Amateur radio - Knowledge

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portions of the Amateur Radio spectrum and more desirable (shorter) call signs. An exam, authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), is required for all levels of the Amateur Radio license. These exams are administered by Volunteer Examiners, accredited by the FCC-recognized Volunteer Examiner Coordinator (VEC) system. The Technician Class and General Class exams consist of 35 multiple-choice questions, drawn randomly from a pool of at least 350. To pass, 26 of the 35 questions must be answered correctly. The Extra Class exam has 50 multiple choice questions (drawn randomly from a pool of at least 500), 37 of which must be answered correctly. The tests cover regulations, customs, and technical knowledge, such as FCC provisions, operating practices, advanced electronics theory, radio equipment design, and safety. Morse Code is no longer tested in the U.S. Once the exam is passed, the FCC issues an Amateur Radio license which is valid for ten years. Studying for the exam is made easier because the entire question pools for all license classes are posted in advance. The question pools are updated every four years by the National Conference of VECs.

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a valid license in one country can receive a separate license and a call sign in another country, both of which have a mutually-agreed reciprocal licensing approvals. Reciprocal licensing requirements vary from country to country. Some countries have bilateral or multilateral reciprocal operating agreements allowing hams to operate within their borders with a single set of requirements. Some countries lack reciprocal licensing systems. Others use international bodies such as the Organization of American States to facilitate licensing reciprocity.

4949: 96: 640: 756:, require the payment of annual license fees that can be prohibitively expensive for most of their citizens. A few small countries may not have a national licensing process and may instead require prospective amateur radio operators to take the licensing examinations of a foreign country. In countries with the largest numbers of amateur radio licensees, such as Japan, the United States, Thailand, Canada, and most of the countries in Europe, there are frequent license examinations opportunities in major cities. 288: 7217: 694:

services. A series of exams are often available, each progressively more challenging and granting more privileges: greater frequency availability, higher power output, permitted experimentation, and, in some countries, distinctive call signs. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, have begun requiring a practical assessment in addition to the written exams in order to obtain a beginner's license, which they call a Foundation License.

38: 7227: 7206: 922:"MW" are Wales, "GI" & "MI" are Northern Ireland, "GD" & "MD" are the Isle of Man, "GJ" & "MJ" are Jersey and "GU" & "MU" are Guernsey. Intermediate licence call signs are slightly different. They begin 2#0 and 2#1 where the # is replaced with the country letters as above. For example "2M0" and "2M1" are Scotland, "2W0" and "2W1" are Wales and so on. The exception however is for England. The letter "E" 828:

of a mentor, teacher, or friend. In North America, established amateurs who help newcomers are often referred to as "Elmers", as coined by Rodney Newkirk, W9BRD, within the ham community. In addition, many countries have national amateur radio societies which encourage newcomers and work with government communications regulation authorities for the benefit of all radio amateurs. The oldest of these societies is the

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although these must also conform to the issuing government's allocation and structure used for Amateur Radio call signs. Some jurisdictions require a fee to obtain such a vanity call sign; in others, such as the UK, a fee is not required and the vanity call sign may be selected when the license is applied for. The FCC in the U.S. discontinued its fee for vanity call sign applications in September 2015.

203: 277: 264:"). This term continued to be used after the invention of radio and the proliferation of amateur experimentation with wireless telegraphy; among land- and sea-based professional radio operators, "ham" amateurs were considered a nuisance. The use of "ham" meaning "amateurish or unskilled" survives today sparsely in other disciplines (e.g. "ham actor"). 652: 881:

on the air to legally identify the operator or station. In some countries, the call sign assigned to the station must always be used, whereas in other countries, the call sign of either the operator or the station may be used. In certain jurisdictions, an operator may also select a "vanity" call sign

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A reciprocal licensing agreement between two countries allows bearers of an amateur radio license in one country under certain conditions to legally operate an amateur radio station in the other country without having to obtain an amateur radio license from the country being visited, or the bearer of

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The ease with which an individual can acquire an amateur radio license varies from country to country. In some countries, examinations may be offered only once or twice a year in the national capital and can be inordinately bureaucratic (for example in India) or challenging because some amateurs must

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for St. Paul. The last two or three letters of the call signs are typically the operator's choice (upon completing the licensing test, the ham writes three most-preferred options). Two-letter call sign suffixes require a ham to have already been licensed for 5 years. Call signs in Canada can be

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Granting a separate license to a club or organization generally requires that an individual with a current and valid amateur radio license who is in good standing with the telecommunications authority assumes responsibility for any operations conducted under the club license or club call sign. A few

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exemplifies the way in which some countries award different levels of amateur radio licenses based on technical knowledge: three sequential levels of licensing exams (Technician Class, General Class, and Amateur Extra Class) are currently offered, which allow operators who pass them access to larger

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Many people start their involvement in amateur radio on social media or by finding a local club. Clubs often provide information about licensing, local operating practices, and technical advice. Newcomers also often study independently by purchasing books or other materials, sometimes with the help

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The reciprocal recognition of licenses frequently not only depends on the involved licensing authorities, but also on the nationality of the bearer. As an example, in the US, foreign licenses are recognized only if the bearer does not have US citizenship and holds no US license (which may differ in

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In most administrations, unlike other RF spectrum users, radio amateurs may build or modify transmitting equipment for their own use within the amateur spectrum without the need to obtain government certification of the equipment. Licensed amateurs can also use any frequency in their bands (rather

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Also, for smaller geopolitical entities, the numeral may be part of the country identification. For example, VP2xxx is in the British West Indies, which is subdivided into VP2Exx Anguilla, VP2Mxx Montserrat, and VP2Vxx British Virgin Islands. VP5xxx is in the Turks and Caicos Islands, VP6xxx is on

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Instead of using numbers, in the UK the second letter after the initial 'G' or 'M' identifies the station's location; for example, a call sign G7OOE becomes GM7OOE and M0RDM becomes MM0RDM when that license holder is operating a station in Scotland. Prefix "GM" & "MM" are Scotland, "GW" &

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The point at which power output is measured may also affect transmissions. The United Kingdom measures at the point the antenna is connected to the signal feed cable, which means the radio system may transmit more than 400 W to overcome signal loss in the cable; conversely, Germany measures

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examination authority in December 2003. Additional Full Licenses were originally granted to (B) Licenses with G1xxx, G6xxx, G7xxx, G8xxx and 1991 onward with M1xxx call signs. The newer three-level Intermediate License holders are assigned 2E0xxx and 2E1xxx, and the basic Foundation License

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members. In Australia and New Zealand ham operators are authorized to use one of the UHF TV channels. In the U.S., amateur radio operators providing essential communication needs in connection with the immediate safety of human life and immediate protection of property when normal communication

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Certain countries permit amateur radio licence holders to hold a Notice of Variation that allows higher power to be used than normally allowed for certain specific purposes. E.g. in the UK some amateur radio licence holders are allowed to transmit using (33 dBw) 2.0 kW for experiments

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In most countries, an amateur radio license grants permission to the license holder to own, modify, and operate equipment that is not certified by a governmental regulatory agency. This encourages amateur radio operators to experiment with home-constructed or modified equipment. The use of such

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Amateur licensing is a routine civil administrative matter in many countries. Amateurs therein must pass an examination to demonstrate technical knowledge, operating competence, and awareness of legal and regulatory requirements, in order to avoid interfering with other amateurs and other radio

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and in particular with "QRP" or very-low-power enthusiasts, as CW-only transmitters are simpler to construct, and the human ear-brain signal processing system can pull weak CW signals out of the noise where voice signals would be totally inaudible. A similar "legacy" mode popular with home

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countries may issue special licenses to novices or beginners that do not assign the individual a call sign but instead require the newly licensed individual to operate from stations licensed to a club or organization for a period of time before a higher class of license can be acquired.

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Amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes over radio. Generally new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service, although national regulations may require disclosure of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions.

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The many facets of amateur radio attract practitioners with a wide range of interests. Many amateurs begin with a fascination with radio communication and then combine other personal interests to make pursuit of the hobby rewarding. Some of the focal areas amateurs pursue include

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Demonstrating a proficiency in Morse code was for many years a requirement to obtain an amateur license to transmit on frequencies below 30 MHz. Following changes in international regulations in 2003, countries are no longer required to demand proficiency. The United States

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Many amateur radio operators participate in radio contests, during which an individual or team of operators typically seek to contact and exchange information with as many other amateur radio stations as possible in a given period of time. In addition to contests, a number of

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using a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes. This enables communication across a city, region, country, continent, the world, or even into space. In many countries, amateur radio operators may also send, receive, or relay radio communications between

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Radio amateurs are free to choose any radio equipment designed for the amateur service. Radio amateurs may also design and build their own equipment provided that the requirements and limitations specified in the Amateur Station Licence and Schedules thereto are complied

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with their license. In some countries, a separate "station license" is required for any station used by an amateur radio operator. Amateur radio licenses may also be granted to organizations or clubs. In some countries, hams were allowed to operate only club stations.

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In the United States, for non-vanity licenses, the numeral indicates the geographical district the holder resided in when the license was first issued. Prior to 1978, US hams were required to obtain a new call sign if they moved out of their geographic district.

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An example of an amateur radio station with four transceivers, amplifiers, and a computer for logging and for digital modes. On the wall are examples of various amateur radio awards, certificates, and reception report cards (QSL cards) from foreign amateur

235:. Research by amateur operators has founded new industries, built economies, empowered nations, and saved lives in times of emergency. Ham radio can also be used in the classroom to teach English, map skills, geography, math, science, and computer skills. 814:

agreements allowing hams from other countries to operate within their borders with just their home country license. Other host countries require that the visiting ham apply for a formal permit, or even a new host country-issued license, in advance.

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levels are moderate by commercial standards, they are sufficient to enable global communication. Lower license classes usually have lower power limits; for example, the lowest license class in the UK (Foundation licence) has a limit of 10 W.

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stations in Canada and the United States, including 89 amateur radio stations. As with radio in general, amateur radio was associated with various amateur experimenters and hobbyists. Amateur radio enthusiasts have significantly contributed to

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systems are not available may use any frequency including those of other radio services such as police and fire and in cases of disaster in Alaska may use the statewide emergency frequency of 5.1675 MHz with restrictions upon emissions.

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are located in IARU Region 2 (the Americas) followed by IARU Region 3 (South and East Asia and the Pacific Ocean) with about 750,000 stations. A significantly smaller number, about 400,000, are located in IARU Region 1 (Europe, Middle East,

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and dates to the earliest days of radio. Although computer-based (digital) modes and methods have largely replaced CW for commercial and military applications, many amateur radio operators still enjoy using the CW mode—particularly on the

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than being allocated fixed frequencies or channels) and can operate medium-to-high-powered equipment on a wide range of frequencies so long as they meet certain technical parameters including occupied bandwidth, power, and prevention of

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All countries that license citizens to use amateur radio require operators to display knowledge and understanding of key concepts, usually by passing an exam. The licenses grant hams the privilege to operate in larger segments of the

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The amateur radio community subsequently began to reclaim the word as a label of pride, and by the mid-20th century it had lost its pejorative meaning. Although not an acronym, it is often written as "HAM" in capital letters.

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Many countries do not follow the ITU convention for the numeral. In the United Kingdom the original calls G0xxx, G2xxx, G3xxx, G4xxx, were Full (A) License holders along with the last M0xxx full call signs issued by the

1177:(ITU) governs the allocation of communications frequencies worldwide, with participation by each nation's communications regulation authority. National communications regulators have some liberty to restrict access to these 591:

to make contacts with individual hams as well as participating in round-table discussion groups or "rag chew sessions" on the air. Some join in regularly scheduled on-air meetings with other amateur radio operators, called

596:" (as in "networks"), which are moderated by a station referred to as "Net Control". Nets can allow operators to learn procedures for emergencies, be an informal round table, or cover specific interests shared by a group. 731:

safety, and the radio regulations of the government granting the license. These examinations are sets of questions typically posed in either a short answer or multiple-choice format. Examinations can be administered by

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Radio amateurs have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum, usually allowing choice of an effective frequency for communications across a local, regional, or worldwide path. The shortwave bands, or

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Amateur radio operators are encouraged both by regulations and tradition of respectful use of the spectrum to use as little power as possible to accomplish the communication. This is to minimise interference or

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Amateur radio operators, using battery- or generator-powered equipment, often provide essential communications services when regular channels are unavailable due to natural disaster or other disruptive events .

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In Canada, call signs start with VA, VE, VY, VO, and CY. Call signs starting with 'V' end with a number after to indicate the political region; prefix CY indicates geographic islands. Prefix VA1 or VE1 is

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and higher frequencies across hundreds of miles. Repeaters are usually located on heights of land or on tall structures, and allow operators to communicate over hundreds of miles using hand-held or mobile

1212:(MARS). Once approved and trained, these amateurs also operate on US government military frequencies to provide contingency communications and morale message traffic support to the military services. 1200:(NEMA), but may be used by radio amateurs in times of emergency or during normal times to test their capability and conduct emergency drills. This repeater can also be used by non-ham NEMA staff and 2558: 659:

Radio transmission permits are closely controlled by nations' governments because radio waves propagate beyond national boundaries, and therefore radio is of international concern.

175:(IARU), which is organized in three regions and has as its members the national amateur radio societies which exist in most countries. According to an estimate made in 2011 by the 2322: 662:

Both the requirements for and privileges granted to a licensee vary from country to country, but generally follow the international regulations and standards established by the

3575:"Crucible of Communications: How Amateur Radio Launched the Information Age and Brought High Tech to Life: Part 1: The Birth and Breadth of the Ham Radio Hobby Invited Article" 4095: 819:

terms of operating privileges and restrictions). Conversely, a US citizen may operate under reciprocal agreements in Canada, but not a non-US citizen holding a US license.

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An amateur radio station in Wales. Multiple transceivers are employed for different bands and modes. Computers are used for control, data modes, SDR, RTTY and logging.

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An amateur radio license is valid only in the country in which it is issued or in another country that has a reciprocal licensing agreement with the issuing country.

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in intermediate-level call signs. For example "2E0" & "2E1" are used whereas the call signs beginning G or M for foundation and full licenses never use the "E".

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All allocations are subject to variation by country. For simplicity, only common allocations found internationally are listed. See a band's article for specifics.

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which is obtained by passing a government test demonstrating adequate technical radio knowledge and legal knowledge of the host government's radio regulations.

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They design, construct, modify, and repair their stations. The FCC equipment authorization program does not generally apply to amateur station transmitters.

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In a few cases, a national telecommunication agency may also allow hams to use frequencies outside of the internationally allocated amateur radio bands. In

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In former times, most amateur digital modes were transmitted by inserting audio into the microphone input of a radio and using an analog scheme, such as

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When traveling abroad, visiting amateur operators must follow the rules of the country in which they wish to operate. Some countries have reciprocal

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frequencies or to award additional allocations as long as radio services in other countries do not suffer interference. In some countries, specific

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spectrum, with a wider variety of communication techniques, and with higher power levels relative to unlicensed personal radio services (such as

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The origins of amateur radio can be traced to the late 19th century, but amateur radio as practised today began in the early 20th century. The

896:– Shows the country from which the call sign originates and may also indicate the license class. (This call sign is licensed in South Africa.) 80:. The term "amateur" is used to specify "a duly authorized person interested in radioelectric practice with a purely personal aim and without 2277: 849: 4204: 7189: 7161: 7156: 6181: 711: 4256: 4153: 1236: 1035:

to licensed amateur radio operators. The fees for application and renewal are usually less than the standard rate for specialty plates.

4399: 3050: 2658: 4439: 3751: 2585:"The Influence of amateur radio on the Development of the Commercial Market for Quartz Piezoelectric Resonators in the United States" 7273: 2262: 430:

allow real-time, low-power communications on the shortwave bands but has been losing favor in place of newer digital modes such as

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or call sign databases can be browsed or searched to find out who holds a specific call sign. An example of an online callbook is

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Prospective amateur radio operators are examined on understanding of the key concepts of electronics, radio equipment, antennas,

335:(SSB). FM is recognized for its superior audio quality, whereas SSB is more efficient for long-range communication under limited 5863: 3249: 7183: 4918: 4027: 2960: 2283: 2136: 1156: 468: 367: 309: 5880: 5875: 1028:. Non-exhaustive lists of famous people who hold or have held amateur radio call signs have also been compiled and published. 7178: 7168: 7148: 6950: 5858: 5029: 4988: 4843: 4779: 4760: 4179: 3773: 3674: 3492: 3398: 3331: 2469: 1891: 1881: 1174: 811: 769: 667: 663: 121: 3165: 2273:

The following "modes" use no one specific modulation scheme but rather are classified by the activity of the communication.

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using VoIP technology has enabled amateurs to communicate through local Internet-connected repeaters and radio nodes, while

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Bogdan, Cristian; Bowers, John (2007), Steinfield, Charles; Pentland, Brian T.; Ackerman, Mark; Contractor, Noshir (eds.),

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power at the output of the final amplification stage, which results in a loss in radiated power with longer cable feeds.

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do not issue amateur radio licenses to their citizens. Some developing countries, especially those in Africa, Asia, and

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Output power limits may also depend on the mode of transmission. In Australia, for example, 400 W may be used for

185: 3510:"There's Something in the Air: Amateur Radio and its Contributions to International Sustainable Community Development" 902:– Gives the subdivision of the country or territory indicated in the first part (this one refers to the Western Cape). 885:

Call sign structure as prescribed by the ITU consists of three parts which break down as follows, using the call sign

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has gained popularity as hobbyists adapt inexpensive consumer video electronics like camcorders and video cards in

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Radio amateurs are limited to a specific set of frequency bands, the amateur radio bands, allocated throughout the

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In some countries, an amateur radio license is necessary in order to purchase or possess amateur radio equipment.

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Power limits vary from country to country and between license classes within a country. For example, the

837: 577: 546: 464: 324: 176: 3226: 2591:. 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium. 5–7 June 1996. Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 58–65. 7079: 7001: 6940: 6647: 5651: 5087: 3280: 2985: 2052: 1986: 1222: 1144: 1032: 853: 332: 31: 4118: 2864: 2504: 7268: 6851: 6812: 6657: 6557: 6486: 6419: 6246: 6123: 5777: 5676: 5507: 5469: 2904: 116: 3509: 7210: 6452: 6387: 6340: 6300: 5823: 5732: 5701: 5517: 4963: 4517: 1771: 1182: 872: 841: 455:

Automatic link establishment (ALE) has enabled continuous amateur radio networks to operate on the

197: 179:, two million people throughout the world are regularly involved with amateur radio. About 830,000 3752:"Regionalism or Globalism - The Process of Telecommunication Cooperation within the OAS and NAFTA" 7049: 7034: 6878: 6829: 6752: 6652: 6330: 6216: 6211: 5818: 5661: 5608: 5411: 5274: 4216: 2416: 2306: 1921: 557: 423: 161: 85: 378:, enables communication between amateurs who speak different languages. It is also popular with 256:

term used in professional wired telegraphy during the 19th century, to mock operators with poor

7263: 6971: 6757: 6572: 6517: 6512: 6325: 6290: 5941: 5909: 5890: 5371: 5329: 5310: 5269: 4968: 4938: 4264: 3849:"Bouncing signals off the moon: Amateur Radio Club draws young and experienced 'ham' operators" 908:– The final part is unique to the holder of the license, identifying that station specifically. 529: 379: 313: 244: 133: 4141: 3525: 414:(RTTY) which previously required cumbersome mechanical equipment. Hams led the development of 6873: 6677: 6642: 6562: 6542: 6464: 6352: 6273: 5666: 5249: 5008: 4933: 4392:"RBR-4 – Standards for the Operation of Radio Stations in the Amateur Radio Service, s. 10.2" 2426: 989: 969: 588: 542: 388: 371: 180: 6206: 4391: 3058: 2669: 1189:(IARU) member societies adopt voluntary plans to ensure the most effective use of spectrum. 1128:

limits for the highest available license classes in a few selected countries are: 2.25

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interest" (either direct monetary or other similar reward); and to differentiate it from

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Bovitz, J. S. (2017). Travels and Adventures in Ham Radio with Hon. John T. Laney III.

3647:"Tuning In: Challenging Design for Communities through a Field Study of Radio Amateurs" 3337: 2421: 2340: 2203: 2017: 1682: 1668: 1648: 1625: 609: 495: 491: 487: 475: 219: 3082:"Consolidated Amateur Radio Signal Reports as Indicators of Intense Sporadic E Layers" 7064: 6986: 6900: 6883: 6846: 6692: 6522: 6491: 6357: 6251: 5767: 5573: 4948: 4839: 4817: 4798: 4775: 4756: 4719: 4700: 4665: 4646: 4623: 4583: 4521: 4485: 3951: 3701: 3670: 3594: 3529: 3488: 3394: 3359: 3327: 3257: 3111: 2798: 2760: 2600: 2475: 2465: 1841: 1827: 1791: 1777: 1744: 1720: 1701: 1105: 1079: 1045: 724: 624: 613: 593: 479: 305: 125: 6732: 3341: 2941: 1185:

are restricted to certain parts of the radio spectrum, and in most other countries,

95: 7069: 7029: 7009: 6976: 6905: 6863: 6777: 6632: 6617: 6592: 6567: 6527: 6377: 6236: 6221: 6128: 5558: 5102: 3998:"Amateur Radio (Intermediate) License (A) or (B) Terms, Provisions and Limitations" 3972:"Amateur Radio (Intermediate) License (A) or (B) Terms, Provisions and Limitations" 3732: 3662: 3625: 3586: 3521: 3480: 3319: 3101: 2956: 2592: 2431: 2406: 2400: 2004: 1300: 1073: 965: 914: 4175: 3777: 1898:, but many individual administrations have commonly adopted this allocation under 6697: 6552: 6320: 6295: 6283: 6118: 5772: 5691: 5641: 5300: 5214: 5139: 4693: 3666: 3161: 2351: 2068: 1600: 1287: 1117: 1088: 728: 675: 639: 350: 232: 54: 3928: 2703: 2584: 2503:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1928. pp. 29–172. Archived from 736:, non-paid certified examiners, or previously licensed amateur radio operators. 261: 6895: 6767: 6742: 6702: 6672: 6547: 6382: 6335: 6310: 6268: 5982: 5977: 5512: 4859: 4440:"Mode Usage Evaluation: 2017 was "the Year When Digital Modes Changed Forever"" 4325:. Federal Communications Commission. Wireless Telecommunications. 6 July 2017. 4293: 3574: 3311: 3188: 2547:

First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America

2055:(SSB). Beginning in 2017, increased use of several digital modes, particularly 1338: 1320: 1306: 1053: 690:), which require type-approved equipment restricted in mode, range, and power. 459:

bands with global coverage. Other modes, such as FSK441 using software such as

456: 444:(VoIP), but augments two-way radio communications rather than telephone calls. 212:

First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America

144: 61: 57: 5901: 3720: 3590: 3323: 2479: 564:), even, at times, using the factory "rubber duck" antenna. Hams also use the 374:

advantages. Morse, using internationally agreed message encodings such as the

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Information & Communication Technology for Development. By Bazlur Rahman"

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Some administrations have authorized spectrum for amateur use in this region;

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Similarly, amateurs in the United States may apply to be registered with the

973: 753: 561: 538: 534: 441: 437: 411: 89: 4057: 2494:"General Regulations Annexed to the International Radiotelegraph Convention" 6922: 6762: 6707: 6637: 6602: 6537: 6436: 6426: 6278: 5973: 5717: 5603: 5502: 5492: 5189: 2848: 2802: 2459: 2335: 2327: 2185: 1900: 1581: 1561: 1540: 1516: 1496: 1005: 997: 957: 415: 407: 358: 317: 292: 3630: 3613: 3484: 3316:

2014 IEEE Canada International Humanitarian Technology Conference - (IHTC)

3106: 3081: 1083:

The international symbol for amateur radio, included in the logos of many

486:

and stable signals required, amateur television is typically found in the

287: 214:, produced in 1909, contains a list of amateur radio stations. This radio 7122: 6772: 6682: 6667: 6627: 6587: 6446: 6015: 5787: 5696: 5686: 5681: 4978: 2178: 941: 749: 511: 490:(420–450 MHz) wavelength range, though there is also limited use on 392: 228: 157: 103: 4549: 4234: 3441: 3414: 2816: 2725: 1031:

Many jurisdictions (but not in the UK & Europe) may issue specialty

7127: 6834: 6532: 6441: 6397: 6367: 6345: 5968: 5885: 5782: 5748: 5003: 4923: 4292:. Hong Kong: Office of the Telecommunications Authority. Archived from 3902: 3376:"Radio Blackout! Ham Radio as an Operational and Scientific Instrument" 2871:. Vol. 3, no. 6. American Radio Relay League. pp. 32–33. 2072: 1956: 1952: 1462: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1133: 1017:

Pitcairn Island, VP8xxx is in the Falklands, and VP9xxx is in Bermuda.

1004:(CY9). Special permission is required to access either of these: from 733: 651: 452:

has allowed the linking of repeaters to provide greater coverage area.

354: 346: 342: 301: 257: 253: 73: 69: 4426:

Code of Federal Regulations: Title 47, Part 97 — Amateur Radio Service

4378:

Code of Federal Regulations: Title 47, Part 97 — Amateur Radio Service

3736: 2885:. European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations 7112: 6577: 6392: 6159: 6020: 5656: 4614:

Now You're Talking! All You Need For Your First Amateur Radio License

4359: 3776:. The Radio Amateur Society of Thailand 7 August 2010. Archived from 2391: 1885: 1132:

in Canada; 1.5 kW in the United States; 1.0 kW in Belgium,

1104:

equipment must still satisfy national and international standards on

1065: 698: 581: 363: 148: 129: 77: 37: 3019: 7107: 7097: 7014: 6839: 6662: 5598: 5543: 5464: 5164: 5077: 4993: 3874:"INTER-AMERICAN AMATEUR RADIO SERVICE CONVENTION "LIMA CONVENTION"" 2289: 2032: 1178: 1092: 1021: 993: 953: 519: 502: 445: 215: 165: 153: 65: 3700:(in Chinese (China)). No. 2017第2期. 北京博趣出版有限责任公司. p. 65. 3312:"Enhanced crowdsourcing for disasters through ham-radio operators" 2883:"CEPT.ORG - ECC - Topics - Other spectrum topics - Radio Amateurs" 2589:

Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium

1064:

bands normally provide local or regional communication, while the

281: 7102: 7087: 6305: 6143: 5618: 5548: 5449: 5396: 4983: 2939: 2661:

Role of Amateur Radio in Development Communication of Bangladesh.

2366: 2356: 2346: 1147:

transmissions, but FM and other modes are limited to 120 W.

1025: 977: 961: 949: 224: 5321: 4868: 3080:

Deacon, Chris; Mitchell, Cathryn; Watson, Robert (2 June 2022).

1871:

others have declined to regulate frequencies above 300 GHz.

1155:

entailing using the moon as a passive radio reflector (known as

7132: 7092: 6414: 6148: 6073: 5963: 5833: 5828: 5623: 5588: 5474: 5421: 5416: 5401: 5305: 5199: 5159: 5154: 4998: 4863: 3774:"Amateur radio licensing in Thailand – sect. Equipment license" 3514:

The International Journal of Sustainability Policy and Practice

2120: 2089: 945: 687: 573: 569: 375: 171:

Amateur radio is officially represented and coordinated by the

99: 202: 7117: 7054: 6362: 6083: 6068: 6063: 5958: 5954: 5149: 4928: 4414: 3222: 3142:. American Radio Relay League. pp. 19–23. Archived from 2255: 2242: 2229: 2216: 2189: 2083: 981: 745: 608:

schemes exist, sometimes suffixed with "on the Air", such as

541:

flight engineer, operates the NA1SS ham radio station in the

427: 419: 276: 4716:

Pass Your Technician Class Amateur Radio Test - The Easy Way

4514:

The Canadian Amateur Study Guide for the Basic Qualification

4478:

Your Entry Into Amateur Radio: The Foundation License Manual

1914:. These allocations may only apply to a group of countries. 7059: 6091: 4122: 3356:

The Utilization of Amateur Radio in Disaster Communications

2501:

International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927

2251: 2248: 2238: 2235: 2225: 2222: 2212: 2209: 2145: 1137: 1129: 741: 88:, public safety (such as police and fire), or professional 4814:

Communications Receivers: DSP, Software Radios, and Design

3718: 27:

Use of radio frequency spectra for non-commercial purposes

6045: 5808: 5803: 5169: 3223:"ARISS: Amateur Radio on the International Space Station" 3200: 3138: 2161: 2056: 431: 3721:"A new CITEL fosters telecommunications in the Americas" 2751:

Weaver, Bruce D. (January 2003). "On the Air Learning".

1091:

featuring components common to every radio: an antenna,

576:

as reflectors of radio waves. Hams can also contact the

147:, but within these bands are allowed to transmit on any 1162: 514:. Repeaters can also be linked together by using other 1072:, for amateur television transmissions and high-speed 918:

holders are granted call signs M3xxx, M6xxx or M7xxx.

4512:

Cleveland-Iliffe, John; Smith, Geoffrey Read (1995).

4511: 3618:

Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy

2940:

Federal Communications Commission (24 January 2007).

2059:, became popular within the amateur radio community. 647:

and several wire antennas, along with a Canadian flag

560:

can be accessed, some using a hand-held transceiver (

406:

Modern personal computers have encouraged the use of

3193:: New Software for VHF Meteor-Scatter Communication" 3079: 2317: 1056:, are suitable for worldwide communication, and the 92:

services (such as maritime, aviation, taxis, etc.).

68:

experimentation, self-training, private recreation,

4699:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Prompt Publications. 3799: 3797: 3795: 3024:

KH6BB USS Missouri Battleship Radio Room, kh6bb.org

2844:"Telegraph Talk and Talkers: The Slang of the Wire" 2309:(OSCAR – Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio) 846:

Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication

418:in the 1970s, which has employed protocols such as 4692: 4611: 4366: 3941: 832:, formed in 1910; other notable societies are the 697:In most countries, an operator will be assigned a 3696:鲍沁勇、徐璟华、林森 (2017). "见证共和国业余无线电发展的人：专访童晓勇/BA1AA". 2996:. American Radio Relay League. 15 December 2006. 1246:International amateur radio frequency allocations 353:", is the wireless extension of landline (wired) 327:. The primary modes for vocal communications are 7255: 4746: 3792: 30:"Ham radio" redirects here. For other uses, see 5931: 4832:The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications 2010 4384: 4176:"Famous Radio Amateurs 'Hams' & Call Signs" 3990: 3944:The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications 2007 3549:"The Regulation of Amateur Radio Communication" 3204:. American Radio Relay League. pp. 36–41. 2529:Sumner, David (August 2011). "How Many Hams?". 325:variety of transmission methods for interaction 4422:"Subpart E—Providing Emergency Communications" 4199: 4197: 3477:International Conference on 100 Years of Radio 6175: 5917: 5733: 5337: 4884: 4812:Rohde, Ulrich L.; Whitaker, Jerry C. (2001). 4811: 4747:Dennison, Mike; Fielding, John, eds. (2009). 3927:. American Radio Relay League. Archived from 3653:, London: Springer London, pp. 439–461, 3051:"HowStuffWorks: Use of VoIP in Amateur Radio" 2978: 1230: 850:New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters 505:systems, however, can allow transmissions of 102:amateur radio station SP1QE, featuring 1930s 5747: 4816:(3rd ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill. 4475: 3644: 3446:, Minimum Qualifications For Radio Amateurs" 1574: 1553: 1509: 712:Amateur radio licensing in the United States 280:A young Polish woman with radio antennas in 7190:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4738:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4194: 3164:. The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation. 2897: 2537: 740:undergo difficult security approval (as in 463:, are used for weak signal modes including 132:, which must be used in all transmissions. 7226: 6182: 6168: 5924: 5910: 5740: 5726: 5344: 5330: 4891: 4877: 4713: 4119:"UK Radio & Media Licensing Authority" 3695: 3272: 2718: 1237: 1223: 801: USA and Canada Treaty, CEPT and IARP 4690: 4636: 4088:"UK Amateur Radio Call Signs (callsigns)" 3756:Currents: International Trade Law Journal 3629: 3572: 3479:. Vol. 1995. IEE. pp. 120–127. 3473:"Amateur radio: Past, present and future" 3417:. International Telecommunication Union. 3281:"Principles of Amateur Radio Net Control" 3241: 3159: 3105: 2959:: Government Printing Office: 3081–3082. 2698:Amateur Radio "Saved Lives" in South Asia 2543: 2533:. American Radio Relay League. p. 9. 1939: 718: 584:are licensed as amateur radio operators. 366:bands and for experimental work, such as 6134:Frequency-hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 4609: 4398:. Government of Canada. September 2007. 4287:"Annex F: Equipment for Amateur Station" 3012: 2863:Warner, Kenneth B., ed. (January 1920). 2852:. Vol. 18, no. 3. p. 231. 1116:to any other device. Although allowable 1078: 773: 650: 638: 623:Amateur radio operators may also act as 528: 286: 275: 271: 201: 94: 36: 4793:. Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, England: 4116:More information is available from the 3719:de la Cruz Silveira Zavala, J. (1995). 3507: 3415:"Amateur and Amateur-satellite service" 3309: 3250:"Astronaut (and Former Astronaut) Hams" 3160:Holmstead, Stephen (30 December 1994). 3131:"An Introduction to Amateur Television" 3128: 763: 14: 7256: 6189: 6139:Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 6008:Multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK) 4769: 4718:(2nd ed.). USA: EasyWayHamBooks. 4659: 4068:from the original on 29 September 2015 4020: 4008:from the original on 30 September 2007 3978:from the original on 30 September 2007 3689: 3470: 3407: 3186: 3048: 3020:"KH6BB USS Missouri Radio Room Photos" 3000:from the original on 27 September 2009 2933: 2862: 2750: 2693: 2528: 2457: 1087:member societies. The diamond holds a 6163: 5905: 5721: 5325: 5030:International Telecommunication Union 4872: 4788: 4573: 4547: 4374:"§97.313—Transmitter power standards" 3942:Wilson, Mark J; Reed, Dana G (2006). 3831:American Bankruptcy Institute Journal 3807:. Federal Communications Commission. 3568: 3566: 3546: 3444:International Telecommunication Union 3439: 3388: 3215: 3030:from the original on 16 December 2010 2966:from the original on 16 February 2008 2790: 2582: 1882:World Administrative Radio Conference 1218: 1175:International Telecommunication Union 770:Amateur radio international operation 664:International Telecommunication Union 122:International Telecommunication Union 7236: 4402:from the original on 13 January 2013 4329:from the original on 13 October 2019 4231:"Ham Radio call sign License Plates" 4098:from the original on 17 October 2016 3846: 3611: 3452:from the original on 12 October 2012 3318:. Montreal, QC: IEEE. pp. 1–6. 3229:from the original on 11 January 2007 3180: 3122: 2921:from the original on 19 October 2011 2841: 2639:from the original on 5 November 2012 2613:from the original on 13 January 2013 2464:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2268: 1198:National Emergency Management Agency 1163:Band plans and frequency allocations 996:. CY is for amateurs operating from 860:Category:Amateur radio organizations 426:. Specialized digital modes such as 323:Hobbyist radio enthusiasts employ a 4751:(10th ed.). Bedford, England: 4428:. Government Printing Office. 2019. 4380:. Government Printing Office. 2019. 4182:from the original on 31 August 2010 4156:from the original on 22 August 2010 4038:from the original on 27 August 2007 3749: 3526:10.18848/2325-1166/CGP/v08i01/55365 3421:from the original on 22 August 2010 3247: 3211:from the original on 24 March 2009. 3168:from the original on 6 January 2010 2412:Piracy in amateur and two-way radio 2377:List of amateur radio organizations 1169:Amateur radio frequency allocations 24: 4684: 4476:Bertrand, Ron; Wait, Phil (2005). 4205:"Amateur Radio License Plate Fees" 3614:"Not your grandfather's HAM radio" 3563: 2696:"Canadian Amateur Radio Bulletin, 1975:Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier 1880:HF allocation created at the 1979 778:Reciprocal agreements by country: 587:Amateur radio operators use their 25: 7285: 5455:Common traffic advisory frequency 5351: 5025:International Amateur Radio Union 4898: 4853: 4714:Buck, K4IA, Craig E. (May 2018). 4150:Federal Communications Commission 3651:Communities and Technologies 2007 2912:Federal Communications Commission 2444: 2362:International Amateur Radio Union 2196:Automatic Packet Reporting System 1906:This includes a currently active 1884:. These are commonly called the " 1187:International Amateur Radio Union 877:An amateur radio operator uses a 401:Federal Communications Commission 173:International Amateur Radio Union 7235: 7225: 7216: 7215: 7204: 6825:Free-space optical communication 5997: 4947: 4834:(87th ed.). Newington, CT: 4610:Wolfgang, Larry D., ed. (2003). 3811:from the original on 29 May 2016 3805:"Amateur Licensing Examinations" 3573:Rappaport, Theodore. S. (2022). 3278: 3129:Taggart, Ralph E. (April 1993). 2823:from the original on 10 May 2015 2635:. Nobelprize.org. 20 June 2005. 2564:from the original on 6 July 2010 2557:: Modern Electrics Publication. 2320: 2038: 1661: 1653: 1613: 1605: 643:The top of a tower supporting a 7274:Radiocommunication services ITU 4691:Bergquist, Carl J. (May 2001). 4550:"Introduction to Amateur Radio" 4482:Wireless Institute of Australia 4432: 4344: 4315: 4279: 4249: 4223: 4168: 4134: 4110: 4080: 4050: 3964: 3950:: American Radio Relay League. 3935: 3917: 3891: 3866: 3840: 3823: 3766: 3743: 3712: 3638: 3605: 3540: 3501: 3464: 3433: 3382: 3368: 3348: 3303: 3291:from the original on 7 May 2006 3225:. American Radio Relay League. 3153: 3073: 3055:Communication.howstuffworks.com 3042: 2986:"FCC to Drop Morse Testing for 2914:. 19 December 2006. p. 7. 2905:"FCC Report and Order 06-178A1" 2875: 2856: 2835: 2819:. American Radio Relay League. 2809: 2784: 2771: 2744: 2732:from the original on 4 May 2010 2728:. American Radio Relay League. 2372:List of amateur radio magazines 2152:Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying 2084:AMateur Teleprinting Over Radio 1993:Amplitude Modulation Equivalent 1959:types and operating protocols. 1210:Military Auxiliary Radio System 830:Wireless Institute of Australia 391:enthusiasts and aficionados of 5049: 5040:ITU prefixes for amateur radio 4795:Radio Society of Great Britain 4789:Poole, Ian D. (October 2001). 4753:Radio Society of Great Britain 4580:Radio Society of Great Britain 4358:. 24 June 2006. Archived from 4352:"Australian Radio Amateur FAQ" 4146:FCC Universal Licensing System 2687: 2651: 2625: 2576: 2522: 2486: 2382:List of amateur radio software 2295:Internet Radio Linking Project 2142:Discrete multi-tone modulation 1912:Table of Frequency Allocations 1896:Table of Frequency Allocations 1157:Earth–Moon–Earth communication 834:Radio Society of Great Britain 795: Members of CEPT and IARP 655:A handheld VHF/UHF transceiver 368:Earth–Moon–Earth communication 137: 13: 1: 6102:Non-traditional digital modes 5564:Maritime mobile amateur radio 4772:Ham Radio's Technical Culture 4637:Hennessee, John, ed. (2003). 3508:Scherch, Jonathan M. (2013). 3187:Taylor, Joe (December 2001). 3049:Valdes, Robert (9 May 2001). 2702:. Hfradio.net. Archived from 2583:Brown, Patrick R. J. (1996). 2437: 2387:Maritime mobile amateur radio 2252:quadrature phase shift keying 2226:quadrature phase shift keying 2103:, also referred to as either 2062: 1890:This is not mentioned in the 1038: 866: 627:for propagation research and 606:amateur radio operating award 7211:Telecommunication portal 6992:Telecommunications equipment 5942:Frequency-shift keying (FSK) 5707:Voting (diversity combining) 5445:Aircraft emergency frequency 5392:General Mobile Radio Service 4774:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 4749:Radio Communication Handbook 4028:"Obtaining Vanity Call Sign" 3899:"285 TechConnect Radio Club" 3725:IEEE Communications Magazine 3667:10.1007/978-1-84628-905-7_22 3579:IEEE Communications Magazine 2842:Hall, L. C. (January 1902). 2791:Brady, Jasper Ewing (1899). 2114: 2078:Automatic Link Establishment 1068:bands have enough space, or 822: 634: 572:, and the ionized trails of 310:public service communication 238: 7: 6728:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 5460:Mandatory frequency airport 4836:American Radio Relay League 4643:American Radio Relay League 4620:American Radio Relay League 4213:American Radio Relay League 4062:American Radio Relay League 3901:. Na0tc.org. Archived from 3847:Ward, John (29 June 2021). 2797:. Doubleday & McClure. 2313: 1946:List of amateur radio modes 1033:vehicle registration plates 838:American Radio Relay League 578:International Space Station 547:International Space Station 349:, also known as "CW" from " 252:The term "ham" was first a 177:American Radio Relay League 110:The amateur radio service ( 10: 7290: 6432:Telecommunications history 5652:Automatic vehicle location 4695:Ham Radio Operator's Guide 2865:"QST Subscription Contest" 2053:single-sideband modulation 1943: 1166: 870: 854:South African Radio League 767: 370:, because of its inherent 242: 195: 191: 32:Ham radio (disambiguation) 29: 7199: 7141: 7078: 7040:Public Switched Telephone 7000: 6964: 6921: 6862: 6852:telecommunication circuit 6813:Fiber-optic communication 6796: 6558:Francis Blake (telephone) 6505: 6353:Optical telecommunication 6197: 6124:Modulated continuous wave 6109:Hellschreiber (Feld-Hell) 6101: 6082: 6054: 6006: 5995: 5940: 5842: 5796: 5778:Modulated continuous wave 5755: 5677:Dynamic range compression 5632: 5594:Dual-tone multi-frequency 5572: 5536: 5508:Professional mobile radio 5483: 5470:Single Frequency Approach 5430: 5359: 5293: 5242: 5132: 5111: 5065: 5058: 5017: 4956: 4945: 4906: 4664:. John Wiley & Sons. 4257:"ICBC – HAM radio plates" 3591:10.1109/MCOM.2022.9928087 3324:10.1109/IHTC.2014.7147544 2544:Gernsback, H (May 1909). 2239:binary phase shift keying 2213:binary phase shift keying 1919: 1876: 1867: 1846: 1832: 1818: 1804: 1782: 1770: 1763: 1749: 1711: 1694: 1687: 1673: 1635: 1618: 1591: 1530: 1488: 1481: 1467: 1453: 1439: 1425: 1411: 1373: 1337: 1330: 1311: 1299: 1292: 1252: 789: IARP Member Nations 783: CEPT Member Nations 440:, or RoIP, is similar to 314:technical experimentation 117:amateur-satellite service 106:transmitter and receiver. 6951:Orbital angular-momentum 6388:Satellite communications 6227:Communications satellite 6056:Phase-shift keying (PSK) 5824:Morse code abbreviations 5749:International Morse code 5702:Radiotelephony procedure 5518:Specialized Mobile Radio 4919:Emergency communications 4770:Haring, Kristen (2007). 4660:Silver, H. Ward (2004). 4518:Radio Amateurs of Canada 4233:. Canada. Archived from 3310:Kinsner, Witold (2014). 2990:Amateur License Classes" 2597:10.1109/FREQ.1996.559819 2458:Silver, H. Ward (2021). 2011: 1962: 1926:Electromagnetic spectrum 964:, VA7 / VE7 is 960:, VA6 / VE6 is 956:, VA5 / VE5 is 952:, VA4 / VE4 is 948:, VA3 / VE3 is 944:, VA2 / VE2 is 873:Amateur radio call signs 842:Radio Amateurs of Canada 558:Amateur radio satellites 198:History of amateur radio 162:virtual private networks 120:) is established by the 78:emergency communications 6830:Molecular communication 6653:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 6482:Undersea telegraph line 6217:Cable protection system 5819:Prosigns for Morse code 5412:Multi-Use Radio Service 4989:International operation 4576:Foundation License Now! 4323:"Amateur Radio Service" 4178:. Bedworth Lions Club. 4058:"Vanity Call Sign Fees" 4004:. Booklet BR68/I. 3974:. Booklet BR68/I. 3750:Lin, Chun Hung (2002). 3547:Segal, Paul M. (1931). 3391:Radio in the global age 3162:"Amateur Satellite FAQ" 2417:Prosigns for Morse code 2158:FSK441, JT6M, JT65, JT9 2071:(CW), usually used for 1910:mentioned in the ITU's 812:international operating 668:World Radio Conferences 86:commercial broadcasting 6972:Communication protocol 6758:Charles Sumner Tainter 6573:Walter Houser Brattain 6518:Edwin Howard Armstrong 6326:Information revolution 5891:Chinese telegraph code 5484:Land-based commercial 5372:Amateur radio repeater 5311:Amateur radio in India 5255:Amateur radio software 5059:Modes of communication 4969:Amateur radio operator 4639:The ARRL FCC Rule Book 4034:. Common Filing Task. 2794:Tales of the Telegraph 1940:Modes of communication 1100: 1013:requested with a fee. 803: 719:Licensing requirements 656: 648: 612:, Islands on the Air, 554: 482:. Because of the wide 387:(AM), pursued by many 296: 284: 207: 181:amateur radio stations 107: 64:exchange of messages, 43: 6946:Polarization-division 6678:Narinder Singh Kapany 6643:Erna Schneider Hoover 6563:Jagadish Chandra Bose 6543:Alexander Graham Bell 6274:online video platform 5844:Other writing systems 5486:and government mobile 5433:(aeronautical mobile) 5250:Amateur radio station 5035:Frequency allocations 5009:Vintage amateur radio 4934:High-speed telegraphy 4662:Ham Radio for Dummies 4548:Shaji, P. B. (2013). 3925:"ARRL Mentor Program" 3631:10.18080/jtde.v3n4.41 3471:Kasser, J.E. (1995). 3389:Hendy, David (2000). 3107:10.3390/atmos13060906 2994:UnwiredAdventures.com 2461:Ham Radio For Dummies 2427:Worked All Continents 2301:Low Transmitter Power 2154:(MFSK) modes such as 2020:(ATV), also known as 1641:(420.000–450.000 MHz) 1082: 970:Northwest Territories 871:Further information: 777: 768:Further information: 654: 642: 589:amateur radio station 553:TM-D700E transceiver. 543:Zvezda Service Module 532: 389:vintage amateur radio 372:signal-to-noise ratio 290: 279: 272:Activity and practice 205: 138:amateur radio license 98: 40: 6788:Vladimir K. Zworykin 6748:Almon Brown Strowger 6718:Charles Grafton Page 6373:Prepaid mobile phone 6301:Electrical telegraph 5814:Morse code mnemonics 5763:Electrical telegraph 5756:Transmission methods 5523:Trunked radio system 5387:Public Radio Service 5382:Family Radio Service 5360:Amateur and hobbyist 4574:Betts, Alan (2004). 4299:on 27 September 2011 3440:brweb (1 May 2000). 3354:Lynn Ellen Edwards, 2726:"What is Ham Radio?" 2126:Digital mobile radio 2049:frequency modulation 2045:amplitude modulation 2027:Slow-Scan Television 2022:Fast Scan television 1999:Frequency modulation 1981:Independent Sideband 1969:Amplitude modulation 986:Prince Edward Island 764:Reciprocal licensing 533:NASA astronaut Col. 494:(902–928 MHz), 385:amplitude modulation 329:frequency modulation 160:connected to secure 53:, is the use of the 6738:Johann Philipp Reis 6497:Wireless revolution 6459:The Telephone Cases 6316:Hydraulic telegraph 5854:American Morse code 5554:Coast radio station 5440:Air traffic control 5377:Citizens band radio 3931:on 14 October 2007. 3780:on 26 February 2011 3659:2007cat..book..439B 3612:Wait, Phil (2015). 3485:10.1049/cp:19950801 3378:. 16 February 2015. 3260:on 30 December 2006 3098:2022Atmos..13..906D 2817:"Ham Radio History" 2781:, August 1972, p83. 1908:footnote allocation 1848:241.000–250.000 GHz 1834:134.000–141.000 GHz 1820:122.250–123.000 GHz 1658:902.000–928.000 MHz 1637:430.000–440.000 MHz 1632:430.000–440.000 MHz 1610:220.000–225.000 MHz 1593:144.000–148.000 MHz 1588:144.000–146.000 MHz 1527:(50.000–54.000 MHz) 1194:Trinidad and Tobago 1126:peak envelope power 629:atmospheric science 618:Jamboree on the Air 580:(ISS) because many 516:amateur radio bands 318:computer networking 6936:Frequency-division 6913:Telephone exchange 6783:Charles Wheatstone 6713:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 6688:Innocenzo Manzetti 6623:Reginald Fessenden 6358:Optical telegraphy 6191:Telecommunications 5537:Marine (shipboard) 5422:UHF CB (Australia) 4462:General references 4267:on 19 October 2008 4237:on 7 December 2008 3285:SCC-AREA-RACES.org 3061:on 14 January 2012 2849:McClure's Magazine 2422:Summits On The Air 2343:(aka 440 MHz) 2341:70-centimeter band 2204:Phase-Shift Keying 2018:Amateur Television 1901:"Article 4.4" 1106:spurious emissions 1101: 804: 744:). Currently only 657: 649: 625:citizen scientists 610:Summits on the Air 555: 476:amateur television 297: 285: 260:-sending skills (" 220:wireless telegraph 208: 124:(ITU) through the 108: 44: 7249: 7248: 6987:Store and forward 6982:Data transmission 6896:Network switching 6847:Transmission line 6693:Guglielmo Marconi 6658:Internet pioneers 6523:Mohamed M. Atalla 6492:Whistled language 6157: 6156: 5899: 5898: 5715: 5714: 5576:Selective calling 5319: 5318: 5238: 5237: 4845:978-0-87259-144-8 4838:. November 2009. 4781:978-0-262-08355-3 4762:978-1-905086-54-2 4641:(13th ed.). 4219:on 4 August 2007. 4092:Electronics Notes 3946:(84th ed.). 3737:10.1109/35.408437 3676:978-1-84628-904-0 3494:978-0-85296-649-5 3400:978-0-7456-2068-8 3333:978-1-4799-3996-1 3248:Jurrens, Gerald. 2471:978-1-119-69576-9 2269:Modes by activity 1936: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1806:76.000–81.500 GHz 1784:47.000–47.200 GHz 1765:24.000–24.250 GHz 1751:10.000–10.500 GHz 1570:70.000–70.500 MHz 1549:58.000–60.100 MHz 1532:50.000–54.000 MHz 1523:50.000–52.000 MHz 1505:40.000–40.700 MHz 1483:28.000–29.700 MHz 1469:24.890–24.990 MHz 1455:21.000–21.450 MHz 1441:18.068–18.168 MHz 1427:14.000–14.350 MHz 1413:10.100–10.150 MHz 1375:5.3515–5.3665 MHz 1074:computer networks 1046:spurious emission 915:City & Guilds 725:radio propagation 614:Worked All States 306:radio propagation 134:Amateur operators 126:Radio Regulations 16:(Redirected from 7281: 7269:History of radio 7239: 7238: 7229: 7228: 7219: 7218: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7080:Notable networks 7070:Wireless network 7010:Cellular network 7002:Types of network 6977:Computer network 6864:Network topology 6778:Thomas A. Watson 6633:Oliver Heaviside 6618:Philo Farnsworth 6593:Daniel Davis Jr. 6568:Charles Bourseul 6528:John Logie Baird 6237:Data compression 6232:Computer network 6184: 6177: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6129:Pulse modulation 6001: 6000: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5903: 5902: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5633:System elements 5559:Marine VHF radio 5346: 5339: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5063: 5062: 4951: 4929:DX communication 4893: 4886: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4849: 4827: 4808: 4791:HF Amateur Radio 4785: 4766: 4743: 4737: 4729: 4710: 4698: 4675: 4656: 4633: 4618:(5th ed.). 4617: 4593: 4578:(3rd ed.). 4557: 4531: 4516:(5th ed.). 4495: 4480:(1st ed.). 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4362:on 18 July 2008. 4348: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4263:. Archived from 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4215:. Archived from 4201: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4142:"License Search" 4138: 4132: 4126: 4125:on 27 June 2004. 4121:. Archived from 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3905:on 15 March 2015 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3844: 3838: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3801: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3256:. Archived from 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3197: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3135: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3109: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3057:. Archived from 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2965: 2957:Washington, D.C. 2949:Federal Register 2946: 2942:"47 CFR Part 97" 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2920: 2909: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2788: 2782: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2753:Teaching Pre K-8 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2674: 2668:. Archived from 2667: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2563: 2552: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2509: 2498: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2455: 2432:Worked All Zones 2407:Parks On The Air 2401:antenna modeling 2330: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2284:Earth-Moon-Earth 2133:(Yaesu own mode) 2005:Phase modulation 1904: 1849: 1835: 1821: 1807: 1802: 1785: 1766: 1752: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1714: 1709: 1690: 1676: 1659: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1611: 1594: 1589: 1571: 1550: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1506: 1484: 1470: 1456: 1442: 1428: 1414: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1376: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1333: 1328: 1314: 1295: 1255: 1254: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1216: 1215: 966:British Columbia 800: 794: 788: 782: 645:Yagi–Uda antenna 471:communications. 383:constructors is 302:radio contesting 231:, industry, and 60:for purposes of 49:, also known as 21: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7245: 7205: 7203: 7195: 7137: 7074: 6996: 6960: 6917: 6866: 6858: 6799: 6792: 6698:Robert Metcalfe 6553:Tim Berners-Lee 6501: 6321:Information Age 6193: 6188: 6158: 6153: 6119:Continuous wave 6097: 6078: 6050: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5936: 5930: 5900: 5895: 5864:Cyrillic script 5845: 5838: 5797:Notable signals 5792: 5773:Continuous wave 5751: 5746: 5716: 5711: 5692:Rayleigh fading 5634: 5628: 5575: 5568: 5532: 5485: 5479: 5432: 5426: 5355: 5350: 5320: 5315: 5301:Shortwave radio 5289: 5234: 5215:Spread spectrum 5128: 5107: 5054: 5045:Maritime mobile 5013: 4952: 4943: 4902: 4897: 4856: 4846: 4830: 4824: 4805: 4782: 4763: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4707: 4687: 4685:Further reading 4682: 4672: 4653: 4630: 4590: 4528: 4492: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4396:Industry Canada 4390: 4389: 4385: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3940: 3936: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3845: 3841: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3748: 3744: 3717: 3713: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3643: 3639: 3610: 3606: 3571: 3564: 3545: 3541: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3334: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3195: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3158: 3154: 3149:on 5 June 2007. 3146: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2861: 2857: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2706:on 6 March 2012 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2607: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2510:on 28 July 2017 2507: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2472: 2456: 2445: 2440: 2352:DX Century Club 2326: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2280:(AllStar / ASL) 2271: 2117: 2069:Continuous Wave 2065: 2041: 2014: 1987:Single Sideband 1965: 1948: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1905: 1899: 1889: 1879: 1870: 1847: 1833: 1819: 1805: 1797: 1783: 1764: 1750: 1737:5.650–5.850 GHz 1736: 1732:5.650–5.925 GHz 1731: 1727:5.650–5.850 GHz 1726: 1713:3.300–3.500 GHz 1712: 1708:3.400–3.475 GHz 1707: 1689:2.300–2.450 GHz 1688: 1675:1.240–1.300 GHz 1674: 1657: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1609: 1592: 1587: 1569: 1548: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1504: 1482: 1468: 1454: 1440: 1426: 1412: 1399:7.000–7.200 MHz 1398: 1394:7.000–7.300 MHz 1393: 1389:7.000–7.200 MHz 1388: 1374: 1361:3.500–3.900 MHz 1360: 1356:3.500–4.000 MHz 1355: 1351:3.500–3.800 MHz 1350: 1332:1.800–2.000 MHz 1331: 1327:1.810–1.850 MHz 1326: 1312: 1294:135.7–137.8 kHz 1293: 1248: 1243: 1171: 1165: 1089:circuit diagram 1041: 1002:St. Paul Island 889:as an example: 875: 869: 825: 802: 798: 796: 792: 790: 786: 784: 780: 772: 766: 721: 676:radio frequency 637: 570:aurora borealis 351:continuous wave 343:Radiotelegraphy 333:single sideband 295:in the backyard 274: 250: 241: 233:social services 200: 194: 112:amateur service 55:radio frequency 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7287: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7233: 7223: 7213: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7151: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7006: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6931:Space-division 6927: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6868: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6810: 6804: 6802: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6768:Camille Tissot 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6743:Claude Shannon 6740: 6735: 6733:Tivadar Puskás 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6703:Antonio Meucci 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6673:Charles K. Kao 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6648:Harold Hopkins 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6548:Emile Berliner 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6487:Videotelephony 6484: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6390: 6385: 6383:Radiotelephone 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6269:Internet video 6261: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6203: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6187: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6094:(based on PSK) 6088: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5861: 5859:Greek alphabet 5856: 5850: 5848: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5745: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5635:and principles 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5513:Radio repeater 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4855: 4854:External links 4852: 4851: 4850: 4844: 4828: 4822: 4809: 4803: 4786: 4780: 4767: 4761: 4744: 4725:978-1985125643 4724: 4711: 4705: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4657: 4651: 4634: 4628: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4588: 4567:United Kingdom 4563: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4431: 4413: 4383: 4365: 4343: 4314: 4278: 4248: 4222: 4193: 4167: 4133: 4109: 4079: 4049: 4019: 3989: 3963: 3956: 3934: 3916: 3890: 3865: 3839: 3822: 3791: 3765: 3742: 3731:(9): 128–131. 3711: 3688: 3675: 3637: 3624:(4): 155–165. 3604: 3562: 3553:Air Law Review 3539: 3520:(1): 209–221. 3500: 3493: 3463: 3432: 3406: 3399: 3381: 3367: 3347: 3332: 3302: 3271: 3240: 3214: 3179: 3152: 3121: 3072: 3041: 3011: 2977: 2932: 2896: 2874: 2855: 2834: 2808: 2783: 2777:"Ham Fisted", 2770: 2743: 2717: 2686: 2675:on 18 May 2015 2650: 2624: 2605: 2575: 2536: 2521: 2485: 2470: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2245: 2232: 2219: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2149: 2144:modes such as 2139: 2134: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2064: 2061: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1964: 1961: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1922:Radio spectrum 1917: 1916: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1795: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1566: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1545: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1501: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1219: 1183:emission types 1167:Main article: 1164: 1161: 1040: 1037: 1008:for Sable and 910: 909: 903: 897: 868: 865: 824: 821: 797: 791: 785: 779: 765: 762: 720: 717: 636: 633: 465:meteor scatter 457:high frequency 410:modes such as 273: 270: 243:Main article: 240: 237: 196:Main article: 193: 190: 145:radio spectrum 62:non-commercial 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7286: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7264:Amateur radio 7262: 7261: 7259: 7252: 7242: 7234: 7232: 7224: 7222: 7214: 7212: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7191: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6956:Code-division 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6941:Time-division 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867:and switching 6865: 6861: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6818:optical fiber 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6808:Coaxial cable 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6723:Radia Perlman 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Lee de Forest 6611: 6609: 6608:Thomas Edison 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Donald Davies 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6583:Claude Chappe 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6427:Smoke signals 6425: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6405:Semiconductor 6403: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6264:Digital media 6262: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6178: 6173: 6171: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6114:On-off keying 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5935:digital modes 5934: 5933:Amateur radio 5927: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5881:Arabic script 5879: 5877: 5876:Hebrew script 5874: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5846:in Morse code 5841: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5768:On–off keying 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5731: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5528:Walkie-talkie 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5498:Business band 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Amateur radio 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353:Two-way radio 5347: 5342: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5280:Two-way radio 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175:Hellschreiber 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4900:Amateur radio 4894: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4860:Amateur Radio 4858: 4857: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4823:0-07-136121-9 4819: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4804:1-872309-75-5 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4706:0-7906-1238-0 4702: 4697: 4696: 4689: 4688: 4673: 4671:0-7645-5987-7 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4652:0-87259-900-0 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4629:0-87259-881-0 4625: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4603:United States 4601: 4600: 4591: 4589:1-872309-80-1 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4555: 4554:HamRadioIndia 4551: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4529: 4527:1-895400-08-2 4523: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4493: 4491:0-9758342-0-7 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4295: 4288: 4282: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3957:0-87259-976-0 3953: 3949: 3948:Newington, CT 3945: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279:Haag, Jerry. 3275: 3259: 3255: 3254:Tellurian.com 3251: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3192: 3183: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3015: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2884: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2787: 2780: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2705: 2701: 2700:(2004-12-29)" 2699: 2690: 2671: 2664: 2662: 2654: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2612: 2608: 2606:0-7803-3309-8 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2532: 2525: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2318: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2146:Multi Tone 63 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:Hellschreiber 2099: 2096: 2095:Radioteletype 2093: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039:Text and data 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1586: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1160: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1107: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 992:, and VO2 is 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974:New Brunswick 971: 968:, VE8 is the 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 937: 933: 931: 930: 925: 919: 916: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 891: 890: 888: 883: 880: 874: 864: 862: 861: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 820: 816: 813: 808: 776: 771: 761: 757: 755: 754:Latin America 751: 747: 743: 737: 735: 730: 726: 716: 713: 709: 706: 703: 700: 695: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 671: 669: 665: 660: 653: 646: 641: 632: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 601: 597: 595: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 552: 548: 544: 540: 539:Expedition 24 536: 535:Doug Wheelock 531: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 447: 443: 442:Voice over IP 439: 438:Radio over IP 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:radioteletype 409: 404: 402: 396: 394: 390: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 357:developed by 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 294: 289: 283: 278: 269: 265: 263: 259: 255: 249: 248: 245:Etymology of 236: 234: 230: 226: 221: 217: 213: 204: 199: 189: 187: 182: 178: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 146: 141: 139: 136:must hold an 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 118: 113: 105: 101: 97: 93: 91: 90:two-way radio 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 56: 52: 48: 47:Amateur radio 39: 33: 19: 18:Amateur Radio 7251: 6923:Multiplexing 6798:Transmission 6763:Nikola Tesla 6753:Henry Sutton 6708:Samuel Morse 6638:Robert Hooke 6603:Amos Dolbear 6538:John Bardeen 6457: 6437:Telautograph 6341:Mobile phone 6296:Edholm's law 6279:social media 6212:Broadcasting 5974:Packet radio 5932: 5614:Quik-Call II 5604:Push-to-talk 5574:Signaling / 5503:Mobile radio 5493:Base station 5366: 5285:Transceivers 5243:Technologies 5190:Packet radio 5133:Data/Digital 4899: 4831: 4813: 4790: 4771: 4748: 4715: 4694: 4661: 4638: 4613: 4602: 4575: 4566: 4553: 4540: 4513: 4504: 4477: 4468: 4447:. Retrieved 4444:www.arrl.org 4443: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4404:. Retrieved 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4360:the original 4355: 4346: 4338: 4331:. Retrieved 4317: 4308: 4301:. Retrieved 4294:the original 4281: 4269:. Retrieved 4265:the original 4260: 4251: 4239:. Retrieved 4235:the original 4225: 4217:the original 4208: 4184:. Retrieved 4170: 4158:. Retrieved 4145: 4136: 4128: 4123:the original 4112: 4100:. Retrieved 4091: 4082: 4072:28 September 4070:. Retrieved 4052: 4040:. Retrieved 4031: 4022: 4010:. Retrieved 4002:Ofcom.org.uk 4001: 3992: 3980:. Retrieved 3966: 3943: 3937: 3929:the original 3919: 3907:. Retrieved 3903:the original 3893: 3881:. Retrieved 3877: 3868: 3856:. Retrieved 3853:The Dispatch 3852: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3813:. Retrieved 3782:. Retrieved 3778:the original 3768: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3697: 3691: 3680:, retrieved 3650: 3640: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3585:(10): 6–10. 3582: 3578: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3476: 3466: 3454:. Retrieved 3443: 3435: 3423:. 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