Amanita muscaria - Knowledge

2571: 1347: 2681: 1792:(usually by drying) of ibotenic acid. Muscimol and ibotenic acid were discovered in the mid-20th century. Researchers in England, Japan, and Switzerland showed that the effects produced were due mainly to ibotenic acid and muscimol, not muscarine. These toxins are not distributed uniformly in the mushroom. Most are detected in the cap of the fruit, a moderate amount in the base, with the smallest amount in the stalk. Quite rapidly, between 20 and 90 minutes after ingestion, a substantial fraction of ibotenic acid is excreted unmetabolised in the urine of the consumer. Almost no muscimol is excreted when pure ibotenic acid is eaten, but muscimol is detectable in the urine after eating 1274: 1020: 939: 2067: 1099: 33: 4478: 1611: 10454: 1404: 2767: 1494: 2215: 2932: 342: 1691: 317: 51: 246: 1973: 383: 8142: 2483:. The notion has become widespread since the 19th century, but no contemporary sources mention this use or anything similar in their description of berserkers. Muscimol is generally a mild relaxant, but it can create a range of different reactions within a group of people. It is possible that it could make a person angry, or cause them to be "very jolly or sad, jump about, dance, sing or give way to great fright". Comparative analysis of symptoms have, however, since shown 1305: 633: 2543:, anthropologist Peter T. Furst evaluated the evidence for and against the identification of the fly agaric mushroom as the Vedic Soma, concluding cautiously in its favour. Kevin Feeney and Trent Austin compared the references in the Vedas with the filtering mechanisms in the preparation of Amanita muscaria and published findings supporting the proposal that fly-agaric mushrooms could be a likely candidate for the sacrament. Other proposed candidates include 361: 378: 299: 281: 1705: 963:, a membrane that encloses the entire mushroom when it is still very young. Dissecting the mushroom at this stage reveals a characteristic yellowish layer of skin under the veil, which helps identification. As the fungus grows, the red colour appears through the broken veil and the warts become less prominent; they do not change in size, but are reduced relative to the expanding skin area. The cap changes from 261: 2454:"The story of Santa emerging from a Sámi shamanic tradition has a critical number of flaws," asserts Tim Frandy, assistant professor of Nordic Studies at the University of British Columbia and a member of the Sámi descendent community in North America. "The theory has been widely criticized by Sámi people as a stereotypical and problematic romanticized misreading of actual Sámi culture." 2533:; this recalled the practice of recycling urine in Siberia. Soma is mentioned as coming "from the mountains", which Wasson interpreted as the mushroom having been brought in with the Aryan migrants from the north. Indian scholars Santosh Kumar Dash and Sachinanda Padhy pointed out that both eating of mushrooms and drinking of urine were proscribed, using as a source the 2315:, one report said that the poor would consume the urine of the wealthy, who could afford to buy the mushrooms. It was reported that the local reindeer would often follow an individual intoxicated by the muscimol mushroom, and if said individual were to urinate in snow the reindeer would become similarly intoxicated and the 2644:, even though cedars and pines are found there, and highlights the tenuous nature of the links between biblical and Sumerian names coined by Allegro. He concludes that if the theory were true, the use of the mushroom must have been "the best kept secret in the world" as it was so well concealed for two thousand years. 1940:

may also occur in severe poisonings. Symptoms typically appear after around 30 to 90 minutes and peak within three hours, but certain effects can last for several days. In the majority of cases recovery is complete within 12 to 24 hours. The effect is highly variable between individuals, with

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within this species representing, roughly, Eurasian, Eurasian "subalpine", and North American populations. Specimens belonging to all three clades have been found in Alaska; this has led to the hypothesis that this was the centre of diversification for this species. The study also looked at four

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because of this. One compound isolated from the fungus is 1,3-diolein (1,3-di(cis-9-octadecenoyl)glycerol), which attracts insects. It has been hypothesised that the flies intentionally seek out the fly agaric for its intoxicating properties. An alternative derivation proposes that the term

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resulting from consumption of the fungus. This is based on the medieval belief that flies could enter a person's head and cause mental illness. Several regional names appear to be linked with this connotation, meaning the "mad" or "fool's" version of the highly regarded edible mushroom

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While Amanita mushrooms are unscheduled in the United States, the sale of Amanita products exists in a legal gray area as they are listed as a poison by the FDA and are not approved to be used in dietary supplements, with some drawing comparisons to the controversial legal status of

1682:. Drying may increase potency, as the process facilitates the conversion of ibotenic acid to the more potent muscimol. According to some sources, once detoxified, the mushroom becomes edible. Patrick Harding describes the Sami custom of processing the fly agaric through reindeer. 1656:. The amount and ratio of chemical compounds per mushroom varies widely from region to region and season to season, which can further confuse the issue. Spring and summer mushrooms have been reported to contain up to 10 times more ibotenic acid and muscimol than autumn fruitings. 2570: 1192:

rather than distinct subspecies or varieties. Further molecular study by Geml and colleagues published in 2008 show that these three genetic groups, plus a fourth associated with oak–hickory–pine forest in the southeastern United States and two more on

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Tupalska-Wilczyńska, K.; Ignatowicz, R.; Poziemski, A.; Wójcik, H.; Wilczyński, G. (1996). "Zatrucia muchomorami plamistym i czerwonym--patogeneza, objawy, leczenie" [Poisoning with spotted and red mushrooms—pathogenesis, symptoms, treatment].

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changed the rules on the starting date and primary work for names of fungi, and names can now be considered valid as far back as May 1, 1753, the date of publication of Linnaeus's work. Hence, Linnaeus and Lamarck are now taken as the namers of

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period, before radiating outwards across Asia, Europe and North America. The season for fruiting varies in different climates: fruiting occurs in summer and autumn across most of North America, but later in autumn and early winter on the

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in all stages of development. Fly agaric fruiting bodies emerge from the soil looking like white eggs. After emerging from the ground, the cap is covered with numerous small white to yellow pyramid-shaped warts. These are remnants of the

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to muscimol, with a small amount likely converting to muscimol after ingestion. An active dose in adults is approximately 6 mg muscimol or 30 to 60 mg ibotenic acid; this is typically about the amount found in one cap of

2422:(= "red-top mushroom"). This information was enthusiastically received by Wasson, although evidence from other sources was lacking. There is also one account of a Euro-American who claims to have been initiated into traditional 2749:

be described in field guides as an edible mushroom, though accompanied by a description on how to detoxify it. The authors state that the widespread descriptions in field guides of this mushroom as poisonous is a reflection of

2734:. In this case, the mushroom, after parboiling, and soaking in vinegar, is made into a mushroom sauce for steak. It is also consumed as a food in parts of Japan. The most well-known current use as an edible mushroom is in 2032:

effects of muscimol. Recurrent vomiting is rare, but if present may lead to fluid and electrolyte imbalances; intravenous rehydration or electrolyte replacement may be required. Serious cases may develop loss of

1482:. Conveyed with pine seedlings, it has been widely transported into the southern hemisphere, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and South America, where it can be found in the Brazilian states of 1067:

is distinguished by its entirely orange to red cap, which lacks the numerous white warty spots of the fly agaric (though these sometimes wash away during heavy rain). Furthermore, the stem, gills and ring of

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have shown that the release of ibotenic acid and muscimol did not depend on the solvent (milk or water) and that thermal and mechanical processing led to faster extraction of ibotenic acid and muscimol.

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Hubregtse, T.; Neeleman, E.; Maschmeyer, T.; Sheldon, R. A.; Hanefeld, U.; Arends, I. W. (May 2005). "The first enantioselective synthesis of the amavadin ligand and its complexation to vanadium".

6405:Ödmann S. (1784) Försök at utur Naturens Historia förklara de nordiska gamla Kämpars Berserka-gang (An attempt to Explain the Berserk-raging of Ancient Nordic Warriors through Natural History). 2852:. The mushroom had been identified as the fly agaric by this time. Other authors recorded the distortions of the size of perceived objects while intoxicated by the fungus, including naturalist 1295:

Bright red fly agaric from northern Europe and Asia. Cap might be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment. Wide cap with white or yellow warts which are removed by rain.

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franchise. There have been cases of children admitted to hospitals after consuming this poisonous mushroom; the children may have been attracted to it because of its pop-culture associations.

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Jørgensen, C. G.; Bräuner-Osborne, H.; Nielsen, B.; et al. (May 2007). "Novel 5-substituted 1-pyrazolol analogues of ibotenic acid: synthesis and pharmacology at glutamate receptors".

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have been reported in historical journal articles and newspaper reports, but with modern medical treatment, fatal poisoning from ingesting this mushroom is extremely rare. Many books list

2539:. In 1971, Vedic scholar John Brough from Cambridge University rejected Wasson's theory and noted that the language was too vague to determine a description of Soma. In his 1976 survey, 6188:

Several Shutulis asserted that Amanita-extract was administered orally as a medicine for treatment of psychotic conditions, as well as externally as a therapy for localised frostbite.

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can remove the toxins, although this intervention is generally considered unnecessary. With modern medical treatment the prognosis is typically good following supportive treatment.

1574:). The species is also invading a rainforest in Australia, where it may be displacing the native species. It appears to be spreading northwards, with recent reports placing it near 1072:

are bright yellow, not white. The volva is a distinct white bag, not broken into scales. In Australia, the introduced fly agaric may be confused with the native vermilion grisette (

443:. These subspecies are slightly different, some having yellow or white caps, but are all usually called fly agarics, most often recognizable by their notable white spots. Recent 1596:

in Australia, it has been recorded associating with them in Portugal. Commonly found throughout the great Southern region of western Australia, it is regularly found growing on

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Flora svecica exhibens plantas per regnum Sueciae crescentes systematice cum differentiis specierum, synonymis autorum, nominibus incolarum, solo locorum, usu pharmacopæorum

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has been practiced in some parts of Europe (notably by Russian settlers in Siberia) since at least the 19th century, and likely earlier. The German physician and naturalist

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species, the fly agaric is one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture, including in video games—for example, the frequent use of a recognizable

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mushrooms with fewer negative effects such as sweating and twitching, suggesting that the initial user may act as a screening filter for other components in the mushroom.

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is usually around 8–20 centimetres (3–8 inches) in diameter, although larger specimens have been found. The red colour may fade after rain and in older mushrooms.

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Fly agarics are best known for the unpredictability of their effects. Depending on habitat and the amount ingested per body weight, effects can range from mild

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fruit bodies can detoxify them and render them edible, although consumption of the mushroom as a food has never been widespread. The consumption of detoxified

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that bears universal veil remnants in the form of two to four distinct rings or ruffs. Between the basal universal veil remnants and gills are remnants of the

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Segedin BP, Pennycook SR (2001). "A nomenclatural checklist of agarics, boletes, and related secotioid and gasteromycetous fungi recorded from New Zealand".

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Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen "soma" and Its Legacy in Religion, Language, and Middle-Eastern Folklore

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which are involved in the control of neuronal activity. It is these interactions which are thought to cause the psychoactive effects found in intoxication.

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is another compound that has more recently been isolated from European specimens of the fly agaric. It is a product of the breakdown of ibotenic acid by

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A recent outbreak of poisonings and at least one death associated with products containing Amanita muscaria extracts has sparked debates regarding the

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has a yellow to orange cap, with the centre more orange or perhaps even reddish orange. It is found most commonly in northeastern North America, from

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similar doses potentially causing quite different reactions. Some people suffering intoxication have exhibited headaches up to ten hours afterwards.

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The red-and-white spotted toadstool is a common image in many aspects of popular culture. Garden ornaments and children's picture books depicting

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Lumpert (2016). "Catching flies with Amanita muscaria: traditional recipes from Slovenia and their efficacy in the extraction of ibotenic acid".

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power-up items and the platforms in several stages which are based on a fly agaric), and the dancing mushroom sequence in the 1940 Disney film

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from both areas. All four varieties were found within both the Eurasian and North American clades, evidence that these morphological forms are

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by Sámi shamans. However, Sámi scholars and the Sámi peoples themselves refute any connection between Santa Claus and Sámi history or culture.

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can be used to control combativeness, agitation, muscular overactivity, and seizures. Only small doses should be used, as they may worsen the

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rituals. The Lithuanian festivities are the only report that Wasson received of ingestion of fly agaric for religious use in Eastern Europe.

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there was published in English in 1736. The drinking of urine of those who had consumed the mushroom was commented on by Anglo-Irish writer

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of Amanita mushrooms and their psychoactive constituents. These products often use misleading advertising, such as erroneous comparisons to

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would take the mushrooms, and others would drink his urine. This urine, still containing psychoactive elements, may be more potent than the

1855:; some species concentrate vanadium to levels of up to 400 times those typically found in plants. Vanadium is present in fruit-bodies as an 1027:

Although very distinctive in appearance, the fly agaric has been mistaken for other yellow to red mushroom species in the Americas, such as

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The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross: A Study of the Nature and Origins of Roman Theology within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East

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Medical attention should be sought in cases of suspected poisoning. If the delay between ingestion and treatment is less than four hours,

10806: 10796: 6165:"The Hallucinogens Muscarine and Ibotenic Acid in the Middle Hindu Kush: A contribution on traditional medicinal mycology in Afghanistan" 3138: 1678:

The active constituents of this species are water-soluble, and boiling and then discarding the cooking water at least partly detoxifies

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Michelot, Didier; Melendez-Howell, Leda Maria (February 2003). "Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology".

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published an article in which they claimed to have discovered a tradition of medicinal and recreational use of this mushroom among a

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lists four varieties as of May 2019, but says that they will be segregated into their own taxa "in the near future". They are:

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There is no antidote, and supportive care is the mainstay of further treatment for intoxication. Though sometimes referred to as a

6926: 6001: 2336: 2311:, Raven was so exhilarated that he told it to grow forever on earth so his children, the people, could learn from it. Among the 1297:

Known to be toxic but used by shamans in northern cultures. Associated predominantly with Birch and diverse conifers in forest.

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wrote the earliest published account on how to detoxify this mushroom in 1823. In the late 19th century, the French physician

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varies considerably in its morphology, and many authorities recognize several subspecies or varieties within the species. In

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was used by both shamans and laypeople alike, and was used recreationally as well as religiously. In eastern Siberia, the

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Fatur, Karsten (2019-11-15). "Sagas of the Solanaceae: Speculative ethnobotanical perspectives on the Norse berserkers".

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has stated that there were "no reliably documented cases of death from toxins in these mushrooms in the past 100 years".

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Use of this mushroom as a food source also seems to have existed in North America. A classic description of this use of

9535: 7315: 6048: 2864:. This observation is thought to have formed the basis of the effects of eating the mushroom in the 1865 popular story 2399: 1455:, the Mediterranean and also Central America. A recent molecular study proposes that it had an ancestral origin in the 9169: 2611: 2521:

of India, a claim which received widespread publicity and popular support at the time. He noted that descriptions of

2001: 1730: 11522: 11338: 10214: 9218: 2498: 11294: 6768: 1016:. It can be quite wide and flaccid with age. There is generally no associated smell other than a mild earthiness. 1004:–1 in) wide, and has the slightly brittle, fibrous texture typical of many large mushrooms. At the base is a 11502: 9275: 5774:

Bosman, C. K.; Berman, L.; Isaacson, M.; Wolfowitz, B.; Parkes, J. (October 1965). "Mushroom poisoning caused by

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American Academy Of Clinical Toxico; European Association Of Poisons Cen (2004). "Position paper: Ipecac syrup".

1826: 1575: 1352: 205: 6783:. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Botany. U.S. Government Printing office, Washington, D.C. 2335:

searches for Amanita muscaria rose nearly 200% from the previous year, a trend that an article published in the

6127:"A legal psychedelic mushroom species is being sold in the US. It can cause euphoria — or 'temporary insanity'" 5411:

Lampe, K.F., 1978. "Pharmacology and therapy of mushroom intoxications". In: Rumack, B.H., Salzman, E. (Eds.),

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fungi research, however, has shown that some mushrooms called 'fly agaric' are in fact unique species, such as

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had been set by general agreement as January 1, 1821, the date of Fries's work, and so the full name was then

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Vale, J. A.; Kulig, K.; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (2004). "Position paper: gastric lavage".

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A 2008 paper by food historian William Rubel and mycologist David Arora gives a history of consumption of

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state. (Normally, Siberian shamans achieve trance by prolonged drumming and dancing.) In eastern Siberia,

11517: 11097: 10207: 10040: 5073:"A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom, 4894: 3042: 2629: 1197:

in California, are delineated from each other enough genetically to be considered separate species. Thus

5426: 2795:, often show fly agarics used as seats, or homes. Fly agarics have been featured in paintings since the 11088: 10130: 5159: 2824: 1451:

regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including higher elevations of warmer latitudes in regions such as

182: 11343: 5667: 2719:, an important food source in tropical South America that must also be detoxified before consumption. 967:

to hemispherical, and finally to plate-like and flat in mature specimens. Fully grown, the bright red

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Garner, C. D.; Armstrong, E. M.; Berry, R. E.; et al. (May 2000). "Investigations of Amavadin".

4304:"Amanita muscaria var. inzengae - Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella" 2876: 2529:"dazzling" or "flaming" which the author interprets as meaning red. One line described men urinating 2525:

omitted any description of roots, stems or seeds, which suggested a mushroom, and used the adjective

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The Mycota: a comprehensive treatise on fungi as experimental systems for basic and applied research

2898:" and presents a detailed description of a character preparing a cookie bake mixture from harvested 1211:

is a buff-capped mushroom associated with conifers from the Pacific Northwest, and the brown-capped

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As a result of a lack of regulation, the use of Amanita muscaria as a popular legal alternative to

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respectively. Ibotenic acid and muscimol act like these neurotransmitters, muscimol being a potent

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based on large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and character evolution"

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or agitated, this can usually be treated by reassurance and, if necessary, physical restraints. A

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mushroom seller in Washington, D.C., in the late 19th century is described by American botanist

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Satora, L.; Pach, D.; Butryn, B.; Hydzik, P.; Balicka-Slusarczyk, B. (June 2005). "Fly agaric (

4085: 2636:. Christian author John C. King wrote a detailed rebuttal of Allegro's theory in the 1970 book 2407: 2122:

may occur; the latter two effects may occur either simultaneously or alternatingly, as part of

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can be considered if the patient presents within one hour of ingestion. Inducing vomiting with

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Fritz, H.; Gagneux, A. R.; Zbinden, R.; Eugster, C. H. (1965). "The structure of muscazone".

3270:"They look delightful but California hospital warns against eating these poisonous mushrooms" 2853: 2633: 2621: 1925: 1324:

red, with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through the

1098: 1074: 914: 684: 166: 145: 6978: 4926: 3223: 1671:, this is an error that implies the mushroom is far more toxic than it is. Furthermore, The 11330: 11159: 10663: 10612: 10572: 10319: 10110: 10080: 9960: 9930: 9910: 9880: 9870: 9775: 9675: 9645: 9490: 9410: 9340: 8758: 8588: 8558: 8514: 8454: 8394: 8344: 8334: 8103: 8023: 7953: 7759: 7729: 7635: 7625: 7605: 7545: 7495: 7078: 6205:

Puhpohwee for the people: a narrative account of some uses of fungi among the Ahnishinaubeg

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correlated with the sudden commercialization of Amanita muscaria products on the internet.

2103: 1777: 1739: 1565: 923: 32: 5997:"Need for a Public Health Response to the Unregulated Sales of Amanita muscaria Mushrooms" 5132: 1425:

it has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and stem which may be tan.

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reported having tried without success to replicate its fly-killing properties in his work

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leading to the excitation of neurons bearing these receptors. The levels of muscarine in

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people's would use the drunken state of the reindeer to more easily rope and hunt them.

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poisoning has occurred in young children and in people who ingested the mushrooms for a

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in southern Sweden, where he had lived as a child. He described it in volume two of his

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Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas—a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians

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during the reproduction stage: Food hygienic studies of toxigenic basidiomycotina: II"

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to a series of patches or warts. Most species in this group also have a bulbous base.

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Critical care toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient

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Brent, J.; Wallace, K. L.; Burkhart, K. K.; Phillips, S. D.; Donovan, J. W. (2005).

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Showing the partial veil under the cap dropping away to form a ring around the stipe

11482: 11397: 11151: 10758: 10746: 10633: 10495: 10289: 9805: 9755: 9545: 9203: 9132: 9112: 8962: 8952: 8922: 8668: 8628: 8254: 8180: 8113: 8063: 8053: 7893: 7819: 7789: 7719: 7455: 6997: 6892: 6742: 6587: 6462: 6241: 6010: 5946: 5677: 5634: 5574: 5539: 5509: 5474: 5445: 5359: 5320: 5294: 5274: 5223: 5203: 5091: 4895:"Vecchi's death said to be due to a deliberate experiment with poisonous mushrooms" 4868: 4807: 4694: 4648: 4464: 4429: 4390: 4347: 4156: 4095: 3928: 3727: 3670: 3516: 3473:

Animals and psychedelics: the natural world and the instinct to alter consciousness

3242: 3202: 3153: 2895: 2871: 2845: 2800: 2727: 2590: 2504: 2485: 2351: 2253: 2245: 2237: 2175: 2091: 1800: 1799:

Ibotenic acid and muscimol are structurally related to each other and to two major

1448: 1045: 1005: 991: 954:

is generally common and numerous where it grows, and is often found in groups with

908: 875: 864: 772: 759: 614: 610: 531: 461: 331: 322: 11102: 4811: 4394: 4205: 4176: 3374: 1159:

However, a 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of different regional populations of

11370: 11312: 10919: 10582: 10453: 10369: 10309: 9765: 8932: 8912: 8788: 8738: 8548: 8484: 8384: 8324: 8230: 8220: 8200: 8003: 7883: 7873: 7843: 7645: 7585: 7485: 7475: 7405: 7375: 6854: 6639: 6352:"Fly Agaric: A Compendium of History, Pharmacology, Mythology, & Exploration" 6014: 5633:(7). European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists: 933–43. 3337: 3307: 3018: 2766: 2558: 2551: 2383: 2171: 1966: 1915: 1848: 1812: 1789: 1781: 1579: 1403: 1329: 1325: 1213: 902: 688: 641: 618: 11281: 5773: 5499: 4238: 4160: 3617: 3207: 3186: 2479:

in 1784. Ödmann based his theories on reports about the use of fly agaric among

2375: 2295:) which enabled Big Raven to carry a whale to its home. In the story, the deity 1725:, discovered in 1869, was long thought to be the active hallucinogenic agent in 1049:

of Europe. Poison control centres in the U.S. and Canada have become aware that

629:("it is called the fly mushroom because it is powdered in milk to kill flies"). 11405: 11198: 10741: 10731: 10683: 10602: 8838: 8728: 8618: 8504: 8434: 8304: 8123: 7993: 7973: 7903: 7799: 7525: 7435: 7385: 7365: 4728:

Theobald W; Büch O; Kunz HA; Krupp P; Stenger EG; Heimann H. (March 1968). "".

2984: 2885: 2814: 2379: 2268:

was restricted to shamans, who used it as an alternative method of achieving a

2257: 2017: 1962: 1880: 1622: 1584: 1517: 1474: 1243:

trees, and it is unclear whether they are native or introduced from Australia.

960: 871: 580: 543: 92: 10199: 7001: 6896: 6781:

Observations on Recent Cases of Mushroom Poisoning in the District of Columbia

6746: 6591: 6466: 6318: 5478: 5464: 5153: 5095: 4698: 4652: 4523:. New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Limited. pp. 130–1. 4138:"Evidence for strong inter- and intracontinental phylogeographic structure in 3932: 3848: 3828: 3520: 3310:(1256). "Book II, Chapter 6; p. 87 and Book VI, Chapter 7; p. 345". 3246: 2358:

or simply not disclosing the inclusion of Amanita mushrooms on the packaging.

1690: 1610: 878:

that is reduced to a series of concentric rings, and the veil remnants on the

11476: 11073: 10736: 10592: 10412: 8494: 7943: 7779: 7689: 7445: 6904: 6474: 6105: 5960: 5450: 5427:"Changes in concentration of ibotenic acid and muscimol in the fruit body of 3355: 2907: 2810: 2751: 2656: 2617: 2535: 2382:

would consume fly agarics with seven spots. In 1979, Said Gholam Mochtar and

2367: 2332: 2241: 2187: 2034: 2009: 1822: 1804: 1785: 1708: 1640: 1598: 1502: 1469: 1039: 649: 551: 419: 162: 82: 4681:

Hoegberg LC; Larsen L; Sonne L; Bang J; Skanning PG (2008). "Three cases of

4453:(L.) Lam (Amanitaceae, Agaricomycetes) and its infraspecific taxa in Brazil" 4335: 2070:

Photographed in Mount Lofty Botanic Gardens, Adelaide Hills, South Australia

1972: 677:

meaning "fly". It gained its current name in 1783, when placed in the genus

10773: 10478: 9161: 9102: 9086: 8141: 7809: 7118: 7009: 6959: 6912: 6754: 6482: 6425: 6295:"Santa Claus the Magic Mushroom & the Psychedelic Origins of Christmas" 6022: 5968: 5951: 5934: 5689: 5646: 5586: 5551: 5486: 5398: 5371: 5180: 4880: 4819: 4706: 4168: 4107: 3940: 3682: 3674: 3528: 3254: 2937: 2513: 2328: 2260:

of central Siberia and it is believed that on the whole entheogenic use of

2149: 2095: 2050: 1636: 1009: 827: 7277: 6245: 5791: 5681: 5638: 5424: 5332: 5286: 5215: 4941: 4741: 4660: 2640:; he notes that neither fly agarics nor their host trees are found in the 964: 627:"vocatur fungus muscarum, eo quod in lacte pulverizatus interficit muscas" 11317: 11263: 11224: 11138: 11082: 10880: 10783: 10763: 9580: 7286: 7140: 5715:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1719–35. 5529: 3157: 2917: 2796: 2641: 2620:. The book was widely criticized by academics and theologians, including 2435: 2391: 2199: 2135: 2111: 1668: 1557: 1304: 1129: 1056: 979: 955: 942:

Cross section of fruiting body, showing pigment under skin and free gills

632: 602: 527:

substances; it is eaten in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. All

368: 348: 112: 5253:

Bowden, K.; Drysdale, A. C.; Mogey, G. A. (June 1965). "Constituents of

2775: 2655:

is traditionally used for catching flies possibly due to its content of

2307:, and his saliva becomes the warts. After experiencing the power of the 1928:

with confusion, hallucinations, and irritability followed by periods of

11423: 11216: 10875: 10831: 10811: 9690: 9390: 6792: 6319:"Magic mushrooms & Reindeer - Weird Nature - BBC animals - YouTube" 5207: 4056: 3915:

Brvar, M.; Mozina, M.; Bunc, M. (May 2006). "Prolonged psychosis after

3739: 2912: 2489:

to be a better fit to the state that characterises the berserker rage.

2439: 2153: 2079: 2042: 1946: 1644: 1570: 1479: 1452: 1233: 1029: 983: 585: 520: 497: 440: 102: 5278: 4793: 4351: 2809:, the mushroom can be seen on the left-hand panel of the work. In the 2616:

This theory has found little support by scholars outside the field of

1592:, Western Australia in 2010. Although it has apparently not spread to 653: 11449: 11255: 11229: 11185: 11172: 10753: 10430: 10425: 9820: 9595: 5252: 4631:

Benjamin DR (1992). "Mushroom poisoning in infants and children: the

4545: 4057:

Geml J; Laursen GA; O'Neill K; Nusbaum HC; Taylor DL (January 2006).

2602: 2472: 2277: 2229: 2179: 2131: 2126:, collectively known as dysmetropsia, along with related distortions 2119: 2115: 2107: 2099: 2025: 1981: 1860: 1832: 1745: 1722: 1444: 1386: 1079: 857: 645: 566: 555: 523:

twice with water weakens its toxicity and breaks down the mushroom's

501: 457: 62: 11044: 4135: 4059:"Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly agaric ( 3731: 3570:(4th ed.). Koenigstein, West Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. 1863:. The biological importance of the accumulation process is unknown. 1631:

contains several biologically active agents, at least one of which,

11444: 11364: 11250: 11177: 11067: 10726: 10718: 10435: 10417: 9365: 9320: 5310: 4518: 3381:(in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1172. 2903: 2745:

as a food and describes detoxification methods. They advocate that

2668: 2660: 2598: 2582: 2431: 2264:

was not practised by these peoples. In western Siberia, the use of

2203: 2127: 2087: 2083: 2021: 2013: 2005: 1989: 1933: 1911: 1852: 1773: 1694: 1632: 1593: 1589: 1561: 1511: 1464: 1460: 1443:

mushroom, native to conifer and deciduous woodlands throughout the

1397:, while others (cf. Tulloss) recognise them as a distinct variety. 1333: 1228: 1087: 1012:(which covers the gills during development) in the form of a white 947: 834: 808: 804: 780: 753: 601:

in many European languages is thought to derive from its use as an

598: 547: 481: 304: 272: 251: 7293: 5384: 5346:

Bowden, K.; Drysdale, A. C. (March 1965). "A novel constituent of

10232: 9725: 9515: 9255: 7325: 6066:"Can Brands Create Quality, Compliant Amanita Mushroom Products?" 4446: 2518: 2443: 2387: 2316: 2312: 2300: 2288: 1993: 1904: 1818: 1712: 1704: 1648: 1456: 792: 679: 505: 424: 122: 11164: 7283:

Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others (Group PIM G026)

7147:

Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi

4680: 3798:

Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi

3114: 1086:

and bears no ring. Additionally, immature button forms resemble

554:. A local variety of the mushroom was used as an intoxicant and 11110: 10768: 9560: 9095: 3709: 3649: 2755: 2716: 2685: 2574: 2464: 2423: 2403: 2269: 1896: 1888: 1872: 1545: 1533: 1382: 1239: 731:

was an old alternative name for the species. French mycologist

696: 72: 7268: 6769:"Further Reflections on Amanita muscaria as an Edible Species" 4727: 4136:

Geml, J.; Tulloss, R. E.; Laursen, G. A.; et al. (2008).

1163:

by mycologist József Geml and colleagues found three distinct

6979:"The most widely recognized mushroom: chemistry of the genus 4764:

Chilton WS (1975). "The course of an intentional poisoning".

3502: 3224:"The most widely recognized mushroom: Chemistry of the genus 2792: 2788: 2784: 2191: 1884: 1541: 1164: 671: 605:

when sprinkled in milk. This practice has been recorded from

489: 6232:). Pour une éthnomycologie des Indiens d'Amérique du Nord". 6094:"Mushroom Edibles Recalled After Spate of Serious Illnesses" 5385:

Takemoto, T.; Nakajima, T.; Yokobe, T. (December 1964). "".

1737:

are minute when compared with other poisonous fungi such as

1389:. Some authorities (cf. Jenkins) treat these populations as 727:

was used for getting rid of bugs in England and Sweden, and

7125:(40th anniversary ed.). Crestline, CA: Gnostic Media. 6927:"Mushrooms in Victorian Fairy Paintings, by Elio Schachter" 6847: 6801:(Thesis). Florida International University, Miami, Florida. 5155:

Dr. Patrick Harding - Unwrapping the Mysteries of Christmas

4519:

Hall IR; Stephenson SE; Buchanan PK; Yn W; Cole AL (2003).

4416:

Reid DA; Eicker A. (1991). "South African fungi: the genus

3914: 3475:. Inner Traditions/Bear. 823/1251 (67%) in Kindle edition. 2164:

in the United Kingdom in 2006, the sale of the still legal

2157: 2038: 1937: 1808: 1553: 1525: 830:

of the genus. By extension, it is also the type species of

485: 6380:"What does Santa have to do with … psychedelic mushrooms?" 2813:

they became more visible, becoming the main topic of some

1336:. Rodham Tulloss uses this name to describe all "typical" 994:

is white, 5–20 cm (2–8 in) high by 1–2 cm (

546:

properties, with the main psychoactive constituents being

6638:

Flattery, David Stophlet; Schwartz, Martin (1989-01-01).

6207:. Cambridge, MA: Botanical Museum of Harvard University. 6162: 5425:

Tsunoda, K.; Inoue, N.; Aoyagi, Y.; Sugahara, T. (1993).

5345: 5311:

Eugster, C. H.; Müller, G. F.; Good, R. (June 1965). "".

2817:. Two of the most famous uses of the mushroom are in the 2410:

reported its use among her people, where it was known as

2394:. There are also unconfirmed reports of religious use of 1614:

Mature. The white spots may wash off with heavy rainfall.

1537: 1529: 1524:

forms symbiotic relationships with many trees, including

739:

Histoire des plantes vénéneuses et suspectes de la France

444: 6799:) and the efficacy of traditional detoxification methods 6228:

Navet, E. (1988). "Les Ojibway et l'Amanite tue-mouche (

5888:

How Drugs Influence Behavior: A Neurobehavioral Approach

4596: 4014:

Fungi Down Under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi

2194:. She also reported that the Lithuanians used to export 1765:

is too low to play a role in the symptoms of poisoning.

1082:. The latter species generally lacks the white warts of 691:

in 1821 by the "father of mycology", Swedish naturalist

6882: 6199: 5939:

Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

5170: 3656:(Agaricales, Basidiomycota): phylogenetic implications" 2902:. Fly agaric shamanism - in the context of a surviving 2601:

was derived from a fertility cult revolving around the

1625:

experience, or who confused it with an edible species.

930:

studies have confirmed this classification as natural.

6580:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

5740:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby. pp. 1263–75. 4922: 4920: 4447:

Wartchow F, Maia LC, de Queirox Cavalcanti MA (2013).

3507:: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology". 3340:(1601). "Genus XII of the pernicious mushrooms". 3115:"Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada" 2291:

of eastern Siberia have a story about the fly agaric (

1472:. This species is often found in similar locations to 6976: 5807:

Hallucinogenic mushrooms an emerging trend case study

4998:

North American Mycological Association (NAMA) website

3833:. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. p. 210. 2894:

describes the fungus as a "relative of the poisonous

1132:

listed three subspecies, though without description:

617:

region and pockets elsewhere in France, and Romania.

6793:

Phipps, A. G.; Bennett, B.C.; Downum, K. R. (2000).

5173:

Das Muscarin, das giftige Alkaloid des Fliegenpilzes

3802:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 3013: 3011: 3009: 2927: 2738:, Japan. There, it is primarily salted and pickled. 2417: 2411: 2138:

under the influence of its hypnotic effects. Unlike

1969:

is no longer recommended in any poisoning situation.

1231:

respectively. Both of these last two are found with

583:

power-up)—and television—for example, the houses in

4917: 2754:, as several other popular edible species, notably 2475:rages was first suggested by the Swedish professor 2012:as an antidote is not recommended. If a patient is 1023:

Image of Amanita muscaria by Theodore Green (1933).

7144: 6606: 5070: 3861: 3830:Fungi of Aotearoa: a curious forager's field guide 3795: 3615: 3396:(5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. 3079: 3040: 2982: 2840:to Siberia and his descriptions of the use of the 2331:has grown exponentially in recent years. In 2024, 1910:In cases of serious poisoning the mushroom causes 1891:), auditory and visual distortions, mood changes, 1796:, which contains both ibotenic acid and muscimol. 644:traced the practice of sprinkling it into milk to 6373: 6371: 5031:"Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others" 4142:, a wind-dispersed ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete" 3650:Moncalvo JM; Drehmel D; Vilgalys R. (July 2000). 3006: 1582:north coast. It was recorded under silver birch ( 11474: 7206:Shroom: A Cultural history of the magic mushroom 7052: 6683: 6637: 6424: 4415: 4372: 4016:. Melbourne: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 21. 2110:may occur however. Perceptual phenomena such as 1568:, forming new associations with southern beech ( 986:; they do not turn blue with the application of 10229: 6345: 6343: 5850:The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica 3416: 3323: 3321: 7222: 6948: 6876: 6368: 5193: 4269: 4236: 4203: 2799:, albeit in a subtle manner. For instance, in 439:is a fungus with several known variations, or 10215: 9177: 7309: 7016: 6407:Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens nya Handlingar 6087: 6085: 5932: 4685:ingestion in children: two severe courses ". 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4440: 4030: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3453: 3451: 2624:, emeritus Professor of Semitic Philology at 2361: 2240:-speaking peoples of western Siberia and the 1050: 982:. The oval spores measure 9–13 by 6.5–9 797: 765: 752:refers not to insects as such but rather the 652:, the "father of taxonomy", reported it from 435:Despite its easily distinguishable features, 40:Showing three stages as the mushroom matures 9191: 6834: 6349: 6340: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5904: 5028: 3855: 3763: 3710:Drehmel D; Moncalvo JM; Vilgalys R. (1999). 3318: 3184: 2322: 2236:. Its use was known among almost all of the 1984:and while muscarine was first isolated from 1697:, the principal psychoactive constituent of 918:. Modern fungal taxonomists have classified 785: 737: 709:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 7151:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. 7083:. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 92–93. 7076: 6855:"The Registry of Mushrooms in Works of Art" 6698: 6664: 6558: 6510: 5890:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 5754: 5710: 5413:Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment 5248: 5246: 5230: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5044: 4854: 4832: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4630: 4521:Edible and poisonous mushrooms of the world 4489: 4487: 4314: 3986: 3886: 3826: 3354: 2160:trees. However, following the outlawing of 1976:Found in a parking lot, Portland Oregon US. 1847:and related species are known as effective 1431: 432:, white-spotted, and usually red mushroom. 10222: 10208: 9184: 9170: 7316: 7302: 6573: 6267: 6124: 6082: 5841: 5670:Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 5627:Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 5306: 5304: 4959:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 16. 4957:Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America 4833:Cagliari GE (1897). "Mushroom poisoning". 4763: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4641:Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 4615: 4601:. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 85. 4566: 4537: 4498:. Melbourne: Bloomings Books. p. 24. 4336:"A monograph of the Australian species of 4005: 3910: 3908: 3880: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3590: 3489: 3448: 3391: 3372: 3336: 3221: 3136: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3036: 3034: 3032: 2978: 2976: 2974: 31: 7189:. Chandler & Sharp. pp. 98–106. 6977:Li, C.; Oberlies, N. H. (December 2005). 6931:Mushroom, the Journal of Wild Mushrooming 6617:. Chandler & Sharp. pp. 96–108. 6227: 5983: 5950: 5525: 5523: 5449: 4850: 4848: 4493: 4468: 4089: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 3793: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3503:Michelot D; Melendez-Howell LM. (2003). " 3306: 3206: 3132: 3130: 3128: 2862:A Plain and Easy Account of British Fungi 2758:, are also toxic unless properly cooked. 2585:, northern Italy, dating to before 330 CE 2577:of red mushrooms, found in the Christian 2337:American Journal of Preventative Medicine 2078:effects have been variously described as 1776:(3-hydroxy-5-aminomethyl-1-isoxazole, an 743:(1784), and proposed a new binomial name 7165: 6420: 6418: 6377: 5885: 5415:. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 125–169 5243: 5057: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4973: 4954: 4855:Buck, R. W. (August 1963). "Toxicity of 4776: 4667: 4484: 4263: 4230: 4197: 3768:. Hertfordshire, UK: Garden City Press. 3470: 3362:(in Latin). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. 3267: 3222:Li, Chen; Oberlies, Nicholas H. (2005). 3185:Carboué, Quentin; Lopez, Michel (2021). 2765: 2679: 2569: 2213: 2065: 1971: 1703: 1689: 1609: 1548:. Commonly seen under introduced trees, 1492: 1201:as it stands currently is, evidently, a 1097: 1018: 937: 631: 7203: 7117: 6732: 6234:Journal de la Société des Américanistes 6002:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 5798: 5599: 5301: 4748: 4333: 4011: 3961: 3905: 3782: 3766:Wild mushrooms: an illustrated handbook 3584: 3068: 3029: 2971: 2299:("Existence") spat onto earth, and his 1821:, while ibotenic acid is an agonist of 1340:from indigenous New World populations. 922:and its allies this way based on gross 621:was the first to record it in his work 11475: 10252: 7241: 6063: 5847: 5602:Hallucinogenic Plants of North America 5520: 4845: 4798:) poisoning, case report and review". 4543: 4043: 3556: 3125: 1673:North American Mycological Association 11049: 11048: 10203: 9904:. caerulescens var. caerulescens 9165: 7297: 7184: 7139: 6701:A Christian View of the Mushroom Myth 6612: 6452: 6415: 6179:from the original on 17 February 2009 6175:. Translated by P. G. Werner: 62–65. 5593: 5015: 4597:Keane PJ; Kile GA; Podger FD (2000). 4149:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3663:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3119:National General Status Working Group 2910:- is also explored in the 2003 novel 2638:A Christian View of the Mushroom Myth 2248:. There are only isolated reports of 2190:, in which mushrooms were mixed with 1363:American fly agaric (yellow variant) 1168:named varieties of the species: var. 815:, which translates as "Devil's hat". 11460:a92842f8-1e65-442e-97bc-61f99898ad48 11305:f82dee32-cb5c-4401-ae81-7458987e5167 7244:Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality 7170:. New York: WH Freeman and Company. 6865:from the original on 1 February 2009 6823:from the original on 2 February 2009 6292: 6272:. New York, NY: Station Hill Press. 6163:Mochtar, S. G.; Geerken, H. (1979). 6091: 5994: 5933:Lee, MR; Dukan, E; Milne, I (2018). 5879: 5467:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 5175:(in German). Leipzig: F.C.W. Vogel. 5130: 3107: 1924:), characterised by bouts of marked 7323: 6432:. Academic Press. pp. 443–54. 5133:"How to Safely Eat Amanita Muscaia" 4599:Diseases and pathogens of eucalypts 3964:The young specialist Looks at fungi 2823:franchise (specifically two of the 1992:does not have action, either as an 1078:), which grows in association with 894:and its close relatives, including 13: 9711: 9701: 9501: 9491: 9481: 9471: 9461: 9451: 9441: 9431: 9421: 9411: 9401: 6703:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 6669:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 6644:. University of California Press. 5171:Schmiedeberg O.; Koppe R. (1869). 4546:"News from the Fungimap president" 3827:Sisson, Liv; Vigus, Paula (2023). 2711:was a populariser and advocate of 1918:poisoning (such as that caused by 1731:muscarinic acetylcholine receptors 1385:south all the way to the state of 807:in Italy. A local dialect name in 640:The 16th-century Flemish botanist 625:some time before 1256, commenting 14: 11554: 10181: 10171: 10161: 10151: 10141: 10131: 10121: 10111: 10101: 10091: 10081: 10071: 10061: 10051: 10041: 10031: 10021: 10011: 10001: 9994:. liniformans var. americana 9991: 9981: 9971: 9961: 9951: 9941: 9931: 9921: 9911: 9901: 9891: 9881: 9871: 9861: 9851: 9841: 9831: 9676: 9666: 9656: 9646: 9636: 9626: 9616: 9606: 9539:. corydalina var. corydalina 7262: 7123:The sacred mushroom and the cross 6795:Japanese use of Beni-tengu-dake ( 6378:Campbell, Olivia (Dec 21, 2023). 5567:Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 5532:Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 5004:from the original on 4 April 2009 4496:A field guide to Australian fungi 4346:. Supplementary. Series 8: 1–96. 4282:Pers. (Agaricales, Fungi) – 4249:Pers. (Agaricales, Fungi) – 4216:Pers. (Agaricales, Fungi) – 3568:The Agaricales in modern taxonomy 2612:The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross 2002:muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1788:. Muscimol is the product of the 1126:The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy 926:and spore inamyloidy. Two recent 870:includes the species with patchy 818: 10452: 9376: 9351: 9341: 9331: 9219:list of poisonous fungus species 8140: 7097: 7070: 7061: 7043: 7034: 7025: 6970: 6956:"The Top 11 Video Game Powerups" 6805: 6786: 6773: 6761: 6726: 6717: 6692: 6658: 6631: 6567: 6545: 6532: 6519: 6497: 6446: 6396: 6311: 6286: 6261: 6252: 6221: 6193: 6156: 6143: 6118: 6057: 5194:Eugster, C. H. (July 1968). "". 5143:from the original on 2016-03-04. 5029:Piqueras, J. (10 January 1990). 4873:10.1001/jama.1963.03060080059020 4476: 4100:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x 3019:"Infraspecific taxa of muscaria" 2930: 2867:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 2597:postulated that early Christian 2589:Philologist, archaeologist, and 2499:Botanical identity of Soma-Haoma 1914:, somewhat similar in effect to 1843:compared with the other agents. 1827:metabotropic glutamate receptors 1402: 1345: 1303: 1272: 695:. The starting date for all the 613:parts of Europe, as well as the 453:(the peach-colored fly agaric). 381: 376: 359: 340: 315: 297: 279: 259: 244: 49: 11005: 10996: 10940: 10930: 10920: 10694: 10684: 10674: 10664: 10654: 10644: 10634: 10613: 10603: 10593: 10583: 10573: 10563: 10553: 10496: 10390: 10380: 10370: 10360: 10350: 10340: 10330: 10320: 10310: 10300: 10290: 10280: 10270: 9806: 9796: 9786: 9776: 9766: 9756: 9746: 9736: 9546: 9536: 9526: 9288: 9276: 9266: 9143: 9133: 9123: 9113: 9063: 9053: 9043: 9033: 9023: 9013: 9003: 8993: 8983: 8973: 8963: 8953: 8943: 8933: 8923: 8913: 8903: 8893: 8883: 8873: 8863: 8839: 8829: 8819: 8809: 8799: 8789: 8779: 8769: 8759: 8749: 8739: 8729: 8719: 8709: 8699: 8689: 8679: 8669: 8659: 8649: 8639: 8629: 8619: 8609: 8599: 8589: 8579: 8569: 8559: 8549: 8525: 8515: 8505: 8495: 8485: 8475: 8465: 8455: 8445: 8435: 8425: 8415: 8405: 8395: 8385: 8375: 8365: 8355: 8345: 8335: 8325: 8315: 8305: 8295: 8285: 8275: 8265: 8255: 8231: 8221: 8211: 8201: 8191: 8181: 8171: 8124: 8114: 8104: 8094: 8084: 8074: 8064: 8054: 8044: 8034: 8024: 8014: 8004: 7994: 7984: 7974: 7964: 7954: 7944: 7934: 7924: 7914: 7904: 7894: 7884: 7874: 7864: 7854: 7844: 7820: 7810: 7800: 7790: 7780: 7770: 7760: 7750: 7740: 7730: 7720: 7710: 7700: 7690: 7680: 7656: 7646: 7636: 7626: 7616: 7606: 7596: 7586: 7576: 7566: 7556: 7546: 7536: 7526: 7516: 7506: 7496: 7486: 7476: 7466: 7456: 7446: 7436: 7426: 7416: 7406: 7396: 7386: 7376: 7366: 7356: 6842:Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas 6329:from the original on 2021-12-11 6064:Miller, Patricia (2024-01-25). 6039:(2nd ed.). United States: 6029: 5926: 5913: 5866: 5852:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 43–44. 5767: 5762:Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas 5729: 5704: 5661: 5618: 5604:. Berkeley, CA: Wingbow Press. 5579:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.02.004 5558: 5493: 5458: 5418: 5405: 5378: 5339: 5238:Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas 5187: 5164: 5147: 5124: 5052:Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas 4986: 4948: 4887: 4826: 4721: 4590: 4560: 4512: 4470:10.1590/S0102-33062013000100005 4409: 4366: 4327: 4322:Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas 4296: 4129: 4038:Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas 3980: 3955: 3820: 3757: 3703: 3643: 3609: 3543: 3464: 3459:Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas 3435: 3410: 3385: 3366: 3348: 3330: 3300: 3287: 2848:in his widely read 1762 novel, 2579:Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta 2565: 2156:relationship with the roots of 2061: 1949:can result following recovery. 1803:of the central nervous system: 1685: 795:department in Southern France, 492:plantations, and is now a true 10962:(2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid) 9581: 9571: 9279:. muscaria var. guessowii 9246:Psychoactive Amanita mushrooms 7110: 4994:"Mushroom poisoning syndromes" 3891:. Pan MacMillan. p. 140. 3268:Biderman, Chris (2023-10-14). 3261: 3215: 3178: 2836:An account of the journeys of 2806:The Garden of Earthly Delights 2695:are water-soluble: parboiling 1552:is the fungal equivalent of a 1093: 1043:—a Mexican species similar to 933: 515:, death due to poisoning from 1: 9214:list of deadly fungus species 7246:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovick. 6574:Brough, J. (1971). "Soma and 5780:South African Medical Journal 5544:10.1016/S0162-0134(00)00034-9 5514:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)90156-4 5364:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)83973-3 5325:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)90133-3 5071:Rubel, W.; Arora, D. (2008). 4812:10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005 4434:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81364-6 4395:10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512739 4375:New Zealand Journal of Botany 3862:Jordan P; Wheeler S. (2001). 3616:Tulloss RE; Yang Z-L (2012). 3276:. Sacramento, California, U.S 3080:Tulloss RE; Yang Z-L (2012). 3041:Tulloss RE; Yang Z-L (2012). 2983:Tulloss RE; Yang Z-L (2012). 2964: 2955:Legal status of psychoactive 2761: 2715:consumption, comparing it to 2705:Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff 2446:, could symbolize the use of 2416:(an abbreviation of the name 2234:indigenous peoples of Siberia 1988:and as such is its namesake, 1875:and twitching to drowsiness, 1784:) and the related amino acid 1768:The major toxins involved in 560:indigenous peoples of Siberia 550:and its neurotoxic precursor 7274:by Tulloss and Yang Zhuliang 6735:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 6455:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 6412:: 240–247 (In: Wasson, 1968) 6293:Xulu, Melanie (2017-12-12). 6041:Food and Drug Administration 6015:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.05.006 5995:Leas, Eric (June 10, 2024). 4344:Australian Journal of Botany 3191:: Ecology, Chemistry, Myths" 2202:in the Far North for use in 2124:Alice in Wonderland syndrome 1952: 1761:. The level of muscarine in 1667:as deadly, but according to 1055:(Spanish for 'yellow') is a 662:in 1753, giving it the name 7: 11538:Fungi of the United Kingdom 11533:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7208:. London: Faber and Faber. 7166:Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). 6125:Schuster-Bruce, Catherine. 4161:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.029 3342:Rariorum plantarum historia 3208:10.3390/encyclopedia1030069 2923: 2675: 2647: 2418: 2412: 1866: 1605: 1486:, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, 745:Agaricus pseudo-aurantiacus 592: 252:Mycological characteristics 10: 11559: 7242:Wasson, R. Gordon (1968). 7225:Mushrooms & Toadstools 5848:Wasson, R. Gordon (1980). 4340:Persoon ex Hooker (Fungi)" 3864:The ultimate mushroom book 3471:Samorini, Giorgio (2002). 3417:Esser K; Lemke PA (1994). 3394:Cassell's Latin dictionary 2858:The Seven Sisters of Sleep 2496: 2458: 2362:Other reports and theories 2209: 707:. The 1987 edition of the 11354: 11057: 11018: 10987: 10978: 10952: 10911: 10902: 10868: 10830: 10782: 10717: 10710: 10625: 10542: 10535: 10526: 10508: 10487: 10472: 10461: 10450: 10402: 10261: 10241: 9818: 9723: 9688: 9593: 9558: 9513: 9388: 9363: 9318: 9304: 9253: 9244: 9199: 9079: 8851: 8537: 8243: 8159: 8149: 8138: 7832: 7668: 7344: 7334: 7187:Hallucinogens and Culture 7002:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.003 6897:10.1017/s0953756203007305 6813:"Art Registry: 1750–1850" 6747:10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.009 6615:Hallucinogens and Culture 6592:10.1017/S0041977X0012957X 6467:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112151 6092:Blum, Dani (2024-06-10). 6070:Cannabis & Tech Today 5479:10.1016/j.bmc.2007.02.047 5131:Shaw, Hank (2011-12-24). 5096:10.1007/s12231-008-9040-9 4699:10.1080/15563650802071703 4653:10.3109/15563659208994442 4243:S. Curreli ex S. Curreli" 3933:10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6 3632:Pers. (Agaricales, Fungi) 3521:10.1017/S0953756203007305 3421:. Springer. p. 181. 3272:. Health & Medicine. 3247:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.003 3096:Pers. (Agaricales, Fungi) 3057:Pers. (Agaricales, Fungi) 2995:Pers. (Agaricales, Fungi) 2541:Hallucinogens and Culture 2345:hemp-derived cannabinoids 2323:Recent Rise in Popularity 2244:-speaking peoples of the 1508:Mount Field National Park 1063:-like species in Mexico. 565:Arguably the most iconic 519:ingestion is quite rare. 476:to many countries in the 472:has been unintentionally 375: 358: 338: 314: 296: 278: 258: 239: 179: 175:Subspecies and varieties 174: 151: 144: 46:Scientific classification 44: 39: 30: 23: 10044:. ovoideocystidiata 9193:Hallucinogenic mushrooms 8946:. excelsa v. spissa 7185:Furst, Peter T. (1976). 6613:Furst, Peter T. (1976). 5451:10.3358/shokueishi.34.18 4955:Phillips, Roger (2010). 3712:"Molecular phylogeny of 3593:Amanita of North America 2732:Frederick Vernon Coville 2684:A blooming toadstool in 2374:was once used among the 2178:that in remote areas of 1841:pharmacological activity 1839:. Muscazone is of minor 1823:NMDA glutamate receptors 1432:Distribution and habitat 1332:, all the way to Andean 410:, commonly known as the 11523:Fungi described in 1753 10134:. subaeruginascens 8896:. brunneolocularis 7987:. lividopallescens 7223:Ramsbottom, J. (1953). 6201:Peschel, Keewaydinoquay 4580:Australasian Mycologist 4457:Acta Botanica Brasilica 4278:. Studies in the Genus 4270:Tulloss, R. E. (2012). 4245:. Studies in the Genus 4237:Tulloss, R. E. (2012). 4212:. Studies in the Genus 4204:Tulloss, R. E. (2012). 3628:. Studies in the Genus 3092:. Studies in the Genus 3053:. Studies in the Genus 2991:. Studies in the Genus 2838:Philip von Strahlenberg 2709:Félix Archimède Pouchet 2492: 2148:cannot be commercially 2056: 1729:. Muscarine binds with 719:The English mycologist 11503:Fungi of North America 9944:. cyanofibrillosa 9629:. cambodginiensis 8722:. ochrophylloides 8528:. volvarielloides 8478:. subpallidorosea 8428:. pseudoporphyria 7569:. parvipantherina 7204:Letcher, Andy (2006). 5952:10.4997/jrcpe.2018.119 5778:. Report of 4 cases". 4449:"Taxonomic studies of 4210:Ammirati & Thiers" 3921:Wien. Klin. Wochenschr 3675:10.1006/mpev.2000.0782 2780: 2688: 2667:for catching flies in 2586: 2456: 2408:Keewaydinoquay Peschel 2366:The Finnish historian 2228:was widely used as an 2222: 2071: 2047:artificial ventilation 2030:respiratory depressant 1977: 1930:central nervous system 1837:ultra-violet radiation 1719: 1701: 1615: 1514: 1290:Euro-Asian fly agaric 1118: 1051: 1024: 943: 928:molecular phylogenetic 874:remnants, including a 844:within this subgenus. 798: 786: 766: 738: 637: 542:, are noted for their 456:Native throughout the 428:. It is a large white- 226:Neville & Poumarat 11008:. amerirubescens 10943:. sphaerobulbosa 10383:. strobiliformis 10024:. mescaleroensis 9894:. banderillensis 8832:. strobiliformis 8822:. sphaerobulbosa 8682:. magniverrucata 8408:. parviexitialis 8087:. submembranacea 8017:. olivaceogrisea 7927:. fuligineodisca 7703:. calyptratoides 7539:. orientigemmata 7278:Amanita on erowid.org 6779:Coville, F. V. 1898. 6428:; Osmond, H. (1967). 6350:Kevin Feeney (2020). 6246:10.3406/jsa.1988.1334 6043:. 2012. p. 222. 5682:10.1081/CLT-120037421 5639:10.1081/CLT-200045006 5033:. IPCS INTOX Databank 4981:Mushrooms demystified 4730:Arzneimittelforschung 4573:in Western Australia" 3989:The mushroom handbook 3966:. Burke. p. 94. 3764:Zeitlmayr L. (1976). 2854:Mordecai Cubitt Cooke 2779:features fly agarics. 2769: 2683: 2634:Christ Church, Oxford 2573: 2452: 2419:oshtimisk wajashkwedo 2217: 2186:has been consumed at 2069: 1975: 1715:to muscimol found in 1707: 1693: 1613: 1496: 1420:Inzenga's fly agaric 1109:is now a synonym for 1101: 1075:Amanita xanthocephala 1022: 978:are white, as is the 946:A large, conspicuous 941: 915:A. xanthocephala 840:, as well as section 685:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 635: 10697:. subjunquillea 10657:. fuligineoides 10393:. xanthocephala 10333:. multisquamosa 10164:. villarrealiae 10144:. subaeruginosa 9789:. phaeocyanopus 9749:. brunneidiscus 9529:. aeruginascens 9354:. siligineoides 9306:Psilocybin mushrooms 9234:psilocybin mushrooms 8652:. kotohiraensis 8642:. echinocephala 8612:. cinereovelata 8572:. austroviridis 8468:. subjunquillea 8278:. elliptosperma 7713:. calyptroderma 7659:. xanthocephala 7509:. multisquamosa 7077:Pynchon, T. (1995). 6966:on October 28, 2008. 6885:Mycological Research 6699:King, J. C. (1970). 6665:Allegro, J. (1970). 6270:The Shaman's Doorway 5711:Dart, R. C. (2004). 4422:Mycological Research 4284:Tulloss RE, Yang Z-L 4274:Amanita heterochroma 4251:Tulloss RE, Yang Z-L 4218:Tulloss RE, Yang Z-L 3987:Krieger LCC (1967). 3887:Phillips R. (2006). 3509:Mycological Research 3158:10.29203/ka.1992.294 2850:Citizen of the World 2773:'s 1851 painting of 2517:talked about in the 2398:among two Subarctic 2356:Psilocybin mushrooms 2162:psilocybin mushrooms 2134:. Some users report 2004:site, and therefore 1740:Inosperma erubescens 1478:, and may appear in 1319:American fly agaric 1220:A. heterochroma 1128:, German mycologist 579:franchise (e.g. its 534:, but in particular 10667:. pallidorosea 10616:. virosiformis 10576:. magnivelaris 10323:. ibotengutake 10094:. semilanceata 10014:. meridionalis 9984:. hoogshagenii 9779:. nigroviridis 9454:. luteoviridis 8762:. pyramidifera 8592:. carneiphylla 8562:. atkinsoniana 8518:. virosiformis 8458:. subfuliginea 8398:. pallidorosea 8348:. magnivelaris 8338:. hygroscopica 8107:. umbrinolutea 8027:. orientifulva 7957:. groenlandica 7763:. kitamagotake 7733:. caesareoides 7639:. viscidolutea 7629:. virgineoides 7609:. rubrovolvata 7549:. parcivolvata 7499:. ibotengutake 6384:National Geographic 6325:. 26 January 2009. 6268:Larsen, S. (1976). 6169:Afghanistan Journal 5502:Tetrahedron Letters 5271:1965Natur.206.1359B 5196:Naturwissenschaften 4687:Clinical Toxicology 4567:Robinson R (2010). 4550:Fungimap Newsletter 4387:2001NZJB...39..285S 4308:www.amanitaceae.org 4082:2006MolEc..15..225G 3595:. Mad River Press. 3591:Jenkins DT (1986). 3392:Simpson DP (1979). 3373:Linnaeus C (1753). 3137:Nyberg, H. (1992). 2390:-speaking group in 2104:paradoxical effects 1901:loss of equilibrium 1879:-like effects (low 1225:Mediterranean Basin 900:(the panther cap), 478:Southern Hemisphere 466:Northern Hemisphere 16:Species of mushroom 11518:Psychoactive fungi 11356:Agaricus muscarius 10960:Allenic norleucine 10556:. bisporigera 10184:. zapotecorum 10154:. tampanensis 10074:. quebecensis 10054:. pelliculosa 9854:. aucklandiae 9574:. cyanorrhiza 9444:. luteofolius 9434:. liquiritiae 9404:. aeruginosus 9344:. kuehneriana 9209:mushroom poisoning 9126:. prairiicola 9066:. solaniolens 8986:. flavorubens 8886:. brunnescens 8752:. polypyramis 8712:. ochrophylla 8602:. chlorinosma 8448:. suballiacea 8378:. molliuscula 8318:. griseorosea 8268:. bisporigera 8174:. chepangiana 8077:. sinicoflava 7743:. chepangiana 7599:. roseotincta 7429:. chrysoblema 7022:Ramsbottom, p. 43. 6937:on 15 January 2009 6098:The New York Times 5910:Ramsbottom, p. 45. 5776:Amanita pantherina 5713:Medical toxicology 5438:J Food Hyg Soc Jpn 5208:10.1007/BF00600445 4906:. 19 December 1897 4903:The New York Times 4633:Amanita pantherina 4494:Fuhrer BA (2005). 3794:Arora, D. (1986). 3566:Singer R. (1986). 3327:Ramsbottom, p. 44. 2884:of the same name. 2781: 2771:Moritz von Schwind 2689: 2622:Sir Godfrey Driver 2595:John Marco Allegro 2587: 2546:Psilocybe cubensis 2223: 2168:began increasing. 2141:Psilocybe cubensis 2074:The wide range of 2072: 1978: 1959:activated charcoal 1943:Retrograde amnesia 1877:cholinergic crisis 1743:, the small white 1720: 1702: 1616: 1515: 1119: 1025: 944: 897:A. pantherina 811:in Switzerland is 693:Elias Magnus Fries 664:Agaricus muscarius 648:in Germany, while 638: 11470: 11469: 11326:Open Tree of Life 11051:Taxon identifiers 11042: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11034: 11033: 10974: 10973: 10898: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10706: 10705: 10677:. phalloides 10544:Destroying angels 10522: 10521: 10448: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10353:. pantherina 10273:. albocreata 10197: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10114:. strictipes 10084:. samuiensis 9964:. graveolens 9934:. cyanescens 9914:. caerulipes 9884:. baeocystis 9874:. azurescens 9739:. americanus 9679:. tropicalis 9649:. cyanescens 9474:. purpuratus 9379:. steglichii 9300: 9299: 9291:. pantherina 9229:amanita mushrooms 9159: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9146:. vittadinii 9075: 9074: 9006:. luteofusca 8996:. franchetii 8976:. flavoconia 8866:. aestivalis 8782:. rhopalopus 8702:. neoovoidea 8418:. phalloides 8368:. manginiana 8136: 8135: 8097:. subnudipes 8037:. pachycolea 7917:. flavescens 7559:. pantherina 7359:. albocreata 7253:978-0-88316-517-1 7234:978-1-870630-09-2 7215:978-0-571-22770-9 7196:978-0-88316-517-1 7177:978-0-7167-2600-5 7158:978-0-89815-169-5 7132:978-0-9825562-7-6 7090:978-0-09-953321-4 7080:Gravity's Rainbow 6710:978-0-340-12597-7 6676:978-0-340-12875-6 6651:978-0-520-09627-1 6624:978-0-88316-517-1 6439:978-0-12-351850-7 6430:The Hallucinogens 6279:978-0-89281-672-9 6214:978-1-879528-18-5 5897:978-0-02-328764-0 5886:Diaz, J. (1996). 5859:978-0-07-068443-0 5820:978-92-9168-249-2 5747:978-0-8151-4387-1 5722:978-0-7817-2845-4 5611:978-0-914728-15-3 5313:Tetrahedron Lett. 5279:10.1038/2061359a0 5075:Amanita Muscaria, 4966:978-1-55407-651-2 4608:978-0-643-06523-9 4569:"First Record of 4530:978-0-478-10835-4 4505:978-1-876473-51-8 4352:10.1071/BT8008001 4208:Amanita breckonii 4070:Molecular Ecology 4023:978-0-646-44674-5 3998:978-0-486-21861-8 3973:978-0-222-79414-7 3898:978-0-330-44237-4 3873:978-0-8317-3080-2 3840:978-1-76104-787-9 3813:978-0-89815-169-5 3775:978-0-584-10324-3 3602:978-0-916422-55-4 3577:978-3-87429-254-2 3482:978-0-89281-986-7 3428:978-3-540-66493-2 3403:978-0-304-52257-6 3379:Species Plantarum 2891:Gravity's Rainbow 2877:Hereward the Wake 2736:Nagano Prefecture 2626:Oxford University 2609:in his 1970 book 2471:to produce their 2352:regulatory status 2221:, Eastern Siberia 1921:Datura stramonium 1801:neurotransmitters 1635:, is known to be 1506:plantation, near 1488:Rio Grande do Sul 1429: 1428: 1208:A. breckonii 1195:Santa Cruz Island 813:tsapi de diablhou 763:. Hence there is 659:Species Plantarum 480:, generally as a 450:A. persicina 403: 402: 234:Species of fungus 232: 231: 11550: 11463: 11462: 11453: 11452: 11440: 11439: 11427: 11426: 11414: 11413: 11401: 11400: 11388: 11387: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11347: 11346: 11334: 11333: 11321: 11320: 11308: 11307: 11298: 11297: 11285: 11284: 11282:NHMSYS0001474455 11272: 11271: 11259: 11258: 11246: 11245: 11233: 11232: 11220: 11219: 11207: 11206: 11194: 11193: 11181: 11180: 11168: 11167: 11155: 11154: 11142: 11141: 11132: 11131: 11119: 11118: 11116:amanita-muscaria 11106: 11105: 11093: 11092: 11091: 11089:Amanita muscaria 11078: 11077: 11076: 11059:Amanita muscaria 11046: 11045: 11007: 10999:. rubescens 10998: 10985: 10984: 10966:Propargylglycine 10942: 10933:. smithiana 10932: 10922: 10909: 10908: 10759:Amanullinic acid 10715: 10714: 10696: 10686: 10676: 10666: 10656: 10647:. fuliginea 10646: 10636: 10615: 10605: 10595: 10585: 10575: 10566:. exitialis 10565: 10555: 10540: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10498: 10485: 10484: 10470: 10469: 10456: 10423:Other compounds: 10392: 10382: 10372: 10363:. porphyria 10362: 10352: 10342: 10332: 10322: 10312: 10303:. frostiana 10302: 10292: 10283:. crenulata 10282: 10272: 10259: 10258: 10250: 10249: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10201: 10200: 10183: 10173: 10163: 10153: 10143: 10133: 10123: 10113: 10104:. silvatica 10103: 10093: 10083: 10073: 10063: 10053: 10043: 10033: 10023: 10013: 10004:. makarorae 10003: 9993: 9983: 9974:. hispanica 9973: 9963: 9954:. fimetaria 9953: 9943: 9933: 9923: 9913: 9903: 9893: 9883: 9873: 9864:. aztecorum 9863: 9853: 9843: 9833: 9808: 9799:. salicinus 9798: 9788: 9778: 9768: 9758: 9748: 9738: 9713: 9703: 9678: 9669:. olivaceus 9668: 9658: 9648: 9639:. cinctulus 9638: 9628: 9618: 9609:. africanus 9608: 9583: 9573: 9548: 9538: 9528: 9503: 9494:. validipes 9493: 9483: 9473: 9463: 9453: 9443: 9433: 9423: 9414:. braendlei 9413: 9403: 9378: 9353: 9343: 9333: 9316: 9315: 9290: 9278: 9268: 9251: 9250: 9204:Mushroom hunting 9186: 9179: 9172: 9163: 9162: 9145: 9135: 9125: 9115: 9093: 9092: 9065: 9056:. silvicola 9055: 9046:. rubescens 9045: 9036:. porphyria 9035: 9026:. novinupta 9025: 9016:. nothofagi 9015: 9005: 8995: 8985: 8975: 8965: 8955: 8945: 8935: 8925: 8915: 8906:. canescens 8905: 8895: 8885: 8876:. australis 8875: 8865: 8841: 8831: 8821: 8812:. solitaria 8811: 8802:. smithiana 8801: 8791: 8781: 8772:. ravenelii 8771: 8761: 8751: 8741: 8731: 8721: 8711: 8701: 8692:. mutabilis 8691: 8681: 8671: 8662:. lesueurii 8661: 8651: 8641: 8631: 8621: 8611: 8601: 8591: 8582:. ananiceps 8581: 8571: 8561: 8551: 8527: 8517: 8507: 8497: 8487: 8477: 8467: 8457: 8447: 8437: 8427: 8417: 8407: 8397: 8387: 8377: 8367: 8358:. marmorata 8357: 8347: 8337: 8327: 8317: 8307: 8298:. fuliginea 8297: 8288:. exitialis 8287: 8277: 8267: 8257: 8233: 8223: 8214:. ponderosa 8213: 8203: 8194:. gilbertii 8193: 8183: 8173: 8157: 8156: 8144: 8126: 8116: 8106: 8096: 8086: 8076: 8066: 8056: 8047:. pekeoides 8046: 8036: 8026: 8016: 8006: 7996: 7986: 7976: 7967:. islandica 7966: 7956: 7946: 7937:. friabilis 7936: 7926: 7916: 7906: 7896: 7886: 7876: 7867:. battarrae 7866: 7857:. arenicola 7856: 7846: 7822: 7812: 7802: 7792: 7782: 7773:. jacksonii 7772: 7762: 7753:. hemibapha 7752: 7742: 7732: 7722: 7712: 7702: 7692: 7683:. arkansana 7682: 7658: 7648: 7638: 7628: 7619:. velatipes 7618: 7608: 7598: 7588: 7579:. persicina 7578: 7568: 7558: 7548: 7538: 7528: 7518: 7508: 7498: 7488: 7478: 7469:. frostiana 7468: 7458: 7448: 7438: 7428: 7419:. breckonii 7418: 7408: 7399:. armeniaca 7398: 7388: 7378: 7368: 7358: 7342: 7341: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7295: 7294: 7257: 7238: 7219: 7200: 7181: 7162: 7150: 7136: 7104: 7103:Letcher, p. 129. 7101: 7095: 7094: 7074: 7068: 7067:Letcher, p. 127. 7065: 7059: 7058:Letcher, p. 126. 7056: 7050: 7049:Letcher, p. 125. 7047: 7041: 7040:Letcher, p. 123. 7038: 7032: 7031:Letcher, p. 122. 7029: 7023: 7020: 7014: 7013: 6987: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6962:. Archived from 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6933:. Archived from 6923: 6917: 6916: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6851: 6845: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6797:Amanita muscaria 6790: 6784: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6730: 6724: 6723:Letcher, p. 161. 6721: 6715: 6714: 6696: 6690: 6689:Letcher, p. 160. 6687: 6681: 6680: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6576:Amanita muscaria 6571: 6565: 6564:Letcher, p. 146. 6562: 6556: 6549: 6543: 6536: 6530: 6523: 6517: 6516:Letcher, p. 145. 6514: 6508: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6422: 6413: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6375: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6347: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6265: 6259: 6258:Letcher, p. 149. 6256: 6250: 6249: 6230:Amanita muscaria 6225: 6219: 6218: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6184: 6160: 6154: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6131:Business Insider 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6033: 6027: 6026: 5992: 5981: 5980: 5954: 5930: 5924: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5883: 5877: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5829: 5823:. Archived from 5812: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5771: 5765: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5600:Ott, J. (1976). 5597: 5591: 5590: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5435: 5429:Amanita muscaria 5422: 5416: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5352:Tetrahedron Lett 5348:Amanita muscaria 5343: 5337: 5336: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5265:(991): 1359–60. 5255:Amanita muscaria 5250: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5106:. Archived from 5081: 5068: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5026: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 4990: 4984: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4899: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4857:Amanita muscaria 4852: 4843: 4842: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4796:Amanita muscaria 4791: 4774: 4773: 4761: 4746: 4745: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4683:Amanita muscaria 4678: 4665: 4664: 4628: 4613: 4612: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4571:Amanita muscaria 4564: 4558: 4557: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4451:Amanita muscaria 4444: 4438: 4437: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4334:Reid DA (1980). 4331: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4179:. Archived from 4146: 4140:Amanita muscaria 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4118:. Archived from 4093: 4067: 4061:Amanita muscaria 4054: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4012:Grey P. (2005). 4009: 4003: 4002: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3962:Haas H. (1969). 3959: 3953: 3952: 3917:Amanita muscaria 3912: 3903: 3902: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3866:. Hermes House. 3859: 3853: 3852: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3801: 3791: 3780: 3779: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3742:. Archived from 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3685:. Archived from 3660: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3563: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3515:(Pt 2): 131–46. 3505:Amanita muscaria 3500: 3487: 3486: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3312:De vegetabilibus 3304: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3232: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3189:Amanita muscaria 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3160:. Archived from 3152:(71–80): 71–80. 3143: 3134: 3123: 3122: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3084:Amanita muscaria 3077: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3045:Amanita muscaria 3038: 3027: 3026: 3015: 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2987:Amanita muscaria 2980: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2900:Amanita muscaria 2896:Destroying angel 2872:Charles Kingsley 2846:Oliver Goldsmith 2801:Hieronymus Bosch 2747:Amanita muscaria 2743:A. muscaria 2728:African-American 2724:A. muscaria 2713:A. muscaria 2701:A. muscaria 2697:A. muscaria 2693:A. muscaria 2653:Amanita muscaria 2591:Dead Sea Scrolls 2509:A. muscaria 2505:R. Gordon Wasson 2486:Hyoscyamus niger 2481:Siberian shamans 2469:A. muscaria 2463:The notion that 2448:A. muscaria 2438:, who is called 2428:Amanita muscaria 2421: 2415: 2396:A. muscaria 2372:A. muscaria 2282:A. muscaria 2274:A. muscaria 2266:A. muscaria 2262:A. muscaria 2250:A. muscaria 2246:Russian Far East 2219:Amanita muscaria 2196:A. muscaria 2184:A. muscaria 2176:R. Gordon Wasson 2166:A. muscaria 2146:A. muscaria 1859:compound called 1845:Amanita muscaria 1794:A. muscaria 1770:A. muscaria 1763:A. muscaria 1735:Amanita muscaria 1727:A. muscaria 1717:A. muscaria 1699:A. muscaria 1680:A. muscaria 1665:A. muscaria 1654:Amanita muscaria 1550:A. muscaria 1411:Amanita muscaria 1406: 1391:A. muscaria 1368:Amanita muscaria 1354:Amanita muscaria 1349: 1338:A. muscaria 1311:Amanita muscaria 1307: 1281:Amanita muscaria 1276: 1252: 1251: 1199:A. muscaria 1180:(including var. 1161:A. muscaria 1150:A. muscaria 1142:A. muscaria 1134:A. muscaria 1122:Amanita muscaria 1111:Amanita muscaria 1103:Amanita muscaria 1084:A. muscaria 1070:A. caesarea 1065:A. caesarea 1061:A. caesarea 1054: 1046:A. caesarea 1003: 1002: 998: 952:Amanita muscaria 920:Amanita muscaria 909:A. farinosa 892:A. muscaria 824:Amanita muscaria 801: 789: 787:concourlo fouolo 769: 760:Amanita caesarea 741: 725:Amanita muscaria 714:Amanita muscaria 701:Amanita muscaria 668:specific epithet 623:De vegetabilibus 597:The name of the 571:A. muscaria 536:A. muscaria 529:A. muscaria 517:A. muscaria 470:A. muscaria 437:A. muscaria 407:Amanita muscaria 385: 384: 380: 379: 363: 362: 344: 343: 319: 318: 301: 300: 283: 282: 263: 262: 248: 241:Amanita muscaria 237: 236: 157: 155:Amanita muscaria 137:A. muscaria 54: 53: 35: 25:Amanita muscaria 21: 20: 11558: 11557: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11513:Poisonous fungi 11498:Fungi of Europe 11473: 11472: 11471: 11466: 11458: 11456: 11448: 11443: 11435: 11430: 11422: 11417: 11409: 11404: 11396: 11391: 11383: 11378: 11369: 11368: 11363: 11350: 11342: 11337: 11329: 11324: 11316: 11313:Observation.org 11311: 11303: 11301: 11293: 11288: 11280: 11275: 11267: 11262: 11254: 11249: 11241: 11236: 11228: 11223: 11215: 11210: 11202: 11197: 11189: 11184: 11176: 11171: 11163: 11158: 11150: 11145: 11137: 11135: 11127: 11122: 11114: 11109: 11101: 11096: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11053: 11043: 11030: 11014: 10970: 10948: 10890: 10869:Other compounds 10864: 10826: 10778: 10702: 10637:. arocheae 10621: 10518: 10504: 10499:. thiersii 10476: 10463: 10457: 10440: 10398: 10343:. muscaria 10293:. farinosa 10243: 10237: 10228: 10198: 10189: 10124:. stuntzii 10064:. plutonia 10034:. mexicana 9924:. cubensis 9844:. atlantis 9814: 9809:. villosus 9759:. cyanopus 9719: 9704:. cyanopus 9684: 9659:. fimicola 9619:. bisporus 9589: 9554: 9549:. tricolor 9509: 9504:. viridans 9484:. sapineus 9424:. junonius 9384: 9359: 9334:. cyanopus 9296: 9269:. muscaria 9240: 9195: 9190: 9160: 9151: 9136:. thiersii 9116:. nauseosa 9100: 9084: 9071: 8966:. flavipes 8956:. flavella 8926:. elongata 8847: 8672:. longipes 8632:. daucipes 8533: 8258:. arocheae 8239: 8184:. curtipes 8145: 8132: 8117:. vaginata 8067:. rhacopus 8057:. protecta 7897:. ceciliae 7828: 7823:. zambiana 7793:. princeps 7723:. caesarea 7664: 7519:. muscaria 7459:. farinosa 7330: 7322: 7271:Amanita species 7265: 7260: 7254: 7235: 7216: 7197: 7178: 7159: 7133: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7017: 6985: 6975: 6971: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6940: 6938: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6881: 6877: 6868: 6866: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6839: 6835: 6826: 6824: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6791: 6787: 6778: 6774: 6767:Viess, Debbie. 6766: 6762: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6611: 6607: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6550: 6546: 6537: 6533: 6524: 6520: 6515: 6511: 6502: 6498: 6451: 6447: 6440: 6423: 6416: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6388: 6386: 6376: 6369: 6360: 6358: 6348: 6341: 6332: 6330: 6323:www.youtube.com 6317: 6316: 6312: 6303: 6301: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6198: 6194: 6182: 6180: 6161: 6157: 6148: 6144: 6135: 6133: 6123: 6119: 6110: 6108: 6090: 6083: 6074: 6072: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6035: 6034: 6030: 5993: 5984: 5931: 5927: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5884: 5880: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5846: 5842: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5772: 5768: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5709: 5705: 5666: 5662: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5598: 5594: 5563: 5559: 5528: 5521: 5508:(25): 2075–76. 5498: 5494: 5473:(10): 3524–38. 5463: 5459: 5433: 5423: 5419: 5410: 5406: 5389:(in Japanese). 5387:Yakugaku Zasshi 5383: 5379: 5344: 5340: 5309: 5302: 5251: 5244: 5235: 5231: 5192: 5188: 5169: 5165: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5137:honest-food.net 5129: 5125: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5084:Economic Botany 5079: 5069: 5058: 5049: 5045: 5036: 5034: 5027: 5016: 5007: 5005: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4953: 4949: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4907: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4853: 4846: 4831: 4827: 4792: 4777: 4762: 4749: 4726: 4722: 4679: 4668: 4629: 4616: 4609: 4595: 4591: 4575: 4565: 4561: 4544:May T. (2006). 4542: 4538: 4531: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4492: 4485: 4475: 4445: 4441: 4414: 4410: 4371: 4367: 4332: 4328: 4319: 4315: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4288: 4286: 4268: 4264: 4255: 4253: 4241:Amanita gioiosa 4235: 4231: 4222: 4220: 4202: 4198: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4144: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4091:10.1.1.420.2327 4065: 4055: 4044: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3960: 3956: 3927:(9–10): 294–7. 3913: 3906: 3899: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3860: 3856: 3841: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3792: 3783: 3776: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3732:10.2307/3761246 3708: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3692:on 6 March 2009 3689: 3658: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3633: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3564: 3557: 3548: 3544: 3501: 3490: 3483: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3390: 3386: 3375:"Tomus II" 3371: 3367: 3353: 3349: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3277: 3266: 3262: 3230: 3220: 3216: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3141: 3135: 3126: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3097: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3039: 3030: 3023:amanitaceae.org 3017: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2972: 2967: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2882:medieval figure 2815:fairy paintings 2764: 2678: 2650: 2605:consumption of 2568: 2552:Peganum harmala 2501: 2495: 2461: 2400:Native American 2384:Hartmut Geerken 2378:. Sorcerers in 2364: 2325: 2232:by many of the 2212: 2172:Marija Gimbutas 2064: 2059: 2041:, and may need 1967:syrup of ipecac 1955: 1916:anticholinergic 1869: 1849:bioaccumulators 1816: 1790:decarboxylation 1782:hydroxamic acid 1688: 1608: 1580:New South Wales 1518:Ectomycorrhizal 1434: 1330:Central America 1326:Rocky Mountains 1258:Reference name 1247:Amanitaceae.org 1214:A. gioiosa 1203:species complex 1096: 1037:and the edible 1000: 996: 995: 936: 903:A. gemmata 821: 771:"mad oriol" in 733:Pierre Bulliard 721:John Ramsbottom 689:name sanctioned 642:Carolus Clusius 619:Albertus Magnus 611:Slavic-speaking 595: 464:regions of the 382: 377: 360: 345: 341: 316: 298: 280: 260: 254: 249: 235: 170: 159: 153: 140: 48: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11556: 11546: 11545: 11543:Fungus species 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11454: 11441: 11428: 11415: 11402: 11389: 11376: 11360: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11335: 11322: 11309: 11299: 11286: 11273: 11260: 11247: 11234: 11221: 11208: 11195: 11182: 11169: 11156: 11143: 11133: 11120: 11107: 11094: 11079: 11063: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11040: 11039: 11036: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11026:Rubescenslysin 11022: 11020: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11012: 10991: 10989: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10969: 10968: 10963: 10956: 10954: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10946: 10936: 10926: 10923:. proxima 10915: 10913: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10872: 10870: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10836: 10834: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10788: 10786: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10750: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10723: 10721: 10712: 10708: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10700: 10690: 10680: 10670: 10660: 10650: 10640: 10629: 10627: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10609: 10599: 10589: 10586:. ocreata 10579: 10569: 10559: 10548: 10546: 10537: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10502: 10491: 10489: 10482: 10467: 10459: 10458: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10420: 10415: 10406: 10404: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10386: 10376: 10373:. regalis 10366: 10356: 10346: 10336: 10326: 10316: 10313:. gemmata 10306: 10296: 10286: 10276: 10265: 10263: 10256: 10247: 10239: 10238: 10227: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10204: 10195: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10177: 10174:. weraroa 10167: 10157: 10147: 10137: 10127: 10117: 10107: 10097: 10087: 10077: 10067: 10057: 10047: 10037: 10027: 10017: 10007: 9997: 9987: 9977: 9967: 9957: 9947: 9937: 9927: 9917: 9907: 9897: 9887: 9877: 9867: 9857: 9847: 9837: 9834:. allenii 9826: 9824: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9802: 9792: 9782: 9772: 9769:. glaucus 9762: 9752: 9742: 9731: 9729: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9714:. smithii 9707: 9696: 9694: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9672: 9662: 9652: 9642: 9632: 9622: 9612: 9601: 9599: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9577: 9566: 9564: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9542: 9532: 9521: 9519: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9507: 9497: 9487: 9477: 9467: 9457: 9447: 9437: 9427: 9417: 9407: 9396: 9394: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9371: 9369: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9347: 9337: 9326: 9324: 9313: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9261: 9259: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9231: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9206: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9189: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9166: 9157: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9139: 9129: 9119: 9108: 9106: 9090: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9059: 9049: 9039: 9029: 9019: 9009: 8999: 8989: 8979: 8969: 8959: 8949: 8939: 8936:. excelsa 8929: 8919: 8916:. citrina 8909: 8899: 8889: 8879: 8869: 8858: 8856: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8835: 8825: 8815: 8805: 8795: 8792:. sculpta 8785: 8775: 8765: 8755: 8745: 8742:. ovoidea 8735: 8725: 8715: 8705: 8695: 8685: 8675: 8665: 8655: 8645: 8635: 8625: 8615: 8605: 8595: 8585: 8575: 8565: 8555: 8552:. abrupta 8544: 8542: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8521: 8511: 8501: 8491: 8488:. veldiei 8481: 8471: 8461: 8451: 8441: 8431: 8421: 8411: 8401: 8391: 8388:. ocreata 8381: 8371: 8361: 8351: 8341: 8331: 8328:. hesleri 8321: 8311: 8301: 8291: 8281: 8271: 8261: 8250: 8248: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8234:. volvata 8227: 8224:. proxima 8217: 8207: 8204:. ovoidea 8197: 8187: 8177: 8166: 8164: 8154: 8147: 8146: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8120: 8110: 8100: 8090: 8080: 8070: 8060: 8050: 8040: 8030: 8020: 8010: 8007:. nivalis 8000: 7990: 7980: 7970: 7960: 7950: 7940: 7930: 7920: 7910: 7900: 7890: 7887:. betulae 7880: 7877:. beckeri 7870: 7860: 7850: 7847:. arctica 7839: 7837: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7816: 7806: 7796: 7786: 7776: 7766: 7756: 7746: 7736: 7726: 7716: 7706: 7696: 7686: 7675: 7673: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7652: 7649:. wellsii 7642: 7632: 7622: 7612: 7602: 7592: 7589:. regalis 7582: 7572: 7562: 7552: 7542: 7532: 7522: 7512: 7502: 7492: 7489:. gioiosa 7482: 7479:. gemmata 7472: 7462: 7452: 7442: 7432: 7422: 7412: 7409:. augusta 7402: 7392: 7382: 7379:. altipes 7372: 7362: 7351: 7349: 7339: 7332: 7331: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7290: 7289: 7280: 7275: 7264: 7263:External links 7261: 7259: 7258: 7252: 7239: 7233: 7220: 7214: 7201: 7195: 7182: 7176: 7163: 7157: 7137: 7131: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7096: 7089: 7069: 7060: 7051: 7042: 7033: 7024: 7015: 6969: 6947: 6918: 6891:(2): 131–146. 6875: 6846: 6833: 6804: 6785: 6772: 6760: 6725: 6716: 6709: 6691: 6682: 6675: 6657: 6650: 6630: 6623: 6605: 6566: 6557: 6544: 6531: 6518: 6509: 6496: 6445: 6438: 6414: 6395: 6367: 6339: 6310: 6285: 6278: 6260: 6251: 6220: 6213: 6192: 6155: 6142: 6117: 6081: 6056: 6050:978-1973853237 6049: 6028: 6009:(3): 458–463. 5982: 5925: 5912: 5903: 5896: 5878: 5865: 5858: 5840: 5819: 5797: 5786:(39): 983–86. 5766: 5753: 5746: 5728: 5721: 5703: 5660: 5617: 5610: 5592: 5557: 5538:(1–2): 17–20. 5519: 5492: 5457: 5417: 5404: 5377: 5338: 5319:(23): 1813–5. 5300: 5242: 5229: 5186: 5163: 5146: 5123: 5077:as an Example" 5056: 5043: 5014: 4985: 4972: 4965: 4947: 4936:(1–6): 66–71. 4916: 4886: 4844: 4835:Medical Record 4825: 4775: 4747: 4720: 4666: 4614: 4607: 4589: 4559: 4536: 4529: 4511: 4504: 4483: 4439: 4408: 4381:(2): 285–348. 4365: 4326: 4313: 4295: 4262: 4229: 4196: 4155:(2): 694–701. 4128: 4125:on 2011-07-16. 4042: 4029: 4022: 4004: 3997: 3979: 3972: 3954: 3904: 3897: 3879: 3872: 3854: 3839: 3819: 3812: 3781: 3774: 3756: 3702: 3642: 3608: 3601: 3583: 3576: 3555: 3542: 3488: 3481: 3463: 3447: 3434: 3427: 3409: 3402: 3384: 3365: 3347: 3329: 3317: 3299: 3286: 3274:Sacramento Bee 3260: 3241:(5): 532–538. 3214: 3177: 3124: 3106: 3067: 3028: 3005: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2942: 2941: 2925: 2922: 2888:'s 1973 novel 2886:Thomas Pynchon 2874:'s 1866 novel 2825:Super Mushroom 2791:, such as the 2763: 2760: 2691:The toxins in 2677: 2674: 2649: 2646: 2632:, the Dean of 2630:Henry Chadwick 2567: 2564: 2507:proposed that 2494: 2491: 2460: 2457: 2406:ethnobotanist 2370:mentions that 2363: 2360: 2324: 2321: 2258:Turkic peoples 2252:use among the 2211: 2208: 2188:wedding feasts 2136:lucid dreaming 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2018:benzodiazepine 1963:Gastric lavage 1954: 1951: 1895:, relaxation, 1881:blood pressure 1868: 1865: 1857:organometallic 1814: 1772:poisoning are 1687: 1684: 1647:, serves as a 1623:hallucinogenic 1607: 1604: 1585:Betula pendula 1576:Port Macquarie 1475:Boletus edulis 1463:region in the 1433: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1407: 1399: 1398: 1375: 1364: 1361: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1308: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1277: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1095: 1092: 961:universal veil 935: 932: 872:universal veil 820: 819:Classification 817: 723:reported that 670:deriving from 594: 591: 581:Super Mushroom 544:hallucinogenic 401: 400: 386: 373: 372: 364: 356: 355: 346: 339: 336: 335: 320: 312: 311: 302: 294: 293: 284: 276: 275: 264: 256: 255: 250: 243: 233: 230: 229: 228: 227: 215: 203: 191: 177: 176: 172: 171: 160: 149: 148: 142: 141: 134: 132: 128: 127: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 93:Agaricomycetes 90: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 42: 41: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11555: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11493:Fungi of Asia 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11461: 11455: 11451: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11381: 11377: 11372: 11366: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11345: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11300: 11296: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11134: 11130: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11099: 11095: 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10641: 10639: 10638: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10626:Other members 10624: 10618: 10617: 10610: 10608: 10607: 10606:. virosa 10600: 10598: 10597: 10590: 10588: 10587: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10570: 10568: 10567: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10515:unknown toxin 10514: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10480: 10475: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10460: 10455: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10413:Ibotenic Acid 10411: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10367: 10365: 10364: 10357: 10355: 10354: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10327: 10325: 10324: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10307: 10305: 10304: 10297: 10295: 10294: 10287: 10285: 10284: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10240: 10235: 10234: 10225: 10220: 10218: 10213: 10211: 10206: 10205: 10202: 10186: 10185: 10178: 10176: 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9651: 9650: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9633: 9631: 9630: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9597: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9578: 9576: 9575: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9533: 9531: 9530: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9498: 9496: 9495: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9464:. luteus 9458: 9456: 9455: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9438: 9436: 9435: 9428: 9426: 9425: 9418: 9416: 9415: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9381: 9380: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9314: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9293: 9292: 9285: 9281: 9280: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9225:legal status 9224: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9187: 9182: 9180: 9175: 9173: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9148: 9147: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9068: 9067: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8910: 8908: 8907: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8842:. westii 8836: 8834: 8833: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8776: 8774: 8773: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8746: 8744: 8743: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8732:. onusta 8726: 8724: 8723: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8622:. cokeri 8616: 8614: 8613: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8586: 8584: 8583: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8508:. virosa 8502: 8500: 8499: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8438:. rimosa 8432: 8430: 8429: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8308:. gayana 8302: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8129: 8128: 8127:. velosa 8121: 8119: 8118: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7997:. mairei 7991: 7989: 7988: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7977:. liquii 7971: 7969: 7968: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7931: 7929: 7928: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7907:. crocea 7901: 7899: 7898: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7803:. spreta 7797: 7795: 7794: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7529:. nehuta 7523: 7521: 7520: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7439:. diemii 7433: 7431: 7430: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7389:. aprica 7383: 7381: 7380: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7369:. aliena 7363: 7361: 7360: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7327: 7319: 7314: 7312: 7307: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7266: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7119:Allegro, John 7116: 7115: 7100: 7092: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7073: 7064: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7028: 7019: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6996:(5): 532–38. 6995: 6991: 6990:Life Sciences 6984: 6982: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6843: 6837: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6720: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6686: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6653: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6634: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6586:(2): 331–62. 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6561: 6554: 6548: 6541: 6535: 6528: 6522: 6513: 6506: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6441: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6411: 6408: 6399: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6372: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6344: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6240:(1): 163–80. 6239: 6236:(in French). 6235: 6231: 6224: 6216: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6189: 6178: 6174: 6171:(in German). 6170: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6146: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6086: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5923:, pp. 234–35. 5922: 5916: 5907: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5869: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5830:on 2012-03-29 5826: 5822: 5816: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5676:(2): 133–43. 5675: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5573:(5): 1264–7. 5572: 5568: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5524: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5430: 5421: 5414: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5358:(12): 727–8. 5357: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5315:(in German). 5314: 5307: 5305: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5247: 5239: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5202:(7): 305–13. 5201: 5198:(in German). 5197: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5113:on 2020-11-12 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5090:(3): 223–43. 5089: 5085: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5047: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4932:(in Polish). 4931: 4923: 4921: 4905: 4904: 4896: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4732:(in German). 4731: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4488: 4479: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4323: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4186:on 2009-03-26 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4141: 4132: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4076:(1): 225–39. 4075: 4071: 4064: 4062: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4040:, pp. 303–04. 4039: 4033: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3823: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3746:on 2008-12-28 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3726:(4): 610–18. 3725: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3461:, pp. 306–07. 3460: 3454: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3296: 3290: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3235:Life Sciences 3229: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3167:on 2018-05-15 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2928: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2908:Peak District 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2880:based on the 2879: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2856:in his books 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2811:Victorian era 2808: 2807: 2803:'s painting, 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2752:cultural bias 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657:ibotenic acid 2654: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618:ethnomycology 2615: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2477:Samuel Ödmann 2474: 2470: 2466: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2430:. The flying 2429: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368:T. I. Itkonen 2359: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:hallucinogens 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:Paleosiberian 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152:, due to its 2151: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035:consciousness 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010:physostigmine 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1810: 1806: 1805:glutamic acid 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:ibotenic acid 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709:Ibotenic acid 1706: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641:Ibotenic acid 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1599:Pinus radiata 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1503:Pinus radiata 1499: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1470:Pacific coast 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1190:polymorphisms 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1040:A. basii 1036: 1032: 1031: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 957: 953: 949: 940: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916: 911: 910: 905: 904: 899: 898: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 866: 863: 859: 855: 852:includes all 851: 847: 843: 839: 836: 833: 829: 825: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 800: 794: 790: 788: 782: 778: 774: 770: 768: 762: 761: 755: 751: 746: 742: 740: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681: 676: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660: 655: 651: 650:Carl Linnaeus 647: 643: 634: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 590: 588: 587: 582: 578: 577: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 552:ibotenic acid 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 500:with various 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 451: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 426: 422:of the genus 421: 420:basidiomycete 417: 413: 409: 408: 399: 398: 393: 392: 388:Edibility is 387: 374: 371: 370: 365: 357: 354: 350: 347: 337: 334: 333: 329: 324: 321: 313: 310: 306: 303: 295: 292: 288: 285: 277: 274: 270: 269: 265: 257: 253: 247: 242: 238: 225: 224: 220: 216: 213: 212: 208: 204: 201: 200: 196: 192: 190: 189: 185: 181: 180: 178: 173: 168: 164: 158: 156: 150: 147: 146:Binomial name 143: 139: 138: 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 121: 118: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 97: 94: 91: 88: 87: 84: 83:Basidiomycota 81: 78: 77: 74: 71: 68: 67: 64: 61: 58: 57: 52: 47: 43: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 19: 11528:Soma (drink) 11355: 11058: 11003: 10994: 10979: 10938: 10928: 10918: 10903: 10784:Phallotoxins 10774:Proamanullin 10692: 10682: 10672: 10662: 10652: 10642: 10632: 10611: 10601: 10596:. verna 10591: 10581: 10571: 10561: 10551: 10527: 10494: 10479:Saproamanita 10473: 10464: 10422: 10409: 10388: 10378: 10368: 10358: 10348: 10339: 10338: 10328: 10318: 10308: 10298: 10288: 10278: 10268: 10253: 10244: 10231: 10179: 10169: 10159: 10149: 10139: 10129: 10119: 10109: 10099: 10089: 10079: 10069: 10059: 10049: 10039: 10029: 10019: 10009: 9999: 9989: 9979: 9969: 9959: 9949: 9939: 9929: 9919: 9909: 9899: 9889: 9879: 9869: 9859: 9849: 9839: 9829: 9819: 9804: 9794: 9784: 9774: 9764: 9754: 9744: 9734: 9724: 9709: 9699: 9689: 9674: 9664: 9654: 9644: 9634: 9624: 9614: 9604: 9594: 9579: 9569: 9559: 9544: 9534: 9524: 9514: 9499: 9489: 9479: 9469: 9459: 9449: 9439: 9429: 9419: 9409: 9399: 9389: 9374: 9364: 9349: 9339: 9329: 9319: 9286: 9274: 9265: 9264: 9254: 9141: 9131: 9121: 9111: 9103:Saproamanita 9097: 9087:Saproamanita 9081: 9061: 9051: 9041: 9031: 9021: 9011: 9001: 8991: 8981: 8971: 8961: 8951: 8941: 8931: 8921: 8911: 8901: 8891: 8881: 8871: 8861: 8853: 8837: 8827: 8817: 8807: 8797: 8787: 8777: 8767: 8757: 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7099: 7079: 7072: 7063: 7054: 7045: 7036: 7027: 7018: 6993: 6989: 6980: 6972: 6964:the original 6960:UGO Networks 6950: 6939:. 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Retrieved 3629: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3592: 3586: 3567: 3550: 3545: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3472: 3466: 3458: 3442: 3437: 3418: 3412: 3393: 3387: 3378: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3311: 3302: 3294: 3289: 3278:. Retrieved 3273: 3263: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3217: 3198: 3195:Encyclopedia 3194: 3188: 3180: 3169:. Retrieved 3162:the original 3149: 3145: 3118: 3109: 3098:. Retrieved 3093: 3087: 3083: 3059:. Retrieved 3054: 3049:flavivolvata 3048: 3044: 3022: 2997:. Retrieved 2992: 2986: 2956: 2947: 2938:Fungi portal 2911: 2906:cult in the 2899: 2889: 2875: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2818: 2804: 2782: 2774: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2664: 2652: 2651: 2637: 2610: 2606: 2588: 2566:Christianity 2557: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2484: 2468: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2427: 2395: 2376:Sámi peoples 2371: 2365: 2349: 2341: 2326: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2281: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2249: 2225: 2224: 2218: 2195: 2183: 2174:reported to 2170: 2165: 2145: 2139: 2096:dissociative 2076:psychoactive 2073: 2062:Psychoactive 2051:Hemodialysis 1985: 1979: 1956: 1932:depression. 1919: 1909: 1870: 1844: 1831: 1825:and certain 1798: 1793: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1698: 1686:Pharmacology 1679: 1677: 1664: 1660: 1659:Deaths from 1658: 1653: 1637:psychoactive 1628: 1627: 1618: 1617: 1597: 1583: 1569: 1549: 1521: 1516: 1501: 1497: 1473: 1441:cosmopolitan 1436: 1435: 1414: 1410: 1394: 1390: 1379:Newfoundland 1371: 1367: 1357: 1353: 1337: 1315:flavivolvata 1314: 1310: 1296: 1284: 1280: 1267:Description 1261:Common name 1246: 1245: 1238: 1232: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1198: 1185: 1184:), and var. 1181: 1177: 1174:flavivolvata 1173: 1169: 1160: 1158: 1154:flavivolvata 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1083: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1044: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1026: 1010:partial veil 973: 956:basidiocarps 951: 945: 919: 913: 907: 901: 895: 891: 890:consists of 887: 883: 867: 861: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 831: 828:type species 823: 822: 812: 796: 784: 776: 764: 758: 749: 744: 736: 728: 724: 718: 713: 700: 678: 674: 663: 657: 639: 626: 622: 596: 584: 574: 570: 564: 539: 535: 528: 525:psychoactive 516: 510: 496:species. It 494:cosmopolitan 469: 455: 448: 436: 434: 423: 415: 411: 406: 405: 404: 397:psychoactive 396: 390: 367: 352: 326: 308: 290: 266: 240: 222: 218: 210: 206: 199:flavivolvata 198: 194: 187: 183: 154: 152: 136: 135: 123: 24: 18: 11264:NatureServe 11225:iNaturalist 11083:Wikispecies 11011:nom. prov.) 10904:Roanokenses 10886:Toxophallin 10881:Phallolysin 10840:Alaviroidin 10822:Prophalloin 10802:Phallisacin 10792:Phallacidin 10764:Amaninamide 10528:Phalloideae 9584:. pura 8540:Roanokenses 8246:Phalloideae 7813:. yema 7287:IPCS INCHEM 7227:. Collins. 7111:Works cited 5393:: 1232–33. 4276:S. Curreli" 3356:Linnaeus C. 2918:Alan Garner 2797:Renaissance 2665:A. muscaria 2642:Middle East 2607:A. muscaria 2603:entheogenic 2436:Santa Claus 2392:Afghanistan 2303:became the 2226:A. muscaria 2154:mycorrhizal 2112:synesthesia 2108:stimulation 2092:psychedelic 1986:A. muscaria 1903:(like with 1778:unsaturated 1758:C. rivulosa 1752:C. dealbata 1669:David Arora 1661:A. muscaria 1629:A. muscaria 1619:A. muscaria 1558:New Zealand 1522:A. muscaria 1498:A. muscaria 1480:fairy rings 1437:A. muscaria 1130:Rolf Singer 1094:Controversy 1057:common name 980:spore print 934:Description 799:ovolo matto 777:mujolo folo 716:(L.) Lam.. 603:insecticide 416:fly amanita 369:mycorrhizal 366:Ecology is 349:Spore print 219:A. muscaria 207:A. muscaria 195:A. muscaria 184:A. muscaria 113:Amanitaceae 11508:Oneirogens 11488:Entheogens 11477:Categories 10876:Antamanide 10832:Virotoxins 10812:Phalloidin 10230:Poisonous 9691:Pholiotina 9391:Gymnopilus 6941:2009-02-16 6869:2009-02-16 6840:Benjamin, 6827:2009-02-26 6461:: 112151. 6426:Hoffer, A. 6389:2023-12-22 6361:2020-12-26 6333:2020-12-26 6304:2020-12-26 6183:2009-02-23 6136:2024-07-14 6111:2024-07-14 6075:2024-07-15 5834:2009-02-13 5760:Benjamin, 5236:Benjamin, 5117:2011-02-09 5050:Benjamin, 5037:2008-12-08 5008:2009-03-22 4930:Wiad. Lek. 4910:2009-02-02 4766:MacIlvanea 4320:Benjamin, 4289:2013-02-21 4256:2013-02-21 4223:2013-02-21 4190:2009-10-28 4036:Benjamin, 3849:1372569849 3750:2009-02-16 3696:2009-02-16 3636:2013-02-21 3457:Benjamin, 3338:Clusius C. 3280:2024-02-23 3201:(3): 905. 3171:2018-05-15 3100:2013-02-21 3061:2013-02-21 2999:2019-05-06 2965:References 2913:Thursbitch 2762:In culture 2497:See also: 2440:Joulupukki 2150:cultivated 2080:depressant 2043:intubation 1998:antagonist 1961:is given. 1947:somnolence 1889:salivation 1645:neurotoxin 1571:Nothofagus 1453:Hindu Kush 1328:, through 1234:Eucalyptus 1030:Armillaria 924:morphology 767:oriol foll 729:bug agaric 586:The Smurfs 521:Parboiling 506:coniferous 498:associates 474:introduced 441:subspecies 412:fly agaric 103:Agaricales 79:Division: 11371:Q21870095 11186:FloraBase 11019:Compounds 10953:Compounds 10807:Phallisin 10797:Phallacin 10754:Amanullin 10727:Amanitins 10719:Amatoxins 10711:Compounds 10509:Compounds 10474:Lepidella 10465:Amanitina 10436:Amavadine 10431:Muscazone 10426:Muscarine 10403:Compounds 10236:mushrooms 9821:Psilocybe 9596:Panaeolus 9098:Lepidella 9082:Lepidella 9080:Subgenus 8152:Amanitina 8150:Subgenus 7835:Vaginatae 7671:Caesareae 7335:Subgenus 6905:0953-7562 6844:, p. 295. 6491:199548329 6475:0378-8741 6153:, p. 279. 6106:0362-4331 5961:1478-2715 5876:, p. 161. 5764:, p. 313. 5698:218865551 5240:, p. 306. 5054:, p. 310. 4983:, p. 894. 4715:115828300 4586:(1): 4–6. 4324:, p. 305. 4086:CiteSeerX 3991:. Dover. 3889:Mushrooms 3720:Mycologia 3445:, p. 200. 3308:Magnus A. 3297:, p. 198. 3146:Karstenia 3088:guessowii 2959:mushrooms 2904:Dionysian 2536:Manusmṛti 2503:In 1968, 2473:berserker 2297:Vahiyinin 2230:entheogen 2180:Lithuania 2132:teleopsia 2120:micropsia 2116:macropsia 2100:deliriant 2026:lorazepam 2014:delirious 2000:, at the 1982:deliriant 1953:Treatment 1926:agitation 1861:amavadine 1833:Muscazone 1746:Clitocybe 1723:Muscarine 1594:eucalypts 1461:Beringian 1445:temperate 1387:Tennessee 1358:guessowii 1227:and from 1223:from the 1182:guessowii 1146:americana 1115:guessowii 1088:puffballs 1080:eucalypts 974:The free 858:inamyloid 848:subgenus 791:from the 703:(L.:Fr.) 646:Frankfurt 607:Germanic- 567:toadstool 556:entheogen 532:varieties 513:poisonous 511:Although 502:deciduous 458:temperate 391:poisonous 211:guessowii 131:Species: 69:Kingdom: 63:Eukaryota 11445:MycoBank 11437:10646234 11406:Fungorum 11385:60022164 11380:AusFungi 11365:Wikidata 11269:2.878625 11251:MycoBank 11243:10522246 11199:Fungorum 11136:BioLib: 11129:60022881 11124:AusFungi 11068:Wikidata 10855:Viroidin 10845:Viroisin 10817:Phalloin 10747:epsilon- 10462:Subgenus 10418:Muscimol 10242:Subgenus 9366:Galerina 9321:Conocybe 9096:Section 8852:Section 8538:Section 8244:Section 8162:Amidella 8160:Section 7833:Section 7669:Section 7345:Section 7143:(1986). 7121:(2009). 7010:16203016 6913:12747324 6863:Archived 6821:Archived 6755:27063872 6600:84458441 6551:Wasson, 6538:Wasson, 6529:, p. 18. 6525:Wasson, 6507:, p. 10. 6503:Wasson, 6483:31404578 6327:Archived 6203:(1978). 6177:Archived 6149:Wasson, 6023:38864780 5977:13693096 5969:29741535 5919:Wasson, 5872:Wasson, 5690:15214617 5655:29957973 5647:15641639 5587:15833352 5552:10885458 5487:17376693 5399:14266560 5372:14291871 5141:Archived 5104:19585416 5002:Archived 5000:. NAMA. 4881:14016551 4820:15904689 4707:18568796 4639:group". 4637:muscaria 4403:85352273 4360:89306634 4169:18547823 4116:10246338 4108:16367842 3949:21075349 3941:16810488 3683:10877939 3553:, p. 194 3549:Wasson, 3537:41451034 3529:12747324 3441:Wasson, 3358:(1745). 3293:Wasson, 3255:16203016 2946:List of 2924:See also 2842:mukhomor 2830:Fantasia 2776:Rübezahl 2676:Culinary 2669:Slovenia 2661:muscimol 2648:Fly trap 2599:theology 2593:scholar 2583:Aquileia 2511:was the 2432:reindeer 2413:miskwedo 2402:tribes. 2254:Tungusic 2204:shamanic 2128:pelopsia 2106:such as 2088:hypnotic 2084:sedative 2022:diazepam 2020:such as 2006:atropine 1990:muscimol 1934:Seizures 1912:delirium 1893:euphoria 1885:sweating 1867:Symptoms 1853:vanadium 1774:muscimol 1749:species 1695:Muscimol 1633:muscimol 1606:Toxicity 1590:Manjimup 1566:Victoria 1562:Tasmania 1512:Tasmania 1465:Tertiary 1457:Siberian 1415:inzengae 1334:Colombia 1285:muscaria 1264:Synonym 1229:Sardinia 1138:muscaria 1059:for the 948:mushroom 886:section 860:spores. 835:subgenus 809:Fribourg 805:Trentino 781:Toulouse 754:delirium 599:mushroom 593:Taxonomy 548:muscimol 540:muscaria 482:symbiont 305:Hymenium 273:hymenium 223:inzengae 109:Family: 59:Domain: 11483:Amanita 11424:5451774 11344:1456971 11217:8168319 11165:2866150 11074:Q131227 10988:Species 10980:Validae 10912:Species 10536:Species 10488:Species 10410:Toxins: 10262:Species 10254:Amanita 10245:Amanita 10233:Amanita 9726:Pluteus 9516:Inocybe 9256:Amanita 8854:Validae 7347:Amanita 7337:Amanita 7329:species 7326:Amanita 6981:Amanita 6859:Mykoweb 6817:Mykoweb 6741:: 1–8. 5792:5892794 5333:5891631 5295:4178793 5287:5891274 5267:Bibcode 5224:9153757 5216:4878064 5181:6699630 5160:YouTube 4979:Arora, 4942:9173659 4800:Toxicon 4742:5696006 4661:1347320 4418:Amanita 4383:Bibcode 4338:Amanita 4280:Amanita 4247:Amanita 4214:Amanita 4078:Bibcode 3740:3761246 3714:Amanita 3654:Amanita 3630:Amanita 3624:Amanita 3620:Amanita 3226:Amanita 3121:. 2020. 3094:Amanita 3090:Veselý" 3055:Amanita 3051:Singer" 3047:subsp. 2993:Amanita 2989:Singer" 2957:Amanita 2950:species 2948:Amanita 2789:fairies 2559:Ephedra 2519:Rigveda 2465:Vikings 2459:Vikings 2444:Finland 2426:use of 2388:Parachi 2313:Koryaks 2301:spittle 2210:Siberia 2198:to the 1994:agonist 1905:tetanus 1819:agonist 1780:cyclic 1713:prodrug 1649:prodrug 1578:on the 1395:formosa 1372:formosa 1313:subsp. 1186:regalis 1178:formosa 1176:, var. 1172:, var. 1107:formosa 1052:amarill 999:⁄ 965:globose 888:Amanita 884:Amanita 868:Amanita 865:section 862:Amanita 854:Amanita 850:Amanita 846:Amanita 842:Amanita 838:Amanita 832:Amanita 826:is the 793:Aveyron 773:Catalan 680:Amanita 654:Småland 573:in the 558:by the 508:trees. 425:Amanita 418:, is a 197:subsp. 124:Amanita 119:Genus: 99:Order: 89:Class: 11457:NZOR: 11450:375287 11411:375287 11302:NZOR: 11256:161267 11204:161267 11178:AMANMU 11111:ARKive 11103:122148 10769:Amanin 10742:gamma- 10732:alpha- 9561:Mycena 7250: 7231: 7212: 7193: 7174: 7155: 7129: 7087: 7008: 6911: 6903: 6753: 6707: 6673: 6648: 6621: 6598: 6489: 6481: 6473: 6436: 6276: 6211: 6104: 6047: 6021: 5975: 5967: 5959: 5894: 5856: 5817: 5790: 5744: 5719: 5696: 5688: 5653: 5645: 5608: 5585: 5550: 5485: 5397: 5370: 5331: 5293: 5285: 5259:Nature 5222: 5214: 5179: 5102: 4963: 4940: 4879: 4841:: 298. 4818: 4740: 4713: 4705: 4659: 4605: 4527: 4502: 4401: 4358: 4177:619242 4175: 4167: 4114: 4106: 4088: 4020: 3995: 3970: 3947: 3939: 3895: 3870: 3847: 3837: 3810: 3804:282–83 3772: 3738: 3681: 3622:sect. 3599: 3574: 3535: 3527: 3479: 3425: 3400: 3253: 2793:Smurfs 2785:gnomes 2756:morels 2726:by an 2717:manioc 2686:Turkey 2575:Mosaic 2424:Tlicho 2404:Ojibwa 2333:Google 2317:Koryak 2289:Koryak 2278:shaman 2270:trance 2238:Uralic 2118:, and 1899:, and 1897:ataxia 1873:nausea 1544:, and 1534:spruce 1484:Paraná 1449:boreal 1383:Quebec 1255:Image 1240:Cistus 1165:clades 1148:, and 1035:mellea 990:. 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