1157:
1067:
390:
689:
731:
1184:
76:
1095:. He left his family and married her. Sergei Prokofiev, who met her in 1927, described her as "one of his most recent wives", and as "a beautiful woman from the front, much less beautiful if you looked at her predatory profile". He claimed that Lunacharsky had previously been the lover of the ballerina
1175:
of 1936–1938, Lunacharsky's name was erased from the
Communist Party's history and his memoirs were banned. A revival came in the late 1950s and 1960s, with a surge of memoirs about Lunacharsky and many streets and organizations named or renamed in his honour. During that era, Lunacharsky was viewed
803:
Mayakovsky stimulated his interest in cinema, then a new art form. Lunacharsky wrote an "agit-comedy", which was filmed in the streets of
Petrograd for the first anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution. Soon afterwards, he nationalised the film industry and founded the State Film School. In 1920, he
981:
The great people of the revolution - both his comrades and his opponents - almost always spoke of
Lunacharsky with sneers, irony or scorn. Though a most popular personality and minister, he was kept away from high policy: 'I have no influence,' he once told me himself ... But that is his historical
709:
He also believed in polytechnic schools, in which children could learn a range of basic skills, including manual skills, with specialist training beginning in late adolescence. All children were to have the same education and would automatically qualify for higher education, but opposition from
705:
He faced determined opposition from the teachers' union. In
February 1918, the fourth month of a teachers' strike, he ordered all teachers to report to their local soviets and to stand for re-election to their jobs. In March, he reluctantly disbanded the union and sequestered its funds. Largely
713:
In July 1918, he proposed that all university lecturers should be elected for seven-year terms, irrespective of their academic qualifications, that all courses would be free, and that institutions would be run by elected councils made of staff and students. His ideas were vigorously opposed by
968:
Though he was influential in setting Soviet policy on culture and education, particularly in the early years while Lenin was alive, Lunacharsky was not a powerful figure. Trotsky described him as "a man always easily infected by the moods of those around him, imposing in appearance and voice,
483:
Lunacharsky turned out to be a brilliant orator and did a great deal to assist in strengthening the
Bolshevik positions. From then on Lenin became on very good terms with Lunacharsky, became jolly in his presence, and was rather partial towards him even at the time of the difference with the
746:
was launched, with
Lunacharsky's former colleague, Bogdanov, as its leading figure. In October 1920, he clashed with Lenin, who insisted on bringing Proletkult under state control. But though he believed in encouraging factories to create literature or art, he did not share the hostility to
701:
On 10 November 1917, Lunacharsky signed a decree making school education a state monopoly at local government level and said that his department would not claim central power over schools. In
December, he ordered church schools to be brought under the jurisdiction of local Soviets.
449:
had reached
Vologda, Bogdanov and Lunacharsky organised a Marxist circle that distributed illegal literature, while he also legally wrote theatre criticism for a local liberal newspaper. In March 1903, the governor of Vologda ordered Lunacharsky to be transferred further north, to
721:
decried
Lunacharsky's efforts in education in an article entitled "Reds Are Ruining Children of Russia". It claimed that he was instilling a "system of calculated moral depravity in one of the most diabolical of all measures conceived by the Bolshevik rulers of Russia".
754:
In the week after the revolution, he invited everyone in
Petrograd involved in cultural or artistic work to a meeting at Communist Party headquarters. Although the meeting was widely advertised, no more than seven people turned up, though they included
265:
1007:. Later, he offended Trotsky by saying at an event in the Bolshoi Theatre to commemorate the second anniversary of Lenin's death, that "they" (he did not say who) were willing to offer Trotsky "a crown on a velvet cushion" and "hail him as Lev I".
2572:
936:
to return to Russia. Stravinsky and Borovsky rejected the offer, but Prokofiev was given permission to come and go freely while Lunacharsky was in office. In February 1927, he sat with Prokofiev during the first Russian performance of
473:', who hoped to bring the two sides together, but he was converted to Bolshevism by Bogdanov. In 1904, he moved to Geneva and became one of Lenin's most active collaborators and an editor of the first exclusively Bolshevik newspaper,
637:
Even before he formally joined the Bolsheviks, he proved to be one of their most popular and effective orators, often sharing a platform with Trotsky. He was arrested with Trotsky on 22 July 1917, on a charge of inciting the
1014:. After he was removed from office, in 1929, Lunacharsky was appointed to the Learned Council of the Soviet Union Central Executive Committee. He also became an editor for the Literature Encyclopedia (published 1929–1939).
924:. In 1926, he wrote "the freshness and rich imagination characteristic of Prokofiev attest to his exceptional talent". He arranged a passport that allowed Prokofiev to leave Russia, then in July 1925 he persuaded the
816:
In the early 1920s, theatre appears to have been the art form to which Lunacharsky attached the greatest importance. In 1918, when most Bolsheviks despised experimental art, Lunacharsky praised Mayakovsky's play
2015:"Devastation and laughter: satire, power, and culture in the early Soviet state, 1920s–1930s: by Annie Gérin, Toronto, ON, University of Toronto Press, 2019, 255 pp., $ 60.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-487-50243-0"
263:
291:
1102:
Lunacharsky was known as an art connoisseur and a critic. Besides Marxist dialectics, he had been interested in philosophy since he was a student. For instance, he was fond of the ideas of
821:, directed by Meyerhold, which he described as "original, powerful and beautiful". But his main interest was not experimental theatre. During the civil war, he wrote two symbolic dramas,
262:
742:
A week before the October Revolution, Lunacharsky convened and presided over a conference of proletarian cultural and educational organisations, at which the independent art movement
991:
Lunacharsky avoided taking sides when the Communist Party split after Lenin's death, but he almost became embroiled in the split by accident by publishing his selection of
925:
264:
526:
In 1908, when the Bolsheviks split between Lenin's supporters and Alexander Bogdanov's followers, Lunacharsky supported his brother-in-law Bogdanov in setting up a new
2547:
503:
and other Bolshevik publications, which could be published legally, and gave lectures on art and literature. Arrested during a workers' meeting, he spent a month in
902:
Despite his belief in 'proletarian' literature, Lunacharsky also defended writers who were not experimental, nor even sympathetic to the Bolsheviks. He also helped
658:(Narkompros) in the first Soviet government. On 15 November, after eight days in this post, he resigned in protest over a rumour that the Bolsheviks had bombarded
2552:
808:: "So far, cinemas are not much use owing to shortage of materials. ... When these difficulties are removed ... the story of humanity will be told in pictures".
2582:
973:
wrote: "I was struck by something different: he was not a poet, he was engrossed in political activity, but an extraordinary love of art burned in him", and
1215:, last culture commissar of the Soviet Union, "the first arts professional since Anatoly V. Lunacharsky" because he seemed to "identify" with Lunacharsky.
1096:
2121:
350:
of Polish origin, whence Anatoly's surname and patronym. She later divorced Vasily Lunacharsky and married Antonov, but Anatoly kept his former name.
2577:
1088:
624:- though not the same train that Lenin had used earlier. Like other internationalist social democrats returning from abroad, he briefly joined the
568:, where they continued teaching classes through 1911. In 1911, Lunacharsky moved to Paris, where he started his own Circle of Proletarian Culture.
511:
2637:
469:. Lunacharsky, who by now had ended his period in exile and was back in Kyiv, originally believed that the split was unnecessary and joined the '
322:(Narkompros) responsible for the Ministry of Education as well as an active playwright, critic, essayist, and journalist throughout his career.
1733:"Reds Are Ruining Children of Russia: Lunacharsky's System of Calculated Moral Depravity Described by Swiss Teacher: Aims to Destroy the Home"
1732:
2567:
878:
movement to mark the centenary of Russia's first great playwright. He was also personally involved in the decision to allow the MAT to stage
2146:
346:
child of Alexander Antonov and Alexandra Lunacharskaya, née Rostovtseva. His mother was then married to statesman Vasily Lunacharsky, a
1191:
In the 1960s, his daughter Irina Lunacharsky helped revive his popularity. Several streets and institutions were named in his honour.
864:
to end their opposition to the regime and resume productions. In January 1922 he protested vigorously after Lenin had ordered that the
748:
1470:
674:, he was People's Commissar for Enlightenment, which was a function devolved to the union republics, for the Russian Federation only.
2094:
536:(1908, 1911), declaring that god should be interpreted as "humanity in the future". This earned him the description "god builder".
510:
Soon after his release, he faced "extremely serious" charges, and fled abroad, via Finland, in March 1906. In 1907, he attended the
2617:
1577:
Makers of the Russian Revolution, Biographies of Bolshevik Leaders (includes a biographical essay by Lunacharsky published in 1927)
2207:
655:
402:
378:
1865:
Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, The Russian Masters - from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein - Under Stalin
2249:
2063:
1872:
1832:
1443:
1382:
2542:
2512:
90:
539:
Like many contemporary socialists (including Bogdanov), Lunacharsky was influenced by the empirio-criticism philosophy of
982:
role; for the brilliance of talent, to say nothing of culture, he has no equal in the constellation of Bolshevik leaders.
543:
and Avenarius. Lenin opposed Machism as a form of subjective idealism and strongly criticised its proponents in his book
210:
17:
1201:
also bear the name of Lunacharsky, presumably in his honour. These concert pedal harps were produced in Leningrad (now
2602:
2537:
1927:
1807:
1782:
1690:
1584:
581:
545:
1028:
In 1930, Anatolii Lunacharsky established a government commission to research satirical genres in all kinds of art.
783:
and agit-boats that circulated over all Russia spreading Revolution and revolutionary arts. He also gave support to
2632:
2627:
2592:
949:
1245:
409:, but was arrested again after resuming his political activities, and after ten months in prison he was sent to
1243:
and eight other revolutionaries. Trotsky reacted to some of Lunacharsky's opinions in his own autobiography,
906:. In 1924, Pasternak's wife wrote to his cousin saying "so far, Lunacharsky has never refused to see Borya".
861:
436:
307:
161:
31:
1223:
Lunacharsky was also a prolific writer. He wrote literary essays on the works of several writers, including
1059:, while travelling to Spain to take up the post of Soviet ambassador there, as the conflict that became the
710:
Trotsky and others later compelled him to agree that specialist education would begin in secondary schools.
2597:
634:, until forced against his will to sever this connection, because the paper took an anti-Bolshevik line.
2607:
2587:
2508:
2473:
Robert C Williams, 'From Positivism to Collectivism: Lunarcharsky and Proletarian Culture', in Williams,
677:
Lunacharsky opposed the decision in 1918 to transfer Russia's capital to Moscow and stayed for a year in
607:
255:
1512:
1405:
938:
849:
1156:
2612:
2306:
2014:
1627:
629:
2278:
779:
Lunacharsky directed some of the great experiments in public arts after the Revolution, such as the
589:
532:. During this period, he wrote a two-volume work on the relationship between Marxism and religion,
1438:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2, 11, 14, 130–131, 150, 156, 158, 177, 347 (Krupskaya).
2557:
1435:
The Commisariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky
1168:
1161:
884:
857:
659:
496:
343:
2360:
692:
Lunacharsky, People's Commissar for Education on 13 Congress of Soviets of the RSFSR, April 1927
2333:
1348:
1103:
1032:
628:
before they merged with the Bolsheviks in July–August 1917. He was also the cultural editor of
2053:
2562:
1338:
1092:
560:, where they started a school for Russian socialist workers. In 1910, Bogdanov, Lunacharsky,
319:
2414:
2387:
405:(RSDLP), until they were betrayed by an informant and arrested. He was allowed to settle in
2622:
2532:
2527:
784:
358:
223:
2098:
706:
because of the opposition from teachers, he had to abandon his scheme for local autonomy.
8:
2480:
1228:
1127:
1119:
1107:
874:
841:
792:
760:
735:
617:
597:
1536:"The Image of Jesus in the Russian Revolutionary Movement: The Case of Russian Marxism*"
2184:
1988:
1138:
1084:
933:
920:
853:
764:
651:
428:, where he again shared his exile with Bogdanov, whose sister he married, and with the
414:
2441:
1114:. He could read six modern languages and two dead ones. Lunacharsky corresponded with
2573:
People's commissars and ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2492:
2188:
2059:
2034:
1923:
1868:
1828:
1803:
1778:
1686:
1580:
1557:
1439:
1378:
1353:
1224:
1111:
1060:
1022:
682:
561:
491:. And Anatoly Vasilyevich was always particularly keen and witty in Lenin's presence.
362:
2171:
Archer, Kenneth (1 September 1990). "Nicholas Roerich: An Idol with Feet of Clay?".
1066:
2180:
2026:
1547:
1202:
1131:
1087:'s sister. They had one child, a daughter named Irina Lunacharsky. In 1922, he met
1011:
996:
974:
945:
915:
879:
768:
432:
418:
347:
295:
2030:
2504:
1433:
1212:
953:
929:
903:
890:
805:
795:
and others. With his encouragement, 36 new art galleries were opened in 1918-21.
187:
1010:
After about 1927, he was losing control over cultural policy to Stalinists like
969:
eloquent in a declamatory way, none too reliable, but often irreplaceable." But
620:
of 1917, Lunacharsky left his family in Switzerland and returned to Russia on a
389:
1333:
1177:
1167:
Lunacharsky's remains were returned to Moscow, where his urn was buried in the
1123:
970:
865:
845:
818:
756:
681:(now Saint Petersburg) and left the running of his commissariat to his deputy,
462:
440:
425:
398:
370:
339:
111:
2280:
Self-Education of the Workers: The Cultural Task of the Struggling Proletariat
1552:
1535:
1274:
Self-Education of the Workers: The Cultural Task of the Struggling Proletariat
2521:
2468:
2192:
2038:
1561:
1253:
1232:
1145:
1004:
1000:
834:
788:
610:
504:
429:
137:
75:
670:, but after two days he withdrew his resignation. After the creation of the
2231:
2051:
1328:
1240:
1239:, which describe anecdotes and Lunacharsky's general impressions of Lenin,
1018:
957:
914:
Lunacharsky was the first Bolshevik to recognise the value of the composer
688:
671:
625:
621:
585:
470:
374:
115:
1602:"Л. В. Луначарский в Вологодской ссылке (Lunacharsky in exile in Vologda)"
606:, sometimes acting as peacemaker between the two editors, Trotsky and the
584:
antiwar position, which put him on a course of convergence with Lenin and
1172:
1115:
941:, which he compared to "a glass of champagne, all sparkling and frothy".
833:
In July 1919, he took personal charge of the theatre administration from
602:
577:
553:
1601:
2488:
1343:
780:
743:
663:
540:
466:
458:
218:
202:
35:
730:
678:
639:
515:
315:
2122:"Russian culture and Soviet education left a deep imprint on Tagore"
2052:
Stuart Brown; Diane Collinson; Robert Wilkinson (1 September 2003).
366:
645:
667:
565:
475:
354:
335:
331:
311:
166:
43:
2147:"Exile and Utopia: Nicholas Roerich's Shortcut to Promised Land"
1183:
27:
Russian Soviet revolutionary, politician, and writer (1875–1933)
1071:
1056:
1052:
528:
485:
410:
183:
1777:. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 126, 132, , 137.
2120:
Kalandarova, Mastura; RIR, specially for (24 November 2016).
1036:
557:
451:
445:
310:
11 November] 1875 – 26 December 1933) was a Russian
198:
926:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
791:, revolutionary posters designed and written by Mayakovsky,
1825:
Soviet Culture and Power, A History in Documents, 1917-1953
1198:
406:
2055:
Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers
840:
Lunacharsky was associated with the establishment of the
495:
Lunacharsky returned to Russia after the outbreak of the
443:
among others. After the first issue of Lenin's newspaper
1800:
The Theatre of Meyerhold, Revolution on the Modern Stage
1471:"The New Minister Of Soviet Culture Takes Truth as Task"
1180:
as an educated, refined and tolerant Soviet politician.
1126:. He met numerous other famous cultural figures such as
642:" riots, and was held in Kresty prison until September.
918:, whom he met in April 1918, after the premiere of his
424:
In February 1902, he was exiled to Kushinov village in
397:
In 1899, Lunacharsky returned to Russia, where he and
1977:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. pp. 187–88.
1171:, a rare privilege during the Soviet era. During the
1194:
In 1971, Asteroid 2446 was named after Lunacharsky.
1083:
In 1902, he married Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya,
868:
was to be closed, and succeeded in keeping it open.
600:. From 1915, he also worked for the daily newspaper
837:, with the intention of reviving realism on stage.
2045:
1377:. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 420–422.
1375:Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema
330:Lunacharsky was born on 23 or 24 November 1875 in
2548:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution of 1905
1579:. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 306.
1235:. However, his most notable work is his memoirs,
413:, where he joined a Marxist circle that included
2519:
2469:Works by Lunacharsky at Marxist internet archive
1683:New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche to Stalinism
646:People's Commissariat for Education (Narkompros)
353:In 1890, at the age of 15, Lunacharsky became a
1962:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 375.
944:In 1929, Lunacharsky supported a change in the
787:'s experiments and the initiatives such as the
654:of 1917, Lunacharsky was appointed head of the
2553:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
2208:"A Visionary of Balletic Folk Dance Turns 100"
2119:
1822:
1775:Kino, A History of the Russian and Soviet Film
1575:Georges Haupt, and Jean-Jacques Marie (1974).
1372:
1051:Lunacharsky died at 58 on 26 December 1933 in
995:in 1923, which included portraits of Trotsky,
401:'s sister revived the Moscow Committee of the
2505:Newspaper clippings about Anatoly Lunacharsky
1945:History of the Russian Revolution, volume two
1574:
1464:
1462:
1427:
1425:
1423:
454:, where they were the only political exiles.
2583:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
1922:. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 103–04.
1823:Katerina Clark, and Evgeny Dobrenko (2007).
1685:, Pennsylvania State University, 2002, p.85
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
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1497:
1495:
1493:
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1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
2436:
2409:
2382:
2355:
2335:Theses on the Problems of Marxist Criticism
2328:
2301:
2283:. London: The Workers’ Socialist Federation
2273:
2250:"When Soviet Art Tried to Remake The World"
2095:"Анатолий Васильевич Луначарский биография"
1431:
1292:Theses on the Problems of Marxist Criticism
1187:Soviet stamp portraying Lunacharsky in 1979
2247:
2205:
1907:. Stanford, CA: Stanford U.P. p. 219.
1757:
1468:
1459:
1420:
852:. He also played a part in persuading the
592:restarted the social democratic newspaper
365:for two years without taking a degree. In
1917:
1847:
1701:
1651:
1551:
1488:
1391:
751:and other exponents of proletarian art.
564:and their supporters moved the school to
552:In 1909, Lunacharsky joined Bogdanov and
103:26 October 1917 – September 1929
2578:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Spain
2248:Kimmelmann, Michael (24 February 1991).
1957:
1867:. New York: New Press. pp. 64, 68.
1182:
1155:
1065:
729:
687:
388:
2058:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 481–.
1942:
1902:
1862:
1827:. New Haven: Yale U.P. pp. 24–29.
1625:
1533:
1515:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998
556:at the latter's villa on the island of
14:
2638:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
2520:
2170:
1852:. New York: Columbia U.P. p. 205.
1762:. New York: Grossman. pp. 186–87.
1540:International Review of Social History
1039:, a post he never assumed, as he died
888:(usually known by its original title,
403:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
381:. He also lived for a time in France.
379:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
369:he met European socialists, including
2078:
2012:
1797:
1772:
1704:The Prophet Armed, Trotsky: 1879-1921
1675:
1469:Kisselgoff, Anna (27 December 1989).
499:. In Moscow he co-edited the journal
457:In 1903, the RSDLP split between the
2568:Russian Constituent Assembly members
2206:Kisselgoff, Anna (12 January 2006).
1972:
1920:Soviet Diary 1927 and Other Writings
1160:Grave of Anatoly Lunacharsky in the
2485:(A play by Lunacharsky, in English)
1887:
1656:. London: Panther. pp. 111–12.
1599:
1268:Outlines of a Collective Philosophy
1252:In the 1920s, Lunacharsky produced
844:in 1919, working with Maxim Gorky,
747:"bourgeois" art forms exhibited by
656:People's Commissariat for Education
479:. According to Nadezhda Krupskaya:
24:
2462:
2185:10.1111/j.1467-8365.1990.tb00407.x
1975:Socialism in One Country, volume 2
1706:. London: Oxford U.P. p. 221.
1063:appeared increasingly inevitable.
300:Анато́лий Васи́льевич Лунача́рский
25:
2649:
2498:
1716:
1666:
856:(MAT) and its renowned directors
546:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
2477:, Indiana University Press, 1977
1802:. London: Methuen. p. 149.
1258:The Locksmith and the Chancellor
1078:
977:, who knew him well, wrote that
580:in 1914, Lunacharsky adopted an
512:International Socialist Congress
260:
91:People's Commissar for Education
74:
2618:20th-century Russian memoirists
2430:
2403:
2376:
2349:
2322:
2295:
2267:
2241:
2225:
2199:
2164:
2139:
2113:
2087:
2072:
2006:
1981:
1966:
1951:
1936:
1911:
1896:
1881:
1856:
1841:
1816:
1791:
1766:
1751:
1725:
1710:
1695:
1660:
1645:
1406:"Anatoly Lunacharsky 1875–1933"
986:
384:
357:. From 1894, he studied at the
287:Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky
2362:Vladimir Mayakovsky, Innovator
2013:Haxhi, Tomi (2 October 2019).
1848:Gorchakov, Nikolai A. (1957).
1619:
1606:Насон - История города Вологды
1593:
1568:
1527:
1366:
1298:Vladimir Mayakovsky, Innovator
963:
571:
304:Anatoly Aleksandrovich Antonov
157:Anatoly Aleksandrovich Antonov
13:
1:
2031:10.1080/00085006.2019.1669397
1947:. London: Sphere. p. 46.
1359:
1197:Some Soviet-built orchestral
1141:as the "soul of Narkompros".
1070:A monument to Lunacharsky in
897:
862:Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko
666:while they were storming the
325:
32:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1960:The Russian Revolution, 1917
1850:The Theatre in Soviet Russia
1652:Krupskaya, Nadezhda (1970).
1534:Bergman, Jay (August 1990).
1432:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1970).
1017:Lunacharsky represented the
696:
314:revolutionary and the first
7:
2543:People from Poltavsky Uyezd
2509:20th Century Press Archives
1903:Nestyev, Israel V. (1960).
1758:Woroszylsk, Viktor (1971).
1681:Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal,
1628:"Revolutionary Silhouettes"
1322:
1263:Some of his works include:
1137:Lunacharsky once described
588:. In 1915, Lunacharsky and
127:None (position established)
10:
2654:
1918:Prokofiev, Sergei (1991).
1031:In 1933, he was appointed
939:The Love for Three Oranges
811:
725:
608:Menshevik internationalist
256:Anatoly Lincharsky's voice
164:11 November] 1875
30:In this name that follows
29:
2308:Revolutionary Silhouettes
2151:www.themontrealreview.com
1702:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
1632:Marxist Internet Archives
1553:10.1017/S0020859000009883
1408:. Encyclopedia of Marxism
1286:Revolutionary Silhouettes
1237:Revolutionary Silhouettes
1151:
993:Revolutionary Silhouettes
829:, and a historical drama
798:
521:
299:
280:
249:
229:
217:
194:
173:
152:
147:
143:
131:
121:
107:
96:
89:
85:
73:
64:
57:
2603:Russian male journalists
2538:Politicians from Poltava
2019:Canadian Slavonic Papers
1218:
1046:
1025:from 1930 through 1932.
1003:, but failed to mention
909:
306:; 23 November [
65:
2633:Russian Marxist writers
2628:Russian revolutionaries
2593:Soviet literary critics
1958:Sukhanov, N.N. (1962).
1373:Peter Rollberg (2009).
1260:at the Comedy Theater.
1169:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
1162:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
885:The Days of the Turbins
858:Konstantin Stanislavski
590:Pavel Lebedev-Poliansky
437:Socialist Revolutionary
211:Russian Communist Party
1943:Trotsky, Leon (1967).
1863:McSmith, Andy (2015).
1798:Braun, Edward (1986).
1760:The Life of Mayakovsky
1626:Lunacharsky, Anatoly.
1349:Proletarian literature
1188:
1164:
1104:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
1075:
984:
871:In 1923 he launched a
774:
739:
734:Lunacharsky alongside
693:
576:After the outbreak of
534:Religion and Socialism
493:
394:
160:23 November [
2475:Artists in Revolution
2446:. Progress Publishers
2443:On Literature and Art
1993:Spartacus Educational
1989:"Anatoli Lunacharsky"
1513:"Anatoly Lunacharsky"
1339:Working-class culture
1316:On Literature and Art
1186:
1159:
1069:
979:
928:to invite Prokofiev,
842:Bolshoi Drama Theater
733:
691:
481:
392:
2438:Lunacharsky, Anatoly
2411:Lunacharsky, Anatoly
2384:Lunacharsky, Anatoly
2357:Lunacharsky, Anatoly
2303:Lunacharsky, Anatoly
2275:Lunacharsky, Anatoly
1091:, an actress at the
660:St Basil's Cathedral
596:with an emphasis on
359:University of Zurich
224:University of Zurich
67:Анатолий Луначарский
2598:Russian art critics
2489:Anatoly Lunacharsky
2389:George Bernard Shaw
1973:Carr, E.H. (1970).
1773:Leyda, Jay (1973).
1304:George Bernard Shaw
1229:George Bernard Shaw
1128:Rabindranath Tagore
1108:Frederich Nietzsche
827:Ivan Goes to Heaven
761:Vladimir Mayakovsky
736:Vladimir Mayakovsky
618:February Revolution
598:proletarian culture
393:Lunacharsky in 1899
80:Lunacharsky in 1925
59:Anatoly Lunacharsky
18:Anatoli Lunacharsky
2608:Russian communists
2588:Soviet art critics
2330:Lunacharsky, A. V.
2101:on 1 February 2010
1667:Haupt, and Marie.
1475:The New York Times
1209:The New York Times
1189:
1165:
1139:Nadezhda Krupskaya
1085:Alexander Bogdanov
1076:
934:Alexander Borovsky
932:, and the pianist
921:Classical Symphony
854:Moscow Art Theatre
765:Vsevolod Meyerhold
740:
719:The New York Times
694:
652:October Revolution
415:Alexander Bogdanov
395:
338:(then part of the
320:People's Commissar
2482:Vasilisa the Wise
2236:Let History Judge
2083:. pp. 21–22.
2065:978-0-203-01447-9
1890:Fear and the Muse
1874:978-1-59558-056-6
1834:978-0-300-10646-6
1654:Memories of Lenin
1445:978-0-521-52438-4
1384:978-0-8108-6072-8
1354:Proletarian novel
1225:Alexander Pushkin
1144:Friends included
1112:Richard Avenarius
1097:Inna Chernetskaya
1061:Spanish Civil War
1023:League of Nations
683:Mikhail Pokrovsky
562:Mikhail Pokrovsky
377:, and joined the
363:Richard Avenarius
284:
283:
266:
16:(Redirected from
2645:
2613:Russian atheists
2456:
2455:
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2451:
2434:
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2407:
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2157:
2143:
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2110:
2108:
2106:
2097:. Archived from
2091:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
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1452:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1370:
1203:Saint Petersburg
1132:Nicholas Roerich
1012:Leopold Averbakh
975:Nikolai Sukhanov
916:Sergei Prokofiev
880:Mikhail Bulgakov
831:Oliver Cromwell.
769:Larissa Reissner
582:internationalist
433:Nikolai Berdyaev
419:Vladimir Bazarov
301:
294:
271:Recorded in 1924
268:
267:
208:
180:
177:26 December 1933
169:, Russian Empire
148:Personal details
134:
124:
101:
78:
68:
55:
54:
21:
2653:
2652:
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2465:
2463:Further reading
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1986:
1982:
1971:
1967:
1956:
1952:
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1937:
1930:
1916:
1912:
1901:
1897:
1888:McSmith, Andy.
1886:
1882:
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1371:
1367:
1362:
1325:
1221:
1213:Nikolai Gubenko
1154:
1089:Natalya Rozenel
1081:
1049:
989:
966:
930:Igor Stravinsky
912:
904:Boris Pasternak
900:
891:The White Guard
882:'s first play,
850:Maria Andreyeva
814:
806:George Lansbury
801:
777:
728:
699:
648:
574:
524:
497:1905 Revolution
387:
328:
290:
276:
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195:Political party
188:Alpes-Maritimes
182:
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2558:Old Bolsheviks
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2516:
2515:
2500:
2499:External links
2497:
2496:
2495:
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2478:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2429:
2402:
2375:
2348:
2321:
2294:
2266:
2254:New York Times
2240:
2224:
2212:New York Times
2198:
2179:(3): 419–423.
2163:
2138:
2112:
2086:
2071:
2064:
2044:
2025:(4): 465–466.
2005:
1980:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1928:
1910:
1895:
1892:. p. 138.
1880:
1873:
1855:
1840:
1833:
1815:
1808:
1790:
1783:
1765:
1750:
1739:. 13 June 1919
1737:New York Times
1724:
1721:. p. 309.
1717:Haupt, Marie.
1709:
1694:
1674:
1671:. p. 307.
1659:
1644:
1618:
1592:
1585:
1567:
1546:(2): 220–248.
1526:
1487:
1458:
1444:
1419:
1390:
1383:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
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1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:New Soviet man
1331:
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1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
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1217:
1178:intelligentsia
1176:by the Soviet
1153:
1150:
1124:Romain Rolland
1080:
1077:
1048:
1045:
988:
985:
971:Ilya Ehrenburg
965:
962:
911:
908:
899:
896:
866:Bolshoi Ballet
846:Alexander Blok
819:Mystery-Bouffe
813:
810:
800:
797:
785:constructivism
776:
773:
757:Alexander Blok
727:
724:
717:In June 1919,
698:
695:
647:
644:
573:
570:
523:
520:
463:Vladimir Lenin
441:Boris Savinkov
399:Vladimir Lenin
386:
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371:Rosa Luxemburg
340:Russian Empire
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1146:Igor Moiseyev
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835:Olga Kameneva
832:
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789:ROSTA Windows
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430:Legal Marxist
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2563:Mezhraiontsy
2481:
2474:
2448:. Retrieved
2442:
2437:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2415:
2410:
2405:
2393:. Retrieved
2388:
2383:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2361:
2356:
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2339:. Retrieved
2334:
2329:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2307:
2302:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2279:
2274:
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2257:. Retrieved
2253:
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2235:
2232:Roy Medvedev
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:
2201:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2126:www.rbth.com
2125:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:the original
2089:
2081:Soviet Diary
2080:
2074:
2054:
2047:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1953:
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1938:
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1741:. Retrieved
1736:
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1682:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1600:Panshev, L.
1595:
1576:
1570:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1478:. Retrieved
1474:
1449:. Retrieved
1434:
1410:. Retrieved
1374:
1368:
1329:God-Building
1315:
1309:
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1236:
1222:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1190:
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1143:
1136:
1120:Bernard Shaw
1101:
1093:Maly Theatre
1082:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1027:
1019:Soviet Union
1016:
1009:
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987:Later career
980:
967:
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649:
636:
631:Novaya Zhizn
630:
626:Mezhraiontsy
622:sealed train
615:
601:
593:
586:Leon Trotsky
575:
551:
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527:
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509:
501:Novaya zhizn
500:
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456:
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396:
385:Early career
375:Leo Jogiches
352:
344:illegitimate
329:
303:
286:
285:
179:(1933-12-26)
133:Succeeded by
116:Alexei Rykov
98:
52:
47:
39:
2623:Cervantists
2533:1933 deaths
2528:1875 births
2416:Maxim Gorky
2173:Art History
2105:25 February
2079:Prokofiev.
1719:Biographies
1669:Biographies
1310:Maxim Gorky
1280:Three Plays
1205:, Russia).
1173:Great Purge
1116:H. G. Wells
964:Personality
781:agit-trains
714:academics.
603:Nashe Slovo
578:World War I
572:World War I
554:Maxim Gorky
213:(1918–1933)
207:(1903–1918)
123:Preceded by
48:Lunacharsky
44:family name
40:Vasilyevich
2522:Categories
1360:References
1344:Proletkult
1033:ambassador
950:latinizing
948:alphabet,
898:Literature
744:Proletkult
664:Red Square
650:After the
616:After the
541:Ernst Mach
467:Mensheviks
465:, and the
459:Bolsheviks
439:terrorist
342:), as the
326:Background
242:journalist
236:Politician
230:Occupation
219:Alma mater
203:Bolsheviks
36:patronymic
2450:6 January
2422:6 January
2395:6 January
2368:6 January
2341:6 January
2314:6 January
2287:6 January
2259:6 January
2217:6 January
2193:1467-8365
2156:7 January
2131:7 January
2039:0008-5006
1905:Prokofiev
1743:6 January
1637:12 August
1562:1469-512X
1519:7 January
1480:6 January
1451:6 January
1412:6 January
875:Ostrovsky
793:Rodchenko
697:Education
679:Petrograd
640:July Days
549:(1908).
516:Stuttgart
461:, led by
316:Bolshevik
292:‹See Tfd›
99:In office
2440:(1965).
2413:(1932).
2386:(1931).
2359:(1931).
2332:(1928).
2305:(1923).
2277:(1923).
1323:See also
1074:, France
1041:en route
997:Zinoviev
954:Cyrillic
952:it from
873:Back to
823:The Magi
514:held in
435:and the
348:nobleman
239:essayist
190:, France
2511:of the
2507:in the
2238:, 1971.
1998:11 July
1611:16 June
1246:My Life
1211:dubbed
1021:at the
946:Russian
812:Theatre
738:in 1924
726:Culture
668:Kremlin
566:Bologna
426:Vologda
355:Marxist
336:Ukraine
332:Poltava
318:Soviet
312:Marxist
302:, born
296:Russian
167:Poltava
108:Premier
2191:
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1318:(1965)
1312:(1932)
1306:(1931)
1300:(1931)
1294:(1928)
1288:(1923)
1282:(1923)
1276:(1918)
1270:(1909)
1152:Legacy
1072:Menton
1057:France
1053:Menton
1005:Stalin
1001:Martov
999:, and
799:Cinema
594:Vpered
529:Vpered
522:Vpered
487:Vpered
476:Vpered
411:Kaluga
367:Zürich
361:under
184:Menton
34:, the
1219:Works
1199:harps
1047:Death
1037:Spain
958:Latin
910:Music
804:told
558:Capri
489:-ites
452:Totma
446:Iskra
199:RSDLP
2493:IMDb
2452:2018
2424:2018
2397:2018
2370:2018
2343:2018
2316:2018
2289:2018
2261:2018
2219:2018
2189:ISSN
2158:2019
2133:2019
2107:2010
2060:ISBN
2035:ISSN
2000:2022
1924:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1745:2018
1687:ISBN
1639:2020
1613:2021
1581:ISBN
1558:ISSN
1521:2018
1482:2018
1453:2018
1440:ISBN
1414:2018
1379:ISBN
1231:and
1130:and
1122:and
1110:and
860:and
848:and
825:and
767:and
749:RAPP
417:and
407:Kyiv
373:and
308:O.S.
174:Died
162:O.S.
153:Born
2513:ZBW
2491:at
2181:doi
2027:doi
1548:doi
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956:to
775:Art
662:on
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