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hand over the weapons to me for safekeeping and to inform you that you should establish contact with the supreme command. You are required to carry out this order immediately. If you do not agree to carry out this order, I shall use all the means at my disposal in order to implement the order and to requisition the weapons which have reached shore and transfer them from private possession into the possession of the Israel government. I wish to inform you that the entire area is surrounded by fully armed military units and armored cars, and all roads are blocked. I hold you fully responsible for any consequences in the event of your refusal to carry out this order. The immigrants—unarmed—will be permitted to travel to the camps in accordance with your arrangements. You have ten minutes to give me your answer.
577:
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291:. The exact text of the agreement has not been found, and the French motivation is unclear. However, it is known that Bidault was very concerned about the possibility of a Jordanian takeover of Jerusalem. Deputy Chief of Staff General Henri Coudraux, who was involved in the operation, told a 1949 inquiry that France had "reached a secret agreement with the Irgun, which promised it advantages if it were to come into power ." He described the Irgun's representative in the negotiations, Shmuel Ariel, as "a terrorist who did not represent a legitimate organization and acted to take power by force."
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cease-fire was arranged by the evening of 22 June. Mass arrests were carried out against Irgun soldiers who had joined their former comrades, and Irgun units in the IDF were disbanded, with their soldiers dispersed among other units. In all, more than 200 Irgun members were arrested. Most were released several weeks later, with the exception of five senior commanders (Moshe Hason,
123:
302:, organizational matters took longer than expected, and the sailing was postponed for several weeks. Meanwhile, on 1 June, an agreement had been signed for the absorption of the Irgun into the IDF and one of the clauses stated that the Irgun had to cease all independent arms acquisition activities. Consequently, the Irgun informed the Israeli government about the
679:, initially protested, telling Shmuel Admon, the commander of the IDF Artillery Corps, that "I didn't come to the Land of Israel to fight against Jews." However, his superior yelled at him that it was his duty to obey orders. Threatened with a court-martial if he did not fire, Daleski reluctantly complied. One of the shells hit the ship, and it began to burn.
208:, which had been loaded with weapons and fighters by the independent Irgun, but arrived during the murky period of the Irgun's absorption into the IDF. Nineteen Israelis, three of them IDF soldiers and 16 of them Irgun members were killed in the confrontation. The incident brought the newfound Israel to the brink of civil war.
352:
had also begun on 11 June and when the Irgun leaders in Israel learned through the BBC broadcast of the embarkation of the vessel, they feared that this breach of the truce conditions (i.e., the ban on bringing military equipment and fighters into the country) would be discovered (though ultimately,
716:
writes that although
Captain Fein flew the white flag of surrender, automatic fire continued to be directed at the unarmed survivors swimming in the water. Begin, who was on deck, agreed to leave the ship only after the last of the wounded had been evacuated. Although civil war appeared imminent, a
247:
and the Israel
Defense Forces (IDF). The process of absorbing all military organizations into the IDF proved complicated, and several paramilitary groups continued to be active outside the IDF. One of the largest groups, the Irgun, planned to ship weapons and fighters to the newly formed state. The
698:
soldier whose brother, an Irgun officer, was on board. Menachem Begin, hoping to avert civil war, ordered his men not to shoot back, and the ship raised the white flag. However, the firing continued, and some Irgun members on board reportedly returned fire. The
Israeli corvettes also fired at the
631:
that Heiman Shamir, deputy commander of the Air Force, tried to convince non-Jewish pilot volunteers to attack the ship. However, three pilots refused to participate in the mission, one of them saying, "You can kiss my foot. I did not lose four friends and fly 10,000 miles in order to bomb Jews."
516:
By special order from the Chief of the
General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, I am empowered to confiscate the weapons and military materials which have arrived on the Israeli coast in the area of my jurisdiction in the name of the Israel Government. I have been authorized to demand that you
408:
Galili informed Begin of Ben-Gurion's consent to the landing of the ship, adding a request that it be done as quickly as possible. Zippora Levi-Kessel then radioed the vessel to come in at full speed. The following day, a working meeting was held between Irgun representatives and
Defense Ministry
545:
to shield Begin, enabling him to board safely. On shore, the Irgun fighters were compelled to surrender. The IDF suffered two dead and six wounded, while the Irgun suffered six dead and 18 wounded. In order to prevent further bloodshed, the residents of Kfar Vitkin initiated negotiations between
798:
Affair exposed deep rifts between the main political factions in Israel, and is still occasionally referenced in
Israeli media to illustrate the current debate as to whether or not the use of force by the Israeli government against fringe Jewish political elements is legitimate. Proponents of
445:
Battalion, which was still fighting independently. His second request that the remainder be transferred to the IDF to equip the newly incorporated Irgun battalions was rejected by the government representatives, who interpreted the request as a demand to reinforce an "army within an army".
461:
gathered on the beach to help unload the cargo. After the ship dropped anchor, 940 passengers disembarked and were taken to an army camp for induction into the IDF. Arms were unloaded throughout the night. In all, 2,000 rifles, two million rounds of ammunition, 3,000 shells, and 200
689:
later claimed that five or six shells were fired as warning shots, and hit the ship by accident. IDF troops on the shore also directed heavy small-arms fire towards the ship, and employed heavy machine guns with armor-piercing rounds. Some soldiers refused to open fire on the
671:
veteran named Yosef Aksen, refused, saying he was willing to be executed for insubordination and this would be "the best thing he did in his life." At this, his superior, Nathan
Plotnik, ordered him to be imprisoned to await a court-martial for insubordination.
316:
s preparations for departure a secret, but it was difficult to conceal the movement of 940 men and the loading of a large quantity of arms and ammunition. It was feared that if the plans were discovered, attempts might be made to sabotage the
368:
On 15 June, Begin and his comrades held a meeting with government representatives, at which Begin announced that the ship had sailed without his knowledge and that he wanted to hold consultations on how to proceed. In his diary for 16 June,
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in 1998. The official government memorial ceremony for the victims is held annually on the cemetery grounds. The ceremony is primarily attended by relatives of the victims and political personalities identified with Israel's national camp.
532:
observation plane circled overhead and recorded the incident. Failing to reach an accord, Begin returned to the beach and conferred with his officers. As evening began, rifle fire broke out; which side fired first is a matter of dispute.
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Fearing the fire would spread to the holds which contained explosives, Captain Fein ordered all aboard to abandon ship. Passengers jumped into the water, whilst their comrades on shore set out to meet them on rafts. Begin biographer
852:
in a search effort that the
Israeli government helped to fund. The search was initially based on Israeli Navy's coordinates on the location where it was sunk, but after failing to turn up results, the search area was expanded. The
324:
For this reason, when it raised anchor on 11 June, no cable was sent to the Irgun command in Israel, for fear that it would fall into the wrong hands. These precautionary measures proved fruitless, however, and the following day
1325:
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Ben-Gurion's actions praised them as essential to establishing the government's authority and discouraging factionalism and formation of rival armies. This was consistent with other actions he took, such as dissolving the
523:
The ultimatum was made, according to Even, "in order not to give the Irgun commander time for lengthy considerations and to gain the advantage of surprise." Begin did not respond. Claiming he needed more time, he drove to
707:
but overshot its target. On the beach, a battle between the IDF and Irgun forces along the shore erupted, and clashes between IDF and Irgun units also took place throughout Tel Aviv, mainly in the south and center.
466:
were unloaded at Kfar Vitkin. Concomitantly with the events at Kfar Vitkin, the government had convened in Tel Aviv for its weekly meeting. Ben-Gurion reported on the meetings which had preceded the arrival of the
592:
began cruising toward Tel Aviv. Many Irgun members, who had joined the IDF earlier that month, left their bases and assembled on the beach. Rumors began circulating that the Irgun was planning a military coup.
1429:
Morris, 1948, p. 272: "Altogether eighteen men died in the clashes, most of them IZL". Katz, Days of Fire (an Irgun memoir), p247: 16 Irgun, 2 Hagana. Perliger, Jewish
Terrorism in Israel, p27: 16 Irgun and 2
861:
at a depth of about 300 metres (1,000 ft). A sonar survey confirmed the ship's identity. The
Israeli government subsequently announced plans to raise the wreck and install it on dry land as a monument.
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Haaretz has asked the Defense Ministry whether Defense Minister Ehud Barak, currently in Paris, believes that the Altalena casualties were "murdered", with all that entails for Ben-Gurion, Rabin, and the
841:
to ask David Ben-Gurion to return and accept the premiership again. After that meeting, Ben-Gurion said that if he had then known Begin as he did now, the face of history would have been different.
639:
was shadowed by navy corvettes on its way to Tel Aviv. As the ship neared the coastline, the corvettes began firing at it with bursts of machine gun fire, and stopped after fighters on board the
475:
We must decide whether to hand over power to Begin or to order him to cease his separate activities. If he does not do so, we will open fire! Otherwise, we must decide to disperse our own army.
404:
port) assumes that at night it will be possible to unload it all. I believe we should not endanger Tel Aviv port. They should not be sent back. They should be disembarked at an unknown shore.
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later that year. Furthermore, Ben-Gurion's supporters have argued that a state must have a monopoly over the use of force. The Irgun, by attempting to import weapons to use as a private
1902:
1314:
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655:(acting chief of staff) to concentrate large forces on the Tel Aviv beach and to take the ship by force. He also indicated to his interior minister that he would order the
1933:
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Meanwhile, Begin reached his clandestine radio station and ordered his men not to fight back. He called for them to assemble in Jerusalem and continue the battle for the
453:
reached Kfar Vitkin in the late afternoon of Sunday, 20 June, greeted by Menachem Begin and a group of Irgun members on shore. Irgun sympathizers from the nearby town of
1014:
The Altalena lay on its side in shallow water off the coast of Tel Aviv for several months, but then Ben-Gurion ordered the navy to drag it out to sea and sink it.
747:
Sixteen Irgun fighters were killed in the confrontation with the army (all but three were veteran members and not newcomers from the ship); six were killed in the
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200:(also known as Etzel), one of the Jewish paramilitary groups that were in the process of merging to form the IDF. The confrontation involved a cargo ship, the
441:, there were differences of opinion about the cargo. Ben-Gurion agreed to Begin's initial request that 20 percent of the weapons be dispatched to the Irgun's
437:
from France. Among the issues discussed were logistics of its landing and distribution of the cargo. Whilst there was agreement on the anchoring place of the
775:
763:
537:, an eyewitness, claimed it was the Irgun, which fired shots toward the sea to demonstrate their will to resist. As the fighting began, Begin fled to the
1171:
Report dated 16 September 1948 by the United Nations mediator on the observation of the truce in Palestine during the period from 11 June to 9 July 1948.
932:
organization leaves from the port of Jaffa to the place where the ship sank, where a memorial ceremony is held in memory of those who died on the ship.
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in reference to the fighters who lost their lives in the incident, implying that Ben-Gurion, Rabin, and the IDF had committed murder. Defense Minister
1737:
1733:
917:
subsequently demanded that the "severe mishap" be investigated and corrected. Speaker of the Knesset at the time and subsequently president of Israel
726:
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during the battle, and one crew member later claimed that IDF troops on the beach were hit by fire from one of the corvettes, which had aimed at the
601:
663:
to retreat into international waters. The IDF transferred heavy guns to the area and at 4 p.m. the next day, Ben-Gurion ordered the shelling of the
491:
The debate ended in a resolution to empower the army to use force if necessary. Implementation was assigned to the Alexandroni Brigade commanded by
647:
arrived at midnight, running aground on the busiest stretch of shore, at the foot of David Frischmann Street, in view of locals, journalists, and
996:
232:
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502:(Epstein), which the following day surrounded the Kfar Vitkin area in two regiments equipped with armor and artillery. In addition, the
345:
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492:
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to sink the ship on the high seas, long before it approached the shore. This would have resulted in much greater loss of life aboard.
550:(Begin's deputy) and Dan Even which ended in a general ceasefire and the transfer of the weapons on shore to the local IDF commander.
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1170:
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decided therefore to postpone the arrival of the ship, and Irgun staff secretary, Zippora Levi-Kessel sent a wireless message to the
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beach was preferable, as it would be easier to evade UN observers there. The ship was therefore instructed to make for Kfar Vitkin.
1450:. Page 249: "About forty people had been killed in the fighting on the beaches, on board the ship, or while trying to swim ashore."
1272:
Castlewitz, David M. (December 2006). "The Altalena affair brought the newborn state of Israel to the brink of a minor civil war".
365:(member of the General Headquarters), who was then in Paris, but the ship had already departed the day before the message arrived.
2586:
1392:
1221:
1716:
280:, and Victor Ben-Nachum, was originally intended to reach Israel on 15 May 1948, loaded with fighters and military equipment.
1980:
1912:
1891:
1870:
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1828:
1807:
1773:
236:
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met yesterday with Begin. Tomorrow or the next day their ship is due to arrive: 4,500 tons, bringing 800–900 men, 5,000
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1970:
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1447:
1368:
1355:
815:
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733:), who were detained for more than two months, until 27 August, 1948. Eight IDF soldiers who refused to fire on the
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to consult directly with government leaders. A standoff between the IDF and Irgun members at the beach ensued as a
430:
244:
1839:
1818:
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observers watching from the terrace of the Kaete Dan Hotel (today Dan Tel Aviv). In response, Ben-Gurion ordered
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849:
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870:
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Opponents condemned what they saw as unnecessary violence. The debate was reignited for a short time when
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1463:. British Library catalogue number 0593 034465. Page 444. "eighty-two members of the Irgun were killed."
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2687:
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941:
349:
35:
1907:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. pp. 310, 311, 318–327, 329, 330, 343, 347, 349.
1511:
2536:
2176:
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1777:
894:
834:
362:
341:, in the direction of Israel with 940 Jewish volunteers and a large quantity of weapons on board.
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497:
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was coming to an end, and following the United Nations General Assembly vote recommending the
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8:
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92:
Civil war averted after Irgun leader Menachem Begin orders his followers not to retaliate
243:
on May 14, 1948. The declaration of independence was followed by the establishment of a
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2494:
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2328:
1630:
1118:
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1405:
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in a rowboat, under fire from the corvettes offshore, and Captain Fein maneuvered the
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government, in accordance with a secret agreement approved by French Foreign Minister
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2483:
2006:
1976:
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433:(headed by Ben-Gurion) and the Irgun (headed by Begin) followed the departure of the
397:
326:
265:
112:
260:) and a target date for the ship's arrival from Europe was set to mid-May 1948. The
2197:
1686:
1660:
1207:
612:
370:
204:, captained by ex-US Navy lieutenant Monroe Fein and led by senior Etzel commander
192:
was a violent confrontation that took place in June 1948 between the newly created
138:
2014:
588:
to sail to Tel Aviv, where there were more Irgun supporters. At 9:35 pm, the
2108:
1757:
1721:
1296:
1177:
288:
277:
2720:
1749:
1406:"Daniel Gordis' Begin biography teaches liberals and leftists can't be trusted"
1199:
1096:"'Bid' for Altalena : France's Covert Action in the 1948 War in Palestine"
857:
was eventually found sitting on the seabed several kilometers off the coast of
755:
beach. Three IDF soldiers were killed: two at Kfar Vitkin and one in Tel Aviv.
722:
718:
648:
624:
547:
529:
377:
354:
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205:
147:
821:
Begin later said, "My greatest accomplishment was not retaliating and causing
43:
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2024:
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299:
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1674:יו"ר הכנסת, ראובן ריבלין, אמר כי דבר לא יכפר על פשע הירי לעבר האניה אלטלנה.
1658:[Speaker of the Knesset: The Altalena crime cannot be atoned for].
676:
656:
652:
503:
334:
142:
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826:
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730:
686:
534:
418:
381:
273:
1369:"Haapalah / Aliyah Bet - נחמיאס Nehmias Nachmias, Yosef 'Yoske' 'Yossi'"
1123:
1095:
2595:
2505:
2317:
2306:
2277:
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1997:
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1734:
Ben-Gurion speech in Knesset, 23 June 1948 after the affair, beginning
2288:
2244:
2118:
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838:
822:
458:
442:
2015:“Jews Shooting Jews”: A Look Back at the Days of the Altalena Affair
1972:
Flying Under Two Flags: Ex-RAF Pilot in Israel's War of Independence
2670:
2526:
1315:"Hillel Daleski, Israel Prize recipient for literature, dies at 84"
807:, was undermining the legitimacy of the fledgling State of Israel.
752:
668:
507:
479:
463:
414:
401:
216:
52:
95:
Most arrested Irgun members later released and integrated into IDF
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1320:
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1001:
969:
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393:
276:(a.k.a. Peter Bergson) purchased by Irgun members Gershon Hakim,
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338:
284:
240:
76:
1858:
2081:
1135:
882:
811:
385:
197:
126:
1900:
309:
The Irgun headquarters in Paris did their best to keep the
1865:. University of California Press. pp. 159–160 (604).
1799:
The birth of Israel, 1945-1949: Ben-Gurion and his critics
361:
to stay put and await orders. A similar cable was sent to
1883:
The Stern Gang: ideology, politics, and terror, 1940-1949
997:"Underwater search for sunken Altalena ship set to begin"
283:
Weapons valued at 153 million francs were donated by the
353:
these aspects of the truce were ignored by both sides).
122:
2007:
Navsource.org photographic collection of ex-LST-138 as
1841:
To win or to die: a personal portrait of Menachem Begin
235:, which took place on 29 November 1947, Jewish leaders
510:
off Kfar Vitkin. Even issued the following ultimatum:
417:
beach, Defense Ministry representatives claimed that
837:), Menachem Begin joined a delegation which visited
791:
was refloated, towed 15 miles out to sea, and sunk.
561:, including Captain Monroe Fein (bottom row center).
429:
Intense negotiations between representatives of the
2716:
Battles and operations of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
1393:
This Week in History: The sinking of the 'Altalena'
965:"Defense Ministry: Altalena fallen were 'murdered'"
685:commanded the IDF and Palmach forces on the shore.
1313:
1094:
1052:
643:returned fire with Bren guns mounted on deck. The
471:and was adamant that Begin hand over the weapons:
409:personnel. While the Irgun proposed directing the
373:, the head of the provisional government, wrote:
2707:
1776:(also available in a 2002 edition translated by
1687:"Ceremony marks 76 years since Altalena sinking"
1461:A Place among the Nations - Israel and the World
667:. The first gunner ordered to shell the ship, a
1466:
848:was discovered by marine experts hired by the
2067:
1968:
1879:
1795:
1403:
1267:
1265:
675:Then Hillel Daleski, a recent immigrant from
424:
1956:
1944:
1934:
1921:
1802:. University Press of Florida. p. 379.
1441:Promise and Fulfilment - Palestine 1917-1949
1160:Menachem Begin: The Battle for Israel's Soul
905:In 2011, invitations circulated by Israel's
1953:, 1978 (under Begin government), in Hebrew)
2074:
2060:
1823:. Simon and Schuster. p. 293 (544 ).
1563:"Government seeks to salvage the Altalena"
1271:
1262:
1222:"Altalena arms ship sunk by friendly fire"
1031:NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive
958:
956:
737:were court-martialed for insubordination.
2082:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1948
1725:. 5 July 1948. p. 28. Archived from
1626:"PM invokes Begin at 'Altalena' memorial"
1246:
1244:
1122:
988:
1951:"Altalena -- state and military inquiry"
1439:Koestler, Arthur (First published 1949)
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
869:
774:
762:
575:
564:
552:
478:
457:and residents of the fishing village of
215:
1859:Roger Friedland, Richard Hecht (2000).
1816:
1382:Fire in the hole: Blasting the Altalena
1294:
1164:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
953:
483:Kfar Vitkin 1949 1:20,000, jetty where
16:Violent confrontation in Israel in 1948
2708:
1975:. Frank Cass Publishers. p. 312.
1620:
1397:
1301:. Norbert Mercado Novels. p. 205.
1241:
233:Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine
2055:
1946:מכון טבנקין לחקר ולימוד, 1978, תשל"ח.
1886:. Routledge. pp. 225–229 (358).
1837:
1589:
1311:
1219:
1142:
1092:
1050:
1019:
994:
787:About a year after the incident, the
1901:J. Bowyer Bell, Moshe Arens (1996).
1651:
1535:
1079:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
962:
600:by journalist and political analyst
1957:
1945:
1935:
1922:
1538:"Report: Altalena wreckage located"
1509:
1054:"A Burning Ship on Jerusalem Beach"
627:volunteer pilot, wrote in his book
13:
1472:
1295:Mercado, Norbert (24 April 2017).
881:The first memorial to the sixteen
825:." Years later, on the eve of the
14:
2752:
2736:Events that led to courts-martial
1991:
1328:from the original on 17 July 2023
1067:from the original on 23 June 2024
1037:
814:headed by Menachem Begin won the
51:on fire after being shelled near
2691:
2686:
1844:. W. Morrow. p. 373 (460).
1512:"The Irgun: The Altalena Affair"
1220:Green, David B. (22 June 2015).
928:Every year, a cruise led by the
925:Affair was an unatonable crime.
659:to intercept any attempt by the
121:
111:
42:
1708:
1679:
1655:יו"ר הכנסת: פשע אלטלנה לא יכופר
1645:
1614:
1583:
1555:
1529:
1503:
1453:
1433:
1423:
1386:
1375:
1361:
1340:
1312:Dromi, Uri (24 December 2010).
1305:
1288:
1213:
1691:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
1404:Samuel Thrope (7 March 2014).
1193:
1182:
921:said at the ceremony that the
850:Menachem Begin Heritage Center
580:People looking at burning ship
248:plans included a ship renamed
1:
1536:Brot, Tzvika (22 June 2012).
995:Ravid, Barak (23 June 2011).
947:
844:In 2012, the wreckage of the
584:Meanwhile, Begin ordered the
229:British Mandate for Palestine
1652:Wolf, Itzik (19 June 2011).
1093:Zamir, Meir (January 2010).
1051:Zamir, Meir (22 June 2009).
779:People on the beach, burned
758:
237:proclaimed the establishment
7:
1820:Ben-Gurion, prophet of fire
1459:Netanyahu, Benjamin (1993)
1350:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
963:Oren, Amir (19 June 2011).
935:
893:sinking was erected in the
10:
2757:
2726:Maritime incidents in 1948
877:memorial on Tel-Aviv Beach
425:Confrontation with the IDF
211:
2681:
2629:
2087:
1938:אלטלנה — מחקר מדיני וצבאי
942:List of Jewish civil wars
865:
168:
155:
132:
105:
58:
41:
33:
25:
2731:June 1948 events in Asia
1654:
1475:"This is the Way it Was"
895:Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery
557:Some of the crew of the
400:. Zipstein (director of
392:, 5 million bullets, 50
1740:English translation in
1595:"Fight Over the Fallen"
889:soldiers killed in the
783:in the background, 1948
519:D.E., Brigade Commander
1969:Gordon Levett (1993).
1880:Joseph Heller (1995).
1796:Joseph Heller (2000).
1516:Jewish Virtual Library
1210:, 2017, pages 161-162.
1102:Middle Eastern Studies
878:
784:
772:
629:Flying Under Two Flags
596:According to the book
581:
573:
572:burning near the shore
562:
521:
488:
477:
431:provisional government
406:
245:provisional government
224:
133:Commanders and leaders
66:20 June – 23 June 1948
2648:June (unknown date):
2038:32.07861°N 34.76472°E
1927:, הוצאת עידנים, 1978.
1817:Kurzman, Dan (1983).
1729:on 13 September 2012.
1346:Silver, Eric (1984).
1252:"The Altalena Affair"
1176:20 April 2009 at the
873:
829:, in June 1967 (when
778:
766:
579:
568:
556:
512:
482:
473:
375:
350:1948 Arab–Israeli War
219:
194:Israel Defense Forces
169:Casualties and losses
117:Israel Defense Forces
36:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2002:Affair anniversaries
1962:, משרד הבטחון, 2005.
1780:, ASIN B000TAQ4Y2 ).
1743:The Jewish Criterion
1189:Sinking the Altalena
771:near the beach, 1948
2157:Gertrude L. Thebaud
2034: /
1838:Temko, Ned (1987).
1790:The Altalena Affair
1784:The Altalena Affair
1593:(21 January 2011).
1568:The Times of Israel
1204:Not My Last Journey
907:Ministry of Defense
885:fighters and three
2613:Schleswig-Holstein
2130:Joseph V. Connolly
2043:32.07861; 34.76472
1904:Terror out of Zion
1746:of 13 August 1948.
1631:The Jerusalem Post
1571:. 19 December 2012
1348:Begin. A Biography
879:
785:
773:
582:
574:
563:
489:
329:reported that the
256:of Zionist leader
225:
2703:
2702:
1982:978-0-7146-4102-7
1914:978-1-56000-870-5
1893:978-0-7146-4558-2
1872:978-0-520-22092-8
1862:To rule Jerusalem
1851:978-0-688-04338-4
1830:978-0-671-23094-4
1809:978-0-8130-1732-7
1774:978-0-440-17598-8
1510:Lapidot, Yehuda.
617:Israeli Air Force
266:landing ship tank
183:
182:
101:
100:
2748:
2695:
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1986:
1964:
1963:
1958:יעקב מרקוביצקי,
1948:
1947:
1941:
1940:
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1918:
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1661:News First Class
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1624:(10 June 2012).
1618:
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1533:
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1500:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1484:. Archived from
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1292:
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1274:Military History
1269:
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1208:Yedioth Ahronoth
1197:
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986:
985:
979:
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610:
501:
371:David Ben-Gurion
333:had sailed from
315:
258:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
139:David Ben-Gurion
125:
115:
60:
59:
46:
23:
22:
2756:
2755:
2751:
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2747:
2746:
2745:
2706:
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2704:
2699:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2636:
2630:Other incidents
2625:
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2583:
2567:
2557:
2546:
2534:
2528:Empire Flamingo
2524:
2514:
2503:
2492:
2481:
2470:
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2460:
2449:
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2020:
1994:
1989:
1983:
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1758:Dell Publishing
1750:Begin, Menachem
1717:"House Divided"
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1258:. 31 July 2009.
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751:area and 10 on
727:Bezalel Amitzur
615:instructed the
604:
602:Shlomo Nakdimon
518:
515:
506:deployed three
495:
487:unloaded marked
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289:Georges Bidault
278:Abraham Stavsky
272:, organized by
241:State of Israel
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1992:External links
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1923:שלמה נקדימון,
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816:1977 elections
760:
757:
723:Yaakov Meridor
719:Eliyahu Lankin
694:, including a
548:Yaakov Meridor
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213:
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1943:Published by
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1766:0-440-17598-4
1763:
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1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:continuation.
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1491:on 8 May 2009
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1027:"USS LST-138"
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2199:
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2139:
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2119:
2110:George Weems
2109:
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2019:
2008:
1999:
1971:
1960:לקסיקון אצ"ל
1959:
1950:
1937:
1924:
1903:
1882:
1861:
1840:
1819:
1798:
1753:
1741:
1727:the original
1720:
1709:Bibliography
1695:. Retrieved
1690:
1681:
1673:
1666:. Retrieved
1659:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1629:
1622:Keinon, Herb
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1598:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1486:the original
1481:
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1435:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1399:
1388:
1377:
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1330:. Retrieved
1319:
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1231:. Retrieved
1225:
1215:
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1184:
1166:
1159:
1134:– via
1128:. Retrieved
1109:(1): 17–58.
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1006:. Retrieved
1000:
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974:. Retrieved
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739:
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681:
677:South Africa
674:
664:
660:
657:Israeli Navy
653:Yigael Yadin
644:
640:
636:
634:
628:
597:
595:
589:
585:
583:
569:
558:
542:
538:
522:
514:To: M. Begin
513:
504:Israeli Navy
490:
484:
474:
468:
450:
448:
438:
434:
428:
410:
407:
376:
367:
358:
343:
335:Port-de-Bouc
330:
323:
318:
310:
308:
303:
293:
282:
269:
261:
254:nom de plume
253:
249:
226:
221:
201:
187:
186:
184:
143:Yigael Yadin
106:Belligerents
88:IDF victory
87:
48:
34:Part of the
26:
20:
18:
2661:Cronenburgh
2041: /
1936:אורי ברנר,
1778:Shmuel Katz
1664:(in Hebrew)
930:Hazon Leumi
831:Levi Eshkol
827:Six-Day War
749:Kfar Vitkin
731:Hillel Kook
687:Yigal Allon
605: [
535:Hillel Kook
496: [
419:Kfar Vitkin
363:Shmuel Katz
346:first truce
298:biographer
274:Hillel Kook
151:Monroe Fein
2710:Categories
2671:Maristella
2639:HMAS
2452:HMCS
2388:Wainwright
2375:HMAS
2089:Shipwrecks
2029:34°45′53″E
2026:32°04′43″N
1998:Photos of
1754:The Revolt
1637:16 October
1606:16 October
1591:Segev, Tom
948:References
915:Ehud Barak
613:Ben-Gurion
2741:War scare
2551:Pensacola
2549:USS
2506:USS
2495:USS
2484:USS
2473:USS
2441:USS
2430:USS
2419:USS
2410:Gasconade
2408:USS
2397:USS
2386:USS
2370:Conyngham
2368:USS
2347:USS
2336:USS
2329:USS
2318:USS
2307:USS
2300:USS
2289:USS
2278:USS
2267:USS
2256:USS
2245:USS
2238:USS
2227:USS
2216:USS
2205:USS
2198:USS
2187:USS
2166:USS
2145:USS
1358:, p. 107.
1282:0889-7328
1115:0026-3206
899:Givatayim
839:Sde Boker
823:civil war
759:Aftermath
508:corvettes
464:Bren guns
459:Mikhmoret
443:Jerusalem
390:Bren guns
264:, former
177:16 killed
75:Coast of
2658:20 Jul:
2637:11 Apr:
2584:22 Nov:
2568:17 Nov:
2561:Hopestar
2558:14 Nov:
2547:10 Nov:
2541:disaster
2535:30 Oct:
2525:26 Oct:
2515:22 Oct:
2504:16 Oct:
2482:24 Sep:
2475:Searaven
2471:11 Sep:
2461:29 Aug:
2450:19 Aug:
2443:Skipjack
2439:11 Aug:
2428:31 Jul:
2417:25 Jul:
2406:21 Jul:
2399:New York
2377:Vendetta
2359:Altalena
2356:16 Jun:
2345:25 May:
2327:12 May:
2316:11 May:
2287:24 Apr:
2276:19 Apr:
2265:18 Apr:
2236:22 Mar:
2225:10 Mar:
2185:16 Feb:
2175:12 Feb:
2164:10 Feb:
2140:Hanazuki
2127:29 Jan:
2117:19 Jan:
2107:10 Jan:
2009:Altalena
2000:Altalena
1965:(Hebrew)
1930:(Hebrew)
1752:(1978):
1542:Ynetnews
1415:18 April
1326:Archived
1298:Altalena
1174:Archived
1124:40647227
1065:Archived
936:See also
923:Altalena
911:murdered
891:Altalena
875:Altalena
855:Altalena
846:Altalena
796:Altalena
789:Altalena
781:Altelena
769:Altalena
753:Tel Aviv
742:Old City
735:Altalena
705:Altalena
701:Altalena
692:Altalena
669:Red Army
665:Altalena
661:Altalena
645:Altalena
641:Altalena
637:Altalena
598:Altalena
590:Altalena
586:Altalena
570:Altalena
559:Altalena
543:Altalena
539:Altalena
493:Dan Even
485:Altalena
469:Altalena
451:Altalena
439:Altalena
435:Altalena
415:Tel Aviv
411:Altalena
402:Tel Aviv
394:bazookas
382:Skolnik
378:Yisrael
359:Altalena
331:Altalena
321:at sea.
319:Altalena
311:Altalena
304:Altalena
262:Altalena
250:Altalena
222:Altalena
202:Altalena
196:and the
188:Altalena
174:3 killed
156:Strength
71:Location
53:Tel Aviv
49:Altalena
27:Altalena
2668:3 Aug:
2607:Koolama
2597:Kiangya
2594:4 Dec:
2493:5 Oct:
2421:LST-661
2395:8 Jul:
2384:5 Jul:
2366:2 Jul:
2338:LST-545
2302:Briscoe
2298:6 May:
2258:Mayrant
2254:4 Apr:
2240:Mugford
2229:Bracken
2214:9 Mar:
2196:8 Mar:
2154:6 Feb:
2137:3 Feb:
2100:Podolsk
2097:9 Jan:
1792:Palmach
1697:25 June
1668:20 June
1600:Haaretz
1575:16 July
1547:16 July
1521:16 July
1495:16 July
1430:Hagana.
1410:Haaretz
1332:16 July
1321:Haaretz
1233:16 July
1227:Haaretz
1130:23 June
1071:23 June
1060:Haaretz
1008:26 June
1002:Haaretz
976:20 June
970:Haaretz
805:militia
801:Palmach
767:Burned
696:Palmach
526:Netanya
455:Netanya
348:in the
327:the BBC
270:LST-138
239:of the
227:As the
212:History
164:800–900
161:unknown
2641:Barcoo
2577:U-1105
2508:Hughes
2454:Arleux
2432:Nevada
2320:Barrow
2309:Catron
2280:Dawson
2269:Mustin
2218:SC-632
2207:Wilson
2189:Banner
2178:Soegio
2147:Trippe
2120:Oriana
1979:
1925:אלטלנה
1911:
1890:
1869:
1848:
1827:
1806:
1772:
1764:
1482:Palyam
1446:
1354:
1280:
1256:Machal
1121:
1113:
866:Legacy
729:, and
388:, 250
386:rifles
339:France
285:French
190:Affair
84:Result
77:Israel
29:Affair
2721:Irgun
2539:luzzu
2537:Gozo
2497:Skate
2331:Butte
2291:Stack
2247:Rhind
1786:Etzel
1489:(PDF)
1478:(PDF)
1136:JSTOR
1119:JSTOR
883:Irgun
812:Likud
625:Mahal
609:]
500:]
396:, 10
314:'
296:Begin
198:Irgun
127:Irgun
2697:1949
2684:1947
2619:Take
2571:EK-3
2486:Tuna
1977:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1722:Time
1699:2024
1670:2011
1639:2013
1608:2013
1577:2023
1549:2023
1523:2023
1497:2023
1444:ISBN
1417:2015
1352:ISBN
1334:2023
1278:ISSN
1235:2023
1132:2024
1111:ISSN
1073:2024
1010:2011
983:IDF.
978:2011
833:was
794:The
635:The
623:, a
449:The
380:and
344:The
268:USS
185:The
63:Date
897:in
887:IDF
413:to
252:(a
2712::
2616:,
2610:,
2574:,
2373:,
2334:,
2305:,
2243:,
2203:,
2143:,
1768:,
1760:,
1756:,
1736:,
1719:.
1689:.
1672:.
1628:.
1597:.
1565:.
1540:.
1514:.
1480:.
1408:.
1324:.
1318:.
1276:.
1264:^
1254:.
1243:^
1224:.
1206:,
1202:,
1158::
1144:^
1117:.
1107:46
1105:.
1099:.
1081:^
1063:.
1057:.
1039:^
1029:.
1012:.
999:.
980:.
967:.
955:^
818:.
744:.
725:,
721:,
649:UN
611:,
607:he
530:UN
498:he
337:,
306:.
2075:e
2068:t
2061:v
1985:.
1917:.
1896:.
1875:.
1854:.
1833:.
1812:.
1701:.
1641:.
1610:.
1579:.
1551:.
1525:.
1499:.
1419:.
1371:.
1336:.
1284:.
1237:.
1138:.
1075:.
1033:.
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