377:, where efference copy is a signal postulated to be directed from premotor cortex (activated normally in the process associated with emergence of an internally generated movement) over to somatosensory cortex of the parietal region, in advance of the arrival of the "re-afferent" input generated from the moving limb, that is, the afferent return from the moving limb associated with the self-generated movement produced. It is generally thought that a movement is recognized as internally generated when the efference copy signal effectively "cancels out" the re-afference. The afferent return from the limb is effectively correlated with the efference copy signal so that the re-afference can be recognized as such and distinguished from "ex-afference", which would be afferent return from the limb produced by an externally imposed force. When the efference copy is no longer normally generated, then the afferent return from the limb associated with the self-generated movement is mis-perceived as externally produced "ex-afference" since it is no longer correlated with or canceled out by the efference copy. As a result, the development of the sense that a movement is not internally generated even though it actually is (i.e. the failure of the sense of agency to emerge in conjunction with the movement), could indicate a failure of the generation of the efference copy signal associated with the normal premotor process through which the movement is prepared for execution.
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the periphery of this efferent command signal. In alien hand syndrome, the neural mechanisms involved in establishing that this congruence has occurred may be impaired. This may involve an abnormality in the brain mechanism that differentiates between "re-afference" (the return of kinesthetic sensation from the self-generated "active" limb movement) and "ex-afference" (kinesthetic sensation generated from an externally produced 'passive' limb movement in which an active self does not participate). This brain mechanism is proposed to involve the production of a parallel "efference copy" signal that is sent directly to the somatic sensory regions and is transformed into a "corollary discharge", an expected afferent signal from the periphery that would result from the performance driven by the issued efferent signal. The correlation of the corollary discharge signal with the actual afferent signal returned from the periphery can then be used to determine if, in fact, the intended action occurred as expected. When the sensed result of the action is congruent with the predicted result, then the action can be labelled as self-generated and associated with an emergent sense of agency.
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computational model whereby volition emerges once a change in internally generated firing rate of neuronal assemblies in this part of the brain crossed a threshold. Damage to this anteromedial premotor system produces disinhibition and release of such exploratory and object acquisition actions which then occur autonomously. A posterolateral temporo-parieto-occipital premotor system has a similar inhibitory control over actions that withdraw from environmental stimuli as well as the ability to excite actions that are contingent upon and driven by external stimulation, as distinct from internal drive. These two intrahemispheric systems, each of which activates an opposing cortical "tropism", interact through mutual inhibition that maintains a dynamic balance between approaching toward (in other words, with "intent-to-capture" in which contact with and grasping onto the attended object is sought) versus withdrawing from (that is, with "intent-to-escape" in which distancing from the attended object is sought) environmental stimuli in the behavior of the contralateral limbs. Together, these two intrahemispheric agency systems form an integrated trans-hemispheric agency system.
245:. It is most often associated with extensive bilateral frontal lobe damage and might actually be thought of as "bilateral" alien hand syndrome in which the patient is compulsively directed by external environmental contingencies (such as the presence of a hairbrush on the table in front of them elicits the act of brushing the hair) and has no capacity to "hold back" and inhibit pre-potent motor programs that are obligatorily linked to the presence of specific external objects in the peri-personal space of the patient. When the frontal lobe damage is bilateral and generally more extensive, the patient completely loses the ability to act in a self-directed manner and becomes totally dependent upon the surrounding environmental indicators to guide their behavior in a general social context, a condition referred to as "
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frequent grasp reflexes; her right hand would reach out and grab objects without releasing them. In regards to tonic grasping, the more the patient tried to let go of the object, the more the grip of the object tightened. With focused effort the patient was able to let go of the object, but if distracted, the behaviour would re-commence. The patient could also forcibly release the grasped object by peeling her fingers away from contact with the object using the intact left hand. Additionally, the hand would scratch at the patient's leg to the extent that an orthotic device was required to prevent injury. Another patient reported not only tonic grasping towards objects nearby, but the alien hand would take hold of the patient's penis and engage in public masturbation.
273:"controlled" hand (her right, dominant hand), following which her left hand rose, grasped the cigarette, pulled it out of her mouth, and toss it away before it could be lit by the right hand. The patient then surmised that "I guess 'he' doesn't want me to smoke that cigarette." Another patient was observed to be buttoning up her blouse with her controlled dominant hand while the alien non-dominant hand, at the same time, was unbuttoning her blouse. The frontal variant most often affects the dominant hand, but can affect either hand depending on the lateralization of the damage to medial frontal cortex, and includes grasp reflex, impulsive groping toward objects or/and tonic grasping (in other words, difficulty in releasing grip).
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significant degree. One patient with the "frontal" form of alien hand who would reach out to grasp onto different objects (e.g., door handles) as he was walking was given a cane to hold in the alien hand while walking, even though he really did not need a cane for its usual purpose. With the cane firmly in the grasp of the alien hand, it would generally not release the grasp and drop the cane in order to reach out to grasp onto a different object. Other techniques proven to be effective include; wedging the hand between the legs or slapping it; warm water application and visual or tactile contact. Additionally, Wu et al. found that an irritating alarm activated by biofeedback reduced the time the alien hand held an object.
211:"Alien behavior" can be distinguished from reflexive behavior in that the former is flexibly purposive while the latter is obligatory. Sometimes the affected person will not be aware of what the alien hand is doing until it is brought to his or her attention, or until the hand does something that draws their attention to its behavior. There is a clear distinction between the behaviors of the two hands in which the affected hand is viewed as "wayward" and sometimes "disobedient" and generally out of the realm of their own voluntary control, while the unaffected hand is under normal volitional control. At times, particularly in patients who have sustained damage to the
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such contact). Alien movements in the posterior variant of the syndrome also tend to be less coordinated and show a coarse ataxic motion during active movement that is generally not observed in the frontal form of the condition. This is generally thought to be due to an optic form of ataxia since it is facilitated by the visual presence of an object with visual attention directed toward the object. The apparent instability could be due to an unstable interaction between the tactile avoidance tendency biasing toward withdrawal from the object, and the visually based acquisition bias tendency pushing toward an approach to the object.
349:. Failure of this mechanism may lead to a failure to distinguish between self-generated and externally generated movement of the limb. This anomalous situation in which re-afference from a self-generated movement is mistakenly registered as ex-afference due to a failure to generate and successfully transmit an efference copy to sensory cortex, could readily lead to the interpretation that what is in actuality a self-generated movement has been produced by an external force as a result of the failure to develop a sense of agency in association with emergence of the self-generated movement (see below for a more detailed discussion).
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control" and obedient to conscious will and intent as accessible through thought, while the nondominant hand, directed by an essentially non-verbal agent whose intent can only be inferred by the dominant agent after the fact, is no longer "tied in" and subject to the dominant agent and is thus identified by the conscious language-based dominant agent as having a separate and inaccessible alien agency and associated existence. This theory would explain the emergence of alien behavior in the nondominant limb and intermanual conflict between the two limbs in the presence of damage to the corpus callosum.
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the part of the patient that they are "in control" of these movements. Once an object has been acquired and is maintained in the grasp of this "frontal variant" form of alien hand, the patient often has difficulty with voluntarily releasing the object from grasp and can sometimes be seen to be peeling the fingers of the hand back off the grasped object using the opposite controlled hand to enable the release of the grasped object (also referred to as tonic grasping or the "instinctive grasp reaction"). Some (for example, the neurologist
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feeling of self-control over these movements. As a result, the sense of agency that is normally associated with voluntary movement is impaired or lost. There is a dissociation between the process associated with the actual execution of the physical movements of the limb and the process that produces an internal sense of voluntary control over the movements, with this latter process thus normally creating the internal conscious sensation that the movements are being internally initiated, controlled and produced by an active self.
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various forms of the condition, but they are often used inappropriately. The affected person may sometimes reach for objects and manipulate them without wanting to do so, even to the point of having to use the controllable hand to restrain the alien hand. Under normal circumstances however, given that intent and action can be assumed to be deeply mutually entangled, the occurrence of alien hand syndrome can be usefully conceptualized as a phenomenon reflecting a functional "disentanglement" between thought and action.
534:. One week after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, she noticed that her left hand started to "live a life of its own". It would unbutton her gown, try to choke her while asleep and would automatically fight with the right hand to answer the phone. She had to physically restrain the affected hand with the right hand to prevent injury, a behavior which has been termed "self-restriction". The left hand also showed signs of severe
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stabilize them. Furthermore, he often could not let go of objects after grasping them with his palms. The other individual, a 47-year-old female with an ACA in a different location of the artery, complained that her left hand would move on its own and she could not control its movements. Her left hand could also sense when her right hand was holding an object and would involuntarily, forcibly take the object out of her right hand.
32:
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gradual recovery from alien hand syndrome when the damage is confined to a single cerebral hemisphere has been reported. In some instances, patients may resort to constraining the wayward, undesirable and sometimes embarrassing actions of the impaired hand by voluntarily grasping onto the forearm of the impaired hand using the intact hand. This observed behavior has been termed "self-restriction" or "self-grasping".
527:, which resulted in the right hand being mirrored by the left hand. The patient described the left hand as frequently interfering and taking over anything the patient tried to do with the right hand. For instance, when trying to grasp a glass of water with the right hand with a right side approach, the left hand would involuntary reach out and grasp hold of the glass through a left side approach.
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nondominant hemisphere, and the nondominant limb, which had been previously responsive and "obedient" to the dominant conscious agent. The possibility of purposeful action occurring outside of the realm of influence of the conscious dominant agent can occur and the basic assumption that both hands are controlled through and subject to the dominant agent is proven incorrect. The
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their clinical specificity, there is a noticeable nosological confusion in the literature which results in assigning similar names, often inappropriate, to diverse phenomena and vice versa. One example of such confusion is the group of syndromes labeled as "alien hand", "anarchic hand" , "way-ward hand" , "intermanual conflict" and "diagonistic dyspraxia" .
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thought. It is proposed that while relational action in the form of embodied inter-subjective behavior precedes linguistic capacity during infant development, a process ensues through the course of development through which linguistic constructs are linked to action elements in order to produce a language-based encoding of action-oriented knowledge.
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push the chair backwards. Agonistic dyspraxia can thus be viewed as an involuntary competitive interaction between the two hands directed toward completion of a desired act in which the affected hand competes with the unaffected hand to complete a purposive act originally intended to be performed by the unaffected hand.
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patients have reported using an orthotic device to restrict perseverative grasping or restraining the alien hand by securing it to the bed pole. Of course, this can limit the degree to which the hand can participate in addressing functional goals for the patient and may be considered to be an unjustifiable restraint.
681:. In this paper, Goldstein described a right-handed woman who had had a stroke affecting her left side from which she had partially recovered by the time she was seen. However, her left arm seemed as though it belonged to another person and performed actions that appeared to occur independent of her will.
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hand is actively pulled back away from approaching objects or up and away from supporting surfaces. The "alien" movements, however, remain purposeful and goal-directed, a point which clearly differentiates these movements from other disorganized non-purposeful forms of involuntary limb movement (e.g.
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A large variety of complex, abnormal, involuntary motor behaviors have been described following callosal lesions which may or may not be accompanied by hemispheric damage, especially in the frontal medial region. Although the different terminologies used to describe these movements attempt to address
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In his classic papers reviewing the wide variety of disconnection syndromes associated with focal brain pathology, Norman
Geschwind commented that Kurt Goldstein "was perhaps the first to stress the non-unity of the personality in patients with callosal section, and its possible psychiatric effects".
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Theoretically, this approach could slow down the process through which voluntary control of the hand is restored if the neuroplasticity that underlies recovery involves the recurrent exercise of voluntary will to control the actions of the hand in a functional context and the associated experiential
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In another approach, the patient is trained to perform a specific task, such as moving the alien hand to contact a specific object or a highly salient environmental target, which is a movement that the patient can learn to generate voluntarily through focused training in order to effectively override
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in the bihemispheric and subcortical brain systems involved in voluntary movement production can serve to re-establish the connection between the executive production process and the internal self-generation and registration process. Exactly how this may occur is not well understood, but a process of
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can trigger reaching, grasping and other purposeful movements in the contralateral hand. With anteromedial frontal lobe injuries, these movements are often exploratory reaching movements in which external objects are frequently grasped and utilized functionally, without the simultaneous perception on
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A related syndrome described by the French neurologist François
Lhermitte involves the release through disinhibition of a tendency to compulsively utilize objects that present themselves in the surrounding environment around the patient. The behavior of the patient is, in a sense, obligatorily linked
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of the brain. The movements in this situation tend to be more likely to withdraw the palmar surface of the hand away from sustained environmental contact rather than reaching out to grasp onto objects to produce palmar tactile stimulation, as is most often seen in the frontal form of the condition.
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Diagonistic dyspraxia, on the other hand, involves a conflict between the desired act in which the unaffected hand has been engaged and the interfering action of the affected hand which works to oppose the purpose of the desired act intended to be performed by the unaffected hand. For instance, when
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Recent studies have examined the neural correlates of emergence of the sense of agency under normal circumstances. This appears to involve consistent congruence between what is being produced through efferent outflow to the musculature of the body, and what is being sensed as the presumed product in
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of the medial surface of the left frontal lobe in the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery which left her with the frontal variant of the alien hand involving the right hand. There were no signs of callosal disconnection nor was there evidence of any callosal damage. The patient displayed
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cortical tropism because eliciting sensory stimuli, such as would result from tactile contact on the volar aspect of the fingers and palm of the hand, are linked to the activation of movement that reduces or eliminates the eliciting stimulation through a negative feedback connection (see discussion
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cortical tropism because eliciting sensory stimuli, such as would result from tactile contact on the volar aspect of the fingers and palm of the hand, are linked to the activation of movement that increases or enhances the eliciting stimulation through a positive feedback connection (see discussion
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activation of the primary motor cortex in the damaged hemisphere contralateral to the alien hand, while non-alien movement involved the normal process of activation described in the preceding paragraph in which primary motor cortex in the intact hemisphere activates in concert with frontal premotor
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In the presence of unilateral damage to a single cerebral hemisphere, there is generally a gradual reduction in the frequency of alien behaviors observed over time and a gradual restoration of voluntary control over the affected hand. Actually, when AHS originates from focal injury of acute onset,
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as an inverse form of the "magnetic apraxia" seen in the frontal variant, as noted above), in which the digits move into a highly extended position with active extension of the interphalangeal joints of the digits and hyper-extension of the metacarpophalangeal joints, and the palmar surface of the
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loop (i.e. the stimulus, and even anticipation of stimulation of the palmar surface of the hand, generates movement of the palm and fingers that reduces and effectively counteracts and eliminates the triggering stimulation, or, in the case of anticipated palmar contact, decreases the likelihood of
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The distinct anteromedial, frontal, and posterolateral temporo-parieto-occipital variants of the alien hand syndrome would be explained by selective injury to either the frontal or the posterior components of the agency systems within a particular hemisphere, with the relevant and specific form of
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that would normally arise from movement of the nondominant limb now no longer develops, or, at least, is no longer accessible to consciousness. A new explanatory narrative for understanding the situation in which the now inaccessible nondominant hemisphere based agent is capable of activating the
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One major difference between the two hemispheres is the direct connection between the agency system of the dominant hemisphere and the encoding system based primarily in the dominant hemisphere that links action to its production and through to its interpretation with language and language-encoded
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One theory posed to explain these phenomena proposes that the brain has separable neural "premotor" or "agency" systems for managing the process of transforming intentions into overt action. An anteromedial frontal premotor system is engaged in the process of directing exploratory actions based on
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It is theorized that alien hand syndrome results when disconnection occurs between different parts of the brain that are engaged in different aspects of the control of bodily movement. As a result, different regions of the brain are able to command bodily movements, but cannot generate a conscious
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transmitted from primary motor cortex to permit the movement to be recognized as self-generated rather than imposed by an external force. That is, the efference copy allows the recurrent afferent somatosensory flow from the periphery associated with the self-generated movement to be recognized as
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The callosal variant includes advanced willed motor acts by the non-dominant hand, where patients frequently exhibit "intermanual conflict" in which one hand acts at cross-purposes with the other "good hand". For example, one patient was observed putting a cigarette into her mouth with her intact,
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is a category of conditions in which a person experiences their limbs acting seemingly on their own, without conscious control over the actions. There are a variety of clinical conditions that fall under this category, which most commonly affects the left hand. There are many similar terms for the
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In both the frontal and the posterior variants of the alien hand syndrome, the patient's reactions to the limb's apparent capability to perform goal-directed actions independent of conscious volition is similar. In both of these variants of alien hand syndrome, the alien hand emerges in the hand
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Agonistic dyspraxia involves compulsive automatic execution of motor commands by one hand when the patient is asked to perform movements with the other hand. For example, when a patient with callosal damage was instructed to pull a chair forward, the affected hand would decisively and impulsively
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A 2011 paper reporting on neuronal unit recording in the medial frontal cortex in human subjects showed a clear pre-activation of neurons identified in this area up to several hundred milliseconds prior to the onset of an overt self-generated finger movement and the authors were able to develop a
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of the left side were impaired. The left hand would make spontaneous movements, such as wiping the face or rubbing the eyes, but these were relatively infrequent. With significant effort, she was able to move her left arm in response to spoken command, but conscious movements were slower or less
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Another method involves simultaneously "muffling" the action of the alien hand and limiting the sensory feedback coming back to the hand from environmental contact by placing it in a restrictive "cloak" such as a specialized soft foam hand orthosis or, alternatively, an everyday oven mitt. Other
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study looking at the temporal sequence of activation of components of a cortical network associated with voluntary movement in normal individuals demonstrated "an anterior-to-posterior temporal gradient of activity from supplemental motor area through premotor and motor cortices to the posterior
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and
Jankovic described a patient who named her alien hand "baby Joseph". When the hand engaged in playful, troublesome activities such as pinching her nipples (akin to biting while nursing), she would experience amusement and would instruct baby Joseph to "stop being naughty". Furthermore, Bogen
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The patient complained of a feeling of "strangeness" in relationship to the goal-directed movements of the left hand and insisted that "someone else" was moving the left hand, and that she was not moving it herself. When the left hand grasped an object, she could not voluntarily release it. The
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There is no cure for the alien hand syndrome. However, the symptoms can be reduced and managed to some degree by keeping the alien hand occupied and involved in a task, for example by giving it an object to hold in its grasp. Specific learned tasks can restore voluntary control of the hand to a
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In another case of callosal alien hand, the patient did not have intermanual conflict between the hands but rather from a symptom characterized by involuntary mirror movements of the affected hand. When the patient was asked to perform movements with one hand, the other hand would involuntarily
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Park et al. also described two cases of infarction as the origin of alien hand symptoms. Both individuals had had infarction of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). One individual, a 72-year-old male, had difficulty controlling his hands, as they often moved involuntarily, despite his trying to
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Each intrahemispheric agency system has the potential capability of acting autonomously in its control over the contralateral limb although unitary integrative control of the two hands is maintained through interhemispheric communication between these systems via the projections traversing the
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to activation of the primary motor cortex in the pre-central gyrus on the lateral aspect of the hemisphere, when the hand movement is being generated. Activation of the primary motor cortex, presumed to be directly involved in the execution of the action via projections into the corticospinal
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Under such circumstances, the two separated agents can control simultaneous actions in the two limbs that are directed at opposing purposes although the dominant hand remains linked to the dominant consciously accessible language-linked agent and is viewed as continuing to be under "conscious
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or associated arteries. Oxygenated blood is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery to most medial portions of the frontal lobes and to the anterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum, and infarction may consequently result in damage to multiple adjacent locations in the brain in the supplied
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The alien limb in the posterior variant of the syndrome may be seen to "levitate" upward into the air withdrawing away from contact surfaces through the activation of anti-gravity musculature. Alien hand movement in the posterior variant may show a typical posture, sometimes referred to as a
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When there is a major disconnection between the two hemispheres resulting from callosal injury, the language-linked dominant hemisphere agent which maintains its primary control over the dominant limb loses, to some degree, its direct and linked control over the separate "agent" based in the
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Akelaitis's patients underwent surgery to the corpus callosum to reduce epileptic seizures, one patient's left alien hand would frequently interfere with the right hand. For instance, while trying to turn over to the next page with the right hand, his left hand would try to close the book.
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In the frontal variant, tactile contact on the ventral surface of the palm and fingers facilitates finger flexion and grasp of the object through a positive feedback loop (i.e. the stimulus generates movement that reinforces, strengthens and sustains the triggering stimulation).
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In most cases, classic alien-hand signs derive from damage to the medial frontal cortex, accompanying damage to the corpus callosum. In these patients, the main cause of damage is unilateral or bilateral infarction of cortex in the territory supplied by the
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territory. As the medial frontal lobe damage is often linked to lesions of the corpus callosum, frontal variant cases may also present with callosal form signs. Cases of damage restricted to the callosum however, tend not to show frontal alien-hand signs.
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appears to be associated with an orderly sequence of activation that develops initially in the anteromedial frontal cortex in the vicinity of the supplementary motor complex on the medial surface of the frontal aspect of the hemisphere (including the
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If, however, the neural mechanisms involved in establishing this sensorimotor linkage associated with self-generated action are faulty, it would be expected that the sense of agency with action would not develop as discussed in the previous section.
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can give rise to "purposeful" actions in the person's non-dominant hand (an individual who is left-hemisphere-dominant will experience the left hand becoming alien, and the right hand will turn alien in the person with right-hemisphere dominance).
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The alien hand syndrome is a deeply puzzling phenomenon in which brain-damaged patients experience their limb performing seemingly purposeful acts without their intention. Furthermore, the limb may interfere with the actions of their normal
352:
A 2007 fMRI study examining the difference in functional brain activation patterns associated with alien as compared to non-alien "volitional" movement in a patient with alien hand syndrome found that alien movement involved anomalous
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cortex and posterior parietal cortex presumably involved in a normal cortical network generating premotor influences on the primary motor cortex along with immediate post-motor re-afferent activation of the posterior parietal cortex.
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is created which may be resolved through the assumption that the goal-directed limb movement is being directed by an "alien" unidentifiable external force with the capacity for directing goal-directed actions of one's own limb.
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and other higher cognitive processes. Goldstein maintained that a structure conceptually organizing both the body and external space was necessary for object perception as well as for voluntary action on external objects.
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In order to deal with the alien hand, some patients engage in personification of the affected hand. Usually these names are negative in nature, from mild such as "cheeky" to malicious "monster from the moon". For example,
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When the posterolateral parieto-occipital "approach" system is damaged, involuntary purposive movements of a release-and-retract nature, such as levitation and instinctive avoidance – what Denny-Brown referred to as a
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perform a mirror image movement which continued even when the involuntary movement was brought to the attention of the patient, and the patient was asked to restrain the mirrored movement. The patient had a ruptured
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Belfor, Nataliya; Amici, Serena; Boxer, Adam L.; Kramer, Joel H.; Gorno-Tempini, Maria Luisa; Rosen, Howard J.; Miller, Bruce L. (2006). "Clinical and neuropsychological features of corticobasal degeneration".
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Combining these two fMRI studies, one could hypothesize that the alien behavior that is unaccompanied by a sense of agency emerges due to autonomous activity in the primary motor cortex acting independently of
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In contrast, in the posterior variant, tactile contact on the ventral surface of the palm and fingers is actively avoided through facilitation of extension of the fingers and withdrawal of the palm in a
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The term "alien hand" refers to a variety of clinical conditions whose common characteristic is the uncontrolled behavior or the feeling of strangeness of one extremity, most commonly the left hand.
265:(in the frontal variant) and corpus callosum (in the callosal variant) are the most common anatomical lesions responsible for the alien hand syndrome. These areas are closely linked in terms of
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In "the callosal variant", the patient's hand counteracts voluntary actions performed by the other, "good" hand. Two phenomena that are often found in patients with callosal alien hand are
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When the anteromedial frontal "escape" system is damaged, involuntary but purposive movements of an exploratory reach-and-grasp nature – what Denny-Brown referred to as a
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Geschwind, D. H.; Iacoboni, M.; Mega, M. S.; et al. (1995). "Alien hand syndrome: Interhemispheric motor disconnection due to a lesion in the midbody of the corpus callosum".
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Aboitiz, F.; Carrasco, X.; Schröter, C.; Zaidel, D.; Zaidel, E.; Lavados, M. (2003). "The alien hand syndrome: classification of forms reported and discussion of a new condition".
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Aboitiz, F.; Carrasco, X.; Schröter, C.; Zaidel, D.; Zaidel, E.; Lavados, M. (2003). "The alien hand syndrome: classification of forms reported and discussion of a new condition".
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of the limb in this situation, and there is no apparent physical explanation for how the owned limb could be moving in a purposive manner without an associated sense of agency, a
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Lhermitte, F.; Pillon, B.; Serdaru, M. (1986). "Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part I: Imitation and utilization behavior: A neuropsychological study of 75 patients".
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Akelaitis, Andrew J. (1945). "Studies on the corpus callosum: IV. Diagonistic dyspraxia in epileptics following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum".
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The first known case described in the medical literature appeared in a detailed case report published in German in 1908 by the preeminent German neuro-psychiatrist,
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the alien behavior. It is possible that some of this training produces a re-organization of premotor systems within the damaged hemisphere, or, alternatively, that
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Lhermitte, F. (1986). "Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part II: Patient behavior in complex and social situations: The 'environmental dependency syndrome'".
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Kloesel, Benjamin; Czarnecki, Kathrin; Muir, Jeffery J.; Keller, A. Scott (2010). "Sequelae of a left-sided parietal stroke: Posterior alien hand syndrome".
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Kischka, U; Ettlin, TM; Lichtenstern, L; Riedo, C (1996). "Alien hand syndrome of the dominant hand and ideomotor apraxia of the nondominant hand".
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Assal, Frédéric; Schwartz, Sophie; Vuilleumier, Patrik (2007). "Moving with or without will: functional neural correlates of alien hand syndrome".
733:. "Dr. Strangelove syndrome" was suggested as the official name for AHS. This was not approved, though it is sometimes used as an alternative name.
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suggested that certain personality characteristics, such as a flamboyant personality, contribute to frequent personification of the affected hand.
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Trevarthen, Colwyn (2011). "What is it like to be a person who knows nothing? Defining the active intersubjective mind of a newborn human being".
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Biran, Iftah; Giovannetti, Tania; Buxbaum, Laurel; Chatterjee, Anjan (2006-06-01). "The alien hand syndrome: What makes the alien hand alien?".
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Goldstein developed a "doctrine of motor apraxia" in which he discussed the generation of voluntary action and proposed a brain structure for
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Assal, F. D. R.; Schwartz, S.; Vuilleumier, P. (2007). "Moving with or without will: functional neural correlates of alien hand syndrome".
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pre-activating influences that would normally be associated with the emergence of a sense of agency linked to the execution of the action.
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Banks, Gordon; Short, Priscilla; MartĂnez, Julio; Latchaw, Richard; Ratcliff, Graham; Boller, François (1989). "The Alien Hand
Syndrome".
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Nicholas, John J.; Wichner, Monica H.; Gorelick, Philip B.; Ramsey, Michael M. (1998). "'Naturalization' of the alien hand: Case report".
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Chan, JL; Ross, ED (1997). "Alien hand syndrome: influence of neglect on the clinical presentation of frontal and callosal variants".
538:. It was able to mimic actions but only with the help of mirror movements executed by the right hand (enabling synkinesis). Using
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Goldberg, Gary; Goodwin, Matthew E. (2011). "Alien Hand
Syndrome". In Kreutzer, Jeffrey S.; DeLuca, John; Caplan, Bruce (eds.).
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1621:"Alien hand syndrome in AIDS: Neuropsychological features and physiopathological considerations based on a case report"
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Scepkowski, Lisa A.; Cronin-Golomb, Alice (2003). "The Alien Hand: Cases, Categorizations, and
Anatomical Correlates".
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542:(MRI), Geschwind et al. found damage to the posterior half of the callosal body, sparing the anterior half and the
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at the cortical level and other interhemispheric commissures linking the two hemispheres at the subcortical level.
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Goldberg, G.; Mayer, N. H.; Toglia, J. U. (1981). "Medial
Frontal Cortex Infarction and the Alien Hand Sign".
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694:
587:
A distinct "posterior variant" form of alien hand syndrome is associated with damage to the posterolateral
1670:"Clinical and topographical range of callosal infarction: a clinical and radiological correlation study"
1957:"Internally Generated Preactivation of Single Neurons in Human Medial Frontal Cortex Predicts Volition"
1155:"The Myth of Dual Consciousness in the Split Brain: Contrary Evidence from Psychology and Neuroscience"
610:
568:
539:
3426:
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809:
325:
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cortical tropism – are released in the contralateral limb. This is referred to as a
312:
278:
3687:
3521:
3317:
2673:
2145:
Gottlieb, D; Robb, K; Day, B (1992). "Mirror movements in the alien hand syndrome. Case report".
1133:
53:
1908:"Control of shared representations relies on key processes involved in mental state attribution"
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849:
824:
49:
20:
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1866:
1719:"A comparison of Granger causality and coherency in fMRI-based analysis of the motor system"
3604:
3072:
2748:
2318:
Seyfarth, H; Denny-Brown, D (1948). "The grasp reflex and the instinctive grasp reaction".
834:
760:
385:
291:
242:
216:
2353:
1620:
1226:
609:"parietal hand" or the "instinctive avoidance reaction" (a term introduced by neurologist
8:
3636:
3538:
3461:
2868:
2523:
2296:
819:
575:
298:
influences but remains generally intact in its ability to execute movements of the hand.
786:
238:) presented by objects that are located within the immediate peri-personal environment.
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cortical tropism – are released in the contralateral limb. This is referred to as a
107:
2212:
1851:
1795:
1471:
1282:
1208:
1134:"Alien Hand Syndrome: Nerve Impulses Can Cause Movement Even When Person Is Unaware"
1124:
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generated from the periphery by the movement which would normally interact with the
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Panikkath, Ragesh; Panikkath, Deepa; Mojumder, Deb; Nugent, Kenneth (1 July 2014).
814:
619:
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321:
2899:
Recent review article from the
Archives of Neurology by I. Biran and A. Chatterjee
3631:
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1972:
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381:
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307:
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235:
212:
729:, apparently has alien hand syndrome, as he cannot stop himself from doing the
415:"internal" drive by releasing or reducing inhibitory control over such actions.
191:. Other areas of the brain that are associated with alien hand syndrome are the
3621:
3584:
3149:
3137:
3025:
3010:
2773:"A Dona do Pedaço: Eusébio enfrenta fenômeno paranormal e é acusado de assédio"
1528:
686:
678:
592:
478:
alien behavior developing in the limb contralateral to the damaged hemisphere.
370:
337:
266:
254:
196:
139:
Alien hand syndrome is best documented in cases where a person has had the two
2669:
2440:
Wu, FY; Leong, CP; Su, TL (1999). "Alien hand syndrome: report of two cases".
2243:
1347:
1192:
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726:
588:
200:
156:
2226:
Park, Yong Won; Kim, Chang Hwan; Kim, Myeong Ok; et al. (August 2012).
669:
reinforcement through successful willful suppression of the alien behavior.
3594:
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3202:
3005:
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2339:
2269:
2028:
1990:
1941:
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1654:
1583:
Zaidel, Eran; Iacoboni, Marco; Zaidel, Dahlia W.; Bogen, Joseph E. (2003).
1511:
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563:
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2304:
2228:"Alien Hand Syndrome in Stroke – Case Report & Neurophysiologic Study"
2204:
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2128:
1843:
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1548:
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1455:
1420:
1412:
1365:
530:
More recently, Geschwind et al. described the case of a woman with severe
306:
parietal cortex". Therefore, with normal voluntary movement, the emergent
3641:
3616:
3516:
3484:
3451:
3407:
3221:
3142:
3077:
3052:
3035:
2196:
1619:
Caixeta, Leonardo; Maciel, PatrĂcia; Nunes, Juliana; et al. (2007).
844:
756:
730:
658:
221:
143:, a procedure sometimes used to relieve the symptoms of extreme cases of
1339:'Utilization behaviour' and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes
3579:
3397:
3392:
3383:
3312:
3246:
3236:
3174:
3097:
768:
763: – described alien hand syndrome and traced its history.
234:(using terminology introduced by the American ecological psychologist,
231:
112:
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1923:
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629:
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3212:
3182:
3154:
3127:
3062:
3042:
2744:"Emma Roberts and John Stamos Get Close in New 'Scream Queens' Promo"
2358:
623:
615:
164:
148:
116:
2938:
2101:
60:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3548:
3388:
3226:
3207:
543:
520:
333:
176:
172:
144:
794:, began to suffer from a "supernatural phenomenon" similar to AHS.
3626:
3297:
920:
369:
As noted above, these ideas can also be linked to the concept of
261:
Neuroimaging and pathological research shows that lesions of the
871:
661:
control of the limb from the intact hemisphere may be expanded.
3646:
3307:
3192:
3187:
3159:
3117:
2975:
1822:
Goldberg, Gary; Bloom, Karen K. (1990). "The Alien Hand Sign".
160:
2369:
546:
extending slightly into the white matter underlying the right
290:
The common emerging factor in alien hand syndrome is that the
19:"Alien limb syndrome" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3302:
3292:
2404:
1231:
1039:
985:
455:
226:, the hands appear to be acting in opposition to each other.
168:
3082:
2943:
2182:
1591:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 347–403.
444:
above in section entitled "Parietal and
Occipital Lobes").
431:
above in section entitled "Parietal and
Occipital Lobes").
302:
2147:
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
1824:
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
1618:
1252:
648:
recovery usually occurs within a year. One theory is that
2509:
1582:
1765:
1094:
1905:
1716:
1489:
571:) have referred to this behavior as "magnetic apraxia"
102:
AHS; alien limb syndrome; ALS; Dr. Strangelove syndrome
2904:
Radio interview with a person with alien hand syndrome
1955:
Fried, Itzhak; Mukamel, Roy; Kreiman, Gabriel (2011).
1398:
1177:
562:
Unilateral injury to the medial aspect of the brain's
2725:"Stories should matter, not the stars, says Karthiik"
2618:"Darian Leader: how technology is changing our hands"
1587:. In Heilman, Kenneth M.; Valenstein, Edward (eds.).
781:, Dr. Brock Holt appears to have alien hand syndrome.
2846:
2645:
Chasing Zebras: The Unofficial Guide to House, M. D.
2007:
Denny-Brown, Derek (1958). "The nature of apraxia".
2825:. MedicalNet.com. December 15, 2000. Archived from
2317:
2282:
1954:
1906:Spengler, S.; Von Cramon, D. Y.; Brass, M. (2009).
630:
Similarities between frontal and posterior variants
179:and specific degenerative brain conditions such as
2801:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2002:
2000:
1717:Kayser, A. S.; Sun, F. T.; D'esposito, M. (2009).
1674:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1537:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
574:Goldberg and Bloom described a woman with a large
328:, possibly related to the receipt of recurrent or
3669:
2556:[On the doctrine of the motor apraxia].
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2407:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
2225:
2144:
2043:
1997:
1864:
878:Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)
582:
141:hemispheres of their brain surgically separated
2577:"Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I"
2178:
2176:
2140:
2138:
2924:
2538:
1821:
1527:
1492:Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews
1485:
1483:
1481:
2173:
2135:
2054:
2006:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1667:
294:controlling hand movement is isolated from
2931:
2917:
2077:
1478:
1313:Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity
690:precise than similar involuntary motions.
456:Disconnection of hemispheres due to injury
2802:Bryant, Charles W. (September 12, 2007).
2592:
2574:
2551:
2439:
2259:
2114:
2091:
2009:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1980:
1931:
1742:
1693:
1644:
1556:
1441:
1335:
934:
897:
790:(2019), the character Eusébio, played by
635:contralateral to the damaged hemisphere.
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
2672:. Discovery Science. 23 September 2011.
2466:
1869:Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology
1802:
1578:
1576:
1523:
1521:
1310:
1224:
766:The 2017 Indian Tamil dark comedy film
324:, is then followed by activation of the
2641:
2554:"Zur Lehre von der motorischen Apraxie"
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1152:
3670:
2615:
2558:Journal fĂĽr Psychologie und Neurologie
867:
865:
409:
2912:
2770:
2741:
1573:
1518:
746:", a patient has alien hand syndrome.
725:, the eponymous character, played by
709:
380:Since there is no disturbance of the
206:
155:. It also occurs in some cases after
2742:Agard, Chancellor (31 August 2016).
2524:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520400116030
2297:10.1001/archneur.1981.00510110043004
1605:
1296:Mark, Victor W (November 29, 2014).
1295:
1220:
1218:
1181:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
25:
2823:"Definition of Alien Hand Syndrome"
1342:. Vol. 106. pp. 237–255.
862:
13:
2981:Festinating gait/Parkinsonian gait
1533:"The alien hand and related signs"
486:
470:nondominant limb is necessitated.
14:
3699:
2842:
2232:Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine
1304:
1225:Anderson, Alyssa (8 April 2022).
1215:
247:environmental dependency syndrome
3575:Overpronation/Flexible flat feet
2771:Farad, Daniel (7 October 2019).
2159:10.1097/00002060-199210000-00009
2057:The Cerebral Control of Movement
2021:10.1097/00005053-195801000-00003
1836:10.1097/00002060-199010000-00002
1637:10.1590/S1980-57642008DN10400016
1167:from the original on 2015-04-15.
392:
30:
2804:"How Alien Hand Syndrome Works"
2764:
2735:
2717:
2688:
2676:from the original on 2021-12-12
2662:
2635:
2609:
2568:
2503:
2460:
2433:
2398:
2363:
2346:
2311:
2276:
2219:
2108:
2071:
1948:
1899:
1858:
1759:
1710:
1661:
1625:Dementia & Neuropsychologia
1435:
1392:
1329:
1289:
736:In the medical drama TV series
557:
2795:
2616:Leader, Darian (21 May 2016).
2117:American Journal of Psychiatry
1883:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1877
1315:. New York: Psychology Press.
1246:
1227:"What Is Alien Hand Syndrome?"
1171:
1146:
1088:
1033:
979:
914:
890:10.1080/08998280.2014.11929115
752:Dark Matters: Twisted But True
695:temporal and spatial cognition
1:
2481:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70005-4
2419:10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90218-0
2354:Apraxia and Related Syndromes
855:
775:In Season 2 of the TV series
3026:Myopathic gait/Waddling gait
2080:Infant and Child Development
2059:. The Sherrington Lectures.
1973:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.045
1668:Giroud, M; Dumas, R (1995).
1267:10.1080/13554794.2010.497154
784:In the Brazilian soap opera
638:
583:Parietal and occipital lobes
481:
7:
2055:Denny-Brown, Derek (1966).
798:
772:is about a person with AHS.
241:This condition is known as
219:
56:the claims made and adding
10:
3704:
2575:Geschwind, Norman (1965).
672:
540:magnetic resonance imaging
18:
3557:
3475:
3442:
3427:Lower motor neuron lesion
3422:Upper motor neuron lesion
3344:
3260:
3227:Myotonia / Pseudomyotonia
3173:
3108:
2950:
2942:relating to movement and
2850:
2658:– via Google Books.
2642:Barnett, Barbara (2010).
2244:10.5535/arm.2012.36.4.556
1193:10.1016/j.mad.2005.09.013
1153:Munevar, Gonzalo (2012).
1054:10.1007/s10072-003-0149-4
1000:10.1007/s10072-003-0149-4
945:10.1080/02643290500180282
923:Cognitive Neuropsychology
874:"The alien hand syndrome"
326:posterior parietal cortex
189:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
185:corticobasal degeneration
106:
98:
93:
16:Neuropsychiatric disorder
2564:(4/5): 169–187, 270–283.
2552:Goldstein, Kurt (1908).
1895:– via archive.org.
1589:Clinical Neuropsychology
1585:"The Callosal Syndromes"
1504:10.1177/1534582303260119
1311:Revonsuo, Antti (2009).
525:anterior cerebral artery
313:supplementary motor area
285:
279:anterior cerebral artery
269:and its final pathways.
133:Dr. Strangelove syndrome
2442:Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi
1348:10.1093/brain/106.2.237
3678:Neurological disorders
2752:. Meredith Corporation
2594:10.1093/brain/88.2.237
2332:10.1093/brain/71.2.109
1531:; Jankovic, J (1992).
840:Left brain interpreter
532:coronary heart disease
215:that connects the two
153:temporal lobe epilepsy
3534:Boutonniere deformity
2670:"Alien Hand Syndrome"
2512:Archives of Neurology
2285:Archives of Neurology
2129:10.1176/ajp.101.5.594
1686:10.1136/jnnp.59.3.238
1549:10.1136/jnnp.55.9.806
1456:10.1002/ana.410190405
1413:10.1002/ana.410190404
1336:Lhermitte, F (1983).
1298:"Alien hand syndrome"
1042:Neurological Sciences
988:Neurological Sciences
850:Surrealist automatism
825:Divided consciousness
505:diagonistic dyspraxia
21:Phantom limb syndrome
3605:Clasp-knife response
2749:Entertainment Weekly
2729:newindianexpress.com
2684:– via YouTube.
2197:10.1212/WNL.45.4.802
835:Ideomotor phenomenon
755: – a
685:senses of touch and
386:cognitive dissonance
292:primary motor cortex
243:utilization behavior
217:cerebral hemispheres
3637:Conversion disorder
3539:Swan neck deformity
3462:Locomotive syndrome
2760:– via EW.com.
2700:Rare Disease Review
2696:"A Mind of Its Own"
1912:Human Brain Mapping
1768:Annals of Neurology
1723:Human Brain Mapping
1444:Annals of Neurology
1401:Annals of Neurology
1097:Annals of Neurology
820:Bicameral mentality
576:cerebral infarction
501:agonistic dyspraxia
410:Loss of inhibitions
181:Alzheimer's disease
125:Alien hand syndrome
94:Alien hand syndrome
3374:Spastic paraplegia
3364:Spastic paraplegia
3359:Periodic paralysis
3268:Abnormal posturing
3133:Dysdiadochokinesia
3069:Asynchronous gait
3031:Trendelenburg gait
2991:Marche Ă petit pas
2940:Signs and symptoms
2829:on August 16, 2014
2372:European Neurology
830:Dual consciousness
710:In popular culture
382:sense of ownership
207:Signs and symptoms
41:possibly contains
3665:
3664:
3354:Flaccid paralysis
3175:Abnormal movement
3165:Hemimotor neglect
3123:Cerebellar ataxia
3073:Gunslinger's gait
2971:Cerebellar ataxia
2894:
2893:
2384:10.1159/000117198
1924:10.1002/hbm.20800
1918:(11): 3704–3718.
1892:978-0-387-79947-6
1780:10.1002/ana.21173
1735:10.1002/hbm.20771
1729:(11): 3475–3494.
1598:978-0-19-972672-1
1109:10.1002/ana.21173
810:Automatic drawing
805:Automatic writing
761:Discovery Science
611:Derek Denny-Brown
602:negative feedback
569:Derek Denny-Brown
536:ideomotor apraxia
345:as distinct from
320:component of the
122:
121:
88:Medical condition
86:
85:
78:
43:original research
3695:
3369:Spastic diplegia
3336:Tonic immobility
3328:Waxy flexibility
3272:Stooped posture
3078:Hemiparetic gait
3059:Asymmetric gait
2958:Gait abnormality
2933:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2818:
2816:
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2789:
2788:
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2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2702:. Archived from
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2639:
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2630:
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2004:
1995:
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1250:
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1222:
1213:
1212:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1140:. July 17, 2007.
1131:Lay summary in:
1128:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1037:
1031:
1030:
983:
977:
976:
938:
918:
912:
911:
901:
869:
815:Automatic speech
787:A Dona do Pedaço
548:cingulate cortex
322:pyramidal tracts
225:
91:
90:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
58:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
3703:
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3666:
3661:
3632:Motion sickness
3565:Rachitic rosary
3553:
3502:Joint stiffness
3477:Range of motion
3471:
3438:
3434:Sleep paralysis
3418:General causes
3340:
3256:
3169:
3104:
3016:Vestibular gait
2996:Propulsive gait
2946:
2937:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2859:
2845:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2779:(in Portuguese)
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2740:
2736:
2731:. 14 June 2017.
2723:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2614:
2610:
2573:
2569:
2550:
2539:
2508:
2504:
2465:
2461:
2438:
2434:
2403:
2399:
2368:
2364:
2351:
2347:
2316:
2312:
2291:(11): 683–686.
2281:
2277:
2224:
2220:
2181:
2174:
2143:
2136:
2113:
2109:
2102:10.1002/icd.689
2093:10.1.1.475.9911
2076:
2072:
2053:
2044:
2005:
1998:
1953:
1949:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1863:
1859:
1820:
1803:
1764:
1760:
1715:
1711:
1666:
1662:
1617:
1606:
1599:
1581:
1574:
1526:
1519:
1488:
1479:
1440:
1436:
1397:
1393:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1309:
1305:
1294:
1290:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1223:
1216:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1132:
1093:
1089:
1038:
1034:
984:
980:
936:10.1.1.537.6357
919:
915:
870:
863:
858:
801:
722:Dr. Strangelove
717:Stanley Kubrick
712:
675:
650:neuroplasticity
641:
632:
585:
560:
493:corpus callosum
489:
487:Corpus callosum
484:
467:sense of agency
458:
450:corpus callosum
412:
395:
364:premotor cortex
308:sense of agency
296:premotor cortex
288:
236:James J. Gibson
213:corpus callosum
209:
89:
82:
71:
65:
62:
47:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3688:Rare syndromes
3685:
3680:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3622:Astasia-abasia
3619:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Bow-leggedness
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Sensory ataxia
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3138:Pronator drift
3135:
3130:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:Truncal ataxia
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2876:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:Classification
2844:
2843:External links
2841:
2840:
2839:
2819:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2777:NotĂcias da TV
2763:
2734:
2716:
2687:
2661:
2654:
2634:
2608:
2587:(2): 237–294.
2567:
2537:
2518:(4): 456–459.
2502:
2475:(2): 287–299.
2459:
2448:(4): 660–665.
2432:
2413:(1): 113–114.
2397:
2362:
2345:
2326:(2): 109–183.
2310:
2275:
2238:(4): 556–560.
2218:
2191:(4): 802–808.
2172:
2153:(5): 297–300.
2134:
2123:(5): 594–599.
2107:
2086:(1): 119–135.
2070:
2042:
1996:
1967:(3): 548–562.
1947:
1898:
1891:
1857:
1830:(5): 228–238.
1801:
1774:(3): 301–306.
1758:
1709:
1680:(3): 238–242.
1660:
1631:(4): 418–421.
1604:
1597:
1572:
1543:(9): 806–810.
1517:
1498:(4): 261–277.
1477:
1450:(4): 335–343.
1434:
1407:(4): 326–334.
1391:
1382:|journal=
1356:
1328:
1321:
1303:
1288:
1261:(6): 488–493.
1245:
1214:
1187:(2): 203–207.
1170:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1103:(3): 301–306.
1087:
1048:(4): 252–257.
1032:
994:(4): 252–257.
978:
929:(4): 563–582.
913:
884:(3): 219–220.
860:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
800:
797:
796:
795:
782:
773:
764:
749:An episode of
747:
744:Both Sides Now
734:
711:
708:
687:proprioception
679:Kurt Goldstein
674:
671:
640:
637:
631:
628:
593:occipital lobe
584:
581:
559:
556:
491:Damage to the
488:
485:
483:
480:
457:
454:
411:
408:
394:
391:
371:efference copy
338:efference copy
332:somatosensory
287:
284:
267:motor planning
255:Rachelle Doody
208:
205:
201:parietal lobes
147:and epileptic
120:
119:
110:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
87:
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3700:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3658:
3657:Dancing mania
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:Hyperreflexia
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3512:Hypermobility
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Joint locking
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Fasciculation
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:Antalgic gait
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Steppage gait
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Stomping gait
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:Magnetic gait
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2809:
2808:HowStuffWorks
2805:
2800:
2799:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2706:on 2018-03-24
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2655:9781554908097
2651:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2560:(in German).
2559:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1357:9780415134989
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1322:9781135164805
1318:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
932:
928:
924:
917:
909:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
861:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
793:
789:
788:
783:
780:
779:
778:Scream Queens
774:
771:
770:
765:
762:
759:TV series on
758:
754:
753:
748:
745:
741:
740:
735:
732:
728:
727:Peter Sellers
724:
723:
719:'s 1964 film
718:
714:
713:
707:
703:
700:
696:
691:
688:
682:
680:
670:
666:
662:
660:
654:
651:
645:
636:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
606:
603:
597:
594:
590:
589:parietal lobe
580:
577:
572:
570:
565:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
516:
512:
508:
506:
502:
497:
494:
479:
475:
471:
468:
462:
453:
451:
445:
442:
438:
432:
429:
425:
420:
416:
407:
403:
399:
393:Disconnection
390:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
367:
365:
359:
356:
350:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
314:
309:
304:
299:
297:
293:
283:
280:
274:
270:
268:
264:
259:
256:
250:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
232:"affordances"
227:
223:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:brain surgery
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
134:
130:
126:
118:
114:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
3595:Hyporeflexia
3490:Bethlem sign
3457:Gowers' sign
3412:Quadruplegia
3288:Opisthotonus
3281:Osteoporosis
3276:Camptocormia
3218:Hyperkinesia
3203:Fibrillation
3110:Coordination
3063:Leaping gait
3006:Spastic gait
2976:Choreic gait
2966:Scissor gait
2878:
2863:
2831:. Retrieved
2827:the original
2811:. Retrieved
2781:. Retrieved
2776:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2747:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2708:. Retrieved
2704:the original
2699:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2664:
2644:
2637:
2625:. Retrieved
2622:The Guardian
2621:
2611:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2378:(1): 39–42.
2375:
2371:
2365:
2352:
2348:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2188:
2184:
2150:
2146:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2056:
2012:
2008:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1868:
1860:
1827:
1823:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1628:
1624:
1588:
1540:
1536:
1495:
1491:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1338:
1331:
1312:
1306:
1291:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1230:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1148:
1138:ScienceDaily
1137:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1027:
991:
987:
981:
972:
926:
922:
916:
881:
877:
792:Marco Nanini
785:
776:
767:
750:
737:
720:
704:
692:
683:
676:
667:
663:
655:
646:
642:
633:
607:
598:
586:
573:
564:frontal lobe
561:
558:Frontal lobe
552:
529:
517:
513:
509:
504:
500:
498:
490:
476:
472:
463:
459:
446:
440:
436:
433:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
404:
400:
396:
379:
375:re-afference
374:
368:
360:
354:
351:
347:ex-afference
346:
343:re-afference
342:
329:
316:
300:
289:
275:
271:
263:frontal lobe
260:
251:
240:
228:
210:
138:
132:
128:
124:
123:
72:
66:October 2015
63:
40:
3642:Shell shock
3617:Hypnic jerk
3517:Gorlin sign
3485:Contracture
3452:Hemiparesis
3408:Tetraplegia
3222:Hypokinesia
3143:Dyssynergia
3053:Toe walking
3036:Pigeon gait
2796:Works cited
2648:ECW Press.
2015:(1): 9–32.
1873:. pp.
845:Split-brain
757:documentary
731:Nazi salute
659:ipsilateral
330:re-afferent
222:Split-brain
99:Other names
3672:Categories
3580:Knock-knee
3398:Hemiplegia
3393:Paraplegia
3384:Monoplegia
3380:Syndromes
3313:Hypertonia
3247:Echopraxia
3237:Stereotypy
3098:Lotus gait
3094:Deformity
2833:October 6,
2813:October 6,
2783:22 October
2756:28 October
2710:2018-03-24
1529:Doody, R S
1300:. MedLink.
856:References
769:Peechankai
220:(see also
113:Psychiatry
50:improve it
3683:Syndromes
3652:Catatonia
3612:Shivering
3590:Back knee
3570:Flat feet
3544:Scoliosis
3507:Ankylosis
3495:Club foot
3403:Triplegia
3346:Paralysis
3332:Grimacing
3323:Catalepsy
3261:Posturing
3252:Echolalia
3242:Akathisia
3232:Hypotonia
3213:Myoclonus
3183:Athetosis
3155:Asterixis
3128:Dysmetria
3043:Foot drop
3022:Muscular
2359:eMedicine
2252:2234-0645
2185:Neurology
2088:CiteSeerX
2065:599028587
1384:ignored (
1374:cite book
1255:Neurocase
1238:3 October
1062:1590-1874
1008:1590-1874
953:0264-3294
931:CiteSeerX
742:episode "
639:Treatment
624:myoclonus
616:athetosis
523:near the
482:Diagnosis
197:occipital
165:infection
149:psychosis
117:Neurology
108:Specialty
54:verifying
3549:Kyphosis
3444:Weakness
3389:Diplegia
3208:Myokymia
2674:Archived
2627:22 March
2454:10695218
2340:18890913
2270:22977783
2213:39196545
2029:13514485
1991:21315264
1942:19517530
1852:45589053
1796:14180577
1788:17638304
1753:19387980
1655:29213422
1512:15006289
1472:46441945
1283:31374522
1275:20824573
1209:35169781
1201:16310834
1162:Archived
1125:14180577
1117:17638304
1078:24643561
1070:14658042
1024:24643561
1016:14658042
969:15889976
961:21049344
908:24982566
799:See also
544:splenium
521:aneurysm
441:negative
437:negative
428:positive
424:positive
355:isolated
334:feedback
177:migraine
173:aneurysm
151:, e.g.,
145:epilepsy
3627:Vertigo
3298:Trismus
2885:D055964
2603:5318481
2532:2705906
2497:4477228
2489:9220259
2427:9440428
2392:8719649
2305:7305695
2261:3438424
2205:7723974
2167:1388978
2037:1998070
1982:3052770
1933:6870802
1844:2222983
1744:2767459
1704:7673948
1646:5619440
1567:1402972
1558:1015106
1464:3707085
1429:2031690
1421:3707084
1366:6850269
899:4059570
673:History
591:and/or
301:A 2009
230:to the
193:frontal
48:Please
3647:Stupor
3467:Ptosis
3308:Tetany
3193:Tremor
3188:Chorea
3160:Abasia
3118:Ataxia
2680:8 June
2652:
2601:
2530:
2495:
2487:
2469:Cortex
2452:
2425:
2390:
2338:
2303:
2268:
2258:
2250:
2211:
2203:
2165:
2090:
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2035:
2027:
1989:
1979:
1961:Neuron
1940:
1930:
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1741:
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1354:
1319:
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1123:
1115:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1022:
1014:
1006:
967:
959:
951:
933:
906:
896:
620:chorea
199:, and
161:stroke
3558:Other
3303:Cramp
3293:Spasm
2874:781.8
2581:Brain
2493:S2CID
2320:Brain
2209:S2CID
2033:S2CID
1877:–91.
1848:S2CID
1792:S2CID
1468:S2CID
1425:S2CID
1279:S2CID
1232:WebMD
1205:S2CID
1165:(PDF)
1158:(PDF)
1121:S2CID
1074:S2CID
1020:S2CID
974:limb.
965:S2CID
739:House
622:, or
317:prior
286:Cause
169:tumor
131:) or
3083:Limp
2962:CNS
2951:Gait
2944:gait
2880:MeSH
2869:9-CM
2835:2011
2815:2011
2785:2022
2758:2021
2682:2012
2650:ISBN
2629:2018
2599:PMID
2528:PMID
2485:PMID
2450:PMID
2423:PMID
2388:PMID
2336:PMID
2301:PMID
2266:PMID
2248:ISSN
2201:PMID
2163:PMID
2061:OCLC
2025:PMID
1987:PMID
1938:PMID
1887:ISBN
1840:PMID
1784:PMID
1749:PMID
1700:PMID
1651:PMID
1593:ISBN
1563:PMID
1508:PMID
1460:PMID
1417:PMID
1386:help
1362:PMID
1352:ISBN
1317:ISBN
1271:PMID
1240:2022
1197:PMID
1113:PMID
1066:PMID
1058:ISSN
1012:PMID
1004:ISSN
957:PMID
949:ISSN
904:PMID
699:will
503:and
373:and
303:fMRI
187:and
3527:HSD
3522:EDS
2865:ICD
2589:doi
2520:doi
2477:doi
2415:doi
2380:doi
2357:at
2328:doi
2293:doi
2256:PMC
2240:doi
2193:doi
2155:doi
2125:doi
2121:101
2098:doi
2017:doi
2013:126
1977:PMC
1969:doi
1928:PMC
1920:doi
1879:doi
1832:doi
1776:doi
1739:PMC
1731:doi
1690:PMC
1682:doi
1641:PMC
1633:doi
1553:PMC
1545:doi
1500:doi
1452:doi
1409:doi
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