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729:, Va., and the first standardized LSTs were floated out of their building dock in October. Twenty-three were in commission by the end of 1942. Lightly armored, they could steam cross the ocean with a full load on their own power, carrying infantry, tanks and supplies directly onto the beaches. Together with 2,000 other landing craft, the LSTs gave the troops a protected, quick way to make combat landings, beginning in summer 1943.
779:) and newly developed radar. Their main job was to find and follow the safe routes in to the beach, which were lanes that had been cleared of obstacles and mines. There were eight in the entire Normandy invasion (two per beach). After leading in the first wave, they were to head back out and bring in the second wave. After that, they were used as all-purpose command and control assets during the invasion.
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895:) that an amphibious assault might need. Therefore, specialized vessels were developed that incorporated various direct and indirect fire weapons. These included guns and rockets which could be mounted on landing craft and landing ships. As part of the final barrage before an assault, the landing area would be plastered by these types.
819:, came as a result of a British requirement for a vessel that could carry large landing craft across the seas at speed. The first LSD came from a design by Sir Roland Baker and was an answer to the problem of launching small craft rapidly. The Landing Ship Stern Chute, which was a converted train ferry, was an early attempt. Thirteen
511:(ISTDC), attention turned to the means of efficiently delivering a tank to a beach in 1938. Inquires were made of the army as to the heaviest tank that might be employed in a landing operation. The army wanted to be able to land a 12-ton tank, but the ISTDC, anticipating weight increases in future tank models specified 16
569:, director of the Inter-Service Training and Development Centre (which had developed the Landing Craft Assault), gave the job to naval architect Sir Roland Baker, who within three days completed initial drawings for a 152-foot (46 m) landing craft with a 29-foot (8.8 m) beam and a shallow draft. Ship builders
273:
petrol engine drove a centrifugal pump which produced a jet of water, pushing the craft ahead or astern, and steering it, according to how the jet was directed. Speed was 5 to 6 knots (9.3 to 11.1 km/h; 5.8 to 6.9 mph) and its beaching capacity was good. By 1930, three MLC were operated by
620:
quickly set about drawing up plans for landing craft based on
Barnaby's suggestions, although with only one ramp. The result, in early 1942, was the LCT Mark 5, a 117-foot craft that could accommodate five 30-ton or four 40-ton tanks or 150 tons of cargo. This 286-ton landing craft could be shipped
74:
Specialized shipping can be divided into two types, most crudely described as ships and craft. In general, the ships carry the troops from the port of embarkation to the drop point for the assault and the craft carry the troops from the ship to the shore. Amphibious assaults taking place over short
603:
The Mark 3 had an additional 32-foot (9.8 m) midsection that gave it a length of 192 feet (59 m) and a displacement of 640 tons. Even with this extra weight, the vessel was slightly faster than the Mark 1. The Mk.3 was accepted on 8 April 1941. The Mark 4 was slightly shorter and lighter
588:
in
November 1940. It was an all-welded 372-ton steel-hulled vessel that drew only 3 feet (0.91 m) of water at the bow. Sea trials soon proved the Mark 1 to be difficult to handle and almost unmanageable in some sea conditions. The designers set about correcting the faults of the Mark 1 in the
709:
s in the US. During this meeting, it was decided that the Bureau of Ships would design these vessels. The LST(2) design incorporated elements of the first
British LCTs from their designer, Sir Rowland Baker, who was part of the British delegation. This included sufficient buoyancy in the ships'
581:. Tank tests with models soon determined the characteristics of the craft, indicating that it would make 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) on engines delivering about 700 hp (520 kW). Designated the LCT Mark 1, 20 were ordered in July 1940 and a further 10 in October 1940.
834:
door and flooding special compartments opened this area to the sea so that LCI-sized vessels could enter or leave. It took one and a half hours for the dock to be flooded down and two and half to pump it out. When flooded they could also be used as docks for repairs to small craft.
1314:
class types resemble aircraft carriers. However, the role of an amphibious assault ship is fundamentally different from that of an aircraft carrier. Its aviation facilities are not to support strike or air defense aircraft, but for hosting helicopters to support forces ashore.
940:, instead of personnel. The mortars were fired as a barrage onto the beach to clear mines and other obstructions. Having discharged its mortars and its duty, the LCA(HR) would leave the beach area. They were towed to the beach by larger craft, such as the LCTs that carried the
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and the elevation of the launchers set accordingly. The crew then vanished below, apart from the commanding officer who retreated to a special cubbyhole, and the launch was then set off electrically. The launch could comprise the entire set or individual ranks of rockets.
477:(LCA). The result was a small steel ship that could land 200 troops, traveling from rear bases on its own bottom at a speed of up to 15 knots. The original British design was envisioned as being a "one time use" vessel which would simply ferry the troops across the
481:, and were considered an expendable vessel. As such, no troop sleeping accommodations were placed in the original design. This was changed shortly after initial use of these ships, when it was discovered that many missions would require overnight accommodations.
410:. All landing craft designs must find a compromise between two divergent priorities; the qualities that make a good sea boat are opposite those that make a craft suitable for beaching. The craft had a hull built of double-diagonal
1171:
Despite all the progress that was seen during World War II, there were still fundamental limitations in the types of coastline that were suitable for assault. Beaches had to be relatively free of obstacles, and have the right
914:. LCM 1 crews were issued with Lewis guns, and many LCM 3s had .50 in (12.7 mm) Browning machine guns mounted for anti-aircraft protection. Opportunities for troops on board to use their own weapons presented themselves.
611:
When the United States entered the war in
December 1941, the U.S. Navy had no amphibious vessels at all, and found itself obliged to consider British designs already in existence. One of these, advanced by K.C. Barnaby of
604:
than the Mk.3, but had a much wider beam (38 ft 9 in (11.81 m)) and was intended for cross channel operations as opposed to seagoing use. When tested in early assault operations, like the ill-fated Allied
823:(LCM) could be launched from these ships down the chute. The Landing Ship Gantry was a converted tanker with a crane to transfer its cargo of landing craft from deck to sea - 15 LCM in a little over half an hour.
534:(13 km/h). Depending on the weight of the tank to be transported the craft might be lowered into the water by its davits already loaded or could have the tank placed in it after being lowered into the water.
625:(LST). The Mk.5 would be launched by heeling the LST on its beam to let the craft slide off its chocks into the sea, or cargo ships could lower each of the three sections into the sea where they were joined.
790:, was an amphibious (and sometimes armored) personnel carrier. These were operated by Army personnel, not naval crews and had a capacity of about three tons. The British introduced their own amphibian, the
906:, which were mounted in a light machine gun shelter on the forward-port side of the craft; these could be used both as anti-aircraft protection and against shore targets. Later models were fitted with two
484:
The first LCI(L)s entered service in 1943 chiefly with the Royal Navy and the United States Navy. Some 923 LCI were built in ten
American shipyards and 211 provided under lend-lease to the Royal Navy.
1932:
28:
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135 tons and were based on London barges being 105 feet 6 inches (32.2 m) long, 21 feet (6.4 m) wide, and 7 feet 6 inches (2.3 m) deep. The engines mainly ran on
1050:"60 lb" rockets mounted on the covered-over tank deck. The full set of launchers was "in excess of" 1,000 and 5,000 reloads were kept below. The firepower was claimed to be equivalent to 80
1092:
The
Landing Craft Support (Medium) (LCS(M)), Mark 2 and Mark 3 were used by the British forces at Normandy. The crew was Royal Navy, with Royal Marines to operate the weapons: two 0.5 inch
682:, 27 vehicles and nearly 200 men (in addition to the crew) at a speed of 18 knots, it could not have the shallow draught that would have made for easy unloading. As a result, each of the three (
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vessels in the 1950s and 1960s, and converted various fleet and escort carriers for the purpose of providing a helicopter amphibious assault capability. The first of the type envisaged was the
462:. Prior to July 1942, these craft were referred to as "Assault Landing Craft" (ALC), but "Landing Craft; Assault" (LCA) was used thereafter to conform with the joint US-UK nomenclature system.
265:
It weighed 16 tons and had a box-like appearance, having a square bow and stern. To prevent fouling of the propellers in a craft destined to spend time in surf and possibly be beached, a crude
801:(LCU) was used to transport equipment and troops to the shore. It was capable of transporting tracked or wheeled vehicles and troops from amphibious assault ships to beachheads or piers.
721:, and assorted landing craft. The enormous building program quickly gathered momentum. Such a high priority was assigned to the construction of LSTs that the previously laid keel of an
1065:
A full reload was a very labor-intensive operation and at least one LCT(R) went alongside a cruiser and got a working party from the larger ship to assist in the process.
1011:(LCG) was another LCT conversion intended to give supporting fire to the landing. Apart from the Oerlikon armament of a normal LCT, each LCG(Medium) had two British Army
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early in 1942. The ramp was welded shut, and a deck built on top of the tank deck. They were equipped with several light anti-aircraft guns—a typical fitting was eight
155:
In
February 1915, orders were placed for the design of purpose-built landing craft. A design was created in four days resulting in an order for 200 'X' lighters with a
924:
Some landing craft were converted for special purposes either to provide defence for the other landing craft in the attack or as support weapons during the landing.
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608:
in 1942, the lack of manoeuvring ability led to the preference for a shorter overall length in future variants, most of which were built in the United States.
324:, and were produced in large numbers. The boat was a more flexible variant of the LCPR with a wider ramp. It could carry 36 troops, a small vehicle such as a
515:
for mechanised landing craft designs. Another limit on any design was the need to land tanks and other vehicles in less than approximately 2½ feet of water.
1936:
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directly onto a beach. From 1924, it was used with landing boats in annual exercises in amphibious landings. A prototype motor landing craft, designed by
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further expand the range of conditions under which an amphibious assault can take place and increase the speed of transfer of assets from ship to shore.
377:, and to be so shallow drafted as to be able to land them, wet only up to their knees, in eighteen inches of water. All of these specifications made the
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or others hold true, and surface shipping becomes extremely dangerous during future wars of evenly matched powers (due to satellite reconnaissance and
75:
distances can also involve the shore-to-shore technique, where landing craft go directly from the port of embarkation to the assault point. Some
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381:; a separate set of requirements were laid down for a vehicle and supplies carrier, although previously the two roles had been combined in the
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and economic stringency contributed to the delay in procuring equipment and adopting a universal doctrine for amphibious operations in the
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The method of operation was to anchor off the target beach, pointing towards the shore. The distance to the shore was then measured by
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was hastily removed to make room for several LSTs to be built in her place. The keel of the first LST was laid down on 10 June 1942 at
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Landing Craft
Support (Large) had armour added to its wooden hull and a turret with an anti-tank gun fitted. The LCS(L) Mark 1 had a
473:, developed in response to a British request for a vessel capable of carrying and landing substantially more troops than the smaller
357:
In the run-up to WWII, many specialized landing craft, both for infantry and vehicles, were developed. In
November 1938, the British
144:, the mass mobilization of troops equipped with rapid-fire weapons quickly rendered such boats obsolete. Initial landings during the
995:
and had a crew of 60. On
British examples, the operation of the craft was the responsibility of RN crew and the guns were manned by
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In the days of sail, ship's boats were used as landing craft. These rowing boats were sufficient, if inefficient, in an era when
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to combat areas in three separate water-tight sections aboard a cargo ship or carried pre-assembled on the flat deck of a
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121:. They transported 1,200 men in the first landing and took onboard 600 men in less than 2 hours for the second landing.
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Due to their small size, most amphibious ships were not given names and were just given serial numbers, for example,
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In November 1941, a small delegation from the British Admiralty arrived in the United States to pool ideas with the
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The first and last instances of the large use of rubber boats in amphibious operations in World War II were the
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and other vehicles in amphibious assaults upon the continent of Europe. The first purpose-built LST design was
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designation, built to support amphibious operations by carrying significant quantities of vehicles, cargo, and
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LCT Mark 2. Longer and wider, with 15 and 20 lb. armoured shielding added to the wheelhouse and gun tubs.
79:
may also be able to land troops and equipment directly onto shore after travelling long distances, such as the
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directly onto a beach, able to sustain itself at sea for at least a week, and inexpensive and easy to build.
196:(9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). The sides of the ships were bullet proof, and was designed with a ramp on the
80:
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in the 1960s, are currently not being designed. However, if the predictions of military experts such as
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1335:, which straddle the line between aircraft and ship, have also been proposed for the role in the past.
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by carrying significant quantities of cargo, and landing troops directly onto an unimproved shore, the
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1295:-class amphibious assault vessels. Helicopter amphibious assault techniques were developed further by
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of Cowes built a prototype to the Fleming design. Eight weeks later the craft was doing trials on the
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Congress provided the authority for the construction of LSTs along with a host of other auxiliaries,
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sidewalls that they would float even with the tank deck flooded. The LST(2) gave up the speed of HMS
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in 1920, based on their experience with the early 'beetle' armoured transport. The craft could put a
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1245:, which never actually saw service as an amphibious assault ship. Delays in the construction of the
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agreed to work out details for the design under the guidance of the Admiralty Experimental Works at
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became interested in setting up advanced bases in opposing countries during wartime; the prototype
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was larger, each was armed with a 3-inch gun, various smaller guns, and ten MK7 rocket launchers.
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830:. The LSD could carry 36 LCM at 16 knots. It had a large open compartment at the back. Opening a
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that the Allies needed relatively large, ocean-going ships capable of shore-to-shore delivery of
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with regard to the development of ships and also including the possibility of building further
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1203:). Two British light fleet carriers were pressed into service to carry helicopters, and a
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at only 10 knots but had a similar load while drawing only 3 feet forward when beaching.
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took place in unmodified rowing boats that were extremely vulnerable to attack from the
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proposed a new type of landing craft. Its specifications were to weigh less than ten
110:
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1922:
US Navy ONI 226 Allied Landing Craft and Ships, US Government Printing Office, 1944.
1341:, while proposed during the 1950s, and almost brought to actual construction by the
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landing craft of World War II, and the humblest vessel admitted to the books of the
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Three flotillas (of 18, 18 and 9 craft) were used at Juno, Gold and Sword beaches.
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Amphibious landing craft of WWII were generally fitted out with minimal weaponry.
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2037:"Navy Light Amphibious Warship (LAW) Program: Background and Issues for Congress"
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842:. The LSTs were an exception to this, since they were similar in size to a small
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1046:, LCT(R), was an LCT modified to carry a large set of launchers for the British
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program seeks to procure 28 to 30 new light amphibious ships starting in 2023.
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The U.S. Marines and Amphibious War Its Theory and Its Practice in the Pacific
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and submarines. The United States used a 7-man Landing Craft, Rubber (Small) (
921:, on each side of the bridge structure. LSTs had a somewhat heavier armament.
530:-like boat with a crew of 6, could ferry a tank of 16 long tons to shore at 7
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1510:: Landing Ship, Infantry was previously designated as Landing Craft, Infantry
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320:. Soon, the Higgins boats were developed to a final design with a ramp - the
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1019:. Crewing was similar to the LCF. LCGs played a very important part in the
1016:
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2026:(uneven-quality private website, but has third-party citations in support)
694:) ordered in March 1941 had a very long ramp stowed behind the bow doors.
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Following the successful development of the infantry carrying LCA by the
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316:, dubbed the 'Higgins Boats', were reviewed and passed by the U.S. Naval
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193:
184:'X' lighters, known to the soldiers as 'beetles', carried about 500 men,
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demanded an amphibious vessel capable of landing at least three 36-ton
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1207:-sized airborne assault was made. Two of the other carriers involved,
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The first use of helicopters in an amphibious assault came during the
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2441:
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1971:
British Landing Craft of World War II » Naval Historical Society
1204:
1073:
1031:
903:
884:
867:; these were all larger than the U.S. design and had proper funnels.
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were used by British "combined operations assault pilotage parties" (
419:
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The LCA(HR) was a converted British LCA. It carried a battery of 24
522:
in May 1938 with trials completing in February 1940. Constructed of
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conditions and the correct slope. However, the development of the
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The design was developed and built in the US for the USN and the
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HT" armour, a heat-treated steel based on D1 steel, in this case
366:
64:
60:
19:
For the more specific article on the LHA, LHD and LPH ships, see
2923:
2651:
2618:
1730:"Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps"
1192:
1188:
633:
578:
103:
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and amphibious assault submarines might deserve another look.
1015:
in armoured mountings, while LCG(L)3 and LCG(L)4 both had two
2411:
1249:
class saw other conversions made as a stopgap measure; three
1196:
1058:
831:
628:
616:, was for a double-ended LCT to work with landing ships. The
554:
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259:
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102:, participating mostly in small-scale campaigns in far-flung
979:(LCF) was a conversion of the LCT that was intended to give
782:
Very small landing craft, or amphibians, were designed. The
526:
and selectively clad with armour plate, this shallow-draft,
1173:
1142:
1138:
1047:
999:. They carried two naval officers and two marine officers.
745:
665:
365:, to be able to carry the thirty-one men of a British Army
313:
1935:. The Royal Marines Museum. 6 October 2011. Archived from
162:
The first use took place after they had been towed to the
1859:
The Design And Construction Of British Warships 1939-1945
1378:
Hull classification symbol § Amphibious warfare type
592:
304:, the FMF became interested in the military potential of
159:
to take shelving beaches and a drop-down frontal ramp.
1722:
1372:
List of United States Navy hull classification symbols
269:
propulsion system was devised by White's designers. A
352:
109:
In order to support amphibious operations during the
1861:, Vol 3 Amphibious Warfare Vessels And Auxiliaries.
1762:
1695:, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1994.
1655:, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1994.
1133:
were often used to transport amphibious troops from
983:
support to the landing. They were first used in the
846:. In addition, three British-built LSTs were named:
487:
63:
employed to land and support ground forces, such as
1611:
1219:, were converted in the late 1950s into dedicated "
917:LCIs and LCTs carried heavier weapons, such as the
1717:The Watery Maze; the story of Combined Operations
748:during the Invasion of Sicily 1943 (World War II)
106:against less well-equipped indigenous opponents.
3045:
1409:has a hangar in addition to the helicopter deck.
1089:was used to give some firepower at close range.
235:, the combination of the negative experience at
1753:
1750:, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London 1949. pp. 3–10
656:directly onto an unimproved shore. The British
246:Despite this outlook, the British produced the
200:for disembarkation. A plan was devised to land
1166:
1141:) and a 10-man Landing Craft, Rubber (Large) (
277:The United States revived and experimented in
2089:
2007:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1 Jan 2005, p. 46
1732:, (New York City, NY: The Free Press, 1991).
1163:was nicknamed "Admiral of the Condom Fleet".
509:Inter-Service Training and Development Centre
414:planking. The sides were plated with "10lb. D
359:Inter-Service Training and Development Centre
1822:
1820:
1778:Welding & Fabrication of Ships Structure
1534:: Amphibious Command Ship, unrelated to the
1159:in 1943 where the Battalion commander Major
1711:
1709:
1386:for a ship with a well deck depends on its
1327:(Landing Craft Air Cushioned). These large
166:and performed successfully in the 6 August
2096:
2082:
1605:
1323:One of the most recent innovations is the
1096:and a 4-inch mortar to fire smoke shells.
948:, who would complete the beach clearance.
117:built flat-bottomed landing craft, called
1817:
557:at its disposal, in 1940, Prime Minister
545:tank emerges from the Tank Landing Craft
281:between 1913 and the mid-1930s, when the
1983:"US Navy Small Landing Craft, 1940-1945"
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1742:
1740:
1738:
1303:and refined during training exercises.
963:Landing craft flaks were equipped with
3046:
1790:
1318:
887:could not necessarily provide all the
328:, or a corresponding amount of cargo.
262:, was built and first sailed in 1926.
192:and ran at a speed of approximately 5
136:amphibious landing, on April 25, 1915.
32:Three US amphibious warfare ships - a
2077:
2005:David M. Shoup: A Warrior Against War
1933:"Major Landing Craft of World War II"
1077:Landing Craft Support was armed with
584:The first LCT Mark 1 was launched by
450:remained the most common British and
1735:
1675:, Chatham Publishing, London, 1999.
1612:Carlos Lpez Urrutia (30 June 2008).
1180:fundamentally changed the equation.
279:their approach to amphibious warfare
1113:QF 6–pdr (57 mm) anti–tank gun
764:crew) for surveying landing sites.
331:
13:
1384:US Navy hull classification symbol
399:of the 529th Flotilla, Royal Navy.
353:Specialized infantry landing craft
14:
3070:
2062:
2044:Federation of American Scientists
1829:"The Tin Armada: Saga of the LCT"
1719:, Holt, New York, 1961. pp. 38-43
946:specialist vehicles and equipment
902:crews were issued with .303 inch
775:vessels, carrying only the crew (
488:Specialized vehicle landing craft
318:Bureau of Construction and Repair
2069:In-depth look at various classes
1642:New Vanguard, Osprey Publishing
1588:List of amphibious warfare ships
928:Landing Craft Assault (Hedgehog)
870:
553:Although the Royal Navy had the
308:'s design of a powered, shallow-
204:from pontoons in support of the
2029:
2010:
1997:
1975:
1964:
1951:
1925:
1916:
1904:. Combinedops.com. 9 March 1943
1894:
1881:
1872:
1851:
1808:
1799:
1771:
1464:: Landing Platform Helicopter (
1152:in 1942 and the landing of the
599:off the coast of England, 1944.
67:, on enemy territory during an
16:Ship used in amphibious warfare
2203:Anti-submarine warfare carrier
1685:
1665:
1645:
1632:
1431:: Landing Helicopter Assault (
1420:has a full-length flight deck.
1035:Landing Craft Gun carried two
938:Hedgehog anti-submarine weapon
754:Landing Craft Navigation (LCN)
648:A further development was the
1:
2121:Naval ship classes in service
1598:
1561:: Landing Craft Repair Ship (
1555:: Auxiliary Personnel Assault
1339:Amphibious assault submarines
2589:Harbour defence motor launch
1536:Landing Craft, Control (LCC)
660:in 1940 demonstrated to the
293:officially evolved into the
7:
2872:Ballistic missile submarine
2718:Mine countermeasures vessel
2017:Submarine aircraft carriers
1571:
1451:: Landing Helicopter Dock (
1234:landing platform helicopter
1167:Early Cold War developments
1044:Landing Craft Tank (Rocket)
971:to defend against aircraft.
769:Landing Craft Control (LCC)
300:In 1939, during the annual
10:
3075:
3059:Amphibious warfare vessels
2919:Submarine aircraft carrier
2301:Pre-dreadnought battleship
2111:in 19th and 20th centuries
1985:. Ibiblio.org. 25 May 2006
1902:"Accessed 18th March 2008"
1375:
875:It was soon realized that
393:Royal Navy Beach Commandos
287:United States Marine Corps
208:, but this was abandoned.
124:
89:
18:
3018:
2937:
2857:
2814:General stores issue ship
2746:
2700:
2642:
2556:
2483:Amphibious transport dock
2475:
2404:
2324:
2276:
2258:Merchant aircraft carrier
2248:Interdiction Assault Ship
2188:
2116:
1477:: Landing Platform Dock (
1154:1st Battalion 6th Marines
1109:QF 2–pdr (40 mm) gun
944:assault teams with their
771:were 56-foot (17 m)
642:Allied invasion of Sicily
225:Aleutian Islands Campaign
2892:Deep-submergence vehicle
2882:Cruise missile submarine
2809:Fast combat support ship
2452:Guided-missile destroyer
2310:Standard-type battleship
1543:: Auxiliary Command Ship
1516:: Landing Ship Logistics
1366:Light Amphibious Warship
1254:-class aircraft carriers
1126:Inflatable landing craft
1037:25-pounder gun-howitzers
1017:4.7 inch naval guns
1013:25-pounder gun-howitzers
910:, and two Lewis or .303
821:Landing Craft Mechanized
732:
555:Landing Craft Mechanised
520:John I. Thornycroft Ltd.
217:Landing Craft Mechanized
2488:Amphibious warfare ship
2198:Amphibious assault ship
1578:Amphibious assault ship
1388:facilities for aircraft
1226:The US Navy built five
912:Bren light machine guns
788:Landing Vehicle Tracked
658:evacuation from Dunkirk
471:amphibious assault ship
302:Fleet Landing Exercises
50:amphibious warfare ship
34:landing helicopter dock
21:Amphibious assault ship
2564:Armed boarding steamer
2528:Landing Ship Logistics
2523:Landing ship, infantry
2349:Guided missile cruiser
2253:Light aircraft carrier
2022:5 October 2011 at the
1593:Amphibious ready group
1333:Ground effect vehicles
1287:) were converted into
1082:
1039:
972:
812:
749:
645:
600:
550:
504:
467:Landing Craft Infantry
443:
439:, during training for
437:Landing Craft Infantry
400:
349:
228:
137:
45:
2764:Auxiliary repair dock
2713:Destroyer minesweeper
2609:Ocean boarding vessel
2513:Landing Craft Support
2508:Landing craft carrier
2228:Fighter catapult ship
1796:Buffetaut 1994, p. 49
1768:Saunders 1943, p. 11.
1522:: Landing Ship Medium
1490:: Landing Ship Dock (
1376:Further information:
1279:-class escort carrier
1135:high speed transports
1120:Landing Craft Support
1087:Landing Craft Support
1076:
1069:Landing Craft Support
1034:
962:
919:Oerlikon 20 mm cannon
807:
799:Landing Craft Utility
740:
631:
595:
540:
518:Design work began at
495:
475:Landing Craft Assault
448:Landing Craft Assault
428:
397:Landing Craft Assault
391:
379:Landing Craft Assault
346:Landing Craft Assault
340:Canadian landings at
339:
214:
206:Third Battle of Ypres
132:
38:landing platform dock
31:
2990:Littoral combat ship
2543:Landing Ship Vehicle
2286:Coastal defence ship
1748:Assault From the Sea
1640:British Mark IV tank
1105:Daimler armoured car
1094:Vickers machine guns
1079:Vickers machine guns
1027:Landing Craft Rocket
1021:Walcheren operations
762:Special Boat Service
496:Two examples of the
168:landing at Suvla Bay
2844:Replenishment oiler
2747:Command and support
2533:Landing Ship Medium
2396:Unprotected cruiser
2238:Flight deck cruiser
1857:Brown, D.K. (Ed.),
1839:on 2 September 2011
1783:6 July 2001 at the
1715:Fergusson, Bernard
1615:Guerra Del Pacifico
1549:: Attack cargo ship
1528:: Landing Ship Tank
1319:Future developments
1111:. The Mark 2 had a
1054:or 200 destroyers.
993:QF 2 pdr "pom-poms"
969:QF 2 pdr "pom-poms"
936:, the Royal Navy's
809:Amphibious vehicles
383:Motor Landing Craft
291:advanced base force
248:Motor Landing Craft
202:British heavy tanks
115:Government of Chile
84:-class landing ship
2960:Breastwork monitor
2824:Joint support ship
2779:Combat stores ship
2574:Coastal motor boat
2538:Landing Ship, Tank
2518:Landing Ship Heavy
2417:Convoy rescue ship
2243:Helicopter carrier
1959:Nelson to Vanguard
1728:Allan R. Millett,
1362:United States Navy
1351:anti-ship missiles
1083:
1040:
977:Landing Craft Flak
973:
955:Landing Craft Flak
813:
777:Scouts and Raiders
750:
699:United States Navy
650:Landing Ship, Tank
646:
623:Landing Ship, Tank
601:
551:
505:
444:
401:
350:
295:Fleet Marine Force
283:United States Navy
229:
146:Gallipoli campaign
138:
111:landing in Pisagua
77:tank landing ships
69:amphibious assault
58:amphibious vehicle
46:
3041:
3040:
2945:Armed merchantman
2887:Cruiser submarine
2877:Coastal submarine
2644:Fast attack craft
2498:Dock landing ship
2376:Protected cruiser
2359:Pocket battleship
2316:Treaty battleship
2306:Super-dreadnought
2190:Aircraft carriers
2138:Operational zones
1887:Isely and Crowl,
1878:Brown, D.K. p.143
1625:978-1-4357-1183-9
1221:commando carriers
1150:Makin Island raid
1023:in October 1944.
1009:Landing Craft Gun
1003:Landing Craft Gun
817:Landing Ship Dock
719:destroyer escorts
636:LST off-loads an
559:Winston Churchill
469:was a stepped up
417:
371:assault engineers
98:were effectively
42:landing ship dock
3066:
2980:Floating battery
2914:Midget submarine
2867:Attack submarine
2849:Submarine tender
2799:Destroyer tender
2629:Submarine chaser
2493:Attack transport
2437:Escort destroyer
2432:Destroyer leader
2427:Destroyer escort
2334:Aircraft cruiser
2148:Green-water navy
2143:Brown-water navy
2098:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2014:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1835:. Archived from
1824:
1815:
1814:Ladd, 1976, p.42
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1759:Buffetaut, p. 26
1757:
1751:
1744:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1704:
1691:Buffetaut, Yves
1689:
1683:
1669:
1663:
1651:Buffetaut, Yves
1649:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1609:
1161:William K. Jones
1157:Battle of Tarawa
1131:Inflatable boats
1107:turret with its
893:suppressive fire
811:inside a US LSD.
723:aircraft carrier
500:during the 1942
415:
332:Second World War
274:the Royal Navy.
233:inter-war period
157:spoon-shaped bow
152:shore defences.
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3031:Sailing vessels
3014:
2933:
2904:Fleet submarine
2853:
2834:Net laying ship
2759:Ammunition ship
2742:
2696:
2638:
2552:
2471:
2400:
2391:Torpedo cruiser
2371:Merchant raider
2339:Armored cruiser
2320:
2296:Fast battleship
2272:
2263:Seaplane tender
2208:Balloon carrier
2184:
2168:Central battery
2153:Blue-water navy
2112:
2102:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2024:Wayback Machine
2015:
2011:
2003:Jablon, Howard
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
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1785:Wayback Machine
1776:
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1763:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
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1714:
1707:
1690:
1686:
1671:Bruce, Colin J
1670:
1666:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1574:
1400:helicopter deck
1380:
1374:
1321:
1169:
989:20 mm Oerlikons
965:20 mm Oerlikons
873:
735:
703:Bureau of Ships
618:Bureau of Ships
586:Hawthorn Leslie
549:, 26 April 1942
490:
479:English Channel
422:'s Resista ÂĽ".
355:
334:
297:(FMF) in 1933.
256:J. Samuel White
174:, commanded by
127:
92:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3072:
3062:
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2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Auxiliary ship
2766:
2761:
2756:
2754:Amenities ship
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
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2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Steam gun boat
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
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2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:Strike cruiser
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Escort carrier
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:Gun placement
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2063:External links
2061:
2058:
2057:
2028:
2009:
1996:
1974:
1963:
1950:
1939:on 9 June 2014
1924:
1915:
1893:
1880:
1871:
1850:
1827:Basil Hearde.
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
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1721:
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1493:Whidbey Island
1485:
1472:
1459:
1446:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1403:
1373:
1370:
1320:
1317:
1299:forces in the
1238:escort carrier
1168:
1165:
1128:
1127:
1071:
1070:
1052:light cruisers
1029:
1028:
1005:
1004:
957:
956:
942:Royal Engineer
934:spigot mortars
930:
929:
908:2 inch mortars
872:
869:
734:
731:
680:infantry tanks
675:. To carry 13
654:landing troops
606:raid on Dieppe
489:
486:
354:
351:
333:
330:
306:Andrew Higgins
126:
123:
100:light infantry
91:
88:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3071:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3010:Training ship
3008:
3006:
3005:River monitor
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Drone carrier
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Barracks ship
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:Miscellaneous
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Human torpedo
2907:
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2902:
2898:
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2885:
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2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Naval tugboat
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Hospital ship
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Dispatch boat
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
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2780:
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2647:
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2635:
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2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Naval trawler
2602:
2600:
2599:Naval drifter
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Landing craft
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Scout cruiser
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Light cruiser
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:Heavy cruiser
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Battlecruiser
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Fleet carrier
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Battlecarrier
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2176:
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2171:
2169:
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2046:. 7 June 2021
2045:
2038:
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2021:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1984:
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1967:
1960:
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1897:
1891:(1951) ch 3
1890:
1884:
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1867:0-85177-675-2
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1698:
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1661:1-55750-152-1
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40:(rear) and a
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26:
22:
2965:Capital ship
2950:Arsenal ship
2789:Crane vessel
2784:Command ship
2723:Mine planter
2701:Mine warfare
2667:Missile boat
2634:Torpedo boat
2594:Motor launch
2557:Patrol craft
2487:
2462:Radar picket
2268:Supercarrier
2048:. Retrieved
2043:
2031:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1977:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:the original
1927:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1896:
1888:
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1874:
1858:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:the original
1832:
1810:
1805:Bruce, p. 10
1801:
1792:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1747:
1746:Maund, LEH.
1729:
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1716:
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1638:Fletcher, D
1634:
1618:. Lulu.com.
1614:
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1271:Valley Forge
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1264:
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1228:
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1195:invasion of
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1091:
1084:
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1006:
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889:fire support
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839:
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758:Royal Marine
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727:Newport News
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452:Commonwealth
445:
431:
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356:
312:boat. These
299:
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183:
179:Edward Unwin
161:
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139:
118:
108:
93:
81:
73:
53:
49:
47:
25:
3000:Mother ship
2839:Repair ship
2738:Minesweeper
2614:Patrol boat
2569:Armed yacht
2291:Dreadnought
2278:Battleships
2105:Naval ships
1957:Brown D K,
1693:D-Day Ships
1653:D-Day Ships
1480:San Antonio
1347:John Keegan
1301:Vietnam War
1081:and mortar.
985:Dieppe Raid
891:(including
877:battleships
640:during the
614:Thornycroft
563:heavy tanks
502:Dieppe Raid
408:River Clyde
404:J. S. White
252:medium tank
231:During the
223:during the
142:World War I
3054:Ship types
3048:Categories
3026:Ship types
2985:Guard ship
2859:Submarines
2794:Depot ship
2728:Minehunter
1843:15 January
1833:ww2lct.org
1599:References
1553:AP/APA/LPA
1424:Examples:
1329:hovercraft
1293:Thetis Bay
1284:Thetis Bay
1277:Casablanca
1274:) and one
1178:helicopter
1101:Fairmile H
904:Lewis Guns
885:destroyers
828:Royal Navy
786:-designed
742:LCI(L) 196
638:M4 Sherman
575:John Brown
571:Fairfields
543:Crusader I
456:Royal Navy
375:signallers
342:Juno Beach
241:Royal Navy
134:Anzac Cove
82:Ivan Rogov
36:leading a
2733:Minelayer
2548:Troopship
2476:Transport
2442:Escorteur
2422:Destroyer
2163:Broadside
2131:auxiliary
2126:submarine
1355:transport
1265:Princeton
1205:battalion
991:and four
967:and four
862:HMS
855:HMS
848:HMS
773:U.S. Navy
752:Nine-ton
677:Churchill
670:HMS
662:Admiralty
430:USS
395:aboard a
369:and five
363:long tons
271:Hotchkiss
237:Gallipoli
190:heavy oil
186:displaced
176:Commander
2975:Flagship
2708:Danlayer
2579:Corvette
2457:KaibĹŤkan
2326:Cruisers
2218:CAM ship
2173:Casemate
2109:warships
2020:Archived
1781:Archived
1673:Invaders
1572:See also
1564:Achelous
1467:Iwo Jima
1353:), then
1297:American
1247:Iwo Jima
1229:Iwo Jima
1201:Suez War
881:cruisers
864:Thruster
792:Terrapin
692:Thruster
644:in 1943.
634:Canadian
420:Hadfield
412:mahogany
267:waterjet
172:IX Corps
119:chalanas
104:colonies
56:) is an
3019:Related
2995:Monitor
2929:Wet sub
2774:Collier
2692:Shin'yĹŤ
2687:PT boat
2584:Gunboat
2447:Frigate
2178:Turrets
2050:10 June
1943:16 June
1869:, p.143
1703:, p. 11
1547:AKA/LKA
1441:America
1210:Bulwark
1193:Israeli
857:Bruiser
844:cruiser
840:LCT 304
688:Bruiser
597:LCT-202
547:TLC-124
432:LCI-326
367:platoon
344:in the
310:draught
150:Ottoman
140:During
125:Origins
96:marines
90:History
65:marines
61:warship
2924:U-boat
2652:E-boat
2619:Q-ship
2405:Escort
1989:10 May
1908:10 May
1865:
1699:
1679:
1659:
1622:
1567:class)
1434:Tarawa
1398:has a
1308:Tarawa
1291:- and
1268:, and
1231:-class
1216:Albion
1189:French
744:and a
690:, and
579:Haslar
164:Aegean
54:amphib
44:(fore)
2467:Sloop
2412:Aviso
2040:(PDF)
1961:p 145
1502:class
1495:class
1482:class
1469:class
1456:class
1443:class
1436:class
1289:Boxer
1259:Boxer
1252:Essex
1197:Egypt
1185:Anglo
1174:tidal
1143:LCR-L
1139:LCR-S
1059:radar
850:Boxer
832:stern
733:Other
712:Boxer
707:Boxer
684:Boxer
672:Boxer
666:tanks
532:knots
528:barge
524:steel
498:LCM 1
460:D-Day
441:D-Day
260:Cowes
221:Kiska
194:knots
2897:DSRV
2682:MTSM
2107:and
2052:2021
1991:2009
1945:2014
1910:2009
1863:ISBN
1845:2011
1697:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1454:Wasp
1382:The
1360:The
1325:LCAC
1312:Wasp
1310:and
1306:The
1213:and
1099:The
1085:The
1048:RP-3
1042:The
1007:The
975:The
883:and
860:and
815:The
784:U.S.
767:The
760:and
746:DUKW
573:and
465:The
446:The
435:, a
326:jeep
322:LCVP
314:LCPL
285:and
52:(or
2677:MTM
2672:MTB
2662:MGB
2657:MAS
1787:MOD
1559:ARL
1541:AGF
1532:LCC
1526:LST
1520:LSM
1514:LSL
1508:LSI
1488:LSD
1475:LPD
1462:LPH
1449:LHD
1429:LHA
1418:LHA
1416:or
1414:LHD
1412:An
1407:LPD
1405:An
1396:LSD
1394:An
1364:'s
1223:".
1145:).
900:LCA
701:'s
458:on
373:or
258:of
219:in
215:US
198:bow
170:of
48:An
3050::
2042:.
1831:.
1819:^
1737:^
1708:^
1497:,
1438:,
1390::
1262:,
1115:.
879:,
853:,
797:A
794:.
686:,
632:A
541:A
385:.
243:.
181:.
86:.
71:.
2312:)
2308:(
2097:e
2090:t
2083:v
2054:.
1993:.
1947:.
1912:.
1847:.
1628:.
1504:)
1484:)
1471:)
1458:)
1445:)
1402:.
1281:(
1256:(
1191:-
1187:-
416:I
348:.
227:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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