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571:
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884:, the mature Amaravati style is characterised by crowded scenes of "graceful, elongated figures who imbue the sculpted scenes with a sense of life and action that is unique in Indian art"; "decorative elements reach a suave richness never surpassed... In the narrative scenes, the deep cutting permits overlapping figures on two or even three planes, the figures appearing to be fully in the round. The superlative beauty of the individual bodies and the variety of poses, many realizing new possibilities of depicting the human form, as well as the swirling rhythms of the massed compositions, all combine to produce some of the most glorious reliefs in world art".
535:
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681:, some topped with figures of sitting lions, a symbol of Buddhism. Several of these have survived. There are also small pilasters at the side of some other reliefs, especially drum-slabs showing stupas. The stupas on drum-slabs show large statues of a standing Buddha behind the entrances, but none of these have survived. Only a few fragments from the garland decorations shown high on the dome in drum-slab stupa depictions (one in Chennai is illustrated).
177:
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861:
the actual find-spot of many
Andhran pieces is uncertain or unknown. The early excavations at Amaravati itself were not well recorded, and the subsequent history of many pieces is uncertain. As late as the 1920s and beyond, other sites were the subject of "excavations" that were sometimes little better than treasure hunts, with pieces sold abroad as "Amaravati School".
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The history of the sculptures for the stupa is complicated and scholarly understanding of it is still developing. The subject matter of many detailed narrative reliefs is still unidentified, and many reliefs of the first main phase round the drum were turned round in the second, and recarved on their
887:
Though the subject matter is similar to that at
Bharhut and Sanchi "the style is notably different. Compared with the northern works, their figures are more attenuated and sensual, their decoration more abundant. Empty space is anathema, so that the entire surface is filled with figures in motion".
860:
Amaravati itself is the most important site for a distinct regional style, called the
Amaravati School or style, or Andhran style. There are numerous other sites, many beyond the boundaries of the modern state of Andhra Pradesh. One reason for the use of the terms Amaravati School or style is that
1024:
end in that). They perhaps began to rule around 20 BCE. Their coins nearly all have a standing lion, often with symbols that are very likely
Buddhist. Shimada suggests that much or most of the sculpture at Amaravati was created under Sada rule, before the Satavahanas took over in the 2nd century
717:
Drum-slab, later period, inscribed "(Adoration) to
Siddhartha! Gift of coping stone to the great stupa of the Lord by the wife of the merchant Samudra, the son of the householder Samgha, living in the chief city of Puki district and by the ... householder Kotachandi for welfare and happiness of the
898:
Especially in the later period at
Amaravati itself, the main relief scenes are "a sort of 'court art'", showing a great interest in scenes of court life "reflecting the luxurious life of the upper class, rich, and engaged in the vibrant trade with many parts of India and the wider world, including
310:
but there is no decisive evidence for the date of foundation. The earliest inscription from the site belongs to the early centuries BCE but it cannot be assigned to Aśoka with certainty. The earliest phase from which we have architectural or sculpted remains seems to be post-Mauryan, from the 2nd
256:
Like other major early Indian stupas, but to an unusual extent, the
Amaravarti sculptures include several representations of the stupa itself, which although they differ, partly reflecting the different stages of building, give a good idea of its original appearance, when it was for some time "the
615:
Very little of the sculpture was found and properly recorded in its original exact location, but the broad arrangement of the different types of pieces is generally agreed. The many representations of a stupa, either representing the
Amaravati Stupa itself, or an imaginary one very similar to it,
1363:
Apart from those in the site museum (some of which are casts), nearly all of the sculptures have been removed from the site of the stupa. Some pieces, especially from the early granite railing pillars, and lotus flower medallions, are placed around the stupa itself. Apart from the museum at the
561:
Plans have also been put in place to create a purpose built exhibition space for the sculptures still in India. Those marbles not in an air-conditioned store were said to show signs of damage from the atmosphere and salt. The
Chennai museum has plans for an air-conditioned gallery to install the
1004:
whose territories eventually straddled both east and west coasts. However, this did not resolve the dating issues, as the dates of that dynasty were uncertain, especially at the start. Recently there has been more attention paid to the preceding local Sada dynasty, perhaps tributaries of the
380:
railings were also replaced with larger ones, with more sculpture. Some of the old stones were recycled elsewhere on the site. The pillars had mostly been plain, but there was a coping carved in relief at the top. Burgess estimated that the new railings were some 3 metres tall, 59 metres in
647:(apparently only on the east and west sides) and plain; the cross-bars were perhaps in limestone. Many stumps of the pillars are now arranged around the stupa. Fragments have been found of limestone coping stones, some with reliefs of running youths and animals, similar in style to those at
595:
reliefs, the latter slightly larger, and containing the most impressive surviving sculpture. Large numbers of the medallions contained just a single stylized lotus flower. The vedika had four entrances, at the cardinal directions, and here the railings turned to run away from the stupa.
902:
Free-standing statues are mostly of the standing Buddha, wearing a monastic robe "organized in an ordered rhythm of lines undulating obliquely across the body and imparting a feeling of movement as well as reinforcing the swelling expansiveness of the form beneath". There is a "peculiarly
384:
The work of this period has generally been divided into three phases on the basis of the styles and content of the railing sculpture and so dates that can be assigned to parts of the great limestone railing. Shimada dates the first phase to 50-1 BCE, about the same period as the
631:
with no Buddha shown, and 3rd century CE for the reverse face, with a view of a stupa, which large numbers of the later drum-slabs show. The stupas are broadly consistent and are generally taken to show what the late form of the
Amaravati Stupa looked like, or was intended to.
372:
At the base the dome seems to have been brought out by 2.4 metres all round, the distance between the outer face of the old drum wall, and that of the new one. The older wall was 2.4 metres thick and the new one 1.2 metres. The size and shape of the new dome is uncertain.
582:
In the final form of the stupa, it seems that all the sculpture of the early phase was eventually replaced, and new sculpture added in positions where there had been none before, giving a profusion of sculpture, both relief and free-standing, on the stupa itself, and the
654:
The later "railing copings" (uṣṇīṣa) are long pieces typically about 75 to 90 cm tall and 20 to 28 cm thick, running along the top of the railings (where perhaps their detail was hard to make out). Many are carved with crowded scenes, often illustrating
590:
The final form of the railings had a diameter of 192 feet. The railing uprights were some 9 feet high, with three rounded cross-bars horizontally between them, and a coping at the top. Both uprights and cross-bars were decorated with round medallion or
413:
sculpture. Some other types of sculpture belong to an even later time, about the seventh or eighth centuries, and include standing Bodhisattvas and goddesses. Amaravātī continued to be active after this time, probably to about the thirteenth century.
367:
wherever one digs at the back of the outer rail, broken slabs, statues &etc, are found jammed in behind it. The dark slate slabs too of the procession path are laid on a sort of concrete formed of marble chips, broken slabs, pillars &etc
616:
provide a useful guide. It is not certain whether either the early or late phases of sculptural decoration were ever completed, as too much has been destroyed. Most survivals can be fitted into groups, by architectural function and placement.
530:
was concerned that the artefacts were deteriorating so in 1853 he started to raise a case for them to be moved. Elliot seems to have made extensive notes and sketches of his excavations, but most of these were lost getting back to England.
972:
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of the Madras Civil Service explored the area around the stupa and excavated near the west gate of the railing, removing many sculptures to Madras (now Chennai). They were kept outside the local college before being transported to the
960:
1075:
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had a simple railing consisting of granite pillars, with plain cross-bars, and coping stones. The coping stones with youths and animal reliefs, the early drum slabs, and some other early fragments belong to this period. The
872:
or "university", which is now submerged under a lake, after construction of a dam. Many remains were relocated to what is now an island in the lake, but most sculptures are now in various museums, in India and abroad. The
509:
had already destroyed what remained of the structure and many of the stones and bricks had been reused to build local houses. Mackenzie carried out further excavations, recorded what he saw and drew a plan of the stupa.
794:
244:
style. Largely because of the maritime trading links of the East Indian coast, the Amaravati school or Andhra style of sculpture, seen in a number of sites in the region, had great influence on art in South India,
833:
779:
358:
The late period of construction started around ca. 50 BCE and continued until circa 250 CE. The exterior surfaces of the stupa and the railings were in effect all new, with the old elements reused or discarded.
210:, India, probably built in phases between the third century BCE and about 250 CE. It was enlarged and new sculptures replaced the earlier ones, beginning in about 50 CE. The site is under the protection of the
265:
The name Amaravathi is relatively modern, having been applied to the town and site after the Amareśvara Liṅgasvāmin temple was built in the eighteenth century. The ancient settlement, just next to the modern
1055:
This album of drawings of Amarāvati is a landmark in the history of archaeology in India. The pictures were made in 1816 and 1817 by a team of military surveyors and draftsmen under the direction of Colonel
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752:
699:
740:
662:
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The main construction phases of Amaravati fall in two main periods, with the stupa enlarged in the second by additions to the main solid earth mound, faced with brick, consisting of railings (
221:, and the surviving sculptures do not include very large iconic Buddha figures, although it is clear these once existed. The largest collections are the group in the Government Museum,
579:
previously plain backs, before being re-mounted on the drum. The earlier sculptures, now invisible and facing into the stupa, were often badly abraded or worn down in this position.
1505:
217:
The surviving important sculptures from the site are now in a number of museums in India and abroad; many are considerably damaged. The great majority of sculptures are in
2329:
895:. Unlike other major sites, minor differences in the depiction of narratives show that the exact textual sources used remain unclear, and have probably not survived.
603:, the surviving highly decorated stupa that is in the closest to its original condition. But the Sanchi railings have much less decoration, except around the famous
570:
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from the previous lives of the Buddha. The early coping stones were smaller and mostly carved with a thick undulating garland with small figures within its curves.
1541:
1020:
Since the 1980s, the dynasty has been given this name as all the names of kings from it, known from coins and inscriptions, end in "-sada" (as all from the later
2467:
558:, made further excavations in the 1880s, recording his excavations in some detail with drawings and sketches but not in the detail that would now be expected.
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1941:
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site, several museums across India and around the world have specimens from Amarāvati. The largest collections are the group in the Government Museum,
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construction built of bricks and faced with slabs of limestone. By the time he returned in 1816, indiscriminate excavations led by the powerful local
806:
1966:
2623:
821:
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are now in the British Library. Many of the sculptures were exported to London in 1859, though more remained in Madras. Robert Sewell, under
1048:
Around the stupa wall in 2011: early granite railing pillar fragments, lotus flower medallions, & a large drum casing fragment with
1350:
849:
147:
236:
Art historians regard the art of Amaravati as one of the three major styles or schools of ancient Indian art, the other two being the
2613:
1658:
South Indian transliteration differs from Hunterian transliteration, thus Amarāvatī can appear as Amarāvathī, Ratana as Rathana, etc.
670:
There was also a much smaller set of limestone railings, undecorated, whose placing and function remains unclear. The later ones, in
932:
322:
proper. As elsewhere these slabs are usually called 'drum slabs' because they were placed round the vertical lower part or "drum" (
61:
1893:
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651:, so perhaps from c. 150-100 BCE. This subject-matter continued in the coping stones of the first phase of the later railings.
2326:
1616:
44:
2422:"Singapore And India Sign Agreement : Ministry of Information, Communications and The Arts Press Release, 1 March 2003"
2325:, a digital project agreed to and jointly developed by the Archaeological Survey of India and the British Academy, London.
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514:
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119:
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2197:
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The album contains maps, plans and drawings of sculpture from the stūpa at Amarāvati. The album is preserved in the
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must have been fairly large at this time, considering the size of the granite pillars (some of which are still seen
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1608:
2421:
2273:
1602:
687:
2403:
2585:
2571:
2557:
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1878:
1743:
The Buddhist Stupar of Amaravati and Jaggayyapeta in the Krishna District, Piadras Presidency, surveyed in 1882
1343:
555:
274:; this was a significant place in ancient times, probably a capital city. The oldest maps and plans, drawn by
211:
619:
A typical "drum-slab" is about 124 centimetres high, 86 cm wide and 12.5 cm thick. A two-sided example in the
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551:
360:
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1976:
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By 1855, he had arranged for both photographs and drawings to be made of the artifacts, now called the
519:
351:
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874:
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Westerners were first alerted to the ruins of the Stupa at Amaravati after a visit in 1797 by Major
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2058:
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characteristic" large fold at the bottom of the robe, one of a number of features similar to the
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railings and gateways surrounding it, making Amaravati "the most richly decorated stupa known".
458:
mentions repairs made to the stupa, and after that it was forgotten. The stupa is related to the
2449:
2091:
478:
conducted a Kalachakra initiation at this location in 2006, attended by over 100,000 pilgrims.
454:, the stupa was neglected and was buried under rubble and grass. A 14th-century inscription in
237:
2360:
923:'s assault on the Buddha, depicted in aniconic form, 2nd century AD, now thought to come from
892:
635:
1856:
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Early drum slab, with king and boy, and fragment of the relief decoration high on the dome
1519:
1447:
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226:
8:
1111:
1102:
2578:
Early Buddhist Architecture in Context:The Great Stūpa at Amarāvatī (Ca. 300 BCE-300 CE)
2006:
Becker, 7-9; Shimada, 71; Shimada, plates 20 and 21 illustrate both sides of an example.
1782:
2502:
Shifting Stones, Shaping the Past: Sculpture from the Buddhist Stūpas of Andhra Pradesh
2293:
1525:
997:
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523:
257:
greatest monument in Buddhist Asia", and "the jewel in the crown of early Indian art".
241:
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1307:
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In earlier phases, before about 180-200 CE, the Buddha himself is not shown, as also
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and monasteries there. It was still mentioned in Sri Lanka and Tibet as a centre of
423:
230:
184:
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1598:
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in London. Significant collections of sculpture are held in the following places:
526:
and it was to that company that the curator of the museum appealed. The curator Dr
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402:
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2333:
1292:
1064:
1057:
1029:
939:
771:
487:
443:
275:
250:
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The archaeology of early historic South Asia: the emergence of cities and states
996:
From the 19th century, it was always thought that the stupa was built under the
1080:
924:
865:
854:
620:
547:
527:
410:
207:
48:
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diameter, with 136 pillars and 348 crossbars, running for 803 feet in total.
188:
A model of the original stupa, final phase, as reconstructed by archaeologists
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76:
63:
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1873:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 146.
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271:
30:
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1312:
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904:
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628:
471:
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176:
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2016:
1971:
1681:
The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion
1493:
1412:
1406:
1277:
1252:
1179:
1136:
1088:
671:
459:
455:
323:
246:
2511:, Edited by Akira Shimada and Michael Willis, British Museum, 2016,
421:) visited Amaravati in 640 CE, stayed for some time and studied the
346:
2337:
1574:"Archaeological Museum, Amaravati - Archaeological Survey of India"
1317:
1282:
1174:
1091:, the Great Stupa of Amaravati and the statue of Buddha along with
1049:
678:
538:
Excavation of the south gate of the stupa by J.G. Horsfall in 1880.
503:
499:
418:
196:
1506:
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
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1227:
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1151:
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988:
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Around the entrances there were a number of columns, pillars and
648:
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624:
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gateways; these do not seem to have been a feature at Amaravati.
397:
222:
1906:
1036:, in the 3rd and early 4th centuries, perhaps starting 325-340.
409:. The third phase is circa 200-250 CE based on comparisons with
214:, and includes the stūpa itself and the Archaeological Museum.
2552:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
1430:
1302:
1169:
1121:
1001:
881:
869:
604:
600:
428:
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306:, was possibly founded in the third century BCE in the time of
218:
392:
I gateways. The second phase is 50-100 CE, the same period as
2468:"Object - Online - Collections - Freer and Sackler Galleries"
1421:
639:
Reconstructed section of the later railing at the site museum
495:
475:
406:
307:
199:
2509:
Amaravati: The Art of an Early Buddhist Monument in Context
1907:
Government Museum homepage (and then click on "Archaeology"
1703:
Aśokan Sites and Artefacts: A Source-Book with Bibliography
2192:"India: The Ancient Past" p.113, Burjor Avari, Routledge,
2436:"Search Results for: Amaravati - Penn Museum Collections"
427:. He wrote a enthusiastic account of the place, and the
2564:
The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain
1542:
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
734:, and the worship of the Buddha's hair or turban, c. 150
229:), that in the Amaravati Archaeological Museum, and the
1909:, Chennai Museum, Tamil Nadu, retrieved 11 January 2014
730:
Railing medallion with figures, including an aniconic
2019:
for why this is presumably excluded from comparison).
1067:, where it is online, with a second copy in Kolkata.
562:
sculptures, but these goals have yet to be realised.
417:
The Chinese traveller and Buddhist monk Hiuen Tsang (
2566:, 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin,
2321:
These collections are being brought together in the
2550:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
2504:, 2015, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199359400
1667:For link to maps and plans at the British Library:
350:Reconstruction of the Amaravati Stupa, by or after
286:or 'hill of lights'. The monument was not called a
1060:(1757-1821), the first Surveyor-General of India.
2390:"Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds"
1070:
978:Life scenes of Buddha-2nd century CE, right panel
2600:
1859:, ancientindia.co.uk, retrieved 19 December 2013
954:Life scenes of Buddha-2nd century CE, left panel
864:The second most important site for the style is
623:is dated by them to the 1st century BCE for the
966:Life scenes of Buddha-2nd century, middle panel
330:. In the early period (circa 200-100 BCE), the
2524:, 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA),
1427:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya
1028:At the later end of the chronology, the local
983:
868:, some 160 km away. This was a large monastic
746:Worship of the Buddha's bowl in heaven, c. 150
574:Later period railing pillar, incomplete at top
1935:
1933:
1344:
627:face, with a scene of worshippers around the
2274:"Colin Mackenzie and the Stupa at Amaravati"
1568:
1566:
1039:
844:
363:in his book of 1887 on the site, noted that:
2619:Buildings and structures in Guntur district
2388:Virtual Museum of Images and Sound - VMIS.
1032:ruled after the Satavahanas and before the
442:Plan of the Amaravati Stupa as sketched by
1930:
1351:
1337:
814:Veneration of the Buddha as a Fiery Pillar
1896:, PilgrimTrips, retrieved 12 January 2014
1604:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700
1563:
1013:to the north. Their capital was probably
1531:also Cleveland, Chicago, and Kansas City
1074:
1043:
987:
848:
661:
634:
569:
533:
437:
345:
290:in ancient inscriptions, but rather the
183:
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225:(along with the friezes excavated from
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126:
2624:Tourist attractions in Guntur district
2601:
2404:"British Museum - Room 33a: Amaravati"
1868:
1852:
1850:
1848:
18:Historic site in Andhra Pradesh, India
2271:
1959:
1862:
827:Drawing of pillar fragments, c. 1853
666:Coping stone relief, late, inner face
610:
318:) and carved slabs placed around the
96:originally perhaps 73 m (241 ft)
35:Depiction of the stupa, from the site
1899:
1869:Erdosy, George; et al. (1995).
1017:; the stupa was just outside this.
992:Distribution of the Edicts of Ashoka
522:. At this time India was run by the
494:in the Andhra district of southeast
134:Location of Amaravati Stupa in India
2323:World Corpus of Amarāvatī Sculpture
1939:
1845:
1597:
260:
233:in London. Others are given below.
13:
1441:Baudhasree Archaeological Museum,
758:Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven
546:. 75 photographs taken by Captain
14:
2655:
2311:link to the British Library album
1975:. 28 January 2002. Archived from
800:Railing cross-bar medallion, late
643:The early railing pillars are in
2614:Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh
1781:Shimada, 82-83, for Shimada see
1609:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
1463:The British Museum, London (see
1120:
971:
959:
947:
931:
912:
832:
820:
805:
793:
778:
763:
751:
739:
723:
710:
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693:Later railing pillar, inner face
686:
599:All this is much the same as at
162:Amaravati Stupa (Andhra Pradesh)
153:
146:
125:
118:
29:
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2414:
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2009:
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1991:
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1887:
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1748:
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1587:PDF List from the BASAS Project
498:, Mackenzie came across a huge
2338:another site, little developed
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1591:
1580:
1554:
1083:'s 'Buddhist Heritage' in the
1071:Amarāvati sculptures worldwide
839:Lion, from the top of a column
556:Archaeological Survey of India
212:Archaeological Survey of India
1:
2644:Buddhist archaeological sites
2538:, 1993, Thames & Hudson,
2536:Buddhist art and architecture
2522:Indian Art: A Concise History
2494:
2290:10.1080/02666030.2002.9628607
2038:"drum-slab" (BM 1880,0709.79)
1683:(Leiden: Brill, 2011), p. 47.
565:
435:as late as the 14th century.
2375:"National Museum, New Delhi"
1025:CE, possibly around 100 CE.
452:decline of Buddhism in India
204:Amaravathi, Palnadu district
7:
2454:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
2361:"Government Museum Chennai"
2015:Fisher, 40 (see 197-200 on
1940:Roy, Amit (December 1992).
1824:Ornament of Stainless Light
1535:
1515:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
1370:group in the British Museum
984:Dating and ruling dynasties
507:Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu
490:. On the right bank of the
481:
466:, still practiced today in
231:group in the British Museum
10:
2660:
2092:Government Museum, Chennai
1905:Government Museum Website
1741:quoted, Shimada, 71, from
1705:(Mainz: Von Zabern, 2006).
1490:Asian Civilisations Museum
343:, following excavations).
297:
278:and dated 1816, label the
165:Show map of Andhra Pradesh
2629:Indian Buddhist sculpture
2349:A fuller list, from BASAS
1745:, published Trubner, 1887
1040:The Colin Mackenzie album
875:Chandavaram Buddhist site
845:Amaravati School or style
812:Pilaster fragment, late,
770:Coping stone relief with
450:During the period of the
112:
108:
100:
92:
55:
40:
28:
23:
2272:Howes, Jennifer (2002).
1763:Shimada, 64, plates 5-12
1547:
1403:National Museum of India
877:is another large stupa.
554:, first Director of the
180:Ruins of the stupa, 2012
2639:Buddhist sites in India
2580:, Leiden: Brill, 2013,
2332:23 October 2016 at the
1387:Archaeological Museum,
1007:Mahameghavahana dynasty
942:, 2nd century, aniconic
893:in other Indian schools
270:village, is now called
1096:
1095:teaching his disciples
1052:
993:
857:
667:
640:
575:
539:
447:
370:
355:
189:
181:
2594:10.1163/9789004233263
2156:Craven, 77; Harle, 38
1164:Four Additional Sites
1078:
1047:
991:
852:
665:
638:
573:
537:
441:
365:
349:
187:
179:
2634:History of Amaravati
1520:Freer Gallery of Art
1448:State Museum Lucknow
919:A representation of
294:or great sanctuary.
2562:Rowland, Benjamin,
2534:Fisher, Robert E.,
2500:Becker, Catherine,
2478:on 22 December 2015
2278:South Asian Studies
1979:on 14 February 2002
1794:Travels of Xuanzang
1669:The Amaravati Album
1381:Government Museum,
1131:The Four Main Sites
1113:Buddha's Holy Sites
77:16.5753°N 80.3580°E
73: /
2048:Shimada, 66-69, 72
1967:"History in stone"
1942:"Out of Amatavati"
1526:Seattle Art Museum
1522:, Washington, D.C.
1097:
1053:
998:Satavahana dynasty
994:
858:
668:
641:
611:Types of sculpture
576:
540:
524:East India Company
448:
405:(no. 3 and 10) at
356:
352:Sir Walter Elliott
202:at the village of
190:
182:
1618:978-0-520-05991-7
1599:Pal, Pratapaditya
1465:Amaravati Marbles
1361:
1360:
1093:Acharya Nagarjuna
853:Buddha statue at
433:Esoteric Buddhism
424:Abhidhammapitakam
174:
173:
137:Show map of India
2651:
2576:Shimada, Akira,
2488:
2487:
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2483:
2474:. Archived from
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1712:
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1701:See Harry Falk,
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1690:
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1353:
1346:
1339:
1124:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1000:, rulers of the
975:
963:
951:
935:
916:
907:of the north.
836:
824:
809:
797:
786:"Vase of plenty"
782:
767:
755:
743:
727:
714:
702:
690:
468:Tibetan Buddhism
403:Pandavleni Caves
261:Name of the site
166:
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138:
129:
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88:
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33:
21:
20:
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2609:Stupas in India
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2472:Freer - Sackler
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1611:. p. 154.
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1293:Ramagrama stupa
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1058:Colin Mackenzie
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1030:Andhra Ikshvaku
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940:Great Departure
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788:drum-slab, late
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732:Great Departure
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251:South-East Asia
240:style, and the
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1081:Andhra Pradesh
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855:Nagarjunakonda
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548:Linnaeus Tripe
544:Elliot Marbles
528:Edward Balfour
483:
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411:Nagarjunakonda
311:century BCE.
302:The stupa, or
299:
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282:simply as the
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208:Andhra Pradesh
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2235:BM, 38, 41-45
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2198:0-415-35615-6
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1243:Kesaria Stupa
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1213:Barabar Caves
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1104:Pilgrimage to
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513:In 1845, Sir
511:
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2480:. Retrieved
2476:the original
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2430:
2416:
2407:
2398:
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1498:
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1418:Patna Museum
1375:
1374:
1362:
1323:Vikramashila
1233:Ellora Caves
1207:
1085:Republic Day
1062:
1054:
1034:Gupta Empire
1027:
1019:
1015:Dhanyakataka
995:
901:
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375:
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284:deepaladimma
283:
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216:
195:is a ruined
192:
191:
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2102:BM, 2-6, 89
1983:22 December
1951:21 December
1918:Shimada, 88
1772:Shimada, 82
1754:Shimada, 82
1714:Shimada, 72
1692:Shimada, 66
1560:Shimada, 74
1437:Pudukkottai
1273:Pataliputra
1238:Kapilavastu
1223:Chandavaram
1197:Other Sites
1079:Tableau of
304:mahāchetiya
272:Dharanikota
80: /
56:Coordinates
2603:Categories
2586:9004233261
2572:0140561021
2558:0300062176
2544:0500202656
2530:0500201463
2495:References
2482:30 October
2147:Fisher, 51
2129:Craven, 76
2057:Averaging
1946:IndiaToday
1880:0521376955
1443:Vijayawada
1389:Amaravathi
1368:, and the
1313:Tilaurakot
1288:Pushpagiri
1142:Kushinagar
905:Kushan art
629:Bodhi Tree
566:Sculptures
472:Dalai Lama
464:Kalachakra
292:mahācetiya
268:Amaravathi
68:80°21′29″E
65:16°34′31″N
45:Amaravathi
2298:194108928
2284:: 53–65.
2217:BM, 38-39
2165:BM, 48-50
2138:Harle, 79
2111:BM, 7, 97
2028:Harle, 35
2017:Borobudor
1997:BM, 48-57
1972:The Hindu
1842:Becker, 6
1822:Kilty, G
1813:see BM, 3
1732:see BM, 6
1649:Harle, 34
1640:Harle, 35
1528:, Seattle
1494:Singapore
1484:Singapore
1413:Hyderabad
1407:New Delhi
1308:Udayagiri
1298:Ratnagiri
1253:Lalitgiri
1208:Amaravati
1180:Shravasti
1137:Bodh Gaya
1089:New Delhi
1050:pilasters
899:Rome".
679:pilasters
672:limestone
460:Vajrayana
456:Sri Lanka
326:) of the
324:tholobate
247:Sri Lanka
242:Gandharan
2450:"Search"
2330:Archived
1894:Amravati
1601:(1986).
1536:See also
1318:Varanasi
1283:Piprahwa
1185:Vaishali
1175:Sankissa
504:zamindar
500:Buddhist
482:Recovery
446:in 1816.
419:Xuanzang
401:and the
197:Buddhist
41:Location
2327:website
1452:Lucknow
1398:Kolkata
1383:Chennai
1366:Chennai
1263:Nalanda
1258:Mathura
1248:Kosambi
1228:Devdaha
1218:Bharhut
1152:Sarnath
1147:Lumbini
1011:Kalinga
1009:ruling
882:reliefs
718:world."
649:Bharhut
645:granite
625:obverse
429:viharas
398:chaitya
341:in situ
298:History
238:Mathura
223:Chennai
51:, India
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2244:BM, 10
2226:BM, 41
2208:BM, 46
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2174:BM, 46
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601:Sanchi
585:vedika
470:. The
387:Sanchi
378:vedika
316:vedikā
219:relief
93:Height
2294:S2CID
1927:BM, 5
1804:BM, 1
1548:Notes
1422:Patna
1376:India
1268:Nasik
593:tondo
496:India
476:Tibet
407:Nasik
394:Karli
390:stūpa
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337:stūpa
332:stūpa
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288:stūpa
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2582:ISBN
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2194:ISBN
2061:and
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