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was built on the hill in 1951. Though the fortification walls enclose the heart of the site, the ancient periods of occupation covered large areas. Historic structures, tombs, arches, walls and stairs have no modern borders, and therefore there is considerable archaeological potential at this site,
513:
The first permanent settlement in the southern Syrian provinces, Transjordan, appeared in Amman in 1878. Up until that point, there was no permanent settlement in Amman, the site of the ancient Roman city of
Philadelphia. Some of the ancient buildings, such as the amphitheatre, provided occasional
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The historic development of Amman from a ruin, abandoned for centuries, to the capital city of the
Emirate of Transjordan, later the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. a combination of natural disasters (believed to be earthquakes) and environmental degradation reduced it to a pile of ruins. The
514:
temporary shelter for the few farmers from the
Ottoman capital of Salt who regularly cultivated patches of land in the area around Amman. This largely abandoned site was important, however, to Bedouin tribes for both its pasture and its good access to water.
233:
as well as in surrounding lands, and throughout Amman. Archaeologists have been working at the site since the 1920s, including
Italian, British, French, Spanish, and Jordanian projects, but a great part of the Citadel remains unexcavated.
265:, there were not many architectural changes, but pottery provides evidence for their occupation. The site became Roman around 30 BCE, and eventually came under Muslim rule in 661 CE. The Citadel declined in importance under
552:
abandonment of Amman was compounded because the basin of its river became infested with malaria, causing the local population to keep at a safe distance. Amman was brought back to life in the late 19th century....
35:
590:
For a thousand years it has no history. In the 15th cent. it is referred to as a pile of ruins. In 1878 it was resettled with
Circassians by Sultan Abdul Hamid and took on a new life.
209:(7th century CE). After the Umayyads, came a period of decline and for much of the time until 1878, the former city became an abandoned pile of ruins only sporadically used by
338:. The palace may have been built on top of an existing Byzantine structure in this shape. There is a huge water reservoir dug into the ground adjacent to the palace.
372:
330:), was built at the Citadel. The Umayyad Palace was probably used as an administrative building or the residence of an Umayyad official. The palace draws on
661:
245:(1650–1550 BCE) in the form of a tomb that held pottery and scarab seals. During the Iron Age, the Citadel was the site of the capital of the
220:
Most of the structures still visible at the site are from the Roman, Byzantine, and
Umayyad periods. The major remains at the site are the
214:
873:
878:
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Umayyad
Building Techniques and the Merging Of Roman-Byzantine and Partho-Sassanian Traditions: Continuity and Change
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499:
380:
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Milwright, Marcus. "Central and
Southern Jordan in the Ayyubid Period: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives."
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857:
57:
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The
Citadel has a long history of occupation by many great civilizations. Evidence of inhabitance since the
888:
387:
229:
62:
283:
221:
40:
659:
Atiat, Taysir M. (2003). "An
Egyptianizing Cult at the Citadel Hill (Jabal al-Qal'a) of Amman, Jordan".
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began several projects to conserve and restore this site to benefit tourists and the local community.
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and seasonal farmers. Despite this gap, the Citadel of Amman is considered to be among the world's
390:, which is home to a collection of artifacts from the Citadel and other Jordanian historic sites.
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Starting in 1995–96, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities of Jordan in partnership with
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hall, characterized by a "forest of columns"; these mosques are normally found only in
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comes from this period, and is considered to be the oldest known inscription in the
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architectural patterns. For example, the entrance hall is built in the shape of a
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131:
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695:
629:
Bennett, C-M. (1978). "Excavations at the Citadel (El Qal'ah), Amman, Jordan".
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225:
81:
51:
674:
447:
Najjar, M. "Amman Citadel Temple of Hercules Excavations Preliminary Report."
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Excavations have uncovered signs of human occupation from as far back as the
181:
sometime after 1200 BCE. It later came under the sway of empires such as the
113:
100:
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Arce, Ignacio (2008). Luke Lavan; Enrico Zanini; Alexander Sarantis (eds.).
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198:
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The Amman Citadel Mosque is an example of early mosques that imitated the
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356:
335:
27:
745:. Adnan Hadidi, ed. Amman: Department of Antiquities, 1982. pp. 305-321.
532:. Cahiers de l'Ifpo Nr. 6. Beirut: Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 256–271.
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The Temple of Hercules dates to the Roman period in the 2nd century CE.
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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
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Kassay, Ali (2011). Myriam Ababsa; Rami Farouk Daher (eds.).
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period (AD 661–750), a palace structure, known in Arabic as
360:
177:(1800 BCE). The hill became the capital of the Kingdom of
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Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East
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The Exclusion of Amman from Jordanian National Identity
816:"Restoration of the Umayyad Alcazar in Amman (Jordan)"
249:, which was known as "Rabbah" or "Rabbath Ammon". The
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has been found and the hill was fortified during the
588:. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press. p. 64.
490:. The Contemporary Middle East (Book 5). Cambridge:
145:
583:
761:. Late Antique Archaeology, Vol. 4. p. 497.
61:Collection of Roman sculptures on display at the
865:
743:Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan
295:The Byzantine church (ESE of the Umayyad mosque)
31:Reconstructed eastern gate of the Umayyad mosque
162:. The L-shaped hill is one of the seven hills (
813:
739:"A New Umayyad Palace at the Citadel of Amman"
480:
313:
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273:was added to the site during this period.
700:The American Schools of Oriental Research
814:Almagro Gorbea, Antonio (2 April 2024).
737:Almagro, Antonio, and Olavarri, Emilio.
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386:The Amman Citadel is also the site of
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602:French, Carole (19 December 2011).
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874:Buildings and structures in Amman
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698:"The Amman Citadel Inscription."
166:) that originally made up Amman.
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269:rule in the 13th century, but a
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879:Archaeological sites in Jordan
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224:, a Byzantine church, and the
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215:oldest continuously inhabited
884:Tourist attractions in Amman
388:Jordan Archaeological Museum
230:Jordan Archaeological Museum
63:Jordan Archaeological Museum
16:Archaeological site in Amman
7:
584:Franciscan fathers (1978).
292:, mosque, and water cistern
146:
10:
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492:Cambridge University Press
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154:at the center of downtown
675:10.1179/lev.2003.35.1.117
314:Umayyad palace and mosque
251:Amman Citadel Inscription
205:(3rd century CE) and the
835:10.4995/loggia.2001.5225
715:5.4 (1988). pp. 318-325.
462:"Citadel, Amman, Jordan"
643:10.1179/lev.1978.10.1.1
608:. Bradt Travel Guides.
451:70 (1993). pp. 220-225.
84:area seen from the hill
728:16.1 (2006). pp. 1-27.
189:(6th century BC), the
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39:The uncompleted Roman
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702:193 (1969). pp. 2-13.
187:Neo-Babylonian Empire
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860:at Wikimedia Commons
494:. pp. 116–117.
889:Tells (archaeology)
259:Phoenician Alphabet
201:(1st century BCE),
197:(3rd century BCE),
185:(8th century BCE),
183:Neo-Assyrian Empire
114:31.9547°N 35.9343°E
110: /
23:Amman Citadel ruins
696:Horn, Siegfried H.
306:Temple of Hercules
300:Ayyubid watchtower
284:Temple of Hercules
263:Hellenistic Period
222:Temple of Hercules
152:archeological site
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41:Temple of Hercules
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856:Media related to
768:978-90-04-16549-6
257:, written in the
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243:Middle Bronze Age
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792:|work=
774:3 September
669:: 117–122.
567:|work=
545:25 December
507:25 December
357:Mesopotamia
336:Greek cross
318:During the
261:. From the
117: /
868:Categories
467:2008-05-31
428:References
282:The Roman
271:watchtower
203:Byzantines
175:Bronze Age
136:جبل القلعة
105:35°56′03″E
102:31°57′17″N
829:: 44–59.
794:ignored (
784:cite book
683:162028926
569:ignored (
559:cite book
332:Byzantine
247:Ammonites
195:Seleucids
191:Ptolemies
141:romanized
484:(2010).
217:places.
211:Bedouins
207:Umayyads
150:) is an
92:Site map
82:downtown
80:and the
637:: 1–9.
394:Gallery
367:Tourism
348:apadana
345:-style
343:Persian
324:al-Qasr
320:Umayyad
267:Ayyubid
237:History
143::
823:Loggia
765:
713:Cities
681:
662:Levant
631:Levant
612:
605:Jordan
536:
498:
353:Persia
228:. The
199:Romans
193:, the
160:Jordan
132:Arabic
819:(PDF)
679:S2CID
449:Syria
377:AECID
373:USAID
328:القصر
179:Ammon
164:jebal
156:Amman
802:here
796:help
776:2022
763:ISBN
610:ISBN
571:help
547:2015
534:ISBN
509:2015
496:ISBN
381:CSIC
379:and
361:Iraq
355:and
298:The
288:The
126:The
72:The
831:doi
671:doi
639:doi
363:).
870::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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