
3079:Zuni
3045:Yana
3031:Seri
2689:Eyak
2586:Adai
2237:Sauk
2051:Loup
1962:Cree
1789:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1727:PMID
1689:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1562:link
976:wese
972:āwāē
952:verb
904:and
815:29.
795:28.
771:27.
751:26.
738:25.
725:24.
712:23.
697:22.
686:21.
666:20.
653:19.
640:18.
627:17.
619:16.
611:15.
596:14.
585:13.
570:12.
546:11.
535:10.
277:GONG
219:The
105:Cree
3793:Art
2550:of
1837:at
1719:doi
1715:132
1467:doi
1086:at
927:of
524:9.
513:8.
505:7.
489:6.
481:5.
464:4.
449:3.
441:2.
438:))
409:1.
275:al-
172:alg
3894::
3610:,
1817:45
1815:.
1725:.
1713:.
1709:.
1687:.
1675:.
1626:.
1590:.
1558:}}
1554:{{
1529:.
1501:.
1463:88
1461:.
1455:.
1427:^
1412:^
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1124:,
1120:,
1116:,
1066:)
994:,
986:)
962:)
825:)
805:)
781:)
761:)
373:,
359:,
163:/
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3557:v
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2494:/
2256:–
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1882:t
1875:v
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1797:.
1778:.
1759:.
1721::
1697:.
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1600:.
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1541:.
1511:.
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1395:.
1371:.
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980:w
823:†
821:(
811:)
803:†
801:(
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779:†
777:(
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759:†
757:(
748:)
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720:†
718:(
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266:n
263:ə
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254:w
251:(
248:k
245:ŋ
242:ɒ
239:ɡ
236:ˈ
233:l
230:æ
227:/
223:(
165:5
140:-
111:-
107:-
20:)
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