Onion - Knowledge

2260: 2495: 2195: 1150: 1460: 2397: 2640:, Arizona area. This small-bulb type has a shallot-like flavour and is easy to grow and ideal for hot, dry climates. Bulbs are separated, and planted in the fall 25 mm (1 in) below the surface and 300 mm (12 in) apart. Bulbs will multiply into clumps and can be harvested throughout the cooler months. Tops die back in the heat of summer and may return with heavy rains; bulbs can remain in the ground or be harvested and stored in a cool dry place for planting in the fall. The plants rarely flower; propagation is by division. 2315:) lays eggs on the leaves and stems and on the ground close to onion, shallot, leek, and garlic plants. The fly is attracted to the crop by the smell of damaged tissue and is liable to occur after thinning. Plants grown from sets are less prone to attack. The larvae tunnel into the bulbs and the foliage wilts and turns yellow. The bulbs are disfigured and rot, especially in wet weather. Control measures may include crop rotation, the use of seed dressings, early sowing or planting, and the removal of infested plants. 5579: 78: 1310: 1113: 6282: 2220: 2433: 2072: 2498: 2497: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2292: 2415: 2502: 838: 2451: 1268: 1137: 56: 5567: 2799: 2248:

North African varieties are often known as "intermediate-day" types, requiring only 12–13 hours of daylight to stimulate bulb formation. "Short-day" onions, which have been developed in more recent times, are planted in mild-winter areas in the autumn and form bulbs in the early spring, and require only 11–12 hours of daylight to stimulate bulb formation. Onions are a cool-weather crop and can be grown in

4735: 2500: 2633:

from seed is possible. Shallots are the most important subgroup within this group and comprise the only cultivars cultivated commercially. They form aggregate clusters of small, narrowly ovoid to pear-shaped bulbs. Potato onions differ from shallots in forming larger bulbs with fewer bulbs per cluster, and having a flattened (onion-like) shape. Intermediate forms exist.

4761: 2283:

fresh, but if they will be stored, they are harvested after the leaves have died back naturally. In dry weather, they can be left on the surface of the soil for a few days for drying, then placed in nets, roped into strings, or laid in layers in shallow boxes. They are stored effectively in a well-ventilated, cool place.

794:

of the stem. In the autumn (or in spring, in the case of overwintering onions), the foliage dies down and the outer layers of the bulb become more dry, and brittle. The crop is harvested and dried and the onions are ready for use or storage. The crop is prone to attack by a number of pests and diseases, particularly the

2593:, and pickling onions belong to this group. The range of diversity found among these cultivars includes variation in photoperiod (length of day that triggers bulbing), storage life, flavour, and skin colour. Common onions range from the pungent varieties used for dried soups and onion powder to the mild and hearty 2563:

Sweet onions have a greater water and sugar content than cooking onions. This makes them sweeter and milder tasting, but reduces their shelf life. Sweet onions can be stored refrigerated; they have a shelf life of around 1 month. Irrespective of type, any cut pieces of onion are best tightly wrapped,

2370:

are produced and crust-like sclerotia may also develop. In time, a dry rot sets in and the bulb becomes a dry, mummified structure. This disease may be present throughout the growing period, but only manifests itself when the bulb is in storage. Antifungal seed dressings are available and the disease

2278:

Onion bulbs are produced by sowing seeds in a dense pattern in early summer, then harvested in the autumn when the bulbs are still small, followed by drying and storage. These bulbs planted the following spring grow into mature bulbs later in the growing season. Certain cultivars used for growing and

2275:. Because onion seeds are short-lived, fresh seeds germinate more effectively when sown in shallow rows, or "drills," with each drill 12" to 18" apart. In suitable climates, certain cultivars can be sown in late summer and autumn to overwinter in the ground and produce early crops the following year. 1351:

Onion powder is a seasoning widely used when the fresh ingredient is not available. It is made from finely ground, dehydrated onions, mainly the pungent varieties of bulb onions, and has a strong odour. Being dehydrated, it has a long shelf life and is available in several varieties: yellow, red, and

2247:

Bulbing onions are day-length sensitive; their bulbs begin growing only after the number of daylight hours has surpassed some minimal quantity. Most traditional European onions are referred to as "long-day" onions, producing bulbs only after 14 hours or more of daylight occurs. Southern European and

1104:

but is usually grown as an annual. Modern varieties typically grow to a height of 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in). The leaves are yellowish- to bluish green and grow alternately in a flattened, fan-shaped swathe. They are fleshy, hollow, and cylindrical, with one flattened side. They are at their

793:

The onion plant has a fan of hollow, bluish-green leaves, and its bulb at the base of the plant begins to swell when a certain day-length is reached. The bulbs are composed of shortened, compressed, underground stems surrounded by fleshy modified scale (leaves) that envelop a central bud at the tip

2733:

and the third set from an unknown parent. Various clones of the triploid onion are grown locally in different regions, such as 'Ljutika' in Croatia, and 'Pran', 'Poonch', and 'Srinagar' in the India-Kashmir region. 'Pran' is grown extensively in the northern Indian provinces of Jammu and Kashmir.

2632:

This group contains shallots and potato onions, also referred to as multiplier onions. The bulbs are smaller than those of common onions, and a single plant forms an aggregate cluster of several bulbs from a master. They are propagated almost exclusively from daughter bulbs, although reproduction

2299:

Onions suffer from a number of plant disorders. The most serious for the home gardener are likely to be the onion fly, stem and bulb eelworm, white rot, and neck rot. Diseases affecting the foliage include rust and smut, downy mildew, and white tip disease. The bulbs may be affected by splitting,

2282:

Routine care during the growing season involves keeping the rows free of competing weeds, especially when the plants are young. The plants are shallow-rooted and do not need much water when established. Bulbing usually takes place after 12 to 18 weeks. The bulbs can be gathered when needed to eat

2552:, optimally in a single layer, in large mesh bags in a dry, cool, dark, well-ventilated location. In this environment, cooking onions have a shelf life of three to four weeks and sweet onions one to two weeks. Cooking onions will absorb odours from apples and pears. Also, they draw moisture from 1120:

In the autumn, the leaves die back, and the outer scales of the bulb become dry and brittle, so the crop is normally harvested. If left in the soil over winter, the growing point in the middle of the bulb begins to develop in the spring. New leaves appear, and a long, stout, hollow stem expands,

2300:

white rot, and neck rot. Shanking is a condition in which the central leaves turn yellow and the inner part of the bulb collapses into an unpleasant-smelling slime. Most of these disorders are best treated by removing and burning affected plants. The larvae of the onion leaf miner or leek moth (

2613: 4558:

Schmidt, Norman E.; Santiago, Leanne M.; Eason, H. Donald; Dafford, Kurtus A.; Grooms, Chris A.; Link, Tammy E.; Manning, Dana T.; Cooper, Sylina D.; Keith, R. Chad (1 January 1996). "Rapid Extraction Method of Quantitating the Lachrymatory Factor of Onion Using Gas Chromatography".

5588: 2328:, causes swollen, distorted foliage. Young plants are killed and older ones produce soft bulbs. No cure is known and affected plants should be uprooted and burned. The site should not be used for growing onions again for several years and should also be avoided for growing 2499: 4102:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

3867:"Final Review report for the basic substance Onion Oil finalised in the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed at its meeting on 20 July 2018 in view of the approval of onion oil as basic substance in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009" 2164:

to prevent the synthesis of lachrymatory factor synthase in onions. One study suggests that consumers prefer the flavour of onions with lower LFS content. Since the process impedes sulfur ingestion by the plant, some find LFS− onions inferior in flavour.

4686:

Higashihara, Hisayo; Yokoi, Norihiko; Aoyagi, Morihiro; Tsuge, Nobuaki; Imai, Shinsuke; Kinoshita, Shigeru (2010). "Using synthesized onion lachrymatory factor to measure age-related decreases in reflex-tear secretion and ocular-surface sensation".

2148:

Eye irritation can be avoided by cutting onions under running water or submerged in a basin of water. Leaving the root end intact also reduces irritation as the onion base has a higher concentration of sulphur compounds than the rest of the bulb.

4733:, James Anthony Rocchi, Thomas John Stewart & Thomas John Stewart, "Wall-mounted nonlethal device for defending against intruders", published 2015-06-01, issued 2016-11-01, assigned to Fighting Chance Systems Inc 2259: 2227:

Onions are best cultivated in fertile soils that are well-drained. Sandy loams are good as they are low in sulphur, while clayey soils usually have a high sulphur content and produce pungent bulbs. Onions require a high level of

1328:

Additionally, onions may be bred and grown to mature at smaller sizes. Depending on the mature size and the purpose for which the onion is used, these may be referred to as pearl, boiler, or pickler onions, but differ from true

1105:

broadest about a quarter of the way up, beyond which they taper to blunt tips. The base of each leaf is a flattened, usually white sheath that grows out of the basal plate of a bulb. From the underside of the plate, a bundle of

2357:. These resting structures remain in the soil to reinfect a future crop. No cure for this fungal disease exists, so affected plants should be removed and destroyed and the ground used for unrelated crops in subsequent years. 4487:

Joyce, Nigel I.; Eady, Colin C.; Silcock, Patrick; Perry, Nigel B.; van Klink, John W. (January 2013). "Fast Phenotyping of LFS-Silenced (Tearless) Onions by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (DESI-MS)".

8025: 7161: 6896: 4101: 4386:

Kim, Ha-Yeon; Jackson, Daniel; Adhikari, Koushik; Riner, Cliff; Sanchez-Brambila, Gabriela (1 October 2017). "Relationship Between Consumer Acceptability and Pungency-Related Flavor Compounds of Vidalia Onions".

3825:

Lee, Eun Jin; Rezenom, Yohannes H.; Russell, David H.; Patil, Bhimanagouda S.; Yoo, Kil Sun (1 April 2012). "Elucidation of chemical structures of pink-red pigments responsible for 'pinking' in macerated onion

2366:, which attacks the neck and upper parts of the bulb, causing a grey mould to develop. The symptoms often first occur where the bulb has been damaged and spread down the affected scales. Large quantities of 1194:

Traces of onions recovered from Bronze Age settlements in China suggest that onions were used as far back as 5000 BC, not only for their flavour, but also for the bulb's durability in storage and transport.

2190:

contain a similar lachrymatory factor. Synthetic onion lachrymatory factor has been used in a study related to tear production, and has been proposed as a nonlethal deterrent against thieves and intruders.

4759:, Yves Perrenoud, Daniel Idzkowski & Daniel Idzkowski, "Pressurized chemical theft deterrent device", published 2017-03-03, issued 2018-02-13, assigned to Skunklock Inc 6318: 2371:

can be minimised by preventing physical damage to the bulbs at harvesting, careful drying and curing of the mature onions, and correct storage in a cool, dry place with plenty of circulating air.

1199:

revered the onion bulb, viewing its spherical shape and concentric rings as symbols of eternal life. Onions were used in Egyptian burials, as evidenced by onion traces found in the eye sockets of

2180:

released the first crop yield of commercially available LFS-silenced onions under the name "Sunions". They were the product of 30 years of cross-breeding; genetic modification was not employed.

778:

is exclusively known from cultivation. Its ancestral wild original form is not known, although escapes from cultivation have become established in some regions. The onion is most frequently a

1374:. They are versatile and can be baked, boiled, braised, grilled, fried, roasted, sautéed, or eaten raw in salads. Their layered nature makes them easy to hollow out once cooked, facilitating 3464: 1225:

have found gardens resembling those in Pliny's detailed narratives. According to texts collected in the fifth/sixth century AD under the authorial aegis of "Apicius" (said to have been a

817:

Onions are cultivated and used around the world. As a food item, they are often served raw as a vegetable or part of a prepared savoury dish, but can also be eaten cooked or used to make

4633: 7786: 4080: 3674: 1289:, Walla Walla, Cévennes, and Bermuda. Yellow onions turn a rich, dark brown when caramelised and are used to add a sweet flavour to various dishes, such as French onion soup. 6550: 6311: 4602: 4918: 1317:

While the large, mature onion bulb is most often eaten, onions can be eaten at immature stages. Young plants may be harvested before bulbing occurs and used whole as

1960: 6304: 2749:(Metzg.) Alef. for the triploid onion, but this name has also been applied to the Egyptian onion. The only name unambiguously connected with the triploid onion is 1213:. He documented Roman beliefs about the onion's ability to improve ocular ailments, aid in sleep, and heal everything from oral sores and toothaches to dog bites, 1366:

Onions are commonly chopped and used as an ingredient in various hearty warm dishes, and may also be used as a main ingredient in their own right, for example in

2589:

crop. Plants within this group form large single bulbs, and are grown from seed or seed-grown sets. The majority of cultivated varieties grown for dry bulbs,

1483:

that are readily observed under low magnification. Forming a single layer of cells, the bulb epidermis is easy to separate for educational, experimental, and

7504: 6789: 6523: 4231:

Cantisani, C; Visconti, B; Paolino, G; Frascani, F; Tofani, S; Fazia, G; Calvieri, S (2014). "Unusual food allergy: Alioidea allergic reactions overview".

1333:

which are a different species. Pearl and boiler onions may be cooked as a vegetable rather than as an ingredient and pickler onions are often preserved in

5332: 7732: 4984: 4523:

Tewari, Gyanendra M.; Bandyopadhyay, Chiranjib. (1 July 1975). "Quantitative evaluation of lachrymatory factor in onion by thin-layer chromatography".

3243:

Grubben, G.J.H.; Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.

4664: 2940:

Fritsch, Reinhard M.; Friesen, Nikolai (2002). "Chapter 1: Evolution, Domestication, and Taxonomy". In Rabinowitch, Haim D.; Currah, Lesley (eds.).

4305: 3873: 3355: 2157: 9041: 8848: 8423: 7028: 1325:. When an onion is harvested after bulbing has begun, but the onion is not yet mature, the plants are sometimes referred to as "summer" onions. 7033: 5176: 4625: 8874: 8498: 8115: 7975: 6987: 6916: 4430:

Eady, Colin C.; Kamoi, Takahiro; Kato, Masahiro; Porter, Noel G.; Davis, Sheree; Shaw, Martin; Kamoi, Akiko; Imai, Shinsuke (1 August 2008).

2244:

can be applied at regular intervals during the growing season, the last application of nitrogen being at least four weeks before harvesting.

5518:

Gripshover, Margaret M.; Bell, Thomas L. (Spring 2012). "Patently Good Ideas: Innovations and Inventions in U.S. Onion Farming, 1883–1939".

4364: 3441: 1133:

of white flowers with parts in sixes. The seeds are glossy black and triangular in cross-section. The average pH of an onion is around 5.5.

741:

This genus also contains several other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion

7166: 4891: 3513: 2508: 1109:

extends for a short way into the soil. As the onion matures, food reserves accumulate in the leaf bases, and the bulb of the onion swells.

7970: 7831: 7226: 7125: 7078: 7008: 3415: 2349:. As the roots rot, the foliage turns yellow and wilts. The bases of the bulbs are attacked and become covered by a fluffy white mass of 948:

is known exclusively from cultivation, but related wild species occur in Central Asia and Iran. The most closely related species include

4015: 3941:"A rapid, highly efficient and economical method of Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transient transformation in living onion epidermis" 3768: 8075: 5285: 2855: 8959: 8606: 2236:

is often present in sufficient quantities, but may be applied before planting because of its low level of availability in cold soils.

1993:) in a 100 g (3.5 oz) amount. Onions contribute savoury flavour to dishes without contributing significant caloric content. 998:

also contains a number of other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion (

8090: 5142: 4109:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 8796: 8371: 7068: 4072: 3666: 3609: 1250:

gastronomy. According to diaries kept by certain first English colonists, the bulb onion was one of the first crops planted by the

4598: 8861: 8809: 8436: 8384: 7307: 7279: 5384: 5375: 5010: 3223: 3086: 3077: 2900: 2891: 8521: 6946: 3182: 4766: 4740: 3939:

Xu, K; Huang, X; Wu, M; Wang, Y; Chang, Y; Liu, K; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhang, F; Yi, L; Li, T; Wang, R; Tan, G; Li, C (2014).

3738: 8464: 7333: 7299: 5508: 5478: 5414: 5316: 5075: 4914: 4330: 4114: 4046: 4009: 3339: 3299: 3262: 3160: 3137: 3000: 8938: 8866: 8585: 3552: 3006: 9096: 8441: 6327: 5236: 5206: 4128: 3216: 2480: 4192:

Olsson, M.E.; Gustavsson, K.E. & Vågen, I.M. (2010). "Quercetin and isorhamnetin in sweet and red cultivars of onion (

9061: 8070: 7186: 6926: 1222: 2137:-propanethial-S-oxide. This gas diffuses through the air and soon reaches the eyes, where it activates sensory neurons. 9081: 8319: 1247: 3643: 9076: 9036: 5548: 4432:"Silencing Onion Lachrymatory Factor Synthase Causes a Significant Change in the Sulfur Secondary Metabolite Profile" 3546: 3409: 2957: 8879: 6265: 5621: 8835: 8503: 8410: 8148: 7461: 5259:"Production of onions and shallots (green) in 2022: Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists" 4953: 8977: 5340: 3576: 8526: 8035: 7456: 7451: 6901: 5571: 8624: 1447:(carrots, parsnips, parsley, celery, celeriac). Onions also contain one of the natural oils sometimes used in 77: 8485: 7436: 7431: 6378: 5380: 3082: 2896: 2686:

The tree onion or Egyptian onion produces bulblets in the umbel instead of flowers, and is now known to be a

2161: 1295:, known for their sharp pungent flavour, are commonly cooked in many cuisines. They are also used raw and in 4976: 1956: 8788: 8725: 8363: 8350: 8144: 7421: 6982: 4266:

Arochena, L.; Gámez, C.; del Pozo, V.; Fernández-Nieto, M. (2012). "Cutaneous allergy at the supermarket".

4068: 3032: 2083:

Freshly cut onions often cause a stinging sensation in the eyes of people nearby, and often uncontrollable

8259: 5582: 4656: 3401:

Onion. In: Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present

8749: 8744: 8632: 8249: 8244: 8221: 3050: 2637: 2060: 1305:

are mild in flavour; they have a golden colour when cooked and a particularly sweet flavour when sautéed.

766: 17: 5362: 3866: 3064: 8972: 8619: 2860: 1947: 8814: 8389: 4783: 2882: 8889: 8513: 8459: 5067: 3366: 3046: 2734:

There are very small genetic differences between 'Pran' and the Croatian clone 'Ljutika', implying a

2590: 1318: 180: 8928: 2783:

look very similar, but may be distinguished by their leaves, which are circular in cross-section in

2102:, which stimulates nerves in the eye. This gas is produced by a chain of reactions which serve as a 1427:, onions can show an additional colour – pink-red – after cutting, an effect caused by reactions of 849:), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is the most widely cultivated species of the genus 9086: 9066: 9056: 9051: 7536: 7446: 7441: 7426: 7243: 6743: 6373: 6368: 6248: 5164: 2302: 2194: 2103: 2092: 8477: 2152:

The amount of sulfenic acids and lacrimal factor released and the irritation effect differs among

1171:

Asia, so the geographic origin of the onion is uncertain. Yet, domestication likely took place in

1163:

The history of ancestral onion species is not well documented. Ancient records of onion use spans

9071: 8964: 8358: 7727: 7509: 5676: 4356: 2821: 2017:

content, an amount 11 times higher than in white onions. Red onions have considerable content of

8670: 8611: 8285: 4883: 4297: 3509: 3186: 2279:

storing bulbs may not have such good storage characteristics as those grown directly from seed.

2129:. A specific sulfenic acid, 1-propenesulfenic acid, is rapidly acted on by a second enzyme, the 1847: 722:

of the onion which was classified as a separate species until 2011. Its close relatives include

8853: 8783: 8428: 8345: 8164: 8030: 7877: 7594: 7466: 7372: 6738: 6383: 6125: 5918: 5643: 4157:

Slimestad, R; Fossen, T; Vågen, I. M. (2007). "Onions: A source of unique dietary flavonoids".

2812: 2253: 2088: 2024:, with at least 25 different compounds identified representing 10% of total flavonoid content. 1468: 1100:

The onion has been grown and selectively bred in cultivation for at least 7,000 years. It is a

31: 3399: 1808: 8915: 8660: 8202: 7705: 6162: 5694: 3999: 3760: 1821: 207: 8552: 5281: 4729: 1149: 8770: 8293: 8085: 7906: 7848: 7777: 7685: 7638: 7073: 6936: 6874: 6854: 6728: 6416: 6063: 5995: 5938: 5684: 5614: 3952: 3900:"Onion epidermis as a new model to study the control of growth anisotropy in higher plants" 2602: 2345: 1873: 1834: 1405: 1361: 5130: 2168:

A method for efficiently differentiating LFS− and LFS+ onions has been developed based on

8: 9101: 8923: 8575: 8570: 7990: 7910: 7852: 7810: 7752: 7520: 6699: 6110: 5913: 5843: 5803: 5037: 3279: 2320: 1959:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

1106: 1057: 857: 799: 3956: 3594: 1459: 8998: 8951: 8678: 8598: 8337: 7871: 7737: 7532: 7478: 7043: 6717: 6609: 6395: 6342: 6238: 5973: 5968: 5953: 5858: 5798: 5527: 5451: 5261:. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2024 5112: 5006: 4712: 4464: 4431: 3975: 3940: 3803: 2971: 2870: 2846: 2606: 2173: 1986: 1860: 1788: 1611: 1464: 1393: 1285:

are sweet, with many cultivars bred specifically to accentuate this sweetness, such as

1033: 231: 72: 6078: 4244: 3045:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, 1126: 8910: 8757: 8547: 8267: 8065: 7588: 7176: 7099: 7090: 6921: 6690: 6645: 6635: 6580: 6533: 6333: 6233: 6130: 6100: 5948: 5928: 5888: 5873: 5868: 5823: 5818: 5808: 5793: 5544: 5504: 5474: 5410: 5312: 5071: 4864: 4802: 4704: 4576: 4540: 4505: 4469: 4451: 4412: 4404: 4275: 4248: 4213: 4174: 4120: 4110: 4005: 3980: 3921: 3847: 3807: 3542: 3456: 3405: 3335: 3295: 3258: 3133: 2996: 2975: 2963: 2953: 2729:

The triploid onion is a hybrid species with three sets of chromosomes, two sets from

2169: 1699: 1488: 1439:

Onion oil is authorised for use in the European Union for use as a pesticide against

1367: 1073: 1025: 866: 743: 5455: 5116: 4849: 4828: 4716: 4265: 3040: 2515:

In 2022, world production of onions and shallots (as green produce) was 5.0 million

9003: 8683: 8272: 8000: 7766: 7604: 7013: 6674: 6358: 6095: 6058: 5958: 5943: 5923: 5908: 5903: 5883: 5838: 5828: 5443: 5104: 5032: 4854: 4844: 4756: 4730: 4696: 4568: 4532: 4497: 4459: 4443: 4396: 4240: 4205: 4166: 3970: 3960: 3911: 3843: 3839: 3799: 3730: 3287: 2945: 2687: 2672: 2549: 1716: 1401: 1242: 1233: 1155: 1049: 1041: 983:) and are usually referred to simply as onions. The Aggregatum Group of cultivars ( 950: 829:

when chopped and contain certain chemical substances which may irritate the eyes.

760: 719: 38: 8762: 8637: 4334: 4038: 3790:

Lukes, T. M. (1 November 1986). "Factors Governing the Greening of Garlic Puree".

3595:"A review on the materials used during the mummification process in ancient Egypt" 3154: 2059:. Allergic reactions may not occur when eating cooked onions, possibly due to the 9031: 9026: 8897: 8736: 8534: 8226: 8213: 8120: 8040: 7843: 7836: 7238: 7231: 7171: 7083: 6951: 6906: 6453: 6363: 6285: 6243: 6053: 5878: 5853: 5833: 5788: 5607: 4770: 4744: 3965: 3580: 3536: 3291: 2990: 2657: 1978: 1251: 1206: 956: 783: 115: 8490: 5228: 5198: 4755: 4298:"What is the chemical process that causes my eyes to tear when I peel an onion!" 2252:

3 to 9. Hot temperatures or other stressful conditions cause them to "

9091: 9046: 8946: 8593: 8451: 7867: 7782: 7552: 7474: 7181: 6713: 6620: 6590: 6483: 6391: 6197: 6140: 6135: 6000: 5963: 5933: 5898: 5893: 5863: 5848: 5726: 5699: 5059: 4104: 2949: 2864: 2826: 2726:. It has been grown for centuries in Japan and China for use as a salad onion. 2362: 2249: 2187: 2138: 2130: 2107: 2076: 2028: 1484: 1480: 1397: 1341: 1240:

by the first European settlers, who found close relatives of the plant such as

1101: 779: 148: 102: 5447: 4700: 9020: 8710: 8324: 8100: 8080: 7675: 7390: 7221: 7201: 6931: 6819: 6630: 6503: 6420: 6202: 6154: 6120: 6115: 6032: 6020: 5813: 5761: 5578: 5139:

Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries

4890:. University of Georgia: College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 4868: 4806: 4580: 4544: 4455: 4408: 3997: 3851: 3811: 3460: 3404:. ABC-CLIO LLC (American Bibliographic Center, CLIO Press). pp. 248–50. 2967: 2598: 2557: 2311: 2126: 2010: 2002: 1974: 1567: 1472: 1385: 1371: 1237: 1196: 1017: 861: 818: 795: 223: 128: 4400: 1309: 8990: 8650: 8187: 7980: 7796: 7756: 7689: 7679: 7670: 7665: 7608: 7566: 7156: 6941: 6850: 6763: 6575: 6570: 6473: 6192: 6187: 6167: 5736: 5709: 5430:

Friesen, N. & M. Klaas (1998). "Origin of some vegetatively propagated

4708: 4509: 4473: 4416: 4279: 4252: 4217: 4178: 4124: 3984: 3925: 3592: 2760: 2735: 2272: 1970: 1886: 1543: 1282: 1188: 1176: 1168: 1164: 811: 787: 8902: 4447: 4067: 3635: 2360:

Neck rot is a fungal disease affecting onions in storage. It is caused by

2343:

White rot of onions, leeks, and garlic is caused by the soil-borne fungus

1112: 826: 8822: 8719: 8562: 8472: 8397: 8236: 8196: 8020: 7948: 7932: 7800: 7772: 7655: 7599: 7542: 7528: 7216: 7211: 7151: 6880: 6865: 6860: 6814: 6753: 6680: 6660: 6639: 6600: 6463: 6428: 6296: 6210: 6105: 6068: 6037: 6015: 6005: 5751: 5731: 5719: 5258: 3916: 3899: 3713: 3115:: The Lore and the Science" (Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010) 2804: 2764: 2594: 2056: 2018: 1990: 1527: 1379: 1330: 1302: 1286: 1200: 708:, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus 138: 8539: 5531: 4536: 2009:, with shallots having the highest level, six times the amount found in 1271: 8801: 8376: 8010: 7901: 7816: 7806: 7762: 7746: 7742: 7633: 7499: 7367: 7350: 7248: 7094: 7022: 7018: 6965: 6911: 6870: 6695: 6685: 6670: 6538: 6448: 6182: 6172: 6027: 6010: 5756: 5091:

Landry, Jean-François (2007). "Taxonomic review of the leek moth genus

4859: 4191: 2660: 2354: 2233: 2208: 2119: 2044: 2006: 1733: 1682: 1492: 1440: 1428: 1153:

Medieval woodcut print depicting an onion, from the Latin encyclopedia

748: 158: 8827: 7404: 7262: 6833: 4945: 4572: 4501: 4209: 4170: 2176:

is also used to measure lachrymatory factor in onions. In early 2018,

1130: 8402: 8332: 8306: 8125: 8110: 8105: 8055: 8050: 7695: 7614: 7572: 7562: 6799: 6664: 5714: 3573: 3480:

Onion originated in Iran and its neighboring countries (Hanelt 1990).

3449:

Middle Eastern and Russian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology

2553: 2229: 2183: 2122: 2115: 2014: 1766: 1344:, pickled, and chopped forms. The dehydrated product is available as 1292: 1218: 1209:

of the first century AD wrote about the use of onions and cabbage in

1172: 8158: 6341: 5689: 5108: 2219: 8985: 8704: 8645: 8181: 8060: 8045: 8014: 8004: 7994: 7984: 7965: 7953: 7922: 7917: 7881: 7792: 7645: 7584: 7556: 7546: 7524: 7206: 7191: 7115: 7053: 7038: 6998: 6804: 6779: 6732: 6723: 6650: 6616: 6560: 6555: 6517: 6513: 6487: 6477: 6467: 6457: 6443: 6401: 5741: 3159:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 262. 2564:

stored away from other produce, and used within two to three days.

2350: 2325: 2237: 2071: 2048: 1931: 1665: 1448: 1444: 1375: 1322: 1296: 1184: 1016:

is commonly accepted as Latin for "onion" and has an affinity with

968: 727: 8840: 8415: 8311: 4837:

Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases

4196:

L.) at harvest, after field curing, heat treatment, and storage".

2306:) sometimes attack the foliage and may burrow down into the bulb. 2291: 8280: 8095: 7960: 7926: 7895: 7859: 7717: 7699: 7619: 7576: 7516: 7484: 7294: 7195: 7146: 7119: 7111: 7058: 6992: 6808: 6784: 6705: 6654: 6543: 6406: 6228: 5746: 2333: 2111: 2099: 2040: 2021: 1645: 1345: 1334: 1226: 1214: 1210: 822: 807: 715: 8775: 8298: 5409:(1st ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 15. 4230: 3257:(Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 198. 3132:(1st ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 16. 2612: 1278:

Common onions are normally available in three colour varieties:

837: 7887: 7863: 7821: 7721: 7649: 7488: 7470: 7328: 7289: 7284: 7062: 7048: 6793: 6709: 6604: 6595: 6585: 6564: 6527: 6498: 6493: 6432: 6424: 6410: 6387: 6177: 5656: 5651: 5631: 5566: 5473:(1st ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 3. 5311:(1st ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 5. 2528: 2438: 2353:, which later produces small, globular black structures called 2329: 2241: 2052: 1749: 1424: 1413: 1348:, sliced, ring, minced, chopped, granulated, and powder forms. 1267: 1179:. Onions have been variously described as having originated in 1136: 870:. A number of synonyms have appeared in its taxonomic history: 851: 802:, and various fungi which can cause rotting. Some varieties of 723: 710: 168: 55: 4268:

Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology

3998:

Anne McCabe; Mick O'Donnell; Rachel Whittaker (19 July 2007).

2636:

I'itoi onion is a prolific multiplier onion cultivated in the

7891: 7627: 7623: 7580: 7494: 7263: 7130: 7107: 6624: 6507: 6438: 4977:"What is Onion Bolting and how to Keep an Onion from Bolting" 3286:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 465–469, 2532: 2520: 2516: 2456: 2402: 2386: 2367: 2177: 2142: 2084: 2031:

to determine their possible biological properties in humans.

1557: 1409: 1389: 1122: 1081: 735: 694: 89: 2798: 7826: 7660: 7405: 7351: 7312: 7003: 6966: 6834: 5661: 4685: 4557: 4233:

Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery

2524: 2420: 2337: 2268: 1180: 961: 731: 64: 4826: 4095: 4073:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 2585:

occurs within this group, the most economically important

2001:

Considerable differences exist between onion varieties in

5599: 5009:. USDA: Agricultural Research Service. 23 February 2011. 4915:"Onion bulb formation is strongly linked with day length" 3332:

The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening

1982: 1587: 1417: 3897: 3057: 2172:, with potential application in high-volume production; 7711: 4946:"Onions: Planting, Growing and Harvesting Onion Plants" 4385: 3991: 3356:"Approximate pH Values of Common Foods and Ingredients" 3039:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). 2267:

Onions may be grown from seeds or from partially grown

1503:

Onion skins can be boiled to make an orange-brown dye.

3824: 3667:"The Difference between Yellow, White, and Red Onions" 3593:

Abdel-Maksouda, Gomaa; El-Aminb, Abdel-Rahman (2011).

3197:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team 5090: 4486: 2623: 2548:

Cooking onions and sweet onions are better stored at

30:

This article is about the plant. For other uses, see

6328: 4357:"Tearless Onion Created in Lab Using Gene Silencing" 4156: 3714:

Ministry of Agriculture; Fisheries and Food (1968).

3694: 3692: 3512:. US National Onion Association, Greeley, CO. 2011. 2794: 2043:

after handling onions. Symptoms can include contact

1392:

around the world, and as a side serving in pubs and

5429: 4827:Salgado, B.S.; Monteiro, L.N.; Rocha, N.S. (2011). 4522: 4429: 3864: 2556:with which they are stored which may cause them to 5501:Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science 4882:Boyhan, George E.; Kelley, W. Terry, eds. (2007). 4106:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 3898:Suslov, D; Verbelen, J. P.; Vissenberg, K (2009). 3830:L.) using HPLC–DAD and tandem mass spectrometry". 3538:Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science 2992:Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science 2377:Production of onions and shallots (green) in 2022 2075:Cut onions emit certain compounds which cause the 4626:"Onions that don't make you cry are finally here" 3689: 3152: 3107: 3105: 3103: 2698:. It has previously been treated as a variety of 2643: 2572: 2079:in the eyes to become irritated, releasing tears. 1798: 1655: 9018: 2609:that can be sliced and eaten raw on a sandwich. 2263:1905 cartoon about high market prices for onions 2158:New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research 1487:purposes. Onions are therefore commonly used in 5538: 5279: 5095:(Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) in North America". 4974: 1404:. They are part of a traditional British pub's 1340:Onions are available in fresh, frozen, canned, 1221:. Archaeologists unearthing Pompeii long after 5517: 4912: 4061: 3100: 3030: 2939: 2875: 2869:Note that this website has been superseded by 2256:", meaning that a flower stem begins to grow. 1522:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 37:"Onions" redirects here. For the surname, see 6312: 5615: 4917:. Oregon State University Extension Service. 3938: 3031:McNeal, Dale W. Jr.; Jacobsen, T. D. (2002). 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2652:A number of hybrids are cultivated that have 2340:, which are also susceptible to the eelworm. 1969:Most onion cultivars are about 89% water, 9% 4881: 4333:. National Onion Association. Archived from 3728: 3664: 3541:. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 5–6. 3277: 3042:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA) 2509:Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience 991:) includes both shallots and potato onions. 4820: 2511:, England, using a manually-operated sorter 1262: 1229:), onions were used in many Roman recipes. 1125:protecting a developing inflorescence. The 790:and harvested in its first growing season. 6326: 6319: 6305: 5622: 5608: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4781: 4561:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 4525:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 4490:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 4198:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 4159:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 4069:United States Food and Drug Administration 3602:Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 3442:"Onion Cultivation and Production in Iran" 3252: 3181: 2914: 2856:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 54: 4858: 4848: 4463: 3974: 3964: 3915: 3716:Home Preservation of Fruit and Vegetables 3435: 3433: 2988: 832: 5468: 5404: 5306: 5058: 5052: 4775: 4623: 4599:"Stop Crying! Tear-Free Onions Are Here" 4596: 4291: 4289: 3698: 3329: 3255:Domestication of plants in the Old World 3124: 2982: 2611: 2493: 2290: 2258: 2218: 2193: 2070: 1458: 1308: 1266: 1148: 1135: 1111: 836: 5385:United States Department of Agriculture 5376:Germplasm Resources Information Network 5251: 4933: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3224:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 3087:United States Department of Agriculture 3078:Germplasm Resources Information Network 2901:United States Department of Agriculture 2892:Germplasm Resources Information Network 2198:Onion bulbs used for planting and seeds 2013:. Yellow onions have the highest total 1989:and have an energy value of 166 kJ (40 1985:(table). Onions contain low amounts of 14: 9042:Plants used in Native American cuisine 9019: 6086: 5779: 5273: 4325: 4323: 4018:from the original on 26 September 2015 3633: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3439: 3430: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 2763:or salad onions may be grown from the 2202: 2145:to dilute and flush out the irritant. 1467:cells are well known to be visible in 1084:" is also derived from the Old French 67:, including red and yellow cultivars. 8163: 8162: 6499:CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile) 6300: 5603: 5498: 5339:. Slow Food USA. 2010. Archived from 4654: 4592: 4590: 4367:from the original on 24 November 2016 4286: 4004:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35. 3879:from the original on 23 November 2021 3789: 3646:from the original on 11 February 2021 3534: 3237: 3195:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov) 3026: 3024: 2286: 2133:factor synthase (LFS), producing the 2106:: chopping an onion causes damage to 2087:. This is caused by the release of a 2034: 1246:readily available and widely used in 8890:fc87e28f-f887-4651-b9a8-c850cff854a4 8514:f82aaf80-f01e-478e-a663-830a981de942 5585:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject 5436:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 5179:from the original on 3 February 2013 5025: 4956:from the original on 5 November 2012 4921:from the original on 9 November 2013 4894:from the original on 11 October 2013 4624:Van Hare, Holly (19 December 2017). 4143: 4039:"Onion Skin Dye (Yellow and Purple)" 3865:European Commission (20 July 2018). 3418:from the original on 4 February 2021 3397: 3384: 3253:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2000). 2944:. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. 2942:Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances 2481:UN Food and Agriculture Organization 700:meaning "onion"), also known as the 8071:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid 7187:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid 6927:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid 5503:. Royal Society of Chemistry (UK). 5434:crops studied with RAPD and GISH". 5284:. Iowa State University Extension. 4833:species poisoning in dogs and cats" 4788:species poisoning in dogs and cats" 4320: 3753: 3634:Oulton, Randal (9 September 2005). 3485: 3470:from the original on 28 August 2021 3334:. Dorling Kindersley. p. 345. 3330:Brickell, Christopher, ed. (1992). 3314: 3278:Anastassakis, Konstantinos (2022), 2787:rather than flattened on one side. 24: 8978:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30185627-2 5491: 5471:Onions and other vegetable alliums 5407:Onions and other vegetable Alliums 5309:Onions and other vegetable Alliums 5239:from the original on 4 August 2018 5209:from the original on 4 August 2018 5013:from the original on 11 April 2014 4975:Rhoades, Jackie (17 August 2010). 4667:from the original on 17 April 2018 4655:Klein, Joanna (5 September 2017). 4636:from the original on 13 April 2018 4605:from the original on 17 April 2018 4597:Danovich, Tove (8 February 2018). 4587: 4308:from the original on 22 April 2022 4083:from the original on 27 March 2024 4049:from the original on 6 August 2020 4001:Advances in Language and Education 3804:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1986.tb13869.x 3555:from the original on 1 August 2020 3478:– via Global Science Books. 3021: 3009:from the original on 1 August 2020 975:belong to the common onion group ( 25: 9113: 5559: 4689:Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 4295: 4245:10.2174/1872213X08666141107170159 3741:from the original on 8 March 2013 3615:from the original on 8 March 2014 3516:from the original on 24 June 2017 3284:Androgenetic Alopecia From A to Z 3163:from the original on 16 June 2018 2066: 1996: 841:Roots, leaves and developing bulb 8625:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:527795-1 6281: 6280: 6266:Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers 5577: 5565: 5288:from the original on 18 May 2013 5280:Jauron, Richard (27 July 2009). 5145:from the original on 14 May 2013 3771:from the original on 30 May 2013 3440:Ansari, Naser Alemzadeh (2007). 3363:Wisconsin Food Safety and Health 2797: 2741:Some authors have used the name 2535:as secondary producers (table). 2449: 2431: 2413: 2395: 2324:), a tiny parasitic soil-living 2207:Onions are toxic to dogs, cats, 76: 63:A display of commercially-grown 27:Bulbous vegetable grown for food 5462: 5423: 5398: 5355: 5325: 5300: 5282:"Harvesting and storing onions" 5235:. Royal Horticultural Society. 5221: 5205:. Royal Horticultural Society. 5191: 5157: 5123: 5084: 4999: 4987:from the original on 1 May 2013 4968: 4913:Savonen, Carol (13 July 2006). 4906: 4875: 4850:10.1590/S1678-91992011000100002 4749: 4723: 4679: 4648: 4617: 4551: 4516: 4480: 4423: 4379: 4349: 4259: 4224: 4185: 4131:from the original on 9 May 2024 4036: 4030: 3932: 3891: 3858: 3818: 3783: 3722: 3707: 3677:from the original on 1 May 2013 3658: 3627: 3586: 3567: 3528: 3348: 3271: 3246: 3209: 3175: 1479:Onions have particularly large 786:, but is usually treated as an 5771: 3904:Journal of Experimental Botany 3844:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.059 3665:Mower, Chris (30 March 2009). 3146: 3118: 3111:Eric Block, "Garlic and Other 2995:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2839: 2543: 2214: 2063:of the proteins from cooking. 1506: 1495:for observing cell structure. 1475:, such as this red onion skin. 1116:Inflorescence with flower buds 1095: 13: 1: 8145:Receptor/signaling modulators 6494:CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO) 5381:Agricultural Research Service 4884:"2007 Onion Production Guide" 3083:Agricultural Research Service 2897:Agricultural Research Service 2832: 2581:Most of the diversity within 2489: 2223:Large-scale onion cultivation 2160:created "no tears" onions by 1408:, usually served with crusty 5064:Be your own Vegetable Doctor 3966:10.1371/journal.pone.0083556 3703:. Bantam Books. p. 143. 3292:10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54 2567: 2051:, blurred vision, bronchial 2027:Onion polyphenols are under 1955:Percentages estimated using 1511: 1454: 1129:takes the form of a rounded 7: 9097:Crops originating from Asia 7773:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 6681:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 6551:Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid 6379:15-Deoxy-Δ-prostaglandin J2 5469:Brewster, James L. (1994). 5405:Brewster, James L. (1994). 5307:Brewster, James L. (1994). 3189:Allium cepa 3127:Onions and other vegetable 3125:Brewster, James L. (1994). 3051:Harvard University Herbaria 2790: 2638:Baboquivari Peak Wilderness 2523:with 17% of the total, and 1973:(including 4% sugar and 2% 1948:Link to USDA Database entry 1355: 10: 9118: 9062:Flora of the United States 5629: 4782:Cope, R.B. (August 2005). 4302:Ask the Experts: Chemistry 3737:. Conjecture Corporation. 3153:Linnaeus, Carolus (1753). 2950:10.1079/9780851995106.0005 2861:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2538: 2211:, and many other animals. 2005:content, particularly for 1532:166 kJ (40 kcal) 1359: 1337:as a long-lasting relish. 1144: 814:, produce multiple bulbs. 770:is applied to a number of 36: 29: 9082:Flora of Southern America 8694: 8171: 8138: 7941: 7414: 7403: 7383: 7360: 7349: 7321: 7272: 7261: 7139: 6975: 6964: 6889: 6843: 6832: 6772: 6351: 6340: 6276: 6257: 6219: 6204:Beurre à la bourguignonne 6153: 6077: 6046: 5987: 5986: 5770: 5675: 5639: 5097:The Canadian Entomologist 5068:Pan Britannica Industries 4701:10.1007/s10384-009-0786-0 4657:"Why Onions Make You Cry" 3699:Thompson, Sylvia (1995). 3280:"Allium Cepa (Red Onion)" 3047:Missouri Botanical Garden 2738:origin for this species. 2573:Common onion group (var. 2477: 2376: 1954: 1944: 1940: 1930: 1922: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1885: 1872: 1859: 1846: 1833: 1820: 1807: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1765: 1748: 1732: 1715: 1698: 1681: 1664: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1624: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1556: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1521: 1386:Onions pickled in vinegar 1223:its 79 AD volcanic burial 237: 230: 213: 206: 73:Scientific classification 71: 62: 53: 48: 9077:Flora of Central America 9037:Plants described in 1753 6758:Umbellularia californica 6249:syn-Propanethial-S-oxide 5543:. Greenwood Publishing. 5539:Sen, Colleen T. (2004). 4950:The Old Farmer's Almanac 2619:onions for sale in Italy 2303:Acrolepiopsis assectella 2039:Some people suffer from 1263:Onion types and products 856:It was first officially 7728:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine 7510:Andrographis paniculata 5594:(archived 1 March 2014) 5448:10.1023/A:1008647700251 4769:13 January 2020 at the 4757:US patent 9890561B2 4731:US patent 9482496B1 4401:10.1111/1750-3841.13915 4389:Journal of Food Science 4304:. Scientific American. 3792:Journal of Food Science 2822:List of onion cultivars 2656:parentage, such as the 2624:Aggregatum group (var. 2295:Larvae of the onion fly 1957:US recommendations 1434: 1431:with sulfur compounds. 1257: 1236:, onions were taken to 758:, and the Canada onion 8929:Allium cepa aggregatum 8149:Ion channel modulators 7878:Tetrahydrocannabivarin 7373:Tripterygium wilfordii 6739:Tetrahydrocannabiorcol 5705:Common / Bulb 3731:"What is onion powder" 3049:, St. Louis, MO & 2620: 2605:, or Walla Walla from 2512: 2296: 2264: 2224: 2199: 2156:species. In 2008, the 2080: 1961:the National Academies 1498: 1491:to teach the use of a 1476: 1370:, creamed onions, and 1314: 1283:Yellow or brown onions 1275: 1160: 1141: 1117: 954:from Turkmenistan and 842: 833:Taxonomy and etymology 32:Onion (disambiguation) 7706:Lysophosphatidic acid 6163:List of garlic dishes 5695:Cipolla di Giarratana 5541:Food culture in India 4743:18 March 2021 at the 4448:10.1104/pp.108.123273 3729:Smith, S. E. (2013). 2615: 2507:Onion grading at the 2506: 2294: 2262: 2222: 2197: 2096:-propanethial-S-oxide 2074: 1630:Vitamins and minerals 1462: 1313:Jar of pickled onions 1312: 1270: 1152: 1139: 1115: 1088:, which derived from 1006:), and Canada onion ( 1004:A. × proliferum 967:The vast majority of 840: 8086:Pregnenolone sulfate 7907:Euphorbia resinifera 7849:Euphorbia resinifera 7778:Phenylacetylrinvanil 7738:N-Oleoylethanolamide 7686:Homodihydrocapsaicin 7074:Pregnenolone sulfate 6937:Pregnenolone sulfate 6744:Thiopropanal S-oxide 6729:Tetrahydrocannabinol 6417:Allyl isothiocyanate 5996:List of onion dishes 5685:Bangalore rose onion 5574:at Wikimedia Commons 5135:(Meigen): Onion Fly" 3718:. HMSO. p. 107. 3535:Block, Eric (2010). 2346:Sclerotium cepivorum 2162:genetic modification 1378:them, as in Turkish 1362:List of onion dishes 1293:Red or purple onions 1080:. The English word " 1032:and is ancestral to 7991:Cannabigerolic acid 7753:Nordihydrocapsaicin 7714:(acidic conditions) 5167:Ditylenchus dipsaci 5038:Plants for a Future 4795:Veterinary Medicine 4537:10.1021/jf60200a044 4363:. 5 February 2008. 3957:2014PLoSO...983556X 3579:1 June 2017 at the 3510:"History of onions" 3372:on 24 December 2012 2771:), as well as from 2663:or Egyptian onion ( 2321:Ditylenchus dipsaci 2318:The onion eelworm ( 2269:bulbs called "sets" 2203:Toxicity to animals 2118:. These break down 2049:rhinoconjunctivitis 2047:, intense itching, 1987:essential nutrients 1717:Pantothenic acid (B 1518: 1445:umbelliferous crops 1394:fish and chip shops 1002:), Egyptian onion ( 614:Ascalonicum sativum 569:Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. 8726:Allium ascalonicum 8696:Allium ascalonicum 7954:Vernonia tweediana 7533:African blue basil 7505:Bisandrographolide 7091:Steviol glycosides 7044:Hydroxycitronellal 6790:Dehydroligustilide 6610:Angelica acutiloba 6524:Dehydroligustilide 6269:(1980 documentary) 6239:Diallyl trisulfide 5499:Block, E. (2010). 5070:. pp. 22–23. 5007:"Onion production" 4981:Gardening Know How 4661:The New York Times 4043:All Natural Dyeing 3917:10.1093/jxb/erp251 3701:The Kitchen Garden 2989:Block, E. (2010). 2871:World Flora Online 2775:. Young plants of 2621: 2513: 2297: 2287:Pests and diseases 2265: 2225: 2200: 2174:gas chromatography 2081: 2041:allergic reactions 2035:Allergic reactions 1912:Other constituents 1516: 1477: 1471:with only minimal 1315: 1276: 1161: 1142: 1118: 1000:A. fistulosum 843: 598:Allium pauciflorum 309:Allium ascalonicum 297:Allium ascalonicum 285:Allium ascalonicum 273:Allium ascalonicum 265:Allium ascalonicum 9014: 9013: 8911:Open Tree of Life 8548:Open Tree of Life 8165:Taxon identifiers 8156: 8155: 8134: 8133: 8066:Meclofenamic acid 7872:melegueta peppers 7743:Nonivamide (PAVA) 7479:melegueta peppers 7399: 7398: 7345: 7344: 7257: 7256: 7177:Meclofenamic acid 7100:Stevia rebaudiana 6960: 6959: 6922:Meclofenamic acid 6828: 6827: 6718:melegueta peppers 6691:Phenacyl chloride 6646:N-Methylmaleimide 6636:Methyl salicylate 6581:Hydrogen peroxide 6534:Diallyl disulfide 6396:melegueta peppers 6294: 6293: 6234:Diallyl disulfide 6149: 6148: 5982: 5981: 5570:Media related to 5510:978-0-85404-190-9 5480:978-0-85198-753-8 5416:978-0-85198-753-8 5343:on 23 August 2013 5318:978-0-85198-753-8 5199:"Onion white rot" 5077:978-0-903505-08-6 4888:Production Guides 4630:Los Angeles Times 4573:10.1021/jf950686s 4502:10.1021/jf304444s 4395:(10): 2396–2402. 4210:10.1021/jf9027014 4171:10.1021/jf0712503 4116:978-0-309-48834-1 4011:978-1-4411-0458-8 3398:Cumo, CE (2015). 3341:978-0-86318-979-1 3301:978-3-031-08056-2 3264:978-0-19-850357-6 3156:Species Plantarum 3139:978-0-85198-753-8 3002:978-0-85404-190-9 2504: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2389: 2170:mass spectrometry 2104:defence mechanism 1981:, and negligible 1967: 1966: 1902: 1901: 1489:science education 1406:ploughman's lunch 1368:French onion soup 1197:Ancient Egyptians 1008:A. canadense 867:Species Plantarum 864:in his 1753 work 845:The onion plant ( 744:Allium fistulosum 720:botanical variety 681: 680: 674: 666: 658: 650: 642: 634: 626: 618: 610: 602: 594: 590:Allium nigritanum 586: 578: 574:Allium esculentum 570: 562: 554: 546: 534: 522: 509: 497: 485: 473: 461: 449: 437: 425: 413: 401: 389: 377: 365: 353: 341: 329: 317: 305: 293: 281: 269: 261: 253: 243: 16:(Redirected from 9109: 9007: 9006: 8994: 8993: 8981: 8980: 8968: 8967: 8955: 8954: 8942: 8941: 8932: 8931: 8919: 8918: 8906: 8905: 8893: 8892: 8883: 8882: 8870: 8869: 8857: 8856: 8844: 8843: 8831: 8830: 8818: 8817: 8805: 8804: 8792: 8791: 8779: 8778: 8766: 8765: 8753: 8752: 8740: 8739: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8687: 8686: 8674: 8673: 8664: 8663: 8654: 8653: 8641: 8640: 8628: 8627: 8615: 8614: 8602: 8601: 8589: 8588: 8579: 8578: 8566: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8543: 8542: 8530: 8529: 8517: 8516: 8507: 8506: 8494: 8493: 8491:NBNSYS0000002249 8481: 8480: 8468: 8467: 8455: 8454: 8445: 8444: 8432: 8431: 8419: 8418: 8406: 8405: 8393: 8392: 8380: 8379: 8367: 8366: 8354: 8353: 8341: 8340: 8328: 8327: 8315: 8314: 8302: 8301: 8289: 8288: 8276: 8275: 8263: 8262: 8253: 8252: 8240: 8239: 8230: 8229: 8217: 8216: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8160: 8159: 8001:Cannabigerovarin 7733:N-Oleoyldopamine 7639:Euodia ruticarpa 7605:Dihydrocapsaicin 7412: 7411: 7408: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7014:Cooling Agent 10 6973: 6972: 6969: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6359:4-Hydroxynonenal 6349: 6348: 6345: 6330: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6298: 6297: 6284: 6283: 6220:Garlic and onion 6126:…sphaerocephalon 6084: 6083: 6047:Garlic cultivars 5919:…sphaerocephalon 5777: 5776: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5581: 5569: 5554: 5535: 5520:Material Culture 5514: 5485: 5484: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5229:"Onion neck rot" 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5165:"Onion Eelworm ( 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4942: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4852: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4792: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4594: 4585: 4584: 4567:(9): 2690–2693. 4555: 4549: 4548: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4496:(7): 1449–1456. 4484: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4442:(4): 2096–2106. 4436:Plant Physiology 4427: 4421: 4420: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4337:on 18 March 2011 4327: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4204:(4): 2323–2330. 4189: 4183: 4182: 4165:(25): 10067–80. 4154: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3978: 3968: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3919: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3878: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3671:The Cooking Dish 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636:"Bermuda Onions" 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3506: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3469: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3395: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3371: 3365:. Archived from 3360: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3327: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3053:, Cambridge, MA. 3028: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2937: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2879: 2873: 2868: 2843: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2550:room temperature 2505: 2478: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2385: 2374: 2373: 2055:, sweating, and 1802: 1753: 1737: 1720: 1703: 1686: 1669: 1659: 1626: 1625: 1519: 1515: 1402:the Commonwealth 1243:Allium tricoccum 1234:Age of Discovery 1156:Hortus Sanitatis 987: var. 979: var. 921:– (Moench) Regel 761:Allium canadense 672: 664: 656: 648: 640: 632: 624: 616: 608: 601:Willd. ex Ledeb. 600: 592: 584: 576: 568: 560: 552: 544: 532: 520: 507: 495: 483: 471: 459: 447: 435: 423: 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 351: 339: 327: 315: 304:Voss ex J.Becker 303: 291: 279: 267: 259: 251: 249:Allium angolense 242:Species synonymy 241: 219: 185: 81: 80: 58: 46: 45: 39:Onions (surname) 21: 9117: 9116: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9087:Flora of Europe 9067:Flora of Mexico 9057:Root vegetables 9052:Leaf vegetables 9017: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9002: 8997: 8989: 8984: 8976: 8971: 8963: 8958: 8950: 8945: 8937: 8935: 8927: 8922: 8914: 8909: 8901: 8898:Observation.org 8896: 8888: 8886: 8878: 8873: 8865: 8860: 8852: 8847: 8839: 8834: 8826: 8821: 8813: 8808: 8800: 8795: 8787: 8782: 8774: 8769: 8761: 8756: 8748: 8743: 8735: 8733: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8690: 8682: 8677: 8669: 8667: 8659: 8657: 8649: 8644: 8636: 8631: 8623: 8618: 8610: 8605: 8597: 8592: 8584: 8582: 8574: 8569: 8561: 8559: 8551: 8546: 8538: 8535:Observation.org 8533: 8525: 8520: 8512: 8510: 8502: 8497: 8489: 8484: 8476: 8471: 8463: 8458: 8450: 8449:MichiganFlora: 8448: 8440: 8435: 8427: 8422: 8414: 8409: 8401: 8396: 8388: 8383: 8375: 8370: 8362: 8357: 8349: 8344: 8336: 8331: 8323: 8318: 8310: 8305: 8297: 8292: 8284: 8279: 8271: 8266: 8258: 8256: 8248: 8243: 8235: 8233: 8225: 8220: 8212: 8210: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8167: 8157: 8152: 8130: 8121:Tolfenamic acid 8041:Flufenamic acid 7937: 7844:Resiniferatoxin 7837:Ruta graveolens 7600:Diacyl glycerol 7395: 7379: 7341: 7337: 7317: 7303: 7253: 7239:Tolfenamic acid 7232:Ruta graveolens 7172:Flufenamic acid 7135: 7084:Ruta graveolens 6995:(intracellular) 6956: 6952:Tolfenamic acid 6907:Flufenamic acid 6885: 6861:Diacyl glycerol 6824: 6768: 6454:Cannabichromene 6364:4-Oxo-2-nonenal 6336: 6325: 6295: 6290: 6272: 6253: 6244:Allyl mercaptan 6221: 6215: 6206:(garlic butter) 6145: 6073: 6042: 5978: 5766: 5677:Onion cultivars 5671: 5635: 5628: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5511: 5494: 5492:Further reading 5489: 5488: 5481: 5467: 5463: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5109:10.4039/n06-098 5089: 5085: 5078: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4944: 4943: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4880: 4876: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4790: 4780: 4776: 4771:Wayback Machine 4762: 4754: 4750: 4745:Wayback Machine 4736: 4728: 4724: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4595: 4588: 4556: 4552: 4521: 4517: 4485: 4481: 4428: 4424: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4296:Scott, Thomas. 4294: 4287: 4264: 4260: 4229: 4225: 4190: 4186: 4155: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4012: 3996: 3992: 3937: 3933: 3910:(14): 4175–87. 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3823: 3819: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3727: 3723: 3712: 3708: 3697: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3583:GillsOnions.com 3581:Wayback Machine 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3486: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3444: 3438: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3412: 3396: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3328: 3315: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3029: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2960: 2938: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2803: 2796: 2793: 2650: 2630: 2617:Rossa di Tropea 2579: 2570: 2546: 2541: 2494: 2492: 2450: 2448: 2432: 2430: 2414: 2412: 2396: 2394: 2309:The onion fly ( 2289: 2217: 2205: 2184:Guinea hen weed 2139:Lacrimal glands 2110:which releases 2089:volatile liquid 2077:lacrimal glands 2069: 2037: 1999: 1950: 1945: 1893: 1880: 1867: 1854: 1841: 1828: 1815: 1803: 1773: 1760: 1751: 1743: 1735: 1727: 1718: 1710: 1701: 1693: 1684: 1676: 1667: 1660: 1631: 1620: 1615: 1596: 1591: 1552: 1547: 1517:Raw onion bulbs 1514: 1509: 1501: 1457: 1437: 1396:throughout the 1388:are eaten as a 1364: 1358: 1265: 1260: 1248:Native American 1207:Pliny the Elder 1147: 1098: 941:– (Metz) Mansf. 835: 784:perennial plant 677: 245: 244: 226: 221: 215: 202: 183: 75: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9115: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9072:Flora of China 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9004:wfo-0000755698 8995: 8982: 8969: 8956: 8943: 8933: 8920: 8907: 8894: 8884: 8871: 8858: 8845: 8832: 8819: 8806: 8793: 8780: 8767: 8754: 8741: 8731: 8716: 8700: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8684:wfo-0000755919 8675: 8665: 8655: 8642: 8629: 8616: 8603: 8590: 8580: 8567: 8557: 8544: 8531: 8518: 8508: 8495: 8482: 8469: 8456: 8446: 8433: 8420: 8407: 8394: 8381: 8368: 8355: 8342: 8329: 8316: 8303: 8290: 8277: 8264: 8254: 8241: 8231: 8218: 8208: 8193: 8177: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8154: 8153: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8008: 7998: 7988: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7920: 7915: 7899: 7885: 7875: 7857: 7841: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7811:Dorrigo pepper 7804: 7790: 7783:Phorbol esters 7780: 7775: 7770: 7760: 7750: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7715: 7708: 7703: 7693: 7683: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7643: 7631: 7617: 7612: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7570: 7560: 7553:Cannabidivarin 7550: 7540: 7521:camphor laurel 7514: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7482: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7409: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7364: 7362: 7355: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7276: 7274: 7267: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7189: 7184: 7182:Mefenamic acid 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7104: 7088: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6875:St John's wort 6868: 6863: 6858: 6855:St John's wort 6847: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6802: 6797: 6787: 6782: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6751: 6741: 6736: 6726: 6721: 6703: 6700:Dorrigo pepper 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6668: 6658: 6648: 6643: 6633: 6628: 6621:Sichuan pepper 6614: 6598: 6593: 6591:Isothiocyanate 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6536: 6531: 6521: 6511: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6484:Cinnamaldehyde 6481: 6471: 6461: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6414: 6404: 6399: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6337: 6324: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6200: 6198:Garlic chutney 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6081: 6079:Garlic species 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5939:…tribracteatum 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5727:Figueres onion 5724: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5596: 5595: 5586: 5575: 5561: 5560:External links 5558: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5536: 5515: 5509: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5479: 5461: 5442:(6): 511–523. 5422: 5415: 5397: 5354: 5333:"I'Itoi Onion" 5324: 5317: 5299: 5272: 5250: 5220: 5190: 5156: 5122: 5103:(3): 319–353. 5083: 5076: 5060:Hessayon, D.G. 5051: 5024: 4998: 4967: 4932: 4905: 4874: 4819: 4801:(8): 562–566. 4774: 4748: 4722: 4695:(3): 215–220. 4678: 4647: 4616: 4586: 4550: 4531:(4): 645–647. 4515: 4479: 4422: 4378: 4348: 4319: 4285: 4274:(6): 441–442. 4258: 4223: 4184: 4142: 4115: 4094: 4060: 4029: 4010: 3990: 3931: 3890: 3857: 3838:(3): 852–861. 3832:Food Chemistry 3817: 3782: 3752: 3721: 3706: 3688: 3657: 3626: 3608:(2): 129–150. 3585: 3566: 3547: 3527: 3484: 3429: 3410: 3383: 3347: 3340: 3313: 3300: 3270: 3263: 3245: 3236: 3208: 3174: 3145: 3138: 3117: 3099: 3056: 3020: 3001: 2981: 2958: 2913: 2874: 2865:The Plant List 2837: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2827:Pyruvate scale 2824: 2819: 2809: 2808: 2792: 2789: 2702:, for example 2649: 2642: 2629: 2622: 2597:, such as the 2578: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2363:Botrytis allii 2288: 2285: 2216: 2213: 2204: 2201: 2127:sulfenic acids 2068: 2067:Eye irritation 2065: 2036: 2033: 2029:basic research 2011:Vidalia onions 1998: 1997:Phytochemicals 1995: 1965: 1964: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1792: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1456: 1453: 1436: 1433: 1398:United Kingdom 1357: 1354: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1290: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1146: 1143: 1102:biennial plant 1097: 1094: 943: 942: 932: 922: 912: 902: 892: 882: 834: 831: 679: 678: 676: 675: 667: 662:Kepa esculenta 659: 651: 643: 635: 630:Cepa esculenta 627: 619: 611: 603: 595: 587: 585:Pall. ex Kunth 579: 571: 566:Allium cumaria 563: 558:Allium commune 555: 550:Allium cepaeum 547: 545:(Metzg.) Alef. 535: 523: 511: 498: 486: 474: 462: 450: 438: 426: 414: 402: 390: 378: 366: 354: 342: 330: 318: 306: 294: 282: 270: 262: 257:Allium aobanum 254: 240: 239: 238: 235: 234: 228: 227: 222: 211: 210: 204: 203: 196: 194: 190: 189: 178: 174: 173: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 149:Amaryllidaceae 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 119: 118: 113: 106: 105: 100: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 69: 68: 60: 59: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9114: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8885: 8881: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8554: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8255: 8251: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8204: 8198: 8194: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8137: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8101:Ruthenium red 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8081:Niflumic acid 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7949:α-Spinasterol 7947: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7676:Homocapsaicin 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7589:wild bergamot 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7537:camphor basil 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7402: 7392: 7391:Ruthenium red 7389: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7348: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7260: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:Ruthenium red 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7202:Niflumic acid 7200: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122:; indirectly) 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7029:Frescolat MGA 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6963: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6932:Niflumic acid 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6831: 6821: 6820:Ruthenium red 6818: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6631:Methylglyoxal 6629: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6504:Cuminaldehyde 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6287: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111:…neapolitanum 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6064:Snow Mountain 6062: 6060: 6059:Garlic chives 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6021:Zwiebelkuchen 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914:…siskiyouense 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5844:…campanulatum 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5804:…ampeloprasum 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5772:Onion species 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5625: 5620: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5589:PROTAbase on 5587: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5572:Onions in art 5568: 5564: 5563: 5552: 5550:0-313-32487-5 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5260: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5233:RHS Gardening 5230: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5203:RHS Gardening 5200: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5160: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5134: 5133:Delia antiqua 5126: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5093:Acrolepiopsis 5087: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4591: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4239:(3): 178–84. 4238: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3951:(1): e83556. 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3710: 3702: 3695: 3693: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3640:cooksinfo.com 3637: 3630: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3574:Onion History 3570: 3554: 3550: 3548:9780854041909 3544: 3540: 3539: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3434: 3417: 3413: 3411:9781440835377 3407: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3351: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3240: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2959:0-85199-510-1 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2785:A. fistulosum 2782: 2778: 2777:A. fistulosum 2774: 2770: 2769:A. fistulosum 2766: 2762: 2761:Spring onions 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696:A. fistulosum 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2644:Hybrids with 2641: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2312:Delia antiqua 2307: 2305: 2304: 2293: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2273:starter bulbs 2270: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2232:in the soil. 2231: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125:and generate 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2073: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:phytochemical 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:dietary fibre 1972: 1971:carbohydrates 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1755: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1722: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1697: 1690: 1688: 1683:Riboflavin (B 1680: 1673: 1671: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1568:Dietary fibre 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1544:Carbohydrates 1539: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1504: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1474: 1473:magnification 1470: 1466: 1461: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:onion chutney 1369: 1363: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1319:spring onions 1311: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1269: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1238:North America 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1140:Indian onions 1138: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127:inflorescence 1124: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1107:fibrous roots 1103: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:Ancient Greek 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 958: 953: 952: 947: 940: 936: 933: 930: 926: 923: 920: 916: 913: 911:– L.H. Bailey 910: 906: 903: 900: 896: 893: 890: 886: 883: 880: 876: 873: 872: 871: 869: 868: 863: 862:Carl Linnaeus 859: 855: 853: 848: 839: 830: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 812:potato onions 809: 805: 801: 800:onion eelworm 797: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 774:species, but 773: 769: 768: 763: 762: 757: 753: 750: 746: 745: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712: 707: 703: 699: 696: 692: 691: 686: 671: 668: 663: 660: 655: 654:Cepa vulgaris 652: 647: 644: 639: 636: 631: 628: 623: 620: 615: 612: 607: 606:Allium salota 604: 599: 596: 591: 588: 583: 580: 575: 572: 567: 564: 559: 556: 551: 548: 543: 539: 536: 531: 527: 524: 519: 515: 512: 506: 502: 499: 494: 490: 487: 482: 478: 475: 470: 466: 463: 458: 454: 451: 446: 442: 439: 434: 430: 427: 422: 418: 415: 410: 406: 403: 398: 394: 391: 386: 382: 379: 374: 370: 367: 362: 358: 355: 350: 346: 343: 338: 334: 331: 326: 322: 319: 314: 310: 307: 302: 298: 295: 290: 286: 283: 278: 274: 271: 266: 263: 258: 255: 250: 247: 246: 236: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 212: 209: 208:Binomial name 205: 201: 200: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103:Tracheophytes 101: 98: 95: 94: 91: 88: 85: 84: 79: 74: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8695: 8172: 8141: 8140: 7981:Cannabigerol 7952: 7905: 7847: 7835: 7797:black pepper 7757:chili pepper 7690:chili pepper 7680:chili pepper 7671:Hepoxilin B3 7666:Hepoxilin A3 7637: 7609:chili pepper 7567:chili pepper 7508: 7371: 7230: 7157:Clotrimazole 7098: 7082: 7034:Frescolat ML 6942:Progesterone 6851:Adhyperforin 6764:WIN 55,212-2 6757: 6747: 6608: 6576:Hepoxilin B3 6571:Hepoxilin A3 6542: 6474:Cannabigerol 6264: 6222:constituents 6203: 6193:Garlic bread 6188:Garlic press 6168:Black garlic 6087: 5974:…yosemitense 5969:…victorialis 5954:…tuolumnense 5859:…cratericola 5799:…aflatunense 5780: 5704: 5666: 5644: 5630: 5597: 5590: 5583:Onion powder 5540: 5523: 5519: 5500: 5470: 5464: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5406: 5400: 5388:. Retrieved 5374: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5345:. Retrieved 5341:the original 5337:Ark of Taste 5336: 5327: 5308: 5302: 5290:. Retrieved 5275: 5263:. Retrieved 5253: 5241:. Retrieved 5232: 5223: 5211:. Retrieved 5202: 5193: 5181:. Retrieved 5173:GardenAction 5172: 5166: 5159: 5147:. Retrieved 5138: 5132: 5125: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5063: 5054: 5042:. Retrieved 5036: 5027: 5015:. Retrieved 5001: 4989:. Retrieved 4980: 4970: 4958:. Retrieved 4949: 4925:14 September 4923:. Retrieved 4908: 4898:14 September 4896:. Retrieved 4887: 4877: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4822: 4810:. Retrieved 4798: 4794: 4785: 4777: 4751: 4725: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4660: 4650: 4638:. Retrieved 4629: 4619: 4607:. Retrieved 4564: 4560: 4553: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4369:. Retrieved 4361:ScienceDaily 4360: 4351: 4339:. Retrieved 4335:the original 4310:. Retrieved 4301: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4162: 4158: 4133:. Retrieved 4105: 4097: 4085:. Retrieved 4076: 4063: 4051:. Retrieved 4042: 4032: 4020:. Retrieved 4000: 3993: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3881:. Retrieved 3860: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3773:. Retrieved 3764: 3755: 3743:. Retrieved 3734: 3724: 3715: 3709: 3700: 3679:. Retrieved 3670: 3660: 3648:. Retrieved 3639: 3629: 3619:13 September 3617:. Retrieved 3605: 3601: 3588: 3569: 3557:. Retrieved 3537: 3530: 3518:. Retrieved 3479: 3472:. Retrieved 3455:(2): 26–38. 3452: 3448: 3420:. Retrieved 3400: 3374:. Retrieved 3367:the original 3362: 3350: 3331: 3305:, retrieved 3283: 3273: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3227:. Retrieved 3218: 3211: 3199:. Retrieved 3194: 3188: 3177: 3165:. Retrieved 3155: 3148: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3112: 3090:. Retrieved 3076: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3041: 3034: 3011:. Retrieved 2991: 2984: 2941: 2904:. Retrieved 2890: 2884: 2877: 2863:– via 2854: 2848: 2841: 2814: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2736:monophyletic 2730: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2653: 2651: 2645: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2616: 2595:sweet onions 2591:salad onions 2586: 2582: 2580: 2574: 2562: 2547: 2514: 2471: 2466: 2361: 2359: 2344: 2342: 2319: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2281: 2277: 2266: 2246: 2226: 2206: 2188:honey garlic 2182: 2167: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2134: 2093: 2082: 2038: 2026: 2000: 1991:kilocalories 1968: 1916: 1911: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1656: 1651: 1644: 1610: 1586: 1542: 1502: 1478: 1438: 1422: 1384: 1365: 1350: 1339: 1331:pearl onions 1327: 1316: 1303:White onions 1277: 1241: 1231: 1205: 1193: 1189:Central Asia 1177:Central Asia 1162: 1154: 1121:topped by a 1119: 1099: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1045: 1037: 1029: 1021: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 993: 988: 985:A. cepa 984: 980: 977:A. cepa 976: 973:A. cepa 972: 966: 955: 951:A. vavilovii 949: 945: 944: 938: 934: 928: 924: 918: 914: 909:multiplicans 908: 904: 898: 894: 888: 884: 878: 874: 865: 850: 846: 844: 816: 803: 792: 775: 771: 765: 759: 755: 751: 742: 740: 709: 706:common onion 705: 701: 697: 689: 688: 684: 682: 669: 661: 653: 645: 638:Cepa pallens 637: 629: 621: 613: 605: 597: 589: 582:Allium napus 581: 573: 565: 557: 549: 541: 537: 530:tripolitanum 529: 525: 517: 513: 504: 500: 492: 488: 480: 476: 468: 464: 457:multiplicans 456: 452: 444: 440: 432: 428: 420: 416: 408: 404: 396: 392: 384: 380: 372: 368: 360: 356: 348: 344: 336: 332: 324: 320: 312: 308: 300: 296: 288: 284: 276: 272: 264: 256: 248: 216: 214: 199:A. cepa 198: 197: 181: 169: 122: 109: 96: 43: 8823:iNaturalist 8720:Wikispecies 8576:Allium cepa 8563:Allium_cepa 8473:NatureServe 8398:iNaturalist 8203:Allium cepa 8197:Wikispecies 8173:Allium cepa 8116:Tivanisiran 8021:Capsazepine 7933:Zucapsaicin 7801:long pepper 7767:Pacific yew 7656:GSK1016790A 7543:Cannabidiol 7529:camphorweed 7217:RQ-00203078 7212:PF-05105679 7152:Capsazepine 6917:GSK2293017A 6881:Substance P 6866:GSK1702934A 6815:PF-04745637 6754:Umbellulone 6675:Pacific yew 6661:Oleocanthal 6640:wintergreen 6601:Ligustilide 6464:Cannabidiol 6429:horseradish 6211:Garlic soup 6155:Garlic food 6131:…triquetrum 6101:…drummondii 6038:Sogan-dolma 6016:Flammkuchen 5949:…triquetrum 5929:…stipitatum 5889:…platycaule 5874:…fistulosum 5869:…cristophii 5824:…bisceptrum 5819:…atrorubens 5809:…amplectens 5794:…acuminatum 5591:Allium cepa 5526:(1): 1–30. 5390:21 February 4860:11449/12942 4843:(1): 4–11. 4371:23 November 4194:Allium cepa 3883:23 November 3828:Allium cepa 3798:(6): 1577. 3650:25 November 3219:Allium cepa 3167:21 February 3092:10 December 3067:Allium cepa 3035:Allium cepa 2885:Allium cepa 2849:Allium cepa 2805:Food portal 2765:Welsh onion 2671:), and the 2603:Georgia, US 2544:In the home 2215:Cultivation 2209:guinea pigs 2131:lacrimatory 2057:anaphylaxis 2019:anthocyanin 2007:polyphenols 1666:Thiamine (B 1507:Composition 1429:amino acids 1423:Similar to 1380:sogan-dolma 1342:caramelised 1217:, and even 1201:Ramesses IV 1096:Description 1068:, Italian: 1064:, Spanish: 957:A. asarense 935:Allium cepa 925:Allium cepa 915:Allium cepa 905:Allium cepa 895:Allium cepa 885:Allium cepa 875:Allium cepa 847:Allium cepa 825:. They are 764:. The name 690:Allium cepa 670:Porrum cepa 538:Allium cepa 526:Allium cepa 514:Allium cepa 501:Allium cepa 489:Allium cepa 477:Allium cepa 465:Allium cepa 453:Allium cepa 441:Allium cepa 429:Allium cepa 417:Allium cepa 405:Allium cepa 393:Allium cepa 381:Allium cepa 369:Allium cepa 357:Allium cepa 345:Allium cepa 333:Allium cepa 321:Allium cepa 301:rotterianum 217:Allium cepa 155:Subfamily: 139:Asparagales 116:Angiosperms 18:Allium cepa 9102:Plant dyes 9021:Categories 8952:kew-295055 8947:Plant List 8668:WisFlora: 8599:kew-295261 8594:Plant List 8257:Calflora: 8011:Cannabinol 7911:pooissonii 7902:Tinyatoxin 7853:pooissonii 7817:Probenecid 7807:Polygodial 7763:Paclitaxel 7747:PAVA spray 7634:Evodiamine 7585:pepperwort 7500:Anandamide 7467:α-Sanshool 7415:Activators 7368:Triptolide 7361:Activators 7273:Activators 7249:TRPM4-IN-5 7167:Elismetrep 7095:stevioside 7023:eucalyptus 7019:Eucalyptol 6983:ADP-ribose 6976:Activators 6912:GSK417651A 6871:Hyperforin 6844:Activators 6724:Tear gases 6696:Polygodial 6686:PF-4840154 6671:Paclitaxel 6539:Dicentrine 6449:Bradykinin 6384:α-Sanshool 6352:Activators 6334:modulators 6183:Garlic oil 6173:Persillade 6096:…canadense 6028:Onion ring 6011:Onion cake 5988:Onion food 5959:…unifolium 5944:…tricoccum 5924:…stellatum 5909:…shevockii 5904:…sanbornii 5884:…monanthum 5839:…caeruleum 5829:…bolanderi 5369:proliferum 3520:23 January 3183:USDA, NRCS 2833:References 2716:bulbiferum 2708:proliferum 2669:proliferum 2661:tree onion 2626:aggregatum 2607:Washington 2554:vegetables 2490:Production 2250:USDA zones 2234:Phosphorus 2123:sulfoxides 2120:amino acid 2116:alliinases 2061:denaturing 2045:dermatitis 1861:Phosphorus 1493:microscope 1469:true color 1441:carrot fly 1412:, English 1360:See also: 1183:, western 1058:Portuguese 994:The genus 989:aggregatum 919:proliferum 901:– Linnaeus 889:bulbiferum 879:aggregatum 806:, such as 767:wild onion 756:proliferum 749:tree onion 702:bulb onion 673:(L.) Rchb. 646:Cepa rubra 505:sanguineum 460:L.H.Bailey 409:hispanicum 385:flandricum 325:aggregatum 177:Subgenus: 159:Allioideae 8789:200027449 8364:200027457 8351:200027457 8333:FloraBase 8142:See also: 8126:TRPV3-74a 8111:SB-705498 8106:SB-366791 8056:Lanthanum 8051:HC-067047 7971:Asivatrep 7832:Rutamarin 7696:Incensole 7646:Gingerols 7615:Estradiol 7591:, others) 7573:Carvacrol 7563:Capsaicin 7457:13-oxoODE 7447:12S-HpETE 7427:5',6'-EET 7227:Rutamarin 7126:Thio-BCTC 7079:Rutamarin 7009:Coolact P 6800:HC-030031 6665:olive oil 6561:Gingerols 6374:12S-HpETE 5879:…koreanum 5854:…chinense 5834:…burlewii 5789:…abramsii 4869:1678-9199 4807:8750-7943 4581:0021-8561 4545:0021-8561 4456:0032-0889 4409:1750-3841 3852:0308-8146 3812:1750-3841 3461:1752-3907 3376:8 January 2976:189956991 2968:228168061 2906:20 August 2747:viviparum 2724:viviparum 2648:parentage 2568:Varieties 2519:, led by 2472:4,970,615 2355:sclerotia 2230:nutrients 2015:flavonoid 1874:Potassium 1848:Manganese 1835:Magnesium 1767:Vitamin C 1750:Folate (B 1734:Vitamin B 1700:Niacin (B 1512:Nutrients 1465:epidermis 1455:Education 1323:scallions 1219:dysentery 1034:Aromanian 1020:: κάπια ( 969:cultivars 939:viviparum 929:solaninum 858:described 796:onion fly 693:L., from 649:P.Renault 641:P.Renault 625:P.Renault 622:Cepa alba 617:P.Renault 542:viviparum 518:solaninum 433:lisboanum 349:argenteum 277:condensum 193:Species: 86:Kingdom: 8991:18400404 8986:Tropicos 8854:10206870 8841:527632-1 8705:Wikidata 8651:18401646 8646:Tropicos 8560:PalDat: 8478:2.141315 8429:10201687 8416:527795-1 8234:BioLib: 8182:Wikidata 8076:NGD-8243 8061:Mavatrep 8046:GRC-6211 8015:cannabis 8005:cannabis 7995:cannabis 7985:cannabis 7966:AMG-9810 7942:Blockers 7923:Vanillin 7918:Tramadol 7882:cannabis 7860:Shogaols 7793:Piperine 7557:cannabis 7547:cannabis 7525:rosemary 7442:12S-HETE 7437:9-oxoODE 7384:Blockers 7334:PI(4,5)P 7322:Blockers 7300:PI(3,5)P 7207:Ononetin 7192:Nicotine 7140:Blockers 7116:fructose 7108:tastants 7054:Linalool 7039:Geraniol 6999:CIM-0216 6890:Blockers 6805:Nicotine 6780:A-967079 6773:Blockers 6733:cannabis 6706:Shogaols 6651:Nicotine 6617:Linalool 6556:Formalin 6518:turmeric 6514:Curcumin 6488:cinnamon 6478:cannabis 6468:cannabis 6458:cannabis 6444:ASP-7663 6402:Acrolein 6286:Category 6141:…vineale 6136:…ursinum 6054:Elephant 6001:Blooming 5964:…validum 5934:…textile 5899:…punctum 5894:…praecox 5864:…crispum 5849:…cernuum 5742:Scallion 5700:Cocktail 5532:23145818 5456:26205471 5347:25 March 5292:28 March 5286:Archived 5243:29 March 5237:Archived 5213:29 March 5207:Archived 5183:29 March 5177:Archived 5175:. 2011. 5149:29 March 5143:Archived 5117:86748199 5062:(1978). 5044:22 March 5017:27 March 5011:Archived 4991:27 March 4985:Archived 4960:27 March 4954:Archived 4919:Archived 4892:Archived 4767:Archived 4741:Archived 4717:23549173 4709:20577855 4671:16 April 4665:Archived 4640:15 April 4634:Archived 4609:13 April 4603:Archived 4510:23350988 4474:18583530 4417:28898424 4365:Archived 4341:28 March 4312:28 April 4306:Archived 4280:23101191 4253:25381903 4218:20099844 4179:17997520 4129:Archived 4125:30844154 4087:28 March 4081:Archived 4071:(2024). 4047:Archived 4022:2 August 4016:Archived 3985:24416168 3945:PLOS ONE 3926:19684107 3874:Archived 3769:Archived 3765:GoodFood 3739:Archived 3735:WiseGeek 3681:24 March 3675:Archived 3644:Archived 3610:Archived 3577:Archived 3553:Archived 3514:Archived 3474:22 April 3465:Archived 3416:Archived 3201:31 March 3185:(n.d.). 3161:Archived 3007:Archived 2813:List of 2791:See also 2755:cornutum 2681:cornutum 2673:triploid 2479:Source: 2461:510,462 2443:558,480 2425:610,576 2407:864,488 2382:Country 2334:parsnips 2326:nematode 2238:Nitrogen 2141:produce 2098:and its 2022:pigments 1932:Fluoride 1917:Quantity 1855:0.129 mg 1795:Quantity 1789:Minerals 1728:0.123 mg 1711:0.116 mg 1694:0.027 mg 1677:0.046 mg 1652:Quantity 1646:Vitamins 1485:breeding 1449:hair oil 1376:stuffing 1356:Culinary 1297:grilling 1272:Sautéing 1252:Pilgrims 1185:Pakistan 1074:Romanian 1026:Albanian 881:– G. Don 823:chutneys 808:shallots 780:biennial 754: × 728:scallion 657:Garsault 553:St.-Lag. 469:portanum 397:globosum 373:crinides 361:bifolium 337:anglicum 232:Synonyms 145:Family: 129:Monocots 8916:5511448 8880:1476995 8802:2856558 8776:1084258 8711:Q193498 8661:4962968 8460:MoBotPF 8377:2857697 8299:1084354 8281:Ecocrop 8096:RN-9893 8091:RN-1734 7961:AMG-517 7927:vanilla 7896:oregano 7868:Sichuan 7846:(RTX) ( 7822:Protons 7785:(e.g., 7718:Menthol 7700:incense 7620:Eugenol 7577:oregano 7517:Camphor 7485:Allicin 7475:Sichuan 7462:20-HETE 7452:13-HODE 7295:ML2-SA1 7196:tobacco 7147:AMG-333 7120:sucrose 7112:glucose 7110:(e.g., 7093:(e.g., 7059:Menthol 6993:Calcium 6809:tobacco 6785:AM-0902 6714:Sichuan 6655:tobacco 6544:Lindera 6421:mustard 6407:Allicin 6392:Sichuan 6369:4,5-EET 6331:channel 6258:Related 6229:Allicin 6121:…roseum 6116:…nigrum 6088:Allium… 6033:Pickled 5814:…anceps 5781:Allium… 5762:Vidalia 5747:Shallot 5647:species 5033:"Onion" 4812:22 July 4601:. NPR. 4465:2492635 4135:21 June 4053:31 July 3976:3885512 3953:Bibcode 3775:2 April 3767:. BBC. 3761:"Onion" 3745:2 April 3559:30 June 3422:30 June 3229:1 April 3129:Alliums 3113:Alliums 3013:30 June 2851:L." 2817:species 2781:A. cepa 2773:A. cepa 2743:A. cepa 2731:A. cepa 2720:A. cepa 2712:A. cepa 2704:A. cepa 2700:A. cepa 2692:A. cepa 2675:onion ( 2658:diploid 2654:A. cepa 2646:A. cepa 2599:Vidalia 2583:A. cepa 2539:Storage 2351:mycelia 2330:carrots 2114:called 2112:enzymes 2100:aerosol 1979:protein 1926:89.11 g 1894:0.17 mg 1829:0.21 mg 1809:Calcium 1744:0.12 mg 1612:Protein 1352:white. 1346:kibbled 1335:vinegar 1287:Vidalia 1232:In the 1227:gourmet 1215:lumbago 1211:Pompeii 1169:eastern 1165:western 1145:History 1070:cipolla 1066:cebolla 1050:Occitan 1042:Catalan 946:A. cepa 891:– Regel 827:pungent 819:pickles 804:A. cepa 776:A. cepa 716:shallot 593:A.Chev. 577:Salisb. 561:Noronha 481:praecox 421:jamesii 313:sterile 289:fertile 165:Genus: 135:Order: 90:Plantae 9032:Onions 9027:Allium 8960:PLANTS 8903:114225 8887:NZOR: 8867:506481 8828:739210 8750:955382 8734:APDB: 8658:uBio: 8638:101270 8607:PLANTS 8553:781600 8511:NZOR: 8465:282056 8325:188778 8250:416793 8211:APDB: 8188:Q23485 8036:DHEA-S 7888:Thymol 7864:ginger 7787:4α-PDD 7650:ginger 7489:garlic 7471:ginger 7432:9-HODE 7329:ML-SI3 7290:ML-SA1 7285:MK6-83 7106:Sweet 7069:PMD 38 7049:Icilin 6902:DHEA-S 6794:celery 6710:ginger 6605:celery 6596:JT-010 6586:Icilin 6565:ginger 6528:celery 6433:wasabi 6425:radish 6411:garlic 6388:ginger 6178:Pistou 5737:Potato 5710:Yellow 5690:Calçot 5657:Garlic 5652:Chives 5645:Allium 5632:Allium 5547: 5530: 5507: 5477: 5454: 5432:Allium 5413: 5365:Allium 5315: 5265:22 May 5115: 5074: 4867: 4831:Allium 4805: 4786:Allium 4763: 4737: 4715: 4707: 4579: 4543: 4508: 4472: 4462: 4454: 4415: 4407: 4278: 4251: 4216: 4177: 4123: 4113: 4008: 3983: 3973: 3924: 3850: 3810: 3545: 3459: 3408: 3338: 3307:6 June 3298: 3261: 3136: 2999: 2974: 2966: 2956: 2815:Allium 2718:, and 2688:hybrid 2587:Allium 2531:, and 2529:Angola 2517:tonnes 2454: 2439:Angola 2436: 2418: 2400: 2387:tonnes 2368:spores 2336:, and 2242:potash 2154:Allium 2053:asthma 1977:), 1% 1936:1.1 µg 1881:146 mg 1774:7.4 mg 1562:4.24 g 1558:Sugars 1551:9.34 g 1528:Energy 1463:Onion 1425:garlic 1416:, and 1414:cheese 1274:onions 1159:(1547) 1072:, and 1062:cebola 1038:tseapã 1024:) and 996:Allium 931:– Alef 852:Allium 798:, the 788:annual 772:Allium 752:Allium 747:, the 734:, and 724:garlic 714:. The 711:Allium 609:Dostál 445:luteum 316:Millán 292:Millán 280:Millán 170:Allium 49:Onion 9092:Crops 9047:Herbs 8965:ALAS2 8936:PFI: 8849:IRMNG 8737:14047 8583:PFI: 8522:NZPCN 8442:42720 8424:IRMNG 8403:48592 8320:EUNIS 8312:ALLCE 8273:667JH 8237:41980 8227:82019 8214:14048 8026:DCDPC 7892:thyme 7628:clove 7624:basil 7581:thyme 7495:AM404 7422:2-APB 7308:SF-22 7280:EVP21 7264:TRPML 7162:DCDPC 7131:WS-12 6897:DCDPC 6748:onion 6625:thyme 6547:spp.) 6508:cumin 6439:AM404 6106:…moly 6006:Fried 5752:Sweet 5732:Pearl 5720:White 5667:Onion 5528:JSTOR 5452:S2CID 5113:S2CID 4791:(PDF) 4713:S2CID 4331:"FAQ" 4037:Sam. 3877:(PDF) 3870:(PDF) 3613:(PDF) 3598:(PDF) 3468:(PDF) 3445:(PDF) 3370:(PDF) 3359:(PDF) 3069:var. 2972:S2CID 2745:var. 2722:var. 2714:var. 2706:var. 2601:from 2558:decay 2533:Japan 2521:China 2467:World 2457:Japan 2403:China 2338:beans 2178:Bayer 2143:tears 2108:cells 2085:tears 1923:Water 1868:29 mg 1842:10 mg 1816:23 mg 1761:19 μg 1619:1.1 g 1595:0.1 g 1572:1.7 g 1481:cells 1410:bread 1390:snack 1131:umbel 1123:bract 1082:chive 1078:ceapă 1022:kápia 960:from 937:var. 927:var. 917:var. 907:var. 897:var. 887:var. 877:var. 782:or a 736:chive 718:is a 695:Latin 685:onion 540:var. 533:Alef. 528:var. 521:Alef. 516:var. 503:var. 496:Alef. 493:rosum 491:var. 484:Alef. 479:var. 472:Alef. 467:var. 455:var. 448:Alef. 443:var. 436:Alef. 431:var. 424:Alef. 419:var. 412:Alef. 407:var. 400:Alef. 395:var. 388:Alef. 383:var. 376:Alef. 371:var. 364:Alef. 359:var. 352:Alef. 347:var. 340:Alef. 335:var. 328:G.Don 323:var. 311:var. 287:var. 275:var. 268:auct. 260:Araki 252:Baker 184:subg. 123:Clade 110:Clade 97:Clade 65:bulbs 8973:POWO 8939:6949 8924:PfaF 8875:NCBI 8862:ITIS 8836:IPNI 8815:2221 8810:GRIN 8797:GBIF 8763:BTYH 8745:BOLD 8671:9650 8620:POWO 8612:ALCE 8586:6890 8571:PfaF 8540:6349 8527:4447 8504:4679 8499:NCBI 8437:ITIS 8411:IPNI 8390:2244 8385:GRIN 8372:GBIF 8338:8335 8307:EPPO 8260:8630 8245:BOLD 8222:APNI 8031:DHEA 7976:BCTC 7870:and 7827:RhTx 7722:mint 7710:Low 7661:Heat 7595:DHEA 7477:and 7406:TRPV 7352:TRPP 7313:SN-2 7244:TPPO 7063:mint 7004:Cold 6988:BCTC 6967:TRPM 6947:Pyr3 6835:TRPC 6716:and 6394:and 6343:TRPA 6069:Solo 5757:Tree 5662:Leek 5545:ISBN 5505:ISBN 5475:ISBN 5411:ISBN 5392:2011 5349:2013 5313:ISBN 5294:2013 5267:2024 5245:2013 5215:2013 5185:2013 5151:2013 5072:ISBN 5046:2013 5019:2013 4993:2013 4962:2013 4927:2013 4900:2013 4865:ISSN 4814:2022 4803:ISSN 4705:PMID 4673:2018 4642:2018 4611:2018 4577:ISSN 4541:ISSN 4506:PMID 4470:PMID 4452:ISSN 4413:PMID 4405:ISSN 4373:2016 4343:2013 4314:2007 4276:PMID 4249:PMID 4214:PMID 4175:PMID 4137:2024 4121:PMID 4111:ISBN 4089:2024 4055:2020 4024:2015 4006:ISBN 3981:PMID 3922:PMID 3885:2021 3848:ISSN 3808:ISSN 3777:2013 3747:2013 3683:2013 3652:2017 3621:2013 3561:2020 3543:ISBN 3522:2017 3476:2022 3457:ISSN 3424:2020 3406:ISBN 3378:2018 3336:ISBN 3309:2024 3296:ISBN 3259:ISBN 3231:2013 3203:2013 3169:2018 3134:ISBN 3094:2017 3071:cepa 3015:2020 2997:ISBN 2964:OCLC 2954:ISBN 2908:2010 2779:and 2694:and 2575:cepa 2525:Mali 2421:Mali 2254:bolt 2240:and 2186:and 1887:Zinc 1822:Iron 1435:Oils 1400:and 1258:Uses 1187:and 1181:Iran 1173:West 1167:and 1090:cepa 1086:cive 1054:ceba 1046:ceba 1030:qepë 1014:Cepa 981:cepa 962:Iran 899:cepa 810:and 732:leek 698:cepa 665:Raf. 633:Gray 508:Alef 186:Cepa 8999:WFO 8784:FNA 8771:EoL 8758:CoL 8679:WFO 8633:RHS 8486:NBN 8359:FoC 8346:FNA 8294:EoL 8286:364 8268:CoL 7097:) ( 6329:TRP 5715:Red 5444:doi 5105:doi 5101:139 4855:hdl 4845:doi 4799:100 4697:doi 4569:doi 4533:doi 4498:doi 4460:PMC 4444:doi 4440:147 4397:doi 4241:doi 4206:doi 4167:doi 4077:FDA 3971:PMC 3961:doi 3912:doi 3840:doi 3836:131 3800:doi 3288:doi 3221:L." 2946:doi 2690:of 2683:). 2271:or 2135:syn 2094:syn 1983:fat 1800:%DV 1657:%DV 1588:Fat 1499:Dye 1443:in 1418:ale 1321:or 1175:or 1010:). 971:of 860:by 821:or 704:or 683:An 299:f. 182:A. 9023:: 9001:: 8988:: 8975:: 8962:: 8949:: 8926:: 8913:: 8900:: 8877:: 8864:: 8851:: 8838:: 8825:: 8812:: 8799:: 8786:: 8773:: 8760:: 8747:: 8722:: 8707:: 8681:: 8648:: 8635:: 8622:: 8609:: 8596:: 8573:: 8550:: 8537:: 8524:: 8501:: 8488:: 8475:: 8462:: 8452:38 8439:: 8426:: 8413:: 8400:: 8387:: 8374:: 8361:: 8348:: 8335:: 8322:: 8309:: 8296:: 8283:: 8270:: 8247:: 8224:: 8199:: 8184:: 8147:• 7894:, 7866:, 7799:, 7712:pH 7626:, 7587:, 7583:, 7579:, 7535:, 7531:, 7527:, 7523:, 7473:, 7118:, 7114:, 6712:, 6623:, 6607:, 6431:, 6427:, 6423:, 6390:, 5524:44 5522:. 5450:. 5440:45 5438:. 5383:, 5379:. 5373:. 5367:× 5335:. 5231:. 5201:. 5171:. 5169:)" 5141:. 5137:. 5111:. 5099:. 5066:. 5035:. 4983:. 4979:. 4952:. 4948:. 4935:^ 4886:. 4863:. 4853:. 4841:17 4839:. 4835:. 4797:. 4793:. 4711:. 4703:. 4693:54 4691:. 4663:. 4659:. 4632:. 4628:. 4589:^ 4575:. 4565:44 4563:. 4539:. 4529:23 4527:. 4504:. 4494:61 4492:. 4468:. 4458:. 4450:. 4438:. 4434:. 4411:. 4403:. 4393:82 4391:. 4359:. 4322:^ 4300:. 4288:^ 4272:22 4270:. 4247:. 4235:. 4212:. 4202:58 4200:. 4173:. 4163:55 4161:. 4145:^ 4127:. 4119:. 4079:. 4075:. 4045:. 4041:. 4014:. 3979:. 3969:. 3959:. 3947:. 3943:. 3920:. 3908:60 3906:. 3902:. 3872:. 3846:. 3834:. 3806:. 3796:51 3794:. 3763:. 3733:. 3691:^ 3673:. 3669:. 3642:. 3638:. 3606:11 3604:. 3600:. 3551:. 3487:^ 3463:. 3451:. 3447:. 3432:^ 3414:. 3386:^ 3361:. 3316:^ 3294:, 3282:, 3193:. 3102:^ 3085:, 3081:. 3075:. 3023:^ 3005:. 2970:. 2962:. 2952:. 2916:^ 2899:, 2895:. 2889:. 2859:. 2853:. 2757:. 2751:A. 2710:, 2677:A. 2665:A. 2560:. 2527:, 2332:, 2091:, 1892:2% 1879:5% 1866:2% 1853:6% 1840:2% 1827:1% 1814:2% 1772:8% 1759:5% 1742:7% 1726:2% 1709:1% 1692:2% 1675:4% 1451:. 1420:. 1382:. 1254:. 1203:. 1191:. 1092:. 1076:: 1060:: 1056:, 1052:: 1048:, 1044:: 1040:, 1036:: 1028:: 964:. 738:. 730:, 726:, 510:. 224:L. 125:: 112:: 99:: 8017:) 8013:( 8007:) 8003:( 7997:) 7993:( 7987:) 7983:( 7957:) 7951:( 7929:) 7925:( 7914:) 7909:/ 7904:( 7898:) 7890:( 7884:) 7880:( 7874:) 7862:( 7856:) 7851:/ 7840:) 7834:( 7813:) 7809:( 7803:) 7795:( 7789:) 7769:) 7765:( 7759:) 7755:( 7749:) 7745:( 7724:) 7720:( 7702:) 7698:( 7692:) 7688:( 7682:) 7678:( 7652:) 7648:( 7642:) 7636:( 7630:) 7622:( 7611:) 7607:( 7575:( 7569:) 7565:( 7559:) 7555:( 7549:) 7545:( 7539:) 7519:( 7513:) 7507:( 7491:) 7487:( 7481:) 7469:( 7376:) 7370:( 7336:2 7302:2 7235:) 7229:( 7198:) 7194:( 7103:) 7087:) 7081:( 7065:) 7061:( 7025:) 7021:( 6877:) 6873:( 6857:) 6853:( 6811:) 6807:( 6796:) 6792:( 6760:) 6756:( 6750:) 6746:( 6735:) 6731:( 6720:) 6708:( 6702:) 6698:( 6677:) 6673:( 6667:) 6663:( 6657:) 6653:( 6642:) 6638:( 6627:) 6619:( 6613:) 6603:( 6567:) 6563:( 6541:( 6530:) 6526:( 6520:) 6516:( 6510:) 6506:( 6490:) 6486:( 6480:) 6476:( 6470:) 6466:( 6460:) 6456:( 6435:) 6419:( 6413:) 6409:( 6398:) 6386:( 6320:e 6313:t 6306:v 5623:e 5616:t 5609:v 5553:. 5534:. 5513:. 5483:. 5458:. 5446:: 5419:. 5394:. 5371:" 5363:" 5351:. 5321:. 5296:. 5269:. 5247:. 5217:. 5187:. 5153:. 5131:" 5119:. 5107:: 5080:. 5048:. 5021:. 4995:. 4964:. 4929:. 4902:. 4871:. 4857:: 4847:: 4829:" 4816:. 4784:" 4719:. 4699:: 4675:. 4644:. 4613:. 4583:. 4571:: 4547:. 4535:: 4512:. 4500:: 4476:. 4446:: 4419:. 4399:: 4375:. 4345:. 4316:. 4282:. 4255:. 4243:: 4237:8 4220:. 4208:: 4181:. 4169:: 4139:. 4091:. 4057:. 4026:. 3987:. 3963:: 3955:: 3949:9 3928:. 3914:: 3887:. 3854:. 3842:: 3826:( 3814:. 3802:: 3779:. 3749:. 3685:. 3654:. 3623:. 3563:. 3524:. 3453:1 3426:. 3380:. 3344:. 3290:: 3267:. 3233:. 3217:" 3205:. 3191:" 3187:" 3171:. 3142:. 3096:. 3073:" 3065:" 3037:" 3033:" 3017:. 2978:. 2948:: 2910:. 2887:" 2883:" 2867:. 2847:" 2767:( 2753:× 2679:× 2667:× 2628:) 2577:) 1963:. 1754:) 1752:9 1736:6 1721:) 1719:5 1704:) 1702:3 1687:) 1685:2 1670:) 1668:1 1299:. 854:. 687:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index