165:
63:
22:
316:
Less than a year after the AFLA's founding, friendly relations were restored with the AAU. The AFLA grew slowly, with New York City initially dominating
American fencing. The first competitions were visually judged using a jury of three people. Early rules included provisions to award points based on
1396:
won the
Fencing Association's San Francisco Division men's title; however, two days later she was stripped of the title, as the Association adopted a rule banning competition between women and men, stating that since fencing involved physical contact, "a chivalrous man found it difficult to do his
353:
The AFLA remained a small organization for the first fifty years of its existence, with approximately 1,250 members in 1940. It had grown from three divisions to 25, with about 300 scheduled competitions each year. Despite its small size, the AFLA fielded teams to represent the United States in
490:
American women fencers were originally required to wear skirts when competing. In 1937, the AFLA issued a new rule book stating, among other things, that after
September 1, 1939, women would be allowed to wear either a "divided skirt" or "loose-fitting white trousers fastened below the
331:, while the New York fencers remained in the "non-divisional group". The first section (composed of three or more divisions), the Pacific Coast section, was formed in 1925, followed in 1934 by the Mid-West section. In 1939, the national championships were held in
373:
The league maintained a strict amateur code. Until 1953, professionals (those who received financial compensation for fencing or for teaching fencing) were excluded from membership in the AFLA. Competition for professionals was limited.
369:
magazine) the official publication of the league. Continued growth resulted in the formation of the
Southwest section in 1950 and the North Atlantic section in 1955 (the All-Eastern section was discontinued).
401:. By this time, more foil and épée competitions were being judged electrically than visually (sabre remained visually judged). In addition to the non-divisional group, the AFLA boasted 49 active divisions.
390:
nations began systematically reinventing fencing to take advantage of the new electrical foil. In order to remain competitive internationally, AFLA fencers had to adapt to the emerging style.
338:
By 1940, the rules had been revised several times. Points for good form were no longer awarded, the jury had been expanded to four judges and a director, and rules for electrically judged
1392:
Initially, members of the
Association (then called the Amateur Fencers League of America) were only white men, and it excluded women, Jews, Blacks, and others from membership. In 1938,
547:
The scores of bouts that go to time are advanced an equal amount until one fencer has five points (e.g. an actual score of 3-1 is recorded as 5–3; 1-0 is recorded as 5–4).
589:
Alternate rules for 8-point bouts (women's foil) and 10-point bouts (men at all weapons), with a requirement of a two-point advantage are included (15-minute time limit).
568:
Fencers are classified as Prep, Novice, Junior, Intermediate, or Senior based upon past competitive performance. Changes in classification occur after each competition.
534:
Women allowed to compete at foil (bouts are to four points or eight minutes), but touches below the waist (delineated by a dark-colored sash) are off-target.
640:
Time limits for all weapons are 5 minutes for 4-touch bouts, 6 minutes for 5-touch bouts, 10 minutes for 8-touch bouts, and 12 minutes for 10-touch bouts.
1766:
1681:
416:
182:
84:
77:
35:
522:
Crossing the rear limit with both feet (at any time at foil, and for the second time at sabre and épée) results in a point for the other fencer.
229:
127:
1604:
598:
At foil, sabre, and multi-touch épée, tie scores are decided via sudden death, while at one-touch épée ties result in a loss for both fencers.
201:
99:
666:
Most of the activity in the AFLA occurred at the divisional level. As a democratic organization, divisions enjoyed almost complete autonomy.
1784:
1801:
292:
208:
106:
1586:
215:
113:
634:
Crossing the side limit with both feet results in the loss of 1 meter of ground in foil or 2 meters of ground in sabre and épée.
1501:
41:
197:
95:
1832:
1827:
550:
At épée and sabre, the fencer is allowed to retreat twice as far as in foil, effectively doubling the length of the strip.
1535:
583:
Electrical foil rules included for the first time. Target area for electrical foil excludes the bib of the fencing mask.
335:, the first time they had ever been held outside New York City. The All-Eastern section was recognized in 1939 as well.
320:
Initially, members of the AFLA were only white men, and it excluded women, Jews, Blacks, and others from membership.
1711:
1545:
405:
266:
248:
146:
49:
1416:
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628:
Field of play for épée and sabre is extended to 14 meters in length, with a uniform warning line for all weapons.
296:
1822:
355:
222:
186:
120:
604:
At sabre and épée, fencers are given a warning when they get within two meters of the rear limit of the strip.
610:
Fencers are classified as unclassified, C, B, or A. Changes in classification occur at the end of the season.
415:
These events in the early 1980s solidified the evolutionary branching between fencing (under the USFA) and
409:
287:) was founded on April 22, 1891, in New York City by a group of fencers seeking independence from the
439:
The AFLA's rules of fencing went through many revisions. The following is a summary of the revisions:
332:
1622:(1983). "A History of the Amateur Fencers League of America" (Document). San Jose State University.
601:
At foil, fencers are given a warning when they get within one meter of the rear limit of the strip.
350:
bouts remained visually judged, and electrical épée bouts were the exception rather than the rule.
553:
Touches which arrive off-target (at sabre and foil) as a result of a parry do not stop the phrase.
1619:
565:
Rules for indoor (foil, épée, and sabre) and outdoor (épée and sabre only) competitions included.
537:
Warnings are given when there are two minutes remaining, and again when there is one minute left.
420:
394:
175:
73:
288:
556:
Reversal of positions of the fencers is permitted at standard épée, but not electrical épée.
592:
Touches which arrive off-target (at sabre and foil) as a result of a parry stop the phrase.
541:
8:
1325:
339:
1748:
1636:
1480:
1449:
1411:
1282:
607:
Reversal of positions of the fencers is permitted at both standard and electrical épée.
531:Épée bouts are to one touch or five minutes or, to two or three touches or ten minutes.
428:
586:Épée bouts are to one touch or five minutes or, to two to five touches or ten minutes.
1541:
1406:
1258:
424:
1510:
637:
At all weapons, fencers are given a warning when they retreat past the warning line.
1731:
469:
Crossing a boundary with any part of the foot results in a deduction of one point.
1336:
1296:
347:
1702:
525:
Crossing the side limit with both feet results in the loss of 1 meter of ground.
1342:
631:
Crossing the rear limit with both feet results in a point for the other fencer.
393:
Steady growth of the league continued, and in 1964, the AFLA incorporated as a
343:
1658:
1816:
1534:
Kirsch, George B.; Harris, Othello; Nolte, Claire Elaine (November 9, 2000).
1397:
worst when he faced a woman." The restriction was later lifted in the 1950s.
382:
By 1957, the AFLA was scheduling more than 400 competitions every year. The
1393:
398:
408:(c.f.) in June 1981. In 1982, the organization moved its headquarters to
387:
324:
1688:. New York City: Amateur Fencers League of America, Inc. pp. v–vii.
431:
movements, neither of which have much connection to USFA/AFLA fencing.
519:
Field of play is 40 feet long by between 1.8 and 2.0 meters in width.
472:
All weapons contested to five touches, with points for form added on.
366:
625:
Target area for foil uniformly excludes the bib of the fencing mask.
164:
62:
383:
328:
652:
Reversal of positions of the fencers is prohibited at all weapons.
1456:. New York City: Amateur Fencers League of America. pp. 5–6.
419:(which in 2006 began to experience a revival under the fledgling
323:
During the AFLA's first year, divisional organizations formed in
300:
1487:. New York City: Amateur Fencers League of America. p. 111.
562:
Rules for three-weapon team and individual competition included.
1509:. Amateur Fencers League of America. 1891-10-14. Archived from
1738:. United States: Wish Pub., 2001. Pgs. 37, 214.
1585:
George B. Kirsch, Othello Harris, Claire Elaine Nolte (2000).
655:
Target area for women's foil made the same as for men's foil.
1803:
Playing With the Boys; Why
Separate is Not Equal in Sports
1771:
Amateur
Fencers League of America Fencing Rules and Manual
1753:
Amateur
Fencers League of America Fencing Rules and Manual
1686:
Amateur
Fencers League of America Fencing Rules and Manual
1588:
Encyclopedia of
Ethnicity and Sports in the United States,
1485:
Amateur Fencers League of America Fencing Rules and Manual
595:
Three-weapon bouts are limited to five minutes per weapon.
1537:
Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States
1773:. New York City: Amateur Fencers League of America, Inc.
1659:
United States Fencing Association Demographics 2002-2003
528:
Foil and sabre bouts are to five touches or ten minutes.
544:, while in épée ties result in a loss for both fencers.
516:
Explanation of right-of-way replaces "no jabbing rule".
478:
It is implied that women are not permitted to compete.
1747:
1635:
1603:
Kenneth T. Jackson, Lisa Keller, Nancy Flood (2010).
1479:
1448:
882:(formerly Ithaca and Western Massachusetts divisions)
1765:
1755:. New York City: Amateur Fencers League of America.
1704:
United States Fencing Association Operations Manual
1680:
1643:. New York City: Amateur Fencers League of America.
1566:"A Colorless "league" – Crossing the Color Barrier"
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
463:
Jabs (elbow beginning behind the hip) do not count.
423:). The intervening two decades also brought on the
291:. As early as 1940, the AFLA was recognized by the
189:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1618:
386:was affecting many sports, including fencing; the
1533:
643:A warning is given when there is one minute left.
1814:
1460:
703:Non-divisional group (mostly from New York City)
675:Non-divisional group (mostly from New York City)
1665:
1641:Amateur Fencers League of America Fencing Rules
1503:Amateur Fencers League of America Fencing Rules
1454:Amateur Fencers League of America Fencing Rules
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1360:(office combined with secretary prior to 1936)
1783:Steven J. Overman, Kelly Boyer Sagert (2012).
880:Hudson-Berkshire (New York and Massachusetts)
540:In foil and sabre, tie scores are decided via
510:The back is valid target in all three weapons.
1710:(2000 ed.). Colorado Springs, Colorado:
1292:first president from outside of New York City
1113:Hudson-Berkshire (New York and Massachusetts)
507:Points awarded solely for delivering a touch.
1429:
1631:
1629:
1496:
1494:
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1759:
1741:
1563:
451:Jury of three apparently co-equal judges.
267:Learn how and when to remove this message
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
1626:
1609:, Second Edition, Yale University Press.
1491:
454:Points awarded for form and for touches.
1800:Eileen McDonagh, Laura Pappano (2007).
1697:
1695:
1599:
1597:
1581:
1579:
1559:
1557:
1815:
1734:., Evangelista, Anita.
457:Target area at foil excludes the back.
83:Please improve this article by adding
1652:
1650:
1176:Western Washington (formerly Seattle)
646:Outdoor sabre competition eliminated.
1692:
1594:
1576:
1554:
1309:(in order of service, through 1964)
1254:(in order of service, through 1964)
1210:Inland Empire (Washington and Idaho)
888:Inland Empire (Washington and Idaho)
187:adding citations to reliable sources
158:
56:
15:
1358:(in order of service, through 1970)
969:Western New York (formerly Buffalo)
504:Jury of four judges and a director.
466:Field of play is 20 feet by 3 feet.
299:as the national governing body for
293:Fédération Internationale d'Escrime
198:"Amateur Fencers League of America"
96:"Amateur Fencers League of America"
13:
1656:
1647:
14:
1844:
1712:United States Fencing Association
1606:The Encyclopedia of New York City
1387:
1019:
828:
687:
669:
406:United States Fencing Association
404:The AFLA changed its name to the
281:Amateur Fencers League of America
31:This article has multiple issues.
1417:U.S. Fencing Coaches Association
163:
61:
20:
1794:
1777:
1725:
1290:Donald S. Thompson (born 1957)
939:Northern Ohio (formerly Dayton)
649:Three-weapon events eliminated.
616:
574:
559:Electrical épée rules included.
513:White fencing jackets required.
495:
484:
442:
297:United States Olympic Committee
174:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
1612:
1540:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1527:
460:Dark fencing jackets required.
1:
1422:
900:Maryland (formerly Baltimore)
354:fencing events at all of the
85:secondary or tertiary sources
1833:Sports rules and regulations
1828:Fencing in the United States
1790:, Volume 1, Greenwood Press.
1639:; et al., eds. (1940).
1452:; et al., eds. (1940).
661:
377:
311:
7:
1400:
1241:
1158:Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)
948:Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)
754:Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)
10:
1849:
1806:, Oxford University Press.
1352:
1303:
1248:
1186:
1026:
976:
835:
782:
694:
410:Colorado Springs, Colorado
306:
1570:American Fencing Magazine
1550:– via Google Books.
1222:Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania)
1155:Harrisburg (Pennsylvania)
994:Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania)
877:Harrisburg (Pennsylvania)
809:Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania)
434:
1786:Icons of Women's Sport'
1564:Andy Shaw (Fall 2005).
1264:Col. Henry Breckinridge
1213:New Orleans (Louisiana)
1201:Sacramento (California)
1000:Sacramento (California)
930:New Orleans (Louisiana)
812:Sacramento (California)
745:New Orleans (Louisiana)
421:American Fencing League
361:In 1949, the AFLA made
1732:Evangelista, Nick
1204:San Diego (California)
1116:Long Island (New York)
1077:Indianapolis (Indiana)
1003:San Diego (California)
897:Long Island (New York)
730:Long Island (New York)
303:in the United States.
289:Amateur Athletic Union
72:relies excessively on
1823:Fencing organizations
1749:Miguel A. de Capriles
1637:Miguel A. de Capriles
1481:Miguel A. de Capriles
1450:Miguel A. de Capriles
1283:Miguel A. de Capriles
1259:Dr. Graeme M. Hammond
1128:West Point (New York)
1122:Westchester, New York
1119:Metropolitan New York
1009:West Point (New York)
966:Westchester, New York
903:Metropolitan New York
778:Western Massachusetts
775:West Point (New York)
448:Four pages in length.
1195:Birmingham (Alabama)
1161:Western Pennsylvania
1098:St. Louis (Missouri)
1035:Non-divisional group
988:Birmingham (Alabama)
954:Seattle (Washington)
951:St. Louis (Missouri)
844:Non-divisional group
815:Seattle (Washington)
794:Birmingham (Alabama)
791:Baltimore (Maryland)
760:St. Louis (Missouri)
622:287 pages in length.
580:151 pages in length.
501:121 pages in length.
356:Summer Olympic Games
342:bouts were adopted.
183:improve this article
1767:Jose R. de Capriles
1682:Jose R. de Capriles
1319:Leon M. Schoonmaker
1316:F. Barnard O'Connor
1287:Jose R. de Capriles
1270:Leon M. Schoonmaker
1267:F. Barnard O'Connor
1140:Miami Valley (Ohio)
1044:Southern California
1041:Northern California
957:Southern California
936:Northern California
906:Miami Valley (Ohio)
763:Southern California
748:Northern California
1714:. 2000. p. 10
1412:Historical fencing
1370:Robert S. Driscoll
1273:Harold Van Buskirk
1216:Mid-New York State
1167:Gulf Coast (Texas)
1065:Florida Gold Coast
912:Mid-New York State
874:Gulf Coast (Texas)
736:Mid-New York State
706:Buffalo (New York)
429:historical fencing
358:from 1904 onward.
1657:Massik, Michael.
1407:Classical fencing
1385:
1384:
1343:Allan S. Kwartler
1313:W. Scott O'Connor
1237:
1236:
1015:
1014:
824:
823:
800:Ithaca (New York)
425:classical fencing
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54:
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1756:
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1736:The Woman Fencer
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1591:Greenwood Press.
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1457:
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1364:J. Howard Hanway
1322:J. Howard Hanway
1246:
1245:
1173:Washington, D.C.
1125:Western New York
1074:Central Illinois
1024:
1023:
963:Washington, D.C.
853:Central Illinois
833:
832:
818:Toronto (Canada)
772:Washington, D.C.
709:Central Illinois
692:
691:
417:standard fencing
365:(at that time a
363:American Fencing
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1425:
1403:
1390:
1367:George Cochrane
1359:
1357:
1348:Anthony J. Orsi
1337:Ralph Goldstein
1308:
1297:Paul Makler Sr.
1291:
1276:John R. Huffman
1253:
1244:
1137:Columbus (Ohio)
1062:Florida Gateway
1059:Central Florida
1022:
881:
859:Columbus (Ohio)
831:
712:Columbus (Ohio)
690:
672:
664:
619:
577:
498:
487:
475:No time limits.
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437:
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78:primary sources
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11:
5:
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1825:
1809:
1808:
1793:
1776:
1769:, ed. (1965).
1758:
1751:, ed. (1957).
1740:
1724:
1691:
1684:, ed. (1965).
1664:
1646:
1625:
1620:G.K.J. D'Asaro
1611:
1593:
1575:
1553:
1546:
1526:
1490:
1483:, ed. (1957).
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1388:Discrimination
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1164:Border (Texas)
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1147:
1146:Southwest Ohio
1144:
1141:
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1135:
1132:
1131:North Carolina
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1020:1964 divisions
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850:Border (Texas)
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829:1956 divisions
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689:
688:1940 divisions
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670:1892 divisions
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1716:. Retrieved
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1518:. Retrieved
1511:the original
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1394:Helene Mayer
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1373:Rudolph Ozol
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542:sudden death
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181:Please help
176:verification
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33:Please help
30:
1345:(1917–1998)
1339:(1913–1997)
1306:Secretaries
1299:(born 1964)
1261:(1891–1925)
1170:North Texas
1104:New England
1050:Connecticut
942:North Texas
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862:Connecticut
739:New England
715:Connecticut
678:New England
388:Soviet Bloc
325:New England
1817:Categories
1718:2006-08-27
1520:2006-08-27
1423:References
1355:Treasurers
1251:Presidents
1110:New Mexico
1107:New Jersey
927:New Mexico
924:New Jersey
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239:March 2019
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137:March 2019
107:newspapers
74:references
36:improve it
1661:(Report).
1376:Leo Sobel
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1095:Minnesota
972:Wisconsin
960:Tennessee
915:Minnesota
662:Divisions
395:nonprofit
378:1957–1983
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42:talk page
1401:See also
1242:Officers
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1189:Inactive
1149:Oklahoma
1092:Michigan
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1086:Kentucky
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681:Nebraska
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329:Nebraska
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871:Georgia
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1029:Active
991:Hawaii
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838:Active
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724:Hawaii
697:Active
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435:Rules
348:sabre
230:JSTOR
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128:JSTOR
114:books
1542:ISBN
1295:Dr.
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1080:Iowa
1006:Utah
891:Iowa
769:Utah
427:and
346:and
344:Foil
340:épée
327:and
285:AFLA
279:The
202:news
100:news
397:in
185:by
76:to
1819::
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