1353:
2356:
1582:
2305:
1832:
493:, which made it difficult to delineate subspecies, let alone elevate any populations to species status. In morphological terms, tiger salamanders are all very similar, with large heads, small eyes, and thick bodies. This is probably because tiger salamanders have the primitive morphology of mole salamanders. They are also the largest of the mole salamanders, and have very large larvae. All populations have similar lifestyles, and their lifecycles are identical. However, when one looks at tiger salamander populations distant from each other, different species within this complex become apparent. The ranges of these potential species overlap, and hybridization occurs, blurring the lines between species.
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1991:
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1038:
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144:
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1941:
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genomes, while an LTxJTi individual would be a tetraploid with genomes from four species. Because they have hybrid genomes, unisexual salamanders are a cryptic species with morphology similar to coexisting species. For example, LLJs look like blue-spotted salamanders and LJJs look like
Jefferson
613:
Unisexual (all-female) populations of ambystomatid salamanders are widely distributed across the Great Lakes region and northeastern North
America. The females require sperm from a co‑occurring, related species to fertilize their eggs and initiate development. Usually the eggs then discard the
694:) were initially described as species. Species names were later dropped for all unisexual salamanders because of the complexity of their genomes. The offspring of a single mother may have different genome complements; for example, a single egg mass may have both LLJJ and LJJ larvae.
2773:
GarcĂa-Lepe UO, Torres-Dimas E, Espinal-Centeno A, Cruz-RamĂrez A, BermĂşdez-Cruz RM. Evidence of requirement for homologous-mediated DNA repair during
Ambystoma mexicanum limb regeneration. Dev Dyn. 2022 Jun;251(6):1035-1053. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.455. Epub 2022 Jan 25. PMID
373:. During metamorphosis, the gills of the larvae disappear, as do the fins. Their tails, skin, and limbs become thicker, and the eyes develop lids. Their lungs become fully developed, allowing for a fully terrestrial existence.
673:), denoted respectively as L, J, Tx, B, and Ti. This flexibility results in a large number of possible nuclear biotypes (genome combinations) in the unisexuals. For example, an LJJ individual would be a triploid with one
320:, and thick arms. Most have vivid patterning on dark backgrounds, with marks ranging from deep blue spots to large yellow bars depending on the species. Terrestrial adults spend most of their lives underground in
2761:
GarcĂa-Lepe UO, Cruz-RamĂrez A, BermĂşdez-Cruz RM. DNA repair during regeneration in
Ambystoma mexicanum. Dev Dyn. 2021 Jun;250(6):788-799. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.276. Epub 2020 Dec 17. PMID 33295131
852:
based on the contraction of a Greek phrase meaning "to cram into the mouth," but others have not found this explanation convincing. In the absence of clear evidence that
Tschudi committed a
709:, with the original hybridization likely occurring 2.4~3.9 million years ago, making it the oldest known lineage of all-female vertebrates. The hybridization was most probably with an
747:
is one of the principal models for studying limb regeneration. Limb regeneration involves the propagation of a mass of low differentiated and highly proliferative cells termed the
634:, where the maternal genomes are passed hemiclonally and the paternal genome is discarded every generation before the egg matures and reacquired from the sperm of another species.
2366:
1541:
622:); however, they may incorporate the genome from the sperm into the resulting offspring. Sperm incorporation commonly takes the form of genome addition (resulting in
508:) was elevated to species status—covering the tiger salamander populations in the western and central United States. Several distinct subspecies still exist in
589:
1011:
2991:
2269:
1007:
836:
in 1839, and is traditionally translated as "cup-mouth",. Tschudi did not provide a derivation for the name, and many thought that he intended the name
366:. Larvae grow limbs soon after hatching, with four toes on the fore arms, and five toes on the hind legs. Their eyes are wide-set and lack true eyelids.
798:
was previously considered a separate genus within the family
Ambystomatidae. However, cladistic analysis of the mole salamanders found the existence of
626:
elevation in the offspring), or genome replacement, wherein one of the maternal genomes is discarded. This unique mode of reproduction has been termed
1177:
1173:
3330:
1169:
552:, which shares the axolotl's habitat, and is probably closely related to it. The Plateau tiger salamander was probably the parent of most of the
3356:
2509:"The prevalence of genome replacement in unisexual salamanders of the genus Ambystoma (Amphibia, Caudata) revealed by nuclear gene genealogy"
388:, so their only means of metamorphosis is mainly through the outside injection of it. This usually shortens the lifespan of the salamander.
1712:
594:
3304:
3343:
369:
The larvae of some species (especially those in the south, and tiger salamanders) can reach their adult size before undergoing
100:
3348:
72:
2583:
Bogart, James P.; Bi, Ke; Jinzong Fu; Noble, Daniel W.A.; Niedzwiecki, John (February 2007). "Unisexual salamanders (genus
3456:
2001:
79:
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119:
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752:
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53:
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are now considered wrong, as they are now separated by both geography and many species between. Instead, it is
427:
57:
2355:
3423:
1581:
1442:
68:
1656:
1319:
2304:
3252:
2786:"Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der Fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien"
2099:
1831:
1283:
1278:
1233:
513:
485:
complex was previously considered a single species ranging from Canada to Mexico, falling under the name
1046:
481:
populations near those with large larvae has made it difficult to identify mole salamander species. The
302:
3257:
2979:
2209:
1416:
931:
489:. Despite differences in coloration and larvae, tiger salamanders were found throughout their unbroken
17:
3410:
1990:
619:
168:
3451:
2451:
In addition, two groups of unisexual hybrid populations are sometimes named under their own species:
1955:
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genome has been replaced several times, independently, in each of the lineages by matings with
3335:
1399:
376:
Some species of mole salamanders (as well as populations of normally terrestrial species) are
336:. Adults spend little time in the water, only returning to the ponds of their birth to breed.
3382:
3016:
2483:
2219:
2141:
1748:
1702:
1202:
1123:
706:
662:
93:
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791:, meaning they share a single common ancestor and are each other's closest living relatives.
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The nuclear DNA of the unisexuals generally comprises genomes from up to five species: the
881:
8:
3217:
1501:
1058:
583:
2709:
2526:
884:, and some species have established populations of both neotenic and terrestrial forms.
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2508:
2455:
2177:
2008:
1917:
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1198:
1091:
877:
845:
787:
705:. The maternal ancestor of the unisexual ambystomatids was most closely related to the
313:
163:
151:
2637:"Sex in unisexual salamanders: discovery of a new sperm donor with ancient affinities"
324:, either of their own making or abandoned by other animals. Some northern species may
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1968:
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and is actually very distantly related to all other mole salamander species. The
490:
274:
endemic to North
America. The group has become famous due to the presence of the
3102:
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3129:
3119:
3111:
3001:
2170:
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1409:
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294:) which is the official amphibian of many US states, and often sold as a pet.
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3144:
2727:
2718:
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2610:
2544:
2014:
1734:
1145:
817:. The stream-type morphology of these salamanders (which includes larvae and
627:
380:(retaining their larval form into adulthood). The most famous example is the
317:
2634:
2535:
2124:
1305:
2932:
2877:
2745:
2672:
2618:
2562:
1671:
806:
698:
512:, which may be elevated to species status at some point in the future. The
333:
316:
mole salamanders are identified by having wide, protruding eyes, prominent
2063:
1377:
1024:
974:
717:
genome and this is thought to be essential for unisexuality. However, the
3317:
3211:
2986:
1855:
1604:
840:, "blunt-mouth." Occasionally, old specimens and documents use the name
615:
325:
2655:
2636:
1109:
362:, which extend from the back of their heads to their tails and to their
3309:
3032:
2924:
2869:
1921:
1886:
1804:
1620:
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is paraphyletic, and may be broken up into more species in the future.
220:
996:
771:
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2082:
1859:
1612:
1141:
385:
352:
340:
210:
180:
3173:
2892:
2602:
2410:
697:
Despite the complexity of the nuclear genome, all unisexuals form a
401:
143:
35:
3296:
3196:
3124:
3063:
3057:
3051:
2964:
2635:
Bogart, J.P.; Bartoszek, J.; Noble, D.W.A.; Bi, K. (29 July 2009).
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2018:
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throughout the winter. They live alone and feed on any available
283:
275:
2442:
2401:
2346:
2295:
2250:
2200:
2156:
2115:
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1981:
1931:
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1822:
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1433:
1390:
1343:
1296:
1252:
1211:
1155:
1100:
1037:
987:
947:
825:) may have led to their misclassification as a different genus.
536:
through genetic analysis in 1997. All accounts referring to the
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1800:
1716:
1667:
1512:
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and lay large eggs in clumps in the water. Their fully aquatic
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321:
190:
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2332:
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1913:
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348:
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1940:
2790:
Mémoires de la Société des
Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel
2324:
1137:
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886:
359:
779:
species and outgroups: For example, the sister taxon to
751:. During limb regeneration, blastema cells experience
2685:
809:, since the species are more closely related to some
500:
were named to deal with this problem. Recently, the
2688:"Time and time again: Unisexual salamanders (genus
2587:) present a new reproductive mode for eukaryotes".
690:), and Kelly's Island salamanders LTxTx and LTxTi (
581:It has been suggested that this article should be
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2953:http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Ambystomatidae.shtml
2769:
2767:
2757:
2755:
630:by Bogart and colleagues. This is in contrast to
3438:
3031:
563:
2507:Bi, Ke; Bogart, James P.; Fu, Jinzhong (2008).
2764:
2752:
3017:
2813:Bulletin of the United States National Museum
2809:"Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory"
347:are branchiate, with three pairs of external
2630:
2628:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
813:species than those species are to others in
1753:Coastal southeast United States (southeast
556:species, which raises the possibility that
430:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
391:
3024:
3010:
775:Phylogenetic tree showing relations among
614:sperm genome and develop asexually (i.e.,
142:
2997:IUCN redlist of threatened Ambystomatidae
2891:Scott, Charles P. G. (1 September 1916).
2824:
2806:
2735:
2717:
2654:
2625:
2569:
2552:
2534:
713:. All known unisexuals have at least one
450:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2839:
2800:
2502:
2500:
770:
461:
301:
2783:
2692:) are the oldest unisexual vertebrates"
682:salamanders. Silvery salamanders LJJ (
14:
3439:
2777:
1465:Northwest North America (southernmost
937:Central Mexico, west and south of the
763:that deals with double-strand breaks.
297:
282:), widely used in research due to its
3178:
3177:
3005:
2890:
2884:
2679:
2497:
3424:0D93DEC5-7670-45B2-A2A6-CE3877786E8B
728:
567:
428:adding citations to reliable sources
395:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2833:
351:behind their heads and above their
24:
1324:Southeast United States (southern
25:
3468:
2958:
2840:Lyon Jr., M. W. (30 June 1916). "
2686:Bi, Ke; Bogart, James P. (2010).
868:, listed below, the newest being
856:, the name given in 1839 stands.
3101:
2973:
2963:
2441:
2409:
2400:
2354:
2345:
2303:
2294:
2258:
2249:
2208:
2199:
2155:
2123:
2114:
2081:
2072:
2035:
1989:
1980:
1939:
1930:
1885:
1876:
1830:
1821:
1776:
1767:
1733:
1724:
1679:
1638:
1629:
1580:
1571:
1529:
1520:
1479:
1441:
1432:
1398:
1389:
1351:
1342:
1304:
1295:
1260:
1251:
1210:
1185:Reticulated flatwoods salamander
1154:
1108:
1099:
1045:
1036:
995:
986:
946:
913:
572:
520:) has also been elevated out of
400:
167:
34:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
686:), Tremblay's salamanders LLJ (
45:needs additional citations for
2784:Tschudi, Johann Jakob (1839).
2058:Puerto Hondo stream salamander
13:
1:
2917:10.1126/science.44.1131.309-a
2862:10.1126/science.43.1122.929-a
2490:
2323:South-central United States (
1128:South-midwest United States (
1070:South-central United States (
821:with short gills and thicker
564:Hybrid all-female populations
2987:Tree of Life: Ambystomatidae
2807:Stejneger, Leonhard (1907).
1603:Northeastern North America (
1553:Northeastern North America (
1320:Frosted flatwoods salamander
7:
2476:
2272:, Maruska, and Rumph, 1982
2100:Michoacan stream salamander
1279:California tiger salamander
1234:Delicate-skinned salamander
1119:Kraus & Petranka, 1989
766:
514:California tiger salamander
10:
3473:
3457:Vertebrate parthenogenesis
1417:Yellow-peppered salamander
932:Mountain stream salamander
859:
587:into a new article titled
3186:
3153:
3110:
3099:
3078:
3040:
2438:Terrestrial and neotenic
2397:Terrestrial and neotenic
2246:Terrestrial and neotenic
2231:Southeast United States (
2196:Terrestrial and neotenic
2152:Terrestrial and neotenic
2111:Terrestrial and neotenic
2069:Terrestrial and neotenic
1927:Terrestrial and neotenic
1799:Northwest North America (
1721:Terrestrial and neotenic
1657:Leora's stream salamander
1371:Lake Pátzcuaro salamander
1189:Southeast United States (
983:Terrestrial and neotenic
943:Terrestrial and neotenic
745:regenerative capabilities
669:), and tiger salamander (
544:) as a close relative of
339:All mole salamanders are
292:A. tigrinum, A. mavortium
164:Scientific classification
162:
150:
141:
136:
2719:10.1186/1471-2148-10-238
2697:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2514:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2429:Plateau tiger salamander
2374:Eastern tiger salamander
2104:Central Mexico (western
848:offered a derivation of
834:Johann Jakob von Tschudi
757:homologous recombination
753:DNA double-strand breaks
655:small-mouthed salamander
526:Plateau tiger salamander
392:Tiger salamander complex
2826:2027/mdp.39015006820313
2536:10.1186/1471-2148-8-158
2378:Eastern North America (
2192:Sierra Madre Occidental
2148:Sierra Madre Occidental
2066:), Puerto Hondo stream
2013:Eastern United States (
1908:Western North America (
1904:Barred tiger salamander
1854:Eastern North America (
1599:Blue-spotted salamander
1461:Northwestern salamander
969:Blunt-headed salamander
864:This genus contains 32
782:Ambystoma macrodactylum
639:blue-spotted salamander
502:barred tiger salamander
2319:Small-mouth salamander
2239:and south to northern
792:
679:A. jeffersonianum
651:A. jeffersonianum
532:) was elevated out of
496:Several subspecies of
474:
384:. They cannot produce
310:
3383:Paleobiology Database
2982:at Wikimedia Commons
2484:Oophila amblystomatis
2466:Tremblay's salamander
2142:Tarahumara salamander
2062:West-central Mexico (
1862:and south to eastern
1703:Lake Lerma salamander
1422:West-central Mexico (
1419:, Ajolote de Chapala
1376:West-central Mexico (
1124:Streamside salamander
1023:West-central Mexico (
1019:Anderson's salamander
973:West-central Mexico (
774:
707:streamside salamander
701:group based on their
663:streamside salamander
465:
305:
3035:families by suborder
1795:Long-toed salamander
1549:Jefferson salamander
844:. Writing in 1907,
647:Jefferson salamander
590:Unisexual salamander
424:improve this section
355:. Larvae have large
272:advanced salamanders
54:improve this article
2710:2010BMCEE..10..238B
2656:10.1038/hdy.2009.83
2527:2008BMCEE...8..158B
2277:Taylor's salamander
1502:Granular salamander
893:Species and author
734:Ambystoma mexicanum
620:premeiotic doubling
309:(Adams 1929) fossil
307:Ambystoma kansensis
298:General description
156:Ambystoma maculatum
27:Genus of amphibians
2456:Silvery salamander
2281:Southeast Mexico (
2182:Northwest Mexico (
2178:Durango salamander
2146:Northwest Mexico,
2017:south to northern
2009:Marbled salamander
1850:Spotted salamander
1803:south to northern
1749:Mabee's salamander
1332:south to northern
1092:Ouachita Mountains
846:Leonhard Stejneger
793:
788:Ambystoma laterale
692:A. nothagenes
475:
471:Ambystoma tigrinum
311:
152:Spotted salamander
3434:
3433:
3370:Open Tree of Life
3180:Taxon identifiers
3171:
3170:
3080:Cryptobranchoidea
2978:Media related to
2911:(1131): 309–311.
2856:(1122): 929–930.
2449:
2448:
2287:Laguna Alchichica
1537:A. jeffersonianum
1406:A. flavipiperatum
1193:and southernmost
1191:Florida Panhandle
1066:Ringed salamander
755:and thus require
743:with exceptional
729:Limb regeneration
703:mitochondrial DNA
688:A. tremblayi
611:
610:
460:
459:
452:
270:) are a group of
255:
254:
251:
137:Mole salamanders
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Mole salamander"
16:(Redirected from
3464:
3452:Mole salamanders
3427:
3426:
3414:
3413:
3401:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3378:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3339:
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3326:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3300:
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3287:
3286:
3274:
3273:
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3260:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3175:
3174:
3140:Rhyacotritonidae
3105:
3088:Cryptobranchidae
3026:
3019:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2977:
2968:Data related to
2967:
2945:
2944:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2837:
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2828:
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2798:
2797:
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2212:
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2159:
2127:
2118:
2085:
2076:
2039:
1993:
1984:
1967:Central Mexico (
1943:
1934:
1889:
1880:
1834:
1825:
1784:A. macrodactylum
1780:
1771:
1737:
1728:
1707:Central Mexico (
1683:
1662:Central Mexico (
1642:
1633:
1584:
1575:
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1524:
1507:Central Mexico (
1483:
1445:
1436:
1402:
1393:
1355:
1346:
1308:
1299:
1268:A. californiense
1264:
1255:
1238:Central Mexico (
1214:
1158:
1112:
1103:
1049:
1040:
1029:Laguna de Zacapu
999:
990:
958:A. amblycephalum
950:
939:Valley of Mexico
917:
887:
723:A. laterale
719:A. laterale
715:A. laterale
711:A. laterale
675:A. laterale
671:A. tigrinum
667:A. barbouri
643:A. laterale
606:
603:
576:
575:
568:
518:A. californiense
483:tiger salamander
477:The presence of
467:Tiger salamander
455:
448:
444:
441:
435:
404:
396:
288:tiger salamander
259:mole salamanders
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62:
38:
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2603:10.1139/g06-152
2581:
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2479:
2434:Mexican Plateau
2227:Mole salamander
2106:State of Mexico
2064:Michoacán state
1973:Lake Xochimilco
1969:State of Mexico
1709:State of Mexico
1509:State of Mexico
1378:Michoacán state
1240:State of Mexico
1197:), west of the
1025:Michoacán state
975:Michoacán state
862:
828:The genus name
769:
731:
677:genome and two
659:A. texanum
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2970:Ambystomatidae
2960:
2959:External links
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1088:Ozark Plateau
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71: –
70:
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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2789:
2779:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2646:
2640:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2518:
2512:
2482:
2470:A. tremblayi
2469:
2460:A. platineum
2459:
2450:
2419:
2416:
2364:
2361:
2342:Terrestrial
2313:
2310:
2268:
2265:
2218:
2215:
2169:
2166:
2133:
2130:
2091:
2088:
2049:
2046:
2032:Terrestrial
2021:and east to
1999:
1996:
1949:
1947:A. mexicanum
1946:
1916:and west to
1895:
1893:A. mavortium
1892:
1873:Terrestrial
1840:
1838:A. maculatum
1837:
1818:Terrestrial
1807:and east to
1786:
1783:
1764:Terrestrial
1743:
1740:
1693:
1691:A. lermaense
1690:
1676:Terrestrial
1672:Mount Tlaloc
1664:Mexico state
1648:
1645:
1626:Terrestrial
1590:
1587:
1568:Terrestrial
1561:and west to
1539:
1536:
1517:Terrestrial
1493:
1490:
1476:Terrestrial
1469:to northern
1451:
1448:
1429:Terrestrial
1408:
1405:
1361:
1359:A. dumerilii
1358:
1339:Terrestrial
1314:
1311:
1292:Terrestrial
1270:
1267:
1248:Terrestrial
1224:
1221:
1207:Terrestrial
1199:Apalachicola
1168:
1165:
1151:Terrestrial
1118:
1115:
1096:Terrestrial
1057:
1054:A. annulatum
1052:
1005:
1003:A. andersoni
1002:
960:
957:
923:
920:
896:Common name
876:species are
873:
869:
863:
849:
841:
837:
829:
827:
814:
810:
807:paraphyletic
803:
799:
795:
794:
786:
780:
776:
759:, a form of
733:
732:
722:
718:
714:
710:
699:monophyletic
696:
691:
687:
684:A. platineum
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
658:
650:
642:
636:
612:
599:
588:
582:
557:
549:
545:
542:A. mexicanum
541:
533:
529:
522:A. tigrinum,
521:
517:
510:A. mavortium
509:
506:A. mavortium
505:
497:
495:
486:
476:
470:
446:
437:
422:Please help
410:
375:
368:
338:
334:invertebrate
312:
306:
291:
280:A. mexicanum
279:
266:
265:
258:
256:
241:
240:
155:
131:
116:
110:October 2008
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3318:iNaturalist
3212:Wikispecies
3125:Amphiumidae
3062:Superclass
2362:A. tigrinum
2167:A. silvense
2131:A. rosaceum
2089:A. rivulare
2002:Gravenhorst
1856:Nova Scotia
1605:Nova Scotia
1588:A. laterale
1315:Cope, 1868
1203:Flint River
1116:A. barbouri
878:Terrestrial
823:gular folds
616:gynogenesis
546:A. tigrinum
534:A. tigrinum
498:A. tigrinum
487:A. tigrinum
314:Terrestrial
3441:Categories
3155:Sirenoidea
3093:Hynobiidae
3056:Subphylum
2895:Amblystoma
2846:Amblystoma
2704:(1): 238.
2521:(1): 158.
2491:References
2417:A. velasci
2311:A. texanum
2266:A. taylori
1922:California
1918:Washington
1805:California
1713:Lake Lerma
1659:, Ajolote
1621:New Jersey
1504:, Ajolote
1471:California
1449:A. gracile
1373:, Achoque
1288:California
1166:A. bishopi
934:, Achoque
902:Lifestyle
870:A. bishopi
842:Amblystoma
838:Amblystoma
761:DNA repair
741:salamander
602:April 2024
558:A. velasci
550:A. velasci
530:A. velasci
440:March 2024
353:gill slits
286:, and the
80:newspapers
18:Amblystoma
3245:Ambystoma
3232:Ambystoma
3218:Ambystoma
3188:Ambystoma
3163:Sirenidae
3135:Proteidae
3064:Tetrapoda
2980:Ambystoma
2899:Ambystoma
2842:Ambystoma
2728:1471-2148
2690:Ambystoma
2665:0018-067X
2611:0831-2796
2585:Ambystoma
2545:1471-2148
2291:Neotenic
2188:Chihuahua
1997:A. opacum
1977:Neotenic
1912:south to
1860:Wisconsin
1741:A. mabeei
1670:border),
1646:A. leorae
1613:Minnesota
1592:Hallowell
1557:south to
1386:Neotenic
1244:Jilotepec
1142:Tennessee
1033:Neotenic
874:Ambystoma
850:Ambystoma
830:Ambystoma
815:Ambystoma
811:Ambystoma
804:Ambystoma
777:Ambystoma
411:does not
386:thyroxine
341:oviparous
328:in these
326:hibernate
267:Ambystoma
242:Ambystoma
187:Kingdom:
181:Eukaryota
3203:Q2513619
3197:Wikidata
3070:Amphibia
3058:Craniata
3052:Chordata
3046:Animalia
3044:Kingdom
2933:17840073
2878:17793100
2774:35040539
2746:20682056
2673:19639004
2642:Heredity
2619:17546077
2563:18498635
2477:See also
2424:, 1888)
2384:Manitoba
2380:New York
2369:, 1825)
2329:Nebraska
2327:west to
2237:Oklahoma
2235:west to
2233:Virginia
2220:Holbrook
2023:Missouri
2004:, 1807)
1958:, 1798)
1910:Manitoba
1858:west to
1845:, 1802)
1755:Virginia
1698:, 1940)
1609:Manitoba
1607:west to
1563:Illinois
1559:Virginia
1544:, 1827)
1456:, 1859)
1366:, 1870)
1229:, 1940)
1174:Piskurek
1134:Kentucky
1084:Oklahoma
1080:Missouri
1076:Illinois
1072:Arkansas
1014:, 1984)
977:), near
882:neotenic
819:neotenes
767:Taxonomy
749:blastema
738:neotenic
554:neotenic
479:neotenic
378:neotenic
227:Family:
211:Amphibia
201:Chordata
197:Phylum:
191:Animalia
177:Domain:
3419:ZooBank
3411:1350155
3336:1260977
3310:2431549
3050:Phylum
3033:Caudate
2941:5490505
2925:1642899
2905:Science
2870:1639383
2850:Science
2737:3020632
2706:Bibcode
2554:2413238
2523:Bibcode
2392:Florida
2337:Alabama
2270:Brandon
2241:Florida
2222:, 1838
2184:Durango
2173:, 2004
2137:, 1941
2095:, 1940
2053:, 1940
2019:Florida
1963:Axolotl
1899:, 1850
1868:Georgia
1813:Montana
1809:Alberta
1790:, 1950
1652:, 1943
1617:Indiana
1594:, 1856
1555:Ontario
1511:) near
1497:, 1944
1424:Jalisco
1412:, 1963
1334:Florida
1330:Georgia
1274:, 1853
1242:) near
1195:Georgia
1180:, 2007
1178:Shaffer
1130:Indiana
1061:, 1886
1008:Brandon
979:Morelia
964:, 1940
927:, 1895
908:status
872:. Some
866:species
860:Species
618:, with
595:discuss
538:axolotl
432:removed
417:sources
382:axolotl
364:cloacae
330:burrows
322:burrows
276:axolotl
248:Tschudi
237:Genus:
221:Urodela
217:Order:
207:Class:
94:scholar
3395:uBio:
3375:984720
3349:173589
3297:1ABYSG
3068:Class
2939:
2931:
2923:
2876:
2868:
2819:: 24.
2744:
2734:
2726:
2671:
2663:
2617:
2609:
2590:Genome
2561:
2551:
2543:
2283:Puebla
2135:Taylor
2093:Taylor
2051:Taylor
1956:Nodder
1801:Alaska
1717:Toluca
1696:Taylor
1668:Puebla
1650:Taylor
1513:Toluca
1495:Taylor
1467:Alaska
1227:Taylor
1176:&
962:Taylor
890:Image
854:lapsus
802:makes
624:ploidy
357:caudal
345:larvae
250:, 1838
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3406:WoRMS
3398:25737
3388:37378
3331:IRMNG
3323:26721
3284:15817
2937:S2CID
2921:JSTOR
2866:JSTOR
2422:Dugès
2388:Texas
2367:Green
2333:Texas
2027:Texas
1914:Texas
1897:Baird
1864:Texas
1788:Baird
1715:near
1542:Green
1454:Baird
1410:Dixon
1364:Dugès
1170:Pauly
1012:Krebs
925:Dugès
584:split
491:range
349:gills
263:genus
101:JSTOR
87:books
3362:8295
3357:NCBI
3344:ITIS
3305:GBIF
3292:EPPO
3258:3006
3253:BOLD
2929:PMID
2897:not
2874:PMID
2844:not
2742:PMID
2724:ISSN
2669:PMID
2661:ISSN
2615:PMID
2607:ISSN
2559:PMID
2541:ISSN
2335:and
2325:Ohio
2186:and
2171:Webb
2025:and
1954:and
1952:Shaw
1920:and
1866:and
1843:Shaw
1811:and
1619:and
1611:and
1328:and
1272:Gray
1138:Ohio
1090:and
1059:Cope
1010:and
906:IUCN
736:, a
415:any
413:cite
360:fins
257:The
73:news
3279:EoL
3271:TMC
3266:CoL
3240:ASW
3227:ADW
2913:doi
2858:doi
2848:".
2821:hdl
2732:PMC
2714:doi
2651:doi
2647:103
2599:doi
2549:PMC
2531:doi
2285:),
2190:),
1971:),
1757:to
1711:),
1380:),
1286:of
1086:),
1027:),
785:is
661:),
653:),
645:),
597:)
593:. (
426:by
56:by
3443::
3421::
3408::
3385::
3372::
3359::
3346::
3333::
3320::
3307::
3294::
3281::
3268::
3255::
3242::
3229::
3214::
3199::
2935:.
2927:.
2919:.
2909:44
2907:.
2903:.
2872:.
2864:.
2854:43
2852:.
2817:58
2815:.
2811:.
2792:.
2788:.
2766:^
2754:^
2740:.
2730:.
2722:.
2712:.
2702:10
2700:.
2694:.
2667:.
2659:.
2645:.
2639:.
2627:^
2613:.
2605:.
2595:50
2593:.
2571:^
2557:.
2547:.
2539:.
2529:.
2517:.
2511:.
2499:^
2394:)
2339:)
2243:)
2108:)
2029:)
1924:)
1870:)
1815:)
1761:)
1666:-
1623:)
1565:)
1473:)
1426:)
1336:)
1172:,
1148:)
1144:,
1140:,
1136:,
1132:,
1082:,
1078:,
1074:,
725:.
158:)
3025:e
3018:t
3011:v
2943:.
2915::
2901:"
2893:"
2880:.
2860::
2829:.
2823::
2794:2
2748:.
2716::
2708::
2675:.
2653::
2621:.
2601::
2565:.
2533::
2525::
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2472:)
2468:(
2462:)
2458:(
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2365:(
2000:(
1950:(
1841:(
1694:(
1540:(
1452:(
1362:(
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1006:(
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604:)
600:(
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504:(
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469:(
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447:(
442:)
438:(
434:.
420:.
290:(
278:(
261:(
154:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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