Angolan War of Independence

3158: 4096:, Uíge was attacked and its inhabitants massacred by the UPA A military column from the Provisional Battalion was sent to the village to try to collect the dead bodies. However, an isolated group of soldiers (including two officers) remained behind and was ambushed, their bodies later found horribly mutilated. Another military patrol sent to the area was also ambushed, and some of their members fell into UPA hands and were tortured, mutilated and killed. 30 civilians and 11 military were eventually killed at Cólua. Later testimony reported that UPA militants practiced cannibalism, eating parts of the dead bodies of soldiers. The Cólua events had an important psychological effect on the Portuguese forces, not only due to the horrifying acts practiced against its soldiers, but also because they realized that the insurgents now dared to attack military forces and not just defenseless civilians. 4100: 3776:– did not authorize the 3rd CCE to act against the rebels and also forbade the acquisition of self-defense weapons by the white population. From 9 to 11 January 1961, the situation worsened, with the murder of a mixed race Cotonang foreman and with the surrounding of a 3rd CCE patrol by hundreds of rebels. Finally, on 2 February, the clashes between the rebels and the security forces erupted, with the first shots being fired, causing 11 deaths. By that time, the uprising had spread to the whole Malanje District and threatened to spread to the neighboring districts. The rebel leaders took advantage of the superstitious beliefs of most of their followers to convince them that the bullets of the Portuguese military forces were made of water and so could do no harm. Presumably due to this belief, the rebels, armed with 4220:, in order to eliminate the rebellious forces in the area and to cut off their flight from Nambuangongo to the North, as a follow-up of Operation Viriato. For this, they began Operation Nema, which included the first airborne assault in combat of the Portuguese military history. The operation was carried through between 11 and 21 August, with the 1st Company of the recently created Paratroopers Battalion 21 of Angola jumping by parachute over the target, after preparation air strikes. The rebels were taken by surprise, with the paratroopers being able to occupy Quipedro almost without resistance. They then built an improvised runway and waited for the arriving of Cavalry Squadron 149 that was advancing by land from Nambuangongo. 6856:"Things are going well in Angola. They achieved good progress in their first year of independence. There's been a lot of building and they are developing health facilities. In 1976 they produced 80,000 tons of coffee. Transportation means are also being developed. Currently between 200,000 and 400,000 tons of coffee are still in warehouses. In our talks with Neto we stressed the absolute necessity of achieving a level of economic development comparable to what had existed under colonialism."; "There is also evidence of black racism in Angola. Some are using the hatred against the colonial masters for negative purposes. There are many mulattos and whites in Angola. Unfortunately, racist feelings are spreading very quickly." 2923:, but it covered the whole territory of the province, including its rural areas and not only the major urban areas as in European Portugal. The PSP of Angola included a general-command in Luanda and district commands in each of the several district capitals, with a network of police stations and posts scattered along the territory. The Angolan PSP was reinforced with mobile police companies deployed by the European Portuguese PSP. The PSP also included the Rural Guard, which was responsible for the protection of farms and other agricultural companies. Besides this, the PSP was responsible to frame the district militias, which were employed mainly in the self-defense of villages and other settlements. 2803: 3788:

Luanda Infantry Regiment, integrating the 3rd CCE, the 4th CCE (stationed in Luanda) and the 5th CCE (that was still en route from the Metropole to Angola). On 4 February, the 4th CCE was already embarked in the train ready to be dispatched to Malanje, when an uprising at Luanda erupted, with several prisons and Police facilities being stormed. Despite the indefinite situation at Luanda and despite having few combat units available there, General Libório, commander of the 3rd Military Region decided to go forward with the sending of the 4th CCE to Malanje, which arrived there on 5 February. The provisional battalion started gradually the operations to subdue the uprising.

2658: 3828:, the National Broadcast Station, post office and military barracks. Different sources indicate the number of militants involved in the attacks as being between 50 and several hundred. The militants were able to kill the crew of the patrol-car, taking their weapons, but their assaults against the several facilities was repulsed, not being able to release any prisoners. In the assaults, the security forces suffered seven dead, including five white and one black police constables and a white Army corporal, besides having several seriously injured elements. Different sources indicate between 25 and 40 attackers killed. 4941: 506: 383: 222: 341: 355: 275: 207: 3870:

resulted nineteen dead and numerous wounded, incident that gave rise to another myth of massacre, that would have reached hundreds of dead, wounded and imprisoned, completely false numbers. It must be said that many of these people were probably disarmed, even the force that was going to make the salvos of the order, to accompany the highest individualities of Luanda and that it was a military vehicle called on the occasion, that came to the place, and ended the generalized disorder. Also nobody explained, until today, who initiated these disturbances and fired the first shots.

423: 410: 369: 262: 5024: 493: 236: 438: 3970: 4265: 3542:– passed on 13 June 1933 – defined the relationship between the Portuguese overseas territories and the metropole, until being revised in 1951. The Colonial Act reflected an imperialistic view of the overseas territories typical among the European colonial powers of the late 1920s and 1930s. During the period in which it was in force, the Portuguese overseas territories lost the status of "provinces" that they have had since 1834, becoming designated "colonies", with the whole Portuguese overseas territories becoming officially designated " 3121:, where he came to work for the local colonial authorities. In 1958, the movement adopted a more embracing designation, becoming the Union of the Peoples of Angola (UPA). In 1960, Holden Roberto signed an agreement with the MPLA for the two movements to fight together against the Portuguese forces, but he ended up fighting alone. In 1962, UPA merged with the Democratic Party of Angola, becoming the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), assuming itself as a pro-American and anti-Soviet organization. In the same year, it created the 3895: 4189: 3070:

Costa Gomes, perhaps the most successful counterinsurgency commander, sought good relations with local civilians and employed African units within the framework of an organized counter-insurgency plan. General Spínola, by contrast, appealed for a more political and psycho-social use of African soldiers. General Kaúlza, the most conservative of the three, feared African forces outside his strict control and seems not to have progressed beyond his initial racist perception of the Africans as inferior beings.

167: 328: 3014: 4713:. The ADF would have 48,000 active personnel, made up of 24,000 Portuguese and 8,000 MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA fighters respectively. Each party maintained separate barracks and outposts. Every military decision required the unanimous consent of each party's headquarters and the joint military command. The Portuguese forces lacked equipment and commitment to the cause, while Angolan nationalists were antagonistic of each other and lacked training. The treaty, to which the 193: 4570: 2961:

became the OPVDCA. It was made up of volunteers that served in part-time, most of these being initially whites, but latter becoming increasingly multi-racial. In the conflict, the OPVDCA was mainly employed in the defense of people, lines of communications and sensitive installations. It included a central provincial command and a district command in each of the Angolan districts. It is estimated that by the end of the conflict there were 20,000 OPVDCA volunteers.

7900: 2669:(renamed "Military Region of Angola, RMA" in 1962). The Military Region was foreseen to include five subordinate regional territorial commands, but these had not yet been activated. The disposition of the army units in the province at the beginning of the conflict had been established in 1953, at that a time when no internal conflicts were expected in Angola, and the major Portuguese military concern was the expected conventional war in Europe against the 4475: 2811: 2850:, which served as a mobile intervention unit, with its forces initially being deployed by parachute, but later being mainly used in air assaults by helicopter. The Air Force was supported by the voluntary air formations, composed of civil pilots, mainly from local flying clubs, who operated light aircraft mainly in air logistics support missions. In the beginning of the conflict, the Air Force had only a few aircraft stationed in Angola, including 25 47: 610: 598: 586: 556: 457: 292: 249: 3096: 2211: 397: 3850:). Contrary versions state that the riots were caused when provocative shots were fired near the cemetery where the funeral was being held, causing panic among the attendants. The riots caused a number of dead, which number varies accordingly with the sources. The anti-Portuguese line describes a massacre carried away by the white inhabitants and the security forces, with hundreds of blacks being killed. Following this line of thought: 2440:. There was a Legislative Council – including both appointed and elected members – with legislative responsibilities that were gradually increased in the 1960s and the 1970s. In 1972, it was transformed in the Legislative Assembly of Angola. There was also a Council of Government, responsible for advising the Governor-General in his legislative and executive responsibilities, which included the senior public officials of the province. 2045: 568: 470: 305: 180: 544: 532: 146: 2823: 2595: 3249: 2650:

expense of branch commanders. In 1968, the Military Area 1 – responsible for the Dembos rebel area – was established under the direct control of the Commander-in-Chief and, from 1970, the military zones were also put under his direct control, with the Eastern Military Zone becoming a joint command. When the conflict erupted, the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola only included 6500 men, of whom 1500 were

2846:), but it was not completed before the end of the conflict. These bases controlled a number of satellite air fields, including maneuver and alternate aerodromes. Besides these, the Air Force also could count with a number of additional airfields, including those of some of the Army garrisons, in some of which air detachments were permanently deployed. The Air Force also maintained in Angola, the 4028:, massacring the civilian population during their advance, killing 1,000 whites and 6,000 blacks (women and children included in both numbers). Besides the killings, the UPA militants destroyed the infrastructure along their way, including houses, farms, roads and bridges, and created general chaos and panic. The terrified population took refuge in the forests or fled to nearby regions and to 2799:

in amphibious assaults. The initial focus of the Navy was mainly the river Zaire, with the mission of interdicting the infiltration of guerrillas in Northern Angola from the bordering Republic of Zaire. Later, the Navy also operated in the rivers of Eastern Angola, despite it being a remote interior region at around 1000 km distance from the Ocean.

3316:, which it considered a separate country. Although its activities started still before the withdrawal of Portugal from Angola, the military actions of FLEC occurred mainly after, being aimed against the Angolan armed and security forces. FLEC is the only of the nationalist and separatist movements that still maintains a guerrilla warfare until today. 4618:. The revolutionary Portuguese government removed the remaining elements of its colonial forces and agreed to a quick handover of power to the nationalist African movements. This put an immediate end to the independence war against Portugal, but opened the door for a bitter armed conflict among the independentist forces and their respective allies. 3370:. This conflict would lead to the presence of more than 400,000 French military in Algeria until its end in 1962. Foreseeing a similar conflict in its African territories, the Portuguese military paid acute attention to this war, sending observers and personnel to be trained in the counter-insurgence warfare tactics employed by the French. 2421:(European Portugal). The status of province was briefly interrupted from 1926 to 1951, when Angola was governed as a "colony" (itself administratively divided in several provinces), but it was recovered on 11 June 1951. The Portuguese constitutional revision of 1971 increased the autonomy of the province, which became the State of Angola. 3027:(native companies). Officers and senior NCOs were seconded from the metropolitan army, while junior NCOs were mainly drawn from Portuguese settlers of the overseas territories. The rank and file were a mixture of black African volunteers and white conscripts from the settler community doing their obligatory military service. Black 2571:). Each of these governed by an official appointed by the government who had wide administrative powers, performing local government, police, sanitary, economical, tributary and even judicial roles. The circle administrators and the chiefs of administrative posts directed the local native auxiliary police officers known as 4250:, declaring Angola a non-self-governing territory and calling on Portugal to desist from repressive measures against the Angolan people. The resolution was approved with the votes of China, United States, Soviet Union and of all the non-permanent members, with the abstaining of France and the United Kingdom. 4878:, both of which were ruled by the white minority. Their white-elected governments were concerned about their own future in the case of a Portuguese defeat. Rhodesia and South Africa initially limited their participation to shipments of arms and supplies. However, by 1968 the South Africans began providing 4931:

In 1969 the MPLA agreed with the USSR that in exchange for arms and supplies delivered to it the Soviets would—upon independence—be granted rights for establishing military bases in the country. Consequently, by the early 1970s, the MPLA developed into the strongest Angolan anti-colonial movement and

4212:

battalions 96 and 114 and Cavalry Squadron 149 converging in Nambuangongo through three axes of attack, with the support of artillery, engineering and air forces. On 9 August, the vanguard of the Battalion 96 of Lieutenant-Colonel Armando Maçanita finally arrived and re-occupied Nambuagongo. In their

3801:

2 May 1961, the Government decreed the change of the labor legislation related with cotton culture. Apparently, these measures were successful in deeply reducing the discontent among the laborers of the Baixa de Cassanje, with the region remaining peaceful even after the UPA attacks of 15 March 1961.

3800:

After the subdue of the uprising, the Portuguese military pressed the Government-General of Angola to take actions to improve the working conditions of the Cotonang employees in order to solve definitely the situation. The Governor-General Silva Tavares took measures to calm down the situation and on

3069:

Numerically, black soldiers never amounted to more than 41% of the Colonial army, an increase from just 18% at the outbreak of the war. Coelho noted that perceptions of African soldiers varied a good deal among senior Portuguese commanders during the conflict in Angola, Guinea and Mozambique. General

3033:

were in theory also liable to conscription but in practice only a limited number were called on to serve. With the change in official status of the African territories from colonies to overseas provinces in 1951, the colonial army lost its separate status and was integrated into the regular forces of

2968:

and the Special Troops (TE). The GE were platoon-sized combat groups of special forces made up of native volunteers, which operated in Eastern Angola, usually attached to Army units. The TE had similar characteristics, but were made up of defectors from FNLA, operating in Cabinda and Northern Angola.

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observation aircraft. Despite the increase, the number of aircraft was always too few to cover the enormous Angolan territory, besides many being old aircraft difficult to maintain in flying conditions. From the late 1960s, the Portuguese forces in southern Angola were able to count on the support of

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deployed to Angola in rotation), Marines companies and Special Marines detachments. While the Marines companies served as regular naval infantry with the role of protecting the Navy's installations and vessels, the Special Marines were special forces, serving as mobile intervention units, specialized

4763:

In July, fighting again broke out and the MPLA managed to force the FNLA out of Luanda; UNITA voluntarily withdrew from the capital to its stronghold in the south from where it also engaged in the struggle for the country. By August the MPLA had control of 11 of the 15 provincial capitals, including

3869:

During the funeral of the PSP constables, which reached a gigantic manifestation of grief, with the cemetery full of people, shots were heard outside that caused the widespread panic, especially in the interior, where people practically did not fit. In the ensuing confusion, and of the firing fired,

3787:

Given the limitations of the 3rd CCE to deal with the uprising in such a large region, the Command of the 3rd Military Region in Luanda decided to organize an operation with a stronger military force to subjugate it. A provisional battalion under the command of Major Rebocho Vaz was organized by the

3756:

production of Angola. The region's cotton fields were in the hands of the Cotonang - General Company of the Cottons of Angola, a company mostly held by Belgian capital and which employed many natives. Despite its contribution for the development of the region, Cotonang had been accused several times

2618:

in Angola included land, naval and air forces, which came under the joint command of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Angola. Until 17 June 1961, there was no appointed Commander-in-Chief, with the joint command in the early stages of the conflict exercised by the commanders of the land

5011:

eroded the initial post-independence expectations. A level of economic development comparable to what had existed under Portuguese rule became a major goal for the governments of the independent territory. The sharp recession and the chaos in many areas of Angolan life eroded the initial impetus of

4238:

Battalion 261, supported by paratroopers, artillery, armored cars and aviation elements. The initial assault was repulsed by the UPA forces, with the Portuguese suffering important casualties. The Portuguese regrouped and, days later, launched a second assault, finally taking control of Pedra Verde

4184:

In June, Air Force General Augusto Venâncio Deslandes was appointed Governor-General of Angola, replacing Silva Tavares. General António Libório was replaced by General Carlos Silva Freire in the role of commander of the 3rd Military Region (commander of land forces of Angola). General Silva Freire

4117:

attempt, which failed. Following the aborted coup and now realizing that the conflict in Angola was more serious than what was initially thought, Prime Minister Salazar dismissed Botelho Moniz and assumed himself the Defense portfolio. On 13 April, Salazar spoke on television about the situation in

3854:

The Portuguese vengeance was awesome. The police helped civilian vigilantes organise nightly slaughters in the Luanda slums. The whites hauled Africans from their flimsy one-room huts, shot them and left their bodies in the streets. A Methodist missionary... testified that he personally knew of the

3791:

The land forces were supported by the Portuguese Air Force, which employed Auster light observation and PV-2 ground attack aircraft. The military forces were able to assume the control of the region by 11 February. By the 16th, the provisional battalion was finally reinforced with the 5th CCE which

2677:

scattered across Angola, also performing internal security duties, shifted to one along conventional lines, based in three infantry regiments and several battalion-sized units of several arms concentrated in the major urban centers, aimed at being able to raise an expeditionary field division to be

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commander and coordinated the forces of the three branches stationed in the province, with the respective branch commanders serving as assistant commanders-in-chief. During the course of the conflict, the operational role of the Commander-in-Chief and of his staff was increasingly reinforced at the

2443:

Despite being responsible for the police and other civil internal security forces, the Governor-General did not have military responsibilities, which were vested in the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Angola. The Commander-in-Chief reported directly to the Minister of National Defense and

4446:

UNITA had its main base in distant south-eastern Angolan provinces, where the Portuguese and FNLA influence were for all practical purposes very low, and where there was no guerrilla war at all. UNITA was from the beginning far better organized and disciplined than either the MPLA or the FNLA. Its

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regime). These categories were renamed to 1st, 2nd and 3rd class in 1960—which effectively corresponded to the same classification. Later, although skin colour ceased to be an official discriminator, in practice the system changed little—although from the late 1960s onward, blacks were admitted as

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of European Portugal. It was under the direct control of the Governor-General of the province. Its origin was the Corps of Volunteers organized in the beginning of the conflict, which became the Provincial Organization of Volunteers in 1962, also assuming the role of civil defense in 1964, when it

2736:

battalion. Each battalion, in turn, had field companies dispersed by the sub-sector, each with part of it as its area of responsibility. From 1962, four intervention zones (Northern, Central, Southern and Eastern) were established – renamed "military zones" in 1967 – each grouping several sectors.

2424:

Angola has always had very low population density. Despite having a territory larger than France and Germany combined, Angola's population was only 5 million in 1960, of which around 180,000 were whites, 55,000 were mixed race and the rest were blacks. In the 1970s, the population had increased to

4689:

would rule. The PMC consisted of three representatives, one from each Angolan party, and a rotating premiership among the representatives. Every decision required two-thirds majority support. The twelve ministries were divided equally among the Angolan parties and the Portuguese government: three

4272:

During an air reconnaissance in southern Angola on 10 November, the aircraft that was carrying General Silva Freire and his staff crashed, killing him and almost all the officers of the headquarters of the land forces of Angola. Because of this crash, General Francisco Holbeche Fino was appointed

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On 10 February, a similar attack was carried out against the Jail of São Paulo. However, the security forces were better prepared and were able to repulse the attacks without any of their men being killed, however, 22 of the attackers were killed. Apparently, other attacks were being planned, but

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under its administration. Maintaining consistency with its official doctrine that all Portuguese overseas provinces were an integral part of Portugal as was the Portuguese European territory, the Portuguese Government responded that Portugal did not have any territories that could be qualified as

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Native African troops, although widely deployed, were initially employed only in subordinate roles as enlisted troops or noncommissioned officers. As the war went on, an increasing number of native Angolans rose to positions of command, although of junior rank. After 500 years of colonial rule,

2743:

company became the main tactical unit, with the standard organization in three rifle and one support platoons, being replaced by one based in four identical sub-units known as "combat groups". The Army also fielded regular units of artillery, armored reconnaissance, engineering, communications,

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and killing between 400 and 7000 natives. However, the Portuguese military reported that no napalm was ever used in the operations and that the number of rebels dead was inferior to 300, plus 100 registered injured treated at the Malanje Hospital. The military forces suffered two dead and four

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drafted in the province. During the conflict, they were responsible for raising the locally recruited field units. Besides the locally raised units, Army forces in Angola included reinforcement units raised and sent from European Portugal. These were transitory units, mostly made of conscripts

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or Luanda. UPA militants joined pro-independence refugees and continued to launch attacks from across the border in Zaire, creating more refugees and terror among local communities. A UPA patrol took 21 MPLA militant prisoners and then executed them on 9 October 1961 in the Ferreira incident,

4223:

In August, by order of General Silva Freire, the Northern Intervention Zone (ZIN) was created, encompassing the districts of Luanda, Cabinda, Uige, Zaire, Malange and Cuanza Norte, replacing the so-called "Northern Uprising Zone". Despite not existing still a conflict in this area, an Eastern

3148:

The armed branch of the FNLA was the National Liberation Army of Angola (ELNA). It was mainly supported by Congo/Zaire—where its troops were based and trained—and by Algeria. They were financed by the US and—despite considering themselves anti-communists—received weapons from Eastern European

2425:

5.65 million, of which 450,000 were whites, 65,000 were mixed race and the rest were blacks. Political scientist Gerald Bender wrote "... by the end of 1974 the white population of Angola would be approximately 335,000, or slightly more than half the number which has commonly been reported."

4923:

During the late 1960s the USSR also became involved in the war in Angola, albeit almost exclusively via the MPLA. While the FNLA received only very limited arms shipments from the US, and the UNITA was getting hardly any support from outside the country, the Marxist MPLA developed very close

3843:

An emotional funeral for the deceased police constables was held on 5 February, which was attended by thousands of persons, the majority being white inhabitants of Luanda. During the funeral, riots broke out, which would cause additional dead. There are several contradictory versions of what

2402:. Novais occupied a strip of land with a hundred families of colonists and four hundred soldiers, and established a fortified settlement. The Portuguese crown granted Luanda the status of city in 1605. The Portuguese founded and maintained several other settlements, forts and ports, such as 3077:

Here Portuguese colonial administrators fell victim to the legacy of their own discriminatory and limited policies in education, which largely barred indigenous Angolans from an equal and adequate education until well after the outbreak of the insurgency. By the early 1970s, the Portuguese

3743:

Although usually considered as an event that predates the Angolan War of Independence, some authors consider the Baixa de Cassanje revolt, also known as "Maria's War", as the initial event of the conflict. It was a labour conflict, not related directly with the calls for independence. The

4035:

However, contrary to the expectations of the UPA, the majority of the white inhabitants who survived the initial attacks did not flee, except some women and children who were evacuated to Luanda. Instead, they entrenched themselves in several towns and villages of the region – including

2416:

In 1834, Angola and the rest of the Portuguese overseas dominions received the status of overseas provinces of Portugal. From then on, the official position of the Portuguese authorities was always that Angola was an integral part of Portugal in the same way as were the provinces of the

6822:

The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire by Norrie MacQueen – Mozambique since Independence: Confronting Leviathan by Margaret Hall, Tom Young – Author of Review: Stuart A. Notholt African Affairs, Vol. 97, No. 387 (Apr., 1998), pp.

2926:

The PIDE (International and State Defense Police) was the Portuguese secret and border police. The PIDE Delegation of Angola included a number of sub-delegations, border posts and surveillance posts. In the war it operated as an intelligence service. The PIDE created and controlled the

3824:(PSP) patrol-car and stormed the Civil Jail of São Paulo, the Military Detection House and the PSP Mobile Company Barracks, with the apparent objective of freeing political prisoners that were being held in those facilities. They were not able to storm other planned targets like the 4783:

Many analysts have blamed the transitional government in Portugal for the violence that followed the Alvor Agreement, criticizing the lack of concern about internal Angolan security, and the favoritism towards the MPLA. High Commissioner Coutinho, one of the seven leaders of the

4181:. Due to the blocked roads, destroyed bridges and ambushes, the movement of the units was slow, with the Portuguese forces suffering numerous casualties. After occupying these positions, the Portuguese units initiated the gradual re-occupation of the areas controlled by the UPA. 4073:

to Angola by air. Other similar small units of arrived in the following days. Small military columns left Luanda and Carmona to rescue some of the isolated populations of the areas under UPA attack. On 21 March, the Provisional Battalion of Major Rebocho Vaz – which acted in the

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had been held in Luanda as a reserve force after disembarking in Angola. Baixa do Cassanje was officially considered pacified on 27 February. The anti-Portuguese forces claimed that, during the subduing of the uprising, the Portuguese military bombed villages in the area, using

4558:). Portuguese efforts after 1972 were aided by the defection of UNITA, which began providing intelligence on the MPLA to colonial forces. Neto, defeated, retreated with 800 militants to the Republic of the Congo. Differing factions in the MPLA then jockeyed for power until the 3528: 4728:

All three parties soon had forces greater in number than the Portuguese, endangering the colonial power's ability to keep the peace. Factional fighting renewed, reaching new heights as foreign supplies of arms increased. In February the Cuban government warned the

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never signed the agreement as they were excluded from negotiations. The coalition government established by the Alvor Agreement soon fell as nationalist factions, doubting one another's commitment to the peace process, tried to take control of the colony by force.

4837:

The leaders of the FNLA were, however, not satisfied with the US support. Savimbi consequently established good connections with the People's Republic of China, from where even larger shipments started arriving. The USA granted the company Aero Associates, from

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The Portuguese government's main goal in negotiations was preventing the mass emigration of white Angolans. Paradoxically, the agreement only allowed the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA to nominate candidates to the first assembly elections, deliberately disenfranchising

3212:

The armed wing of the MPLA was the People's Army of Liberation of Angola (EPLA). In its peak, the EPLA included around 4500 fighters, being organized in military regions. It was mainly equipped with Soviet weapons, mostly received through Zambia, which included

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Cabinda and Luanda. On 12 August, Portugal began airlifting more than 200,000 white Portuguese Angolans from Luanda to Lisbon, via "Operation Air Bridge". South African forces invaded Angola on 23 October 1975, covertly sending 1,500 to 2,000 troops from

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aimed at hunting and destroying the guerrilla forces operating in Eastern Angola. The land component of the task force was centered in Commando companies, being supported by an air component with helicopters and light aircraft. On 1 September, Battle Group

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Company (3rd CCE), tasked with the patrolling and protection of the border with the ex-Belgian Congo. Despite receiving complains from local whites who felt their security threatened, the Governor of the Malanje District, Júlio Monteiro – a mixed race

4260:

In a speech made on 7 October, the Governor-General and Commanding-in-Chief Venâncio Deslandes announces the termination of the military operations and that from then only police operations would be carried out, although partly in military scope.

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forced him to land and he was arrested. In May 1965, Hawke was indicted for illegally selling arms and supporting the Portuguese, but was imprisoned for less than a year. The B-26s were not to see deployment in Angola until several years later.

3489:

on 20 January 1961. His Administration started to support the African nationalist movements, with the objective of neutralizing the increasing Soviet influence in Africa. Regarding Angola, the United States started to give direct support to the

3691:. The intention of Galvão was to set sail to Angola, where he would disembark and establish a rebel Portuguese government in opposition to Salazar, but he was forced to head to Brazil, where he liberated the crew and passengers in exchange for 4257:, Uíge, the last abandoned administrative post that remained unrecovered. This reoccupation ended the almost six-month period during which the UPA fighters were able to control a geographic area with four times the size of European Portugal. 3561:, former Minister of the Colonies, proposed the revision of the Act, including the end up of the designation "colonies" and the resume of the traditional designation "overseas provinces". On 11 June 1951, a new law passed in the Portuguese 3835:

always officially claimed to be the originator of the attacks. However, this is contested. Several sources indicate the Angolan nationalist mixed race priest Manuel das Neves as the perpetrator of the attacks. Apparently this was also the

3285:

When the war ended, UNITA was the only one of the nationalist movements that was able to maintain forces operating inside the Angolan territory, while the forces of the remaining movements were eliminated or expelled by Portuguese forces.

3844:

happened. The anti-Portuguese line states that the riots were originated by the whites, who desired to revenge the dead police constables, committing random acts of violence against the ethnic black majority living in Luanda's slums (

3565:

reviewed the Constitution, finally repulsing the Colonial Act. As part of these, the provincial status was returned to all Portuguese overseas territories. By this law, the Portuguese territory of Angola ceased to be called

4592:, which had begun funding the MPLA in 1970, to ally with the FNLA against the MPLA in 1973. Roberto visited the PRC in December and secured Chinese support. The Soviet Union cut off aid to the MPLA completely in 1974 when 4185:

would maintain prerogatives of joint Commander-in-Chief until September, when Venâncio Deslandes was also appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Angola, accumulating this role with that of Governor-General.

3757:

of disrespecting the labour legislation regarding working conditions of its employees, causing it to become under the investigation of the Portuguese authorities, but with no relevant actions against it being yet taken.

3669:

General Monteiro Libório assumed the command of the land forces of Angola, with prerogatives of commander-in-chief, in September 1959. He would be the Portuguese military commander in office when the conflict erupts.

3041:, the Portuguese colonial army was segregated along lines of race and ethnicity. Until 1960, there were three classes of soldiers: commissioned soldiers (European and African whites), overseas soldiers (black African 2707:. These battalions and companies were designed to operate autonomously and independently, without much support from higher echelons, so having a strong service support component. They were deployed in a grid system ( 3665:

In March 1959, when inaugurating the new military shooting range of Luanda, the Governor-General of Angola, Sá Viana Rebelo, made the famous Shooting Range Speech, where he predicted a possible conflict in Angola.

7450: 3760:

Feeling discontent with Cotonang, in December 1960, many of its workers started to strike, demanding better working conditions and higher wages. The discontent was seized by infiltrated indoctrinators of the

6775: 4948:

As soon as the agreement between the MPLA and Portugal for the transfer of power became known to the public, a mass exodus began. Over 300,000 people left Angola by November, most of them evacuated aboard

4706:, Cabindans, and whites. The Portuguese reasoned that white Angolans would have to join the separatist movements and the separatists would have to moderate their platforms to expand their political bases. 5655: 4833:

regime being established in Luanda. That is why it started supplying weapons and ammunition to the UPA, which meanwhile grew considerably and merged with the Democratic Party of Angola to form the FNLA.

2907:

The security forces in Angola were under the control of the civil authorities, headed by the Governor-General of the province. The forces engaged in the war were the Public Security Police (PSP) and the

2559:). In the regions where the necessary social and economic development had not yet been achieved the municipalities and civil parishes were transitorily replaced, respectively, by administrative circles ( 3281:

constituted the armed branch of UNITA. They had few fighters and were not well equipped. Its difficulties led Savimbi to make agreements with the Portuguese authorities, focusing more on fighting MPLA.

2945:

Besides the regular armed and security forces, there were a number of para-military and irregular forces, some of them under the control of the military and other controlled by the civil authorities.

3266:, a dissident of FNLA. Jonas Savimbi was the Foreign Minister of the GRAE but in the course of time clashed with Holden Roberto, accusing him of having complicity with the US and of following an 4650:

on 5 January 1975 and agreed to stop fighting each other, further outlining constitutional negotiations with the Portuguese. They met for a third time, with Portuguese government officials, in

4231:

on 6 August. With the abolition of this statute, all Angolans, independently of their race, education, religion and costumes, achieve identical Portuguese citizenship rights and obligations.

2382:. Other expeditions followed, and close relations were soon established between the two kingdoms. The Portuguese brought many technological advances including firearms, and a new religion, 3721:(CCE) were dispatched to Angola in June 1960, mainly due to the Congo Crisis. Their main mission was to protect the Angolan regions bordering the ex-Belgian Congo, each being stationed in 3809:

The facts about the events of 4 and 10 February 1961 are still very much clouded by the propaganda and contradictory information issued by the various parties about what really happened.

5685: 4447:

fighters also showed a much better understanding of guerrilla operations. They were especially active along the Benguela railway, repeatedly causing damage to the Portuguese, and to the

2328:

After the Portuguese withdrew, an armed conflict broke out in Angola among the nationalist movements. The war formally came to an end in January 1975 when the Portuguese government, the

7561: 839: 2448:. On some occasions however, the same person was appointed to fulfil both the roles of Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, thus assuming both civil and military responsibilities. 9277: 7685: 3554:

situation was of clear disadvantage due to deep cultural and social differences between most of the traditional indigenous communities and the ethnic Portuguese living in the Angola.

3381:, with the participation of 29 Asian and African countries, most of which were newly independent. The conference promoted the Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and opposed 4804:

in Angola, to congratulate the PMC rather than the FNLA and UNITA on their own and Coutinho for Portugal's "untiring and protracted efforts" at a peace agreement. Secretary of State

4614:

The MFA overthrew the Lisbon government in protest against the authoritarian political regime and the ongoing African colonial wars, specially the particularly demanding conflict in

679: 4768:

into southern Angola. FNLA-UNITA-South African forces took five provincial capitals, including Novo Redondo and Benguela in three weeks. On 10 November the Portuguese left Angola.

2937:

were initially intended to serve mostly as trackers, but due to their effectiveness were increasingly employed in more offensive operations, including pseudo-terrorist operations.

3562: 3074:

Portugal had failed to appoint any native black governors, headmasters, police inspectors, or professors, nor a single commander of senior commissioned rank in the overseas Army.

4968:

had started and spread out across the newly independent country. The devastating civil war lasted several decades and claimed a million lives and refugees in independent Angola.

4139:

A strong military mobilization was then initiated by the Portuguese Armed Forces. Finally, on 21 March, the first important military contingent from the Metropole (including the

3981: 2413:, who resisted Portugal with great determination. The conquest of the territory of contemporary Angola started only in the 19th century and was not concluded before the 1920s. 7554: 4301: 2744:

signal intelligence, military police and service support. Besides the regular units, the Army also fielded units of special forces. Initially, these consisted of companies of

4234:

On 10 April, the Operation Esmeralda (Emerald) – aimed at cleaning and retaking the control of Pedra Verde, UPA's last base in northern Angola – was initiated by the Special

3082:

policy with more spending in education and training opportunities, which started to produce a larger number of black high-ranked professionals, including military personnel.

10612: 772: 2428:

The provincial government of Angola was headed by the Governor-General, who had both executive and legislative powers, reporting to the Portuguese Government, through the

2654:

Europeans and the remainder locals. By the end of the conflict, the number had increased to more than 65 000, of whom 57.6% were metropolitans and the remainder locals.

5624:"Portugal Angola - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System" 4825:

The situation of the Portuguese in their overseas province of Angola soon became a matter of concern for a number of foreign powers particularly her military allies in

3865:

However, other sources refer that the theory of the massacre is mere anti-Portuguese false propaganda and that only 19 persons died in the riots. Following this line:

2523:

was also created from the southern part of the Huíla District. Each was headed by a district governor, assisted by a district board. Following the Portuguese model of

4554:

in February 1972, destroying the Communist presence. The Portuguese Armed Forces organised a successful campaign to control and pacify the entire Eastern Front (the

11471: 4482:

During the late 1960s, the FNLA and MPLA fought each other as much as they did the Portuguese, with MPLA forces assisting the Portuguese in finding FNLA hideouts.

4004:), leading 4,000 to 5,000 militants. His forces took farms, government outposts, and trading centers, killing and mutilating officials and civilians, most of them 3157: 6779: 2645:(1970–1972), Luz Cunha (1972–1974) and Franco Pinheiro (1974), all of them from the Army, except Libório from the Air Force. The Commander-in-Chief served as the 5663: 4086: 2949: 832: 2631: 2291:

dictatorship. The new regime immediately stopped all military action in the African colonies, declaring its intention to grant them independence without delay.

2262:

of only cotton as a commodity crop. As the resistance spread against colonial authorities, multiple factions developed that struggled for control of Portugal's

7547: 4897:

Finally, there were reports that a number of Rhodesian pilots were recruited to fly FAP helicopters. However, when the first Portuguese unit was equipped with

9463: 7495: 3405: 3301: 2758:

to all the light infantry units, disbanding those companies in 1962. This proved impracticable and soon other special forces were created in the form of the

713: 672: 2620: 2445: 8894: 4563: 2630:(until June 1961) and Silva Freire (from June to September 1961). From then on, the role of Commander-in-Chief was performed successively by the generals 7488: 3784:(home-made shotguns), attacked the military en masse, in the open field, without concern for their own protection, falling under the fire of the troops. 3608: 3172: 2678:

deployed from Angola to reinforce the Portuguese Army in Europe if a conventional war occurred. These regiments and other units were, however, mostly in

725: 5999: 3021:

From 1900 to the early 1950s, the Portuguese maintained a separate colonial army in their African possessions, consisting mainly of a limited number of

2581:– were kept and integrated in the administrative system, serving as intermediaries between the provincial authorities and the local native populations. 8942: 4714: 4666: 3295: 2699:

of their members, and were disbanded afterwards. The great majority of these units were light infantry battalions and independent companies designated

2271: 825: 442: 5859: 1527: 6930: 4698:

cautioned that an excessive desire to preserve the balance of power in the agreement hurt the transitional Angolan government's ability to function.

4156:

also departed to Angola, carrying war material. In a demonstration of force, the military units at Luanda paraded along the main avenue of the city.

3546:". The Colonial Act subtly recognized the supremacy of the Portuguese over native people, and even if the natives could pursue all studies including 765: 4471:

III base (headquarters of the MPLA's III Military Region) was assaulted by the Portuguese Commandos, leading to the capture of important documents.

10597: 10124: 8874: 4793: 4159:

On 13 May, the units from the Metropole start to move to Northern Angola, to occupy strategic positions. Until June, Army units were positioned in

3943: 2964:

The irregular paramilitary forces, included a number of different types of units, with different characteristics. Under military control, were the

2480: 1465: 1430: 1325: 1190: 708: 665: 3312:. On the contrary of the remaining three movements, FLEC did not fight for the independence of the whole Angola, but only for the independence of 3078:

authorities had fully perceived these flaws as wrong and contrary to their overseas ambitions in Portuguese Africa, and willingly accepted a true

8441: 7423: 4599:

The combined forces of the MPLA, the UNITA, and the FNLA succeeded in their rebellion not because of their success in battle, but because of the

3673:Álvaro Silva Tavares assumed the office of Governor-General of Angola in January 1960, being the holder of the office when the conflict erupted. 11164: 4416:(Eastern Front), significantly expanding the MPLA's reach in Angola. When the EF collapsed, Chipenda and Neto each blamed the other's factions. 4253:

The major military operations finally terminated on 3 October, when a platoon of the Artillery Company 100 reoccupied Caiongo, in the circle of

3274:

tribe of Central and Southern Angola, son of an Evangelic pastor, who went to study medicine in European Portugal, although he never graduated.

1340: 11386: 10683: 8192: 8001: 7746: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7690: 4247: 3305: 2768:

units were not deployed in a grid, but served instead as mobile intervention units under the direct control of the higher echelons of command.

1567: 6753: 10673: 2409:

The early period of Portuguese incursion was punctuated by a series of wars, treaties and disputes with local African rulers, particularly

758: 6900: 6896: 6891: 3816:

and with the Baixa de Casanje revolt on its peak, on the early morning of 4 February 1961, a number of black militants, mostly armed with

10647: 9534: 4760:

on 21 June, agreeing to abide by the provisions of the Alvor Agreement while acknowledging a mutual lack of trust which led to violence.

4289: 3122: 2197: 6093: 5549: 11411: 11391: 10637: 4789: 3681: 1876: 1829: 1824: 6717: 5623: 4890:(SADF) infantry who were deployed in southern and central Angola. However, contemporary reports about them guarding the iron mines of 4603:' coup in Portugal. The MFA was an organisation of lower-ranked officers in the Portuguese Armed Forces which was responsible for the 4012:. This began the Angolan War of Independence and of the wider Portuguese Overseas War. UPA militants stormed the Angolan districts of 11381: 10726: 6070: 1898: 1522: 6131: 5012:

nationalistic fervor. There were also eruptions of black racism in the former overseas province against white and mulatto Angolans.

3765:

to foment an uprising of the local peoples. At that time, the only Portuguese Army unit stationed in the region was the 3rd Special

10678: 8711: 7829: 7445: 6138:, a film of a Portuguese formal protest in the United Nations (March 1961), and an anti-American riot at Lisbon, guerracolonial.org 4780:. The South African Army retreated and, with the help of Cuban forces, the MPLA retook most of the south in the beginning of 1976. 4458:

On 19 May 1968, FNLA entered Eastern Angola and carried out its first violent actions in the region against the local populations.

3410: 2641:(1961–1962, also serving as Governor-General), Holbeche Fino (1962–1963), Andrade e Silva (1963–1965), Soares Pereira (1965–1970), 1950: 1040: 241: 4431:. UNITA derailed the railway twice in 1967, angering the Zambian government, which exported copper through the railway. President 10764: 10114: 8758: 5266:

Selcher, Wayne A. (1976). "Brazilian Relations with Portuguese Africa in the Context of the Elusive "Luso-Brazilian Community"".

4772:

forces defeated South African-FNLA forces, maintaining control over Luanda. On 11 November NATO declared the independence of the

4443:, where he lived for a year. He secretly entered Angola through Zambia and worked with the Portuguese military against the MPLA. 4099: 3401: 2992: 5144: 4029: 3440: 11406: 11366: 10904: 10607: 8879: 4979:

and growth, security, education and health system issues. Like the other newly independent African territories involved in the

4634:, Zaire in July and agreed to negotiate with the Portuguese as one political entity, but afterwards the fight broke out again. 4596:

split off from the mainstream MPLA. In November the Soviet Union resumed aid to the MPLA after Neto reasserted his leadership.

4208:

forest, which had been proclaimed by UPA as its capital. The operation was still planned as a conventional-type maneuver, with

3812:

At a time when Luanda was full of foreign journalists that were covering the possible arriving at Angola of the hijacked liner

2321:

campaign against armed groups, who were mostly dispersed across sparsely populated areas of the vast Angolan countryside. Many

6768: 10602: 8537: 8224: 8202: 7418: 6923: 6438: 6276: 4901:

helicopters, in 1969, its crews were almost exclusively South Africans. Rhodesian pilots were considered too valuable by the

3597: 3468: 1617: 883: 9625: 4846:

bombers to Portugal in early 1965, despite Portugal's concerns about their support for the Marxists from Cuba and the USSR.

11466: 11396: 10815: 9444: 9369: 9029: 8629: 4111:– discontent with the attitude of Prime Minister Salazar regarding the Overseas policy and the conflict in Angola – lead a 3459:. The white population became a target, with more than 80,000 Belgian residents being forced to flee from the country. The 1980: 1888: 6841: 4721:

as an "integral and inalienable part of Angola". Separatists viewed the agreement as a violation of the Cabindan right to

4307:

by divorcing his wife and marrying a woman from Mobutu's wife's village. Roberto visited Israel and received aid from the

3821: 2920: 11426: 10642: 9049: 8182: 7869: 4695: 4285: 3989: 3509:. From then on, Angola was almost entirely surrounded by countries with regimes hostile to Portugal, the exception being 3491: 3104: 2834:, with headquarters in Luanda. They included a central air base (the Air Base 9 at Luanda) and two sector air bases (the 2436:

made up of a Secretary-General (who also served as his deputy) and several provincial secretaries, each managing a given

2429: 2337: 2251: 1965: 1727: 296: 8291: 8219: 7824: 10874: 10731: 10084: 9179: 8157: 8042: 7996: 7991: 7937: 5450: 5199: 3748:

was a rich agricultural region of the Malanje District, bordering the ex-Belgian Congo, with approximately the size of

1140: 1060: 4276:

In the first year of the war, 20,000 to 30,000 Angolans were killed, and between 300,000 and 500,000 refugees fled to

2912:(renamed DGS in 1969). By the middle of the 1960s, these forces included 10,000 PSP constables and 1,100 PIDE agents. 1507: 10899: 9816: 9379: 8649: 8590: 7844: 7514: 7109: 6662: 6599: 6463: 6207: 6165: 5811: 5559: 5408: 4797: 4516:, respectively in 1970 and 1971) would be active for three years, in 1972 being replaced by the similar Battle Group 2303: 2000: 801: 8387: 7403: 5124: 4196:

On 10 July, the Portuguese forces initiate its first major operation of the conflict, this being Operation Viriato (

3623:

and Angola formed the Union of Peoples of Northern Angola (UPA), which advocated the independence of the historical

940: 11461: 11436: 11314: 10777: 9519: 9514: 9009: 8972: 8701: 8147: 7903: 7778: 7114: 6947: 6916: 5727: 5423: 4337:. In addition to the change in leadership, the MPLA adopted and reaffirmed its policies for an independent Angola: 3703: 3209:, with its tentative to receive support from the United States failing, as these were already supporting UPA/FNLA. 2437: 1792: 1667: 1450: 888: 388: 227: 9197: 9059: 8743: 7761: 11446: 10239: 9620: 9549: 9449: 9327: 9099: 9089: 8676: 8063: 7119: 6487:

Laidi, Zaki. The Superpowers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry:1960–1990. Chicago: Univ. Of Chicago, 1990.

4746: 4243: 3586: 2957: 2874:

light observation aircraft. By the early 1970s, it had available four F-84G, six PV-2 Harpoon, 13 Nord Noratlas,

2190: 1809: 1542: 1385: 1350: 1315: 1295: 955: 279: 9014: 8901: 8889: 4600: 3193:

and other ethnic groups of the Luanda, Bengo, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul and Mallange districts. It was headed by

11451: 10827: 9670: 9439: 9019: 8921: 8654: 8098: 8093: 7601: 5066:

The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons, 1988, pp. 117–118.

4773: 4709:

The agreement called for the integration of the militant wings of the Angolan parties into a new military, the

4582: 4224:

Intervention Zone (ZIL) – covering the districts of Lunda and Moxico – is also created in the following month.

3486: 2307: 2116: 2005: 1893: 1657: 1532: 1370: 1310: 1240: 1070: 903: 806: 9339: 9069: 8580: 8352: 7201: 5230: 3910:. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency. 3894: 3601: 590: 11476: 11441: 10947: 10793: 10617: 9632: 9585: 9349: 9272: 9004: 7834: 7124: 6690: 6006: 4905:(RRAF) to be deployed in support of the Portuguese. The SADF had pilots and helicopters operating out of the 4742: 4589: 3201:(secretary-general), both Portuguese-educated urban intellectuals. It was mainly externally supported by the 2802: 2056: 1903: 1537: 990: 360: 212: 9064: 8773: 8696: 8367: 6886: 3455:

as prime-minister. Immediately after independence, a number of violent disturbances occurred leading to the

2752:, trained in guerrilla and counter-insurgency warfare. The Army tried to extend the training of the special 11456: 11416: 11401: 11286: 11259: 11070: 10884: 9650: 9610: 9580: 9529: 9389: 9307: 9303: 9174: 9104: 8869: 8686: 8452: 8347: 8279: 7540: 6111: 5856: 5466: 5037: 4984: 4686: 4133: 2839: 1871: 1365: 1320: 868: 6222:

For a critical and well-sourced account of the 1961 events see Dalila Cabrita Mateus & Álvaro Mateus,

5409:

Maghreb Noir: The Militant-Artists of North Africa and the Struggle for a Pan-African, Postcolonial Future

4467:(Victory) against the MPLA, assaulting and destroying its main bases at Eastern Angola. Among others, the 4424: 3409:

non-self-governing and so it did not have any obligation of providing any information requested under the

2730:) commanded a sector, divided into several sub-sectors, each constituting the area of responsibility of a 11159: 11075: 11014: 11009: 10977: 10852: 10757: 10622: 10094: 10089: 9806: 9484: 9212: 8957: 8916: 8860: 8763: 8602: 8507: 8032: 7986: 7884: 7482: 6677: 6078:"Os assaltos de 4 de fevereiro em Luanda e o massacre de 15 de março no norte de Angola – antecedentes", 5470: 4887: 4678: 4547: 3421: 3300:

The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) was founded in 1963, by the merging of the

2239: 1717: 1662: 732: 5595: 4333: – found to be slow, negligent, and adverse to planning – was replaced by 3038: 2782:

forces were under the command of the Naval Command of Angola. These forces included the Zaire Flotilla (

1405: 11431: 11127: 11060: 10805: 10459: 9680: 9665: 9655: 9509: 9109: 8597: 8400: 8167: 7620: 6749: 6241: 5495: 4385: 3931:|pg=Angolan War of Independence |language=unknown |comments= }} 2879: 2183: 2086: 2024: 1787: 1712: 1460: 1300: 1100: 1090: 1005: 6887:

Guerra Colonial: 1961–1974 – State-supported historical site of the Portuguese Colonial War (Portugal)

1752: 11271: 11189: 10999: 10889: 10688: 10564: 10509: 10329: 9317: 9024: 8585: 8197: 8114: 7627: 6857: 4902: 4808:

considered any government involving the pro-Soviet, communist MPLA, to be unacceptable and President

4734: 3913: 3309: 2965: 2759: 2214:

Map of the present provinces of Angola, corresponding almost exactly to the Portuguese-era districts.

1955: 1913: 1859: 1762: 1572: 1380: 1280: 1175: 1010: 975: 935: 6431:

Cold War Liberation: The Soviet Union and the Collapse of the Portuguese Empire in Africa, 1961-1975

3631: 3330:

The Eastern Revolt (RDL) was a dissident wing of the MPLA, created in 1973, under the leadership of

1908: 11376: 11371: 11361: 11356: 11139: 11029: 11024: 10916: 10894: 10314: 9881: 9144: 9034: 8788: 8332: 7589: 7533: 7413: 7336: 5187: 4785: 4419:

UNITA carried out its first attack on 25 December 1966, preventing trains from passing through the

4075: 3762: 3738: 3635: 3494:

and assumed an hostile attitude against Portugal, forbidding it to use American weapons in Africa.

3230: 2867: 2851: 2692: 2642: 2173: 1844: 1814: 1722: 1652: 1597: 1455: 1420: 1215: 1165: 1160: 1130: 1120: 1030: 985: 960: 950: 918: 878: 703: 602: 34: 10054: 5803: 3557:

Due to its imperialist orientation, the Colonial Act started to be called into question. In 1944,

2657: 2636: 11421: 11154: 11065: 9544: 9489: 9474: 9414: 9222: 9202: 8962: 8639: 8244: 7343: 6939: 5047: 4980: 4858: 4801: 4608: 4173: 3840:

theory, which arrested and sent him to the Metropole, where he was interned in religious houses.

3639: 3539: 3429: 3356: 3176: 3034:

Portugal itself. The basis of recruitment for the overseas units remained essentially unchanged.

2896: 2847: 2815: 2615: 2603: 2516: 2299: 1990: 1866: 1777: 1767: 1742: 1732: 1677: 1642: 1582: 1517: 1492: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1375: 1355: 1335: 1290: 1200: 1195: 1135: 1115: 1085: 1075: 1035: 923: 782: 30: 8447: 7387: 6776:"SOVIET AND CUBAN AID TO THE MPLA IN ANGOLA FROM MARCH THROUGH DECEMBER 1975 (NI – CIA document" 6654: 4682: 4681:

in October 1975. From 31 January until independence a transitional government consisting of the

3939: 3171:

The People's Movement of Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was founded in 1956, by the merging of the

11222: 11184: 11144: 11108: 10982: 10957: 10750: 10334: 9838: 9232: 8906: 8382: 8142: 8137: 7930: 7849: 7642: 7408: 6977: 6591: 6504: 6269:

Resolutions and statements of the United Nations Security Council (1946–1989): a thematic guide

5991: 5842:

African Troops in the Portuguese Colonial Army, 1961–1974: Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique

5827:

African Troops in the Portuguese Colonial Army, 1961–1974: Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique

5191: 5181: 4562:

allied with the Chipenda faction. On 17 March 1,000 FNLA fighters mutinied in Kinkuzu, but the

4125: 3825: 3655: 3472: 3424:) becomes the first European colony in Africa to achieve independence, under the leadership of 3141:

from 1971 on), among other reasons because Holden Roberto was the friend and brother-in-law of

3079: 2714: 2361: 2287: 2263: 2096: 2066: 1804: 1637: 1602: 1587: 1497: 1487: 1440: 1435: 1275: 1270: 1220: 1150: 1025: 893: 462: 10544: 6199: 5163: 4108: 3558: 3137:

and Belgian Congos. It had always had strong connections with the former Belgian Congo (named

2625: 1512: 11232: 11055: 10987: 10798: 10569: 9853: 9848: 9615: 9504: 9459: 9419: 9354: 9298: 9217: 8999: 8813: 8691: 8609: 8517: 8482: 8392: 8337: 8234: 8075: 6965: 6327: 6157: 5963: 4448: 4079: 4021: 3905: 3685: 2988: 2875: 2855: 2468: 1692: 1672: 1592: 1557: 1445: 1415: 1360: 1285: 1210: 1125: 1065: 873: 6646: 6583: 6191: 5795: 4504:

initiated a long series of highly successful operations in the Eastern region. Battle Group

3997: 1918: 11264: 11254: 11004: 10962: 10109: 9876: 9731: 9685: 9600: 9595: 9394: 9293: 9242: 9237: 9129: 9084: 9039: 8977: 8808: 8783: 8733: 8661: 8575: 8425: 8027: 8006: 7879: 7854: 7814: 7792: 7756: 7726: 7375: 4996: 4976: 4940: 4883: 4843: 4710: 4604: 4351: 4160: 3390: 2831: 2783: 2433: 2389: 2278: 1923: 1737: 1702: 1647: 1425: 1345: 1250: 1095: 96: 7350: 6649:

The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

4658:, granting Angola independence on 11 November and establishing a transitional government. 4315: 2814:

A Portuguese F-84 being loaded with ordnance in the 1960s, at Luanda Air Base, during the

1687: 1230: 8: 11199: 11169: 11149: 11113: 11019: 10994: 10967: 10911: 10862: 10554: 10469: 10464: 10364: 10227: 10024: 9908: 9823: 9711: 9564: 9559: 9539: 9524: 9434: 9429: 9334: 9267: 9257: 9169: 9164: 9154: 9054: 8994: 8967: 8793: 8778: 8748: 8726: 8512: 8502: 8229: 8152: 8122: 8106: 7839: 7650: 7581: 7527: 6128: 5796: 5004: 4089:

was created, to officially frame the civil volunteers who were already fighting the UPA.

4060:– resisting the assaults almost without the support of the few existent military forces. 3238: 2472: 2452: 2367: 2223: 2076: 1747: 1682: 1260: 1145: 1050: 965: 945: 9409: 9322: 5867: 4924:

relations with Moscow and was soon to start receiving significant shipments of arms via

4690:

ministries for each party. Author Witney Wright Schneidman criticized this provision in

3600:, including the overseas province of Angola, was encouraged by the ruling government of 2830:

The Portuguese air assets in Angola were under the command of the 2nd Air Region of the

2661:

Portuguese M5 Stuart at the Museu do Combatente in Lisbon, saw limited action in Angola.

2546: 11281: 11249: 11244: 11179: 10935: 10921: 10879: 10708: 10504: 10489: 10414: 10394: 10389: 10374: 10221: 9969: 9721: 9605: 9359: 9262: 9247: 9159: 9149: 9124: 9119: 8884: 8838: 8753: 8738: 8681: 8497: 8420: 8296: 8187: 8177: 7864: 7195: 5330: 5283: 4722: 4718: 4654:, Portugal from 10 till 15 January. They signed on 15 January what became known as the 4543: 4538:

of 100 to 145 militants in 1971. These squadrons, armed with 60 mm and 81 mm

4455:, both of which used the railway for transportation of their exports to Angolan ports. 4308: 4070: 3969: 3928: 3699: 3627:, which included other territories outside the Portuguese overseas province of Angola. 3374: 3218: 3180: 2772: 2727: 2674: 2651: 2554: 2318: 1819: 1612: 1577: 1470: 1170: 1155: 1015: 913: 898: 10404: 10233: 6388:

A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola

5686:"National Hero's deeds for independence highlighted - Politics - Angola Press - ANGOP" 5384: 4229:

Statute of the Portuguese Indigenous of the Provinces of Guinea, Angola and Mozambique

3677: 11307: 11214: 11194: 11174: 11103: 11085: 11043: 10952: 10832: 10810: 10785: 10721: 10574: 10519: 10494: 10449: 10379: 10354: 10319: 10309: 10278: 10165: 10049: 10019: 9756: 9746: 9660: 9554: 9399: 9114: 8911: 8768: 8721: 8619: 8570: 8544: 8522: 8362: 8342: 8286: 8274: 8088: 7923: 7751: 7664: 7304: 6982: 6970: 6960: 6955: 6658: 6647: 6632:

The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars, 1945–1980

6595: 6584: 6459: 6434: 6320: 6272: 6203: 6192: 6161: 6150: 5956: 5807: 5555: 5446: 5322: 5195: 5042: 4965: 4898: 4662: 4615: 4551: 3749: 3745: 3543: 3510: 3498: 3444: 2916: 2887: 2646: 2577:. In these regions, the traditional authorities – including native kings, rulers and 2484: 2357: 2295: 2126: 2033: 1985: 1928: 1772: 1697: 1627: 1265: 1255: 1225: 1020: 980: 849: 112: 74: 10698: 10369: 7297: 6724: 6478:

Rui deAzevedo Teixeira, "A guerra de Angola 1961 - 1974", Matosinhos: Quidnovi, 2010

6224:

Angola 61: Guerra Colonial, Causas e Consequências. O 4 de Fevereiro e o 15 de Março

5977: 4113: 2500: 11227: 11098: 11080: 10484: 10409: 10339: 10324: 10304: 10251: 10034: 10029: 10009: 9959: 9949: 9776: 9741: 9726: 9675: 9404: 9344: 9184: 8843: 8823: 8532: 8474: 8468: 8435: 8415: 8405: 8254: 8055: 8047: 7657: 7276: 5656:"Angola lembra 4 de Fevereiro de 1961 início da Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional" 5442: 5314: 5275: 5008: 4972: 4757: 4420: 4373: 4304: 4297: 4164: 3692: 3624: 3589:, an organization that promoted Angolan culture. Nationalists sent a letter to the 3476: 3460: 3448: 3313: 3142: 3130: 3114: 3109:

UPA was created on 7 July 1954, as the Union of the Peoples of Northern Angola, by

2843: 2679: 2524: 2476: 2460: 2456: 2379: 1945: 1839: 1782: 1757: 1632: 1622: 1562: 1552: 1502: 1482: 1205: 1180: 1105: 1080: 970: 908: 4546:

sweeps against MPLA forces in 1972, destroying some MPLA camps. Additionally, the

4322:

publicly supported all three Angolan liberation movements (FNLA, MPLA and UNITA).

4318:

reaffirmed Romania's support for Angolan independence. As late as September 1975,

4264: 4188: 4093: 4017: 3475:. The Congolese internal conflicts would culminate with the ascension to power of 3464: 2508: 11330: 11276: 11239: 11204: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10703: 10559: 10549: 10534: 10514: 10499: 10474: 10419: 10184: 10152: 10044: 10004: 9766: 9761: 9701: 9642: 9374: 9252: 9079: 9044: 8952: 8947: 8671: 8565: 8239: 8172: 8162: 8127: 8083: 8070: 8022: 7859: 7731: 7695: 7574: 7363: 7206: 7167: 6845: 6135: 5863: 4957: 4912: 4850: 4839: 4805: 4655: 4539: 4535: 4468: 4407: 4372:

in response to Roberto's unwillingness to spread the war outside the traditional

4356: 4330: 4136:, initiating a series of liberal reforms in the Portuguese Overseas territories. 4129: 4025: 3612: 3582: 3522: 3482: 3452: 3331: 3198: 3117:, who was born in northern Angola but had lived since his early childhood in the 2899:, with two Portuguese-South African joint air support centers being established. 2779: 2666: 2520: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2464: 2341: 2158: 2153: 2148: 1975: 1940: 1834: 1707: 1607: 1547: 1410: 1245: 1235: 1110: 1045: 995: 739: 720: 614: 101: 8666: 6194:

The Cuban Intervention In Angola, 1965–1991: from Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale

4284:

Holden Roberto merged UPA with the Democratic Party of Angola (PDA) to form the

2673:. So, the previous organization of the former Colonial Military Forces based in 2512: 817: 11321: 11090: 10972: 10529: 10454: 10444: 10439: 10299: 10039: 9828: 9751: 9479: 9384: 9134: 9074: 8706: 8624: 8527: 8487: 8457: 8357: 8312: 7785: 7634: 7568: 7238: 7219: 6863: 6404: 5640: 5608: 5531: 4988: 4849:

The aircraft were flown to Africa by John Richard Hawke – reportedly, a former

4769: 4670: 4623: 4619: 4593: 4585: 4578: 4432: 4346: 4334: 4013: 3993: 3722: 3647: 3590: 3506: 3397: 3386: 3335: 3325: 3234: 3194: 3185: 3110: 2835: 2688: 2504: 1970: 1960: 1305: 1055: 560: 536: 446: 7311: 6235: 4853:

pilot – who on the start of one of the flights to Angola flew so low over the

4227:

As part of his reforms, Minister Adriano Moreira decreed the repulsion of the

4009: 3262:

The Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) was created in 1966 by

2344:. Informally, the civil war resumed by May 1975, including street fighting in 1849: 657: 11350: 10693: 10539: 10434: 10399: 10384: 10344: 9886: 9716: 9454: 9364: 9227: 9207: 9094: 8855: 8833: 8798: 8377: 8372: 8327: 8249: 8209: 7958: 7741: 7283: 7252: 7054: 6500: 5326: 5029: 4870:

Aside from the US, two other nations became involved in this war. These were

4749: 4661:

The agreement ended the war for independence while marking the transition to

4627: 4293: 4001: 3620: 3436: 3425: 3263: 3118: 2953: 2891: 2859: 2410: 1854: 1330: 1000: 572: 333: 7614: 7225: 6530:

Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation

6049:

The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945

6031: 4776:. The FNLA and UNITA responded by proclaiming their own government based in 3651: 548: 46: 10479: 10429: 10359: 10349: 10203: 10191: 10178: 9984: 9811: 9312: 8560: 8410: 8269: 8264: 8259: 7965: 7502: 7157: 7059: 6859: 6838: 6077: 5903:

The Destruction of a Nation: United States Policy Towards Angola Since 1945

4961: 4950: 4879: 4875: 4730: 4559: 4555: 4401: 4389: 4314:

Romania was the first state to sign agreements with the MPLA. In May 1974,

4213:

advance, the three military units suffer 75 casualties, including 21 dead.

4201: 3616: 3456: 3363: 3338:. A second dissident wing was the Active Revolt, created at the same time. 3202: 3134: 2883: 2871: 2696: 2578: 2383: 2258:. It began as an uprising by Angolans against the Portuguese imposition of 498: 198: 172: 6908: 6586:

The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times

4964:

airliners to evacuate about 6,000 additional refugees. At this stage, the

4829:. The United States, for example, was concerned with the possibility of a 4435:

responded by kicking UNITA's 500 fighters out of Zambia. Savimbi moved to

4141: 3710: 3443:(known as "Congo-Léopoldville" and later "Congo-Kinshasa", being renamed " 3133:, including the Northwestern and Northern Angola, as well as parts of the 2702: 2375: 750: 10524: 10129: 10099: 9954: 9944: 9843: 9706: 9499: 8988: 8818: 8803: 8614: 8462: 8430: 8317: 8132: 8037: 7976: 7736: 4854: 4809: 4569: 4377: 4254: 4146: 4045: 3593:

calling for Angola to be given protectorate status under UN supervision.

3382: 3351:

The international politics of the late 1940s and 1950s was marked by the

3267: 3013: 2863: 2787: 2713:) along the theatre of operations, with each one responsible for a given 2670: 2267: 2259: 6839:

AFRICA-PORTUGAL: Three Decades After Last Colonial Empire Came to an End

5334: 5302: 10283: 9994: 9964: 9918: 9833: 9801: 9793: 9736: 9424: 9139: 8828: 8716: 8322: 5714:, Cambridge/Mass. & London: MIT Press, 1969 and 1978, respectively. 5348:

Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror,

5143:

China), United States Consulate General (Hong Kong (17 December 1974).

4953: 4496: 4474: 3773: 3547: 2810: 2538: 1185: 8937: 6821: 6554:

Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire

5579: 5287: 4692:

Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire

10579: 10424: 10273: 10246: 10059: 10014: 9923: 9891: 9871: 9863: 9192: 8982: 6691:"Jonas Savimbi: Washington's "Freedom Fighter," Africa's "Terrorist"" 5521:

A Political History of the Civil War in Angola, 1974-1990, 2020, p.76

5318: 4992: 4341: 4319: 4216:

The Portuguese forces focused in the re-occupation of the village of

4197: 4085:

Without military reinforcements from the metropole, on 28 March the

4005: 3846: 3378: 3271: 3214: 2795: 2775:, a special counterinsurgency horse unit raised in the middle 1960s. 2683: 2665:

The land forces in Angola constituted the 3rd Military Region of the

2530: 2418: 2322: 2314: 5781:

Whites in Angola on the Eve of Independence: The Politics of Numbers

4611:

and led to the independence of the Portuguese overseas territories.

3516: 3095: 3008: 2210: 16:

1961–1974 conflict for independence of colonial Angola from Portugal

10158: 9999: 9896: 9771: 9590: 9494: 8634: 8492: 7946: 7162: 7151: 7089: 6801: 5279: 4925: 4891: 4871: 4326: 4217: 4069:

companies and the 1st Paratrooper Company were dispatched from the

4053: 3777: 3439:

and northern neighbor of Angola became independent in 1960, as the

3352: 2791: 2718: 2451:

In 1961, the local administration of Angola included the following

2403: 2386:. In return, the King of Kongo offered slaves, ivory and minerals. 2255: 511: 254: 38: 10742: 9278:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

7686:

Conference of Nationalist Organizations of the Portuguese Colonies

6694: 6617:

The Americana Annual: An Encyclopedia of Current Events, 1877–1976

6343:

Southern Africa in Transition, American Society of African Culture

4485:

In the late 1969, the Portuguese forces organize the Battle Group

3996:, launched an incursion into northern Angola from its base in the 2602:

The Portuguese forces engaged in the conflict included mainly the

2317:

war, to which the Portuguese army and security forces conducted a

2044: 10104: 9989: 9979: 9928: 9469: 8214: 7819: 7134: 7099: 7084: 7079: 7034: 6024: 5551:

The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

5000: 4830: 4765: 4703: 4651: 4643: 4178: 4049: 3817: 3726: 3367: 3190: 3126: 2952:) was a militia-type corps responsible for internal security and 2950:

Provincial Organization of Volunteers and Civil Defense of Angola

2929: 2822: 2594: 2371: 402: 6447: 5512:

Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World, 1997, p. 306.

5385:"FNLA – um movimento em permanente letargia, guerracolonial.org" 4037: 3615:

to advocate Angolan independence from Portugal. In 1954, ethnic

3248: 2933:, a paramilitary unit of special forces made up of natives. The 10773: 10172: 9974: 9913: 8848: 7874: 7129: 7104: 7094: 5746:

The Facts on File Dictionary of 20th Century History, 1900–1978

5580:

Crocker, Chester A.; Fen Osler Hampson; Pamela R. Aall (2005).

5217:

Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976

4777: 4753: 4694:

for ensuring a "virtual paralysis in executive authority". The

4631: 4461:

During October 1968, the Portuguese forces initiated Operation

4452: 4428: 4205: 4168: 4057: 4041: 3974: 3923:

have just labeled this article as needing attention, please add

3793: 3753: 3659: 3531: 3502: 3222: 2996: 2393: 2345: 2282: 647:

4,684 with permanent deficiency (physical and/or psychological)

428: 415: 274: 105: 5878: 5102: 3642:(PCA). In December 1956 PLUAA merged with the PCA to form the 3404:

officially asked the Portuguese Government if the country had

3066:), the lowest rank in the hierarchy of commissioned officers. 10657: 10613:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

10119: 9902: 7981: 7074: 7064: 7048: 7041: 7020: 6826: 6742: 6644: 6266: 5424:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5127:. Foreign Policy Research Institute – via Google Books. 4738: 4647: 4440: 4436: 4369: 4277: 4063:

On the same day and on the 16th, the 7th and the 9th Special

3980: 3715:) started preparations. The first three companies of special 3572:(Colony of Angola) and started again to be officially called 3527: 3417: 3257: 3226: 3183:, which included mixed race and white members of the Angolan 3138: 2329: 2247: 474: 374: 346: 309: 267: 6505:

http://www.infopedia.pt/$ movimento-das-forcas-armadas-(mfa)

5582:

Grasping The Nettle: Analyzing Cases Of Intractable Conflict

4991:

world tables fell. After independence, economic and social

4788:, openly gave Portuguese military equipment to MPLA forces. 3596:

In the 1950s, a new wave of Portuguese settlement in all of

3302:

Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (MLEC)

10197: 10079: 7971: 7915: 7069: 7027: 7013: 7006: 4971:

In the wake of the conflict, Angola faced deterioration in

4826: 4381: 4192:

Portuguese Air Force Dornier DO-27 in Nambuangongo in 1962.

3837: 3832: 3706:

in April 1960, where companies of special forces (baptized

3643: 3278: 3206: 3173:

Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUAA)

3166: 2909: 2747: 2737:

Due to the low scale guerrilla nature of the conflict, the

2333: 2330:

National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)

2243: 185: 150: 6499:

Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA). In Infopédia . Porto:

5857:(DADOS PARA A) HISTÓRIA DA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA EM MOÇAMBIQUE 5250:

Imagery and Ideology in U.S. Policy Toward Libya 1969–1982

4733:

that the Alvor Agreement would not succeed. By spring the

4380:

in 1965 and soon received funding from the governments of

2695:), which existed only during the usual two-year period of 10652: 10632: 10627: 6867: 6794: 5997: 5763: 5138: 5136: 5134: 4542:, attacked Portuguese outposts. The Portuguese conducted 3804: 2598:

Portuguese paratroopers in the forests of northern Angola

5397:

The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991, 2004, p.170

4573:

Training of F.N.L.A. soldiers in a camp in Zaire in 1973

6569:

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Yearbook

6433:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 145. 5147:. American Consulate General. – via Google Books. 5125:"Soviet Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Final Report" 2325:

were committed by all forces involved in the conflict.

7440: 7435: 7430: 6850: 6683: 6129:

Angola discutida na Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas

5642:

Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century

5610:

Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century

5219:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 243. 5131: 3306:

Action Committee of the Cabinda National Union (CAUNC)

3125:. UPA and later the FNLA were mainly supported by the 3053:), and native soldiers (Africans who were part of the 5844:, Portuguese Studies Review 10 (1) (2002), pp. 129–50 5075:

Cuba: The International Dimension, 1990, pp. 155–157.

3005:

was a force made up of political exiles from Zambia.

2940: 2771:

An unconventional force also fielded by Army was the

2406:, a Portuguese fort from 1587, and a town from 1617. 2242:

fought between the Angolan nationalist forces of the

5019: 4288:

in March 1962. A few weeks later he established the

3881:

were discovered and averted by the security forces.

3085: 2969:

Under the control of the civil authorities were the

2956:

roles, with similar characteristics to those of the

2543:), each administered by local council (respectively 2334:

Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)

2294:

The conflict is usually approached as a branch or a

5764:Dicken, Samuel Newton; Forrest Ralph Pitts (1963). 5532:"ANGOLA, NATIONAL LIBERATION, AND THE SOVIET UNION" 5105:

Modern African Wars: Angola and Mozambique, 1961–74

3609:

Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola

6645:Stearns, Peter N.; William Leonard Langer (2001). 6319: 6149: 5955: 5798:Modern African Wars: Angola and Mocambique 1961–74 5471:"1975, Angola: Mercenaries, Murder and Corruption" 5268:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 5183:Ambiguous Order: Military Forces In African States 5158: 5156: 5154: 4715:Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda 4667:Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda 4529: 4124:(To Angola, rapidly and in force). As part of the 3296:Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda 3123:Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE) 6998: 6678:1975, Angola: Mercenaries, Murder and Corruption 6064:Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa 5970: 5879:(ADP) Shadle, Robert; James Stuart Olson (1991). 5722: 5720: 5166:. RFE/RL. 17 April 1979 – via Google Books. 5118: 5116: 5114: 4911:(CCAA – Joint Air Support Centre), setting up in 4737:and the South West Africa People's Organization ( 4281:sparking further violence between the two sides. 3646:(MPLA). The MPLA, led by da Cruz, Mário Andrade, 3517:Internal politics and rise of Angolan nationalism 3009:Race and ethnicity in the Portuguese Armed Forces 2999:regime, being organized in three battalions. The 2606:, but also the security and paramilitary forces. 2503:. In 1962, the Congo District was divided in the 847: 11348: 10598:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 6901:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archive 6358:The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why 5103:Abbott, Peter; Manuel Ribeiro Rodrigues (1988). 4906: 4794:Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs 4756:, Kenya in June. The Angolan leaders issued the 4521: 4490: 4462: 4411: 4300:. Roberto established a political alliance with 4119: 4064: 3944:Knowledge:Pages needing translation into English 3766: 3716: 3707: 3573: 3567: 3061: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3028: 3022: 3000: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2844:Base-Aerodrome 10 at Serpa Pinto, Cuando-Cubando 2763: 2753: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2721: 2708: 2700: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2552: 2544: 2536: 2528: 2511:districts and that of Bié-Cuando-Cubando in the 2397: 11472:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa 9035:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 8442:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 6815: 6638: 6267:Wellens, Karen; T.M.C. Asser Instituut (1990). 5836: 5834: 5151: 4395: 3732: 2840:Base-Aerodrome 4 at Henrique de Carvalho, Lunda 2535:) and these were subdivided in civil parishes ( 687: 65:(13 years, 2 months and 3 weeks) 7747:United Nations Security Council Resolution 374 7711:United Nations Security Council Resolution 374 7706:United Nations Security Council Resolution 322 7701:United Nations Security Council Resolution 312 7691:United Nations Security Council Resolution 180 7451:Popular Forces of the Liberation of Mozambique 5717: 5436: 5111: 4741:) were echoing Cuba's warning. Leaders of the 4577:In 1973, Chipenda left the MPLA, founding the 4152:, arriving at Luanda on 2 May. The cargo ship 4107:On 11 April, the Minister of National Defense 2446:Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces 2351: 1860:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 10758: 7931: 6924: 6355: 6322:Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction 5958:Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction 5881:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism 5759: 5757: 5755: 5261: 5259: 4566:put down the rebellion on behalf of Roberto. 3698:Feeling the need of having forces trained in 3644:Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola 3359:in the European colonies in Asia and Africa. 2895:helicopters and some other air assets of the 2762:. The Commandos and a few specially selected 2527:, the districts were made of municipalities ( 2191: 833: 766: 673: 10674:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 8225:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6112:"A Bio-Sketch of Dr. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi" 5831: 4865: 3964: 3702:operations, the Portuguese Army created the 9535:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 6938: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6503:, 2003–2009. . Disponível na www: <URL: 6456:The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991 6293:A World Atlas of Military History 1945–1984 6061: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5372:Armed Forces and Modern Counter-insurgency, 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 4290:Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile 4092:In early April, the village of Cólua, near 3396:Following the admission of Portugal to the 3366:was initiated by a series of explosions in 3279:Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola (FALA) 2806:An SA-330 Puma of the Portuguese Air Force. 780: 10765: 10751: 10638:United States involvement in regime change 8193:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 7938: 7924: 6931: 6917: 6862:'s 1977 southern Africa tour: A report to 6551: 6405:"EISA Angola: First civil war (1975-1992)" 6370: 6285: 5752: 5421:Emizet Francois Kisangani, Scott F. Bobb: 5360:China and Africa: A Century of Engagement, 5256: 4745:organized a peace conference moderated by 4368:Savimbi left the FNLA in 1964 and founded 4286:National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) 2338:National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) 2198: 2184: 840: 826: 773: 759: 680: 666: 379: 218: 6718:"KISSINGER IN ANGOLA: ANATOMY OF FAILURE" 6614: 6527: 6510: 6428: 6237:A «GUERRA» 1º Episódio «Massacres da UPA» 6174: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5924: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5214: 4410:, then a member of MPLA, established the 4103:Minister of the Overseas Adriano Moreira. 3884: 3607:In 1953, Angolan separatists founded the 3534:highlighted on a map of modern-day Africa 3432:, which aimed to be the African Bandung. 3346: 2302:. This included the independence wars of 351: 203: 7446:Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People 6671: 6536: 6379: 6311: 6147: 6141: 5732: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5087: 4939: 4886:(FAP), and finally several companies of 4568: 4473: 4361:National liberation of the entire colony 4263: 4187: 4098: 3979: 3973:Portuguese colonial troops on parade in 3968: 3763:Congolese PSA (African Solidarity Party) 3526: 3467:. The crisis led to the intervention of 3430:Conference of African Independent States 3411:Article 73 of the United Nations Charter 3247: 3156: 3094: 3012: 2821: 2809: 2801: 2656: 2593: 2209: 8764:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 7520:(January 23, 1963 – September 10, 1974) 6623: 6560: 6399: 6397: 6364: 6317: 5953: 5915: 5708:The Anatomy of an Explosion (1950–1962) 5300: 5265: 3725:(1st CCE), in Toto, Uíge (2nd CCE) and 3680:, heading a group of operatives of the 3389:. It was an important step towards the 2993:Front for Congolese National Liberation 93:MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA political victory 11349: 10608:Russian espionage in the United States 8880:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 7607:(25 September 1964 – 8 September 1974) 6629: 6608: 6590:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6581: 6453: 6385: 6349: 6189: 6148:Edgerton, Robert Breckenridge (2002). 6055: 6046: 5938: 5900: 5887: 5872: 5793: 5778: 5743: 5547: 5439:The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa 5247: 5142: 4944:Angolan Civil War, January–March 1976. 4637: 4273:commander of the 3rd Military Region. 4200:), aimed at re-conquering the town of 4145:battalions 88 and 92) embarked in the 3805:The 4 and 10 February events at Luanda 3752:, which was the origin of most of the 3179:. The MPLA was an organization of the 3037:According to the Mozambican historian 2842:). A fourth air base was being built ( 2682:, serving as training centers for the 11387:20th century in the Portuguese Empire 10746: 10603:Soviet espionage in the United States 8759:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 8538:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 8203:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 7919: 7431:People's Army of Liberation of Angola 6912: 6615:McDannald, Alexander Hopkins (1976). 6340: 6152:Africa's Armies: From Honor to Infamy 6032:"A Sublevação da Baixa do Cassange", 6005:. Stanford University. Archived from 5568: 5465: 4677:The parties agreed to hold the first 4642:The three party leaders met again in 2987:was a force made up mostly of exiled 2826:Portuguese Air Force F-84 Thunderjet. 2232:Armed Struggle of National Liberation 821: 754: 661: 51:Portuguese troops on patrol in Angola 10679:Soviet Union–United States relations 9030:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 7441:Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola 6897:U.S. Involvement in Angolan Conflict 6756:from the original on 23 January 2009 6575: 6566: 6394: 6334: 6260: 5712:Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare 5179: 5122: 4815: 4812:oversaw heightened aid to the FNLA. 4478:FNLA training camp in Zaire in 1973. 3888: 3270:policy. Savimbi was a member of the 2919:of Angola. It was modeled after the 2589: 10772: 10643:Soviet involvement in regime change 7870:Museum of the Armed Forces (Angola) 5909: 5175: 5173: 5084:Cuba in the World, 1979, pp. 95–96. 4932:the most powerful political party. 4696:Bureau of Intelligence and Research 4495:Siroco), a highly mobile composite 4364:No foreign military bases in Angola 4121:Para Angola, rapidamente e em força 3310:Mayombe National Alliance (ALLIAMA) 3189:and urban elites, supported by the 3105:National Liberation Front of Angola 2285:in April 1974 overthrew Portugal's 13: 10684:Soviet Union–United States summits 8158:1947 Polish parliamentary election 8043:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 7436:National Liberation Army of Angola 6715: 6680:Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade 6552:Schneidman, Witney Wright (2004). 6373:Portugal and Its Empire: The Truth 6226:, Alfragide: Texto Editores, 2011. 5475:Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade 5412:, Stanford University Press, 2023. 5294: 4607:of 25 April 1974, which ended the 4581:with 1,500 former MPLA followers. 4325:The MPLA held a party congress in 2941:Para-military and irregular forces 2902: 2236:Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional 14: 11488: 11392:African resistance to colonialism 9445:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 9380:United States invasion of Grenada 8650:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 8591:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 7475:(4 February 1961 – 25 April 1974) 6877: 6244:, A Guerra (Joaquim Furtado) 2007 6040: 5772: 5459: 5430: 3341: 3086:Nationalist and separatist forces 2348:and the surrounding countryside. 2228:Guerra de Independência de Angola 11382:1975 disestablishments in Angola 9520:United States invasion of Panama 9370:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 9010:1971 Turkish military memorandum 8973:Communist insurgency in Thailand 8943:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 8875:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 8702:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 8630:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 8148:Restatement of Policy on Germany 7899: 7898: 7825:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso 7779:No, or the Vain Glory of Command 6356:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 5427:, Scarecrow Press, 2009, p. 458. 5170: 5022: 4820: 4118:Angola, using the famous phrase 3893: 3704:Special Operations Troops Centre 3463:seceded under the leadership of 2870:light attack aircraft and eight 2836:Base-Aerodrome 3 at Negage, Uíge 2043: 608: 596: 584: 566: 554: 542: 530: 504: 491: 468: 455: 436: 421: 408: 395: 381: 367: 353: 339: 326: 303: 290: 273: 260: 247: 234: 220: 205: 191: 178: 165: 144: 45: 10240:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 9621:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 9550:Fall of the inner German border 9450:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 9100:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 9090:Spanish transition to democracy 9050:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 8677:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 8183:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 8064:Occupation of the Baltic states 6831: 6750:"THE AIRFORCE – THE BORDER WAR" 6709: 6490: 6481: 6472: 6422: 6386:Walker, John Frederick (2004). 6371:Figueiredo, António de (1961). 6298: 6247: 6229: 6216: 6122: 6104: 6086: 5998:James Fearon and David Laitin. 5847: 5820: 5787: 5766:Introduction to Human Geography 5696: 5678: 5648: 5634: 5616: 5602: 5588: 5541: 5524: 5515: 5506: 5488: 5415: 5400: 5391: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5241: 5231:"Angola-Ascendancy of the MPLA" 5223: 4842:, the permission to sell seven 4717:(FLEC) never agreed, described 4530:Portuguese re-focus to the east 4292:(GRAE) on 27 March, appointing 4244:United Nations Security Council 3992:(UPA), under the leadership of 3855:deaths of almost three hundred. 3587:Movement of Young Intellectuals 3334:, in opposition to the line of 2609: 2584: 2399:São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda 63:4 February 1961 – 25 April 1974 9020:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 8655:Mozambican War of Independence 8094:Indonesian National Revolution 5932:Africa Year Book and Who's who 5208: 5123:Radu, Michael (17 July 1988). 5078: 5069: 5060: 4908:Centro Conjunto de Apoio Aéreo 4882:helicopters with crews to the 4800:, told Tom Killoran, the U.S. 4798:United States State Department 4008:, "contract workers" from the 3686:hijacked the Portuguese liner 3487:President of the United States 3406:non-self-governing territories 652:30,000–50,000 civilians killed 1: 11412:Angola–South Africa relations 11367:1961 establishments in Angola 10618:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 9633:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 9586:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 9308:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 9273:Seven Days to the River Rhine 9005:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 8292:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 8220:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 7845:Mozambique–Portugal relations 6528:Rothchild, Donald S. (1997). 6094:"Angola: War of Independence" 5918:Culture And Customs of Angola 5744:Palmer, Alan Warwick (1979). 5496:"The South African Air Force" 5053: 4743:Organization of African Unity 4268:Portuguese paratrooper nurse. 4087:Corps of Volunteers of Angola 3177:Angolan Communist Party (PCA) 3017:Ethnic map of Angola in 1970. 851:Portuguese colonial campaigns 9611:Fall of communism in Albania 9581:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 9530:Polish Round Table Agreement 8870:1968 Polish political crisis 8687:Eritrean War of Independence 8453:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 8348:East German uprising of 1953 8280:Chinese Communist Revolution 7945: 6653:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 6253:NUNES, António Lopes Pires, 5437:AlʻAmin Mazrui, Ali (1977). 5301:Adelman, Kenneth L. (1975). 5164:"Radio Free Europe Research" 5038:Cuban intervention in Angola 4935: 4888:South African Defence Forces 4683:Portuguese High Commissioner 4601:Movimento das Forças Armadas 4396:Opening of the Eastern Front 3733:The Baixa de Cassanje revolt 3428:. In 1958, he organized the 7: 11467:Wars involving South Africa 11397:Angolan War of Independence 9485:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 9213:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 8958:Corrective Movement (Syria) 8922:New People's Army rebellion 8917:Sino-Soviet border conflict 8645:Angolan War of Independence 8508:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 8388:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 8033:Jamaican political conflict 7885:Portuguese Paratroop Nurses 7483:Strike in Baixa do Cassange 7202:António de Oliveira Salazar 6429:Telepneva, Natalia (2022). 6341:Davis, John Aubrey (1966). 6076:António Lopes Pires Nunes, 6030:António Lopes Pires Nunes, 5916:Oyebade, Adebayo O (2006). 5905:. pp. 2, 8–11, and 57. 5840:Coelho, João Paulo Borges, 5548:Tucker, Spencer C. (2020). 5015: 4774:People's Republic of Angola 4550:engaged the MPLA forces in 4548:South African Defence Force 3654:, derived support from the 3602:António de Oliveira Salazar 3090: 2890:helicopters, 18 T-6 and 26 2790:), naval assets (including 2352:Background of the territory 2264:overseas province of Angola 2230:; 1961–1974), known as the 2220:Angolan War of Independence 691:Angolan War of Independence 24:Angolan War of Independence 10: 11493: 11427:Military history of Angola 9681:Sino-Indian border dispute 9510:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 9440:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 9198:1976 Argentine coup d'état 9110:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 9060:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 8744:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 8712:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 8401:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 8168:Asian Relations Conference 6458:. Routledge. p. 289. 6156:. Westview Press. p. 5802:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 4960:also lent a hand, sending 4752:with the three leaders in 4590:People's Republic of China 4399: 4386:German Democratic Republic 4376:. Neto met Marxist leader 3990:Union of Peoples of Angola 3736: 3544:Portuguese Colonial Empire 3520: 3505:, under the leadership of 3323: 3293: 3255: 3227:Kalashnikov assault rifles 3164: 3113:, a descendant of the old 3102: 2915:The PSP was the uniformed 2355: 11407:Angola–Portugal relations 11301: 11213: 11135: 11126: 11051: 11042: 10943: 10934: 10870: 10861: 10784: 10717: 10666: 10588: 10565:William Appleman Williams 10510:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 10292: 10264: 10213: 10145: 10138: 10072: 9937: 9862: 9792: 9785: 9694: 9641: 9573: 9286: 9025:Bangladesh Liberation War 9015:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 8930: 8902:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 8890:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 8553: 8328:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 8305: 8015: 7953: 7893: 7835:Angola–Portugal relations 7807: 7770: 7719: 7678: 7599: 7512: 7467: 7459: 7396: 7321: 7180: 7143: 6991: 6946: 6630:Porter, Bruce D. (1986). 6582:Westad, Odd Arne (2005). 6567:Ryan, J. Atticus (1998). 5215:Gleijeses, Piero (2002). 5180:Howe, Herbert M. (2004). 4903:Royal Rhodesian Air Force 4866:Rhodesia and South Africa 4735:African National Congress 4687:Prime Ministerial Council 4082:to face the UPA advance. 3965:Beginning of the conflict 3231:rocket-propelled grenades 3229:, machine-guns, mortars, 3161:Agostinho Neto (in 1975). 2854:jet fighter-bombers, six 2693:non-commissioned officers 2374:, commanded by navigator 2117:Sovereign socialist state 859: 792: 699: 651: 636: 623: 520: 134: 55: 44: 28: 23: 11342: 9340:1980 Turkish coup d'état 9175:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 9145:1978 Somali coup attempt 9105:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 9070:1973 Chilean coup d'état 8895:Revolutionary Government 8789:South African Border War 8581:1960 Turkish coup d'état 8498:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 8353:1953 Iranian coup d'état 8333:1952 Egyptian revolution 7337:Francisco da Costa Gomes 5862:14 February 2008 at the 5554:. Abc-Clio. p. 60. 5406:Paraska Tolan-Szkilnik: 5248:Gebril, Mahmoud (1988), 4786:National Salvation Junta 4076:Baixa de Cassanje revolt 3739:Baixa de Cassanje revolt 3684:oppositionist movement, 3243: 3223:Simonov automatic rifles 3129:ethnic group of the old 3039:João Paulo Borges Coelho 2862:transport aircraft, six 2848:Paratrooper Battalion 21 2519:districts. In 1970, the 2430:Minister of the Overseas 1899:Banda Oriental (1816–20) 1877:Banda Oriental (1776–77) 1830:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 1598:Cape of Good Hope (1630) 35:Decolonization of Africa 11462:Wars involving Portugal 11437:Portuguese Colonial War 9545:Fall of the Berlin Wall 9490:People Power Revolution 9475:Central American crisis 9415:1986 Black Sea incident 9065:1973 Afghan coup d'état 8963:Western Sahara conflict 8774:1966 Syrian coup d'état 8697:1963 Syrian coup d'état 8640:Portuguese Colonial War 8603:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 8368:1954 Syrian coup d'état 8245:Annexation of Hyderabad 8188:1947–1949 Palestine war 7404:Portuguese Armed Forces 6940:Portuguese Colonial War 6906:Portuguese Colonial War 6802:"Castro's Secret War 1" 6454:George, Edward (2005). 6198:. Frank Cass. pp. 6190:George, Edward (2005). 6047:Wright, George (1997). 5901:Wright, George (1997). 5779:Bender, Gerald (1974). 5645:retrieved March 7, 2024 5613:retrieved March 7, 2024 5596:"Angola Army - History" 5048:Portuguese Colonial War 4983:, Angola's rank in the 4981:Portuguese Colonial War 4918: 4859:United States Air Force 4609:Portuguese Colonial War 4534:The MPLA began forming 4329:in 1962, during which, 3988:On March 15, 1961, the 3914:enhance the translation 3640:Angolan Communist Party 3540:Portuguese Colonial Act 3473:Belgian military forces 3289: 3152: 3099:Holden Roberto in 1973. 2921:European Portuguese PSP 2897:South African Air Force 2882:transport aircraft, 30 2816:Portuguese Colonial War 2687:(including most of the 2616:Portuguese Armed Forces 2432:. He was assisted by a 2300:Portuguese Colonial War 2001:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74) 1528:Coromandel Coast (1619) 784:Portuguese Colonial War 31:Portuguese Colonial War 11447:Separatism in Portugal 9839:Neoclassical economics 9350:Gulf of Sidra incident 8907:1969 Libyan revolution 8598:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 8383:1954 Geneva Conference 8143:Turkish straits crisis 8138:Corfu Channel incident 7850:Portuguese Mozambicans 6318:Tvedten, Inge (1997). 6308:(Facts on File, 1999). 5954:Tvedten, Inge (1997). 5794:Abbott, Peter (1986). 5704:The Angolan Revolution 4956:aircraft. The British 4945: 4907: 4894:were never confirmed. 4711:Angolan Defense Forces 4574: 4522: 4491: 4479: 4463: 4412: 4269: 4193: 4120: 4104: 4065: 3985: 3977: 3885:Course of the conflict 3878: 3863: 3822:Public Security Police 3767: 3717: 3708: 3632:Mário Pinto de Andrade 3585:and others formed the 3578:(Province of Angola). 3574: 3568: 3535: 3501:became independent as 3400:in December 1955, the 3347:International politics 3319: 3253: 3162: 3100: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3029: 3023: 3018: 3001: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2827: 2819: 2807: 2764: 2754: 2746: 2739: 2732: 2722: 2715:area of responsibility 2709: 2701: 2662: 2599: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2545: 2537: 2529: 2491:, Bié-Cuando-Cubango, 2398: 2362:Portuguese West Africa 2227: 2215: 1914:Mozambique (1847–1910) 1533:Persian Gulf (1621–22) 1431:Indian Ocean (1586–89) 1191:Indian Ocean (1538–60) 991:Persian Gulf (1507–15) 956:Indian Ocean (1505–17) 521:Commanders and leaders 126:Independence of Angola 11452:Wars involving Angola 10689:Russia–NATO relations 10570:Jonathan Reed Winkler 9854:Democratic capitalism 9849:Supply-side economics 9817:American conservatism 9616:Breakup of Yugoslavia 9505:Bougainville conflict 9420:South Yemen civil war 9355:Martial law in Poland 9218:Nicaraguan Revolution 9193:Dirty War (Argentina) 9000:1971 JVP insurrection 8814:Years of Lead (Italy) 8692:North Yemen civil war 8610:Berlin Crisis of 1961 8586:Albanian–Soviet split 8518:1959 Tibetan uprising 8483:Syrian Crisis of 1957 8338:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 8198:1948 Arab–Israeli War 7855:Heckler & Koch G3 6966:Portuguese Mozambique 6271:. BRILL. p. 58. 6134:26 March 2019 at the 5726:António Pires Nunes, 4943: 4572: 4477: 4267: 4191: 4165:São Salvador do Congo 4102: 3983: 3972: 3938:to the bottom of the 3908:from another language 3867: 3852: 3676:During January 1961, 3530: 3441:Republic of the Congo 3362:In October 1954, the 3251: 3160: 3098: 3016: 2825: 2813: 2805: 2660: 2597: 2313:The Angolans waged a 2277:The war ended when a 2270:movements and also a 2213: 1793:East Africa (1696–98) 1061:Sri Lanka (1520–1658) 637:Casualties and losses 591:António de O. Salazar 11477:Wars of independence 11442:Separatism in Angola 10905:World Heritage Sites 10110:Non-Aligned Movement 9732:Peaceful coexistence 9686:North Borneo dispute 9601:German reunification 9596:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 9294:Salvadoran Civil War 9243:Grand Mosque seizure 9238:Yemenite War of 1979 9130:Mozambican Civil War 9085:Carnation Revolution 9040:Yemenite War of 1972 8978:1970 Polish protests 8809:1967 Hong Kong riots 8784:Argentine Revolution 8734:Guatemalan Civil War 8662:Cuban Missile Crisis 8576:Bay of Pigs Invasion 8448:1956 Poznań protests 8426:Geneva Summit (1955) 8028:Hukbalahap Rebellion 8007:Non-Aligned Movement 7880:League of Combatants 7815:Portuguese Commandos 7793:The Two Faces of War 7757:Mozambican Civil War 7727:Carnation Revolution 7388:João Bernardo Vieira 7376:Filipe Samuel Magaia 6844:10 June 2009 at the 6304:George Childs Kohn, 6062:Sellstr̀eom (2002). 5934:. 1977. p. 238. 5303:"Report from Angola" 5145:"Current Background" 4977:economic development 4884:Portuguese Air Force 4844:Douglas B-26 Invader 4685:Rosa Coutinho and a 4605:Carnation Revolution 3619:nationalists in the 3391:Non-Aligned Movement 3239:anti-personnel mines 3024:companhias indígenas 2975:(Faithfuls) and the 2832:Portuguese Air Force 2390:Paulo Dias de Novais 2006:Mozambique (1964–74) 1971:Mozambique (1917-18) 1966:Mozambique (1917–18) 1951:East Timor (1911–12) 1889:French Guiana (1809) 1738:2nd Sri Lanka (1654) 1733:1st Sri Lanka (1654) 1141:Moluccas (1530–1607) 108:independence in 1975 97:Carnation Revolution 11457:Wars involving Cuba 11417:Communism in Angola 11402:Angolan nationalism 11165:Internet censorship 10823:War of Independence 10794:Precolonial history 10555:Alex von Tunzelmann 10545:Vladimir Tismăneanu 10470:Thomas J. McCormick 10465:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 10365:Robert Hugh Ferrell 10228:Crusade for Freedom 10025:Illiberal democracy 9909:Ho Chi Minh Thought 9712:Eisenhower Doctrine 9565:Peaceful Revolution 9560:Romanian Revolution 9540:Revolutions of 1989 9525:1988 Polish strikes 9435:Operation INFEKTION 9430:1987 Lieyu massacre 9335:Eritrean Civil Wars 9318:Peruvian Revolution 9268:1979 Herat uprising 9258:Sino-Vietnamese War 9223:Uganda–Tanzania War 9203:Egyptian–Libyan War 9170:Third Indochina War 9165:Sino-Albanian split 9155:Ethiopian Civil War 9055:Eritrean Civil Wars 8995:Ping-pong diplomacy 8968:Cambodian Civil War 8794:Korean DMZ Conflict 8779:Cultural Revolution 8749:Dominican Civil War 8727:Tlatelolco massacre 8513:1959 Mosul uprising 8503:1958 Lebanon crisis 8230:Al-Wathbah uprising 8153:First Indochina War 8123:Iran crisis of 1946 7840:Portuguese Angolans 7528:Pidjiguiti massacre 7460:Military operations 7322:Military commanders 7265:Luis Ranque Franque 6697:on 11 February 2009 6532:. pp. 115–116. 6390:. pp. 146–148. 6118:. 3 September 1997. 5978:"inapertwa: Angola" 4638:End of the conflict 4583:Tanzanian President 4427:on the border with 4311:from 1963 to 1969. 4296:to the position of 4177:(Marines) occupied 4109:Júlio Botelho Moniz 3611:(PLUAA), the first 3575:Província de Angola 3559:José Ferreira Bossa 3485:was inaugurated as 3219:PPS submachine guns 2989:Katangese gendarmes 2966:Special Groups (GE) 2866:helicopters, eight 2675:company-sized units 2368:Kingdom of Portugal 2266:. There were three 2240:war of independence 2238:) in Angola, was a 2107:War of Independence 2097:Portuguese province 2057:Precolonial history 1573:Persian Gulf (1625) 1543:Persian Gulf (1622) 1513:Persian Gulf (1614) 1451:Sri Lanka (1587–88) 1436:Persian Gulf (1586) 1311:Sri Lanka (1557–58) 1301:Gulf of Oman (1554) 1286:Persian Gulf (1551) 1156:Persian Gulf (1534) 1136:Persian Gulf (1529) 10816:Colonial governors 10709:Russian Revolution 10505:Mary Elise Sarotte 10490:William B. Pickett 10415:Patrick J. Hearden 10395:Gabriel Gorodetsky 10390:Timothy Garton Ash 10375:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 9970:Ethnic nationalism 9722:Hallstein Doctrine 9606:Yemeni unification 9395:1985 Geneva Summit 9360:Casamance conflict 9263:New Jewel Movement 9248:Iranian Revolution 9233:Chadian–Libyan War 9180:Cambodian conflict 9160:Lebanese Civil War 9150:Western Sahara War 9125:June 1976 protests 9120:Cambodian genocide 8885:17 July Revolution 8839:Nigerian Civil War 8754:Rhodesian Bush War 8739:Colombian conflict 8682:Ramadan Revolution 8421:Bandung Conference 8297:Operation Valuable 8178:Partition of India 7865:Dragoons of Angola 7344:António de Spínola 6999:Insurgents/aligned 6837:Mario de Queiroz, 6716:Bender, Gerald J. 6306:Dictionary of Wars 4946: 4758:Nakuru Declaration 4723:self-determination 4679:assembly elections 4575: 4544:counter-insurgency 4480: 4309:Israeli government 4270: 4194: 4105: 4030:Congo-Léopoldville 3998:Congo-Léopoldville 3986: 3978: 3700:counter-insurgency 3536: 3375:Bandung Conference 3254: 3181:left-wing politics 3163: 3101: 3019: 2828: 2820: 2808: 2773:Dragoons of Angola 2663: 2632:Venâncio Deslandes 2600: 2555:junta de freguesia 2319:counter-insurgency 2260:forced cultivation 2216: 1961:Angola (1914–1917) 1872:Angola (1774–1778) 1678:Malaysia (1640–41) 1618:East Africa (1632) 1538:Trincomalee (1622) 1508:Brazil (1612–1615) 1226:East Africa (1542) 1186:Brazil (1534–1536) 1131:East Africa (1528) 1046:East Africa (1517) 971:East Africa (1507) 951:East Africa (1505) 90:Military stalemate 11432:Portuguese Angola 11339: 11338: 11297: 11296: 11175:Lists of Angolans 11160:Human trafficking 11122: 11121: 11038: 11037: 11015:Political parties 11010:National Assembly 10978:Foreign relations 10930: 10929: 10828:People's Republic 10740: 10739: 10727:List of conflicts 10575:Rudolph Winnacker 10520:Giles Scott-Smith 10495:Ronald E. Powaski 10450:Melvyn P. Leffler 10380:John Lewis Gaddis 10355:Robert D. English 10320:Warren H. Carroll 10310:Michael Beschloss 10279:Nuclear arms race 10260: 10259: 10166:Neues Deutschland 10068: 10067: 10050:White nationalism 10020:Liberal democracy 9757:Ulbricht Doctrine 9747:Brezhnev Doctrine 9555:Velvet Revolution 9299:Soviet–Afghan War 9115:Angolan Civil War 8912:Goulash Communism 8769:ASEAN Declaration 8722:Mexican Dirty War 8620:Annexation of Goa 8571:1960 U-2 incident 8545:Sino-Soviet split 8523:Laotian Civil War 8363:Bricker Amendment 8343:Mau Mau rebellion 8287:Malayan Emergency 8275:Chinese Civil War 8235:Tito–Stalin split 8089:Division of Korea 7913: 7912: 7752:Angolan Civil War 7674: 7673: 7608: 7521: 7476: 7351:Kaúlza de Arriaga 7305:Aristides Pereira 7181:Political leaders 7176: 7175: 6983:Annexation of Goa 6971:Portuguese Guinea 6961:Portuguese Angola 6956:Portuguese Empire 6440:978-1-4696-6586-3 6278:978-0-7923-0796-9 5883:. pp. 26–27. 5235:data.mongabay.com 5043:Portuguese Angola 4985:human development 4966:Angolan Civil War 4899:Aerospatiale Puma 4816:Foreign influence 4616:Portuguese Guinea 4449:Republic of Congo 4425:Teixeira de Sousa 4316:Nicolae Ceaușescu 4302:Zairian President 4239:on 16 September. 4134:Overseas Minister 4010:Central Highlands 3962: 3961: 3947: 3924: 3750:Mainland Portugal 3746:Baixa do Cassanje 3598:Portuguese Africa 3569:Colónia de Angola 3563:National Assembly 3511:South West Africa 3499:Northern Rhodesia 3451:as president and 3447:" in 1971), with 3445:Republic of Zaire 3402:Secretary-General 3115:Kongo Royal House 2958:Portuguese Legion 2917:preventive police 2748:special caçadores 2619:forces, generals 2590:Portuguese forces 2378:, arrived in the 2358:History of Angola 2208: 2207: 2140:Post-war Angola’s 2135: 2134: 2016: 2015: 1929:Mozambique (1895) 1924:Mozambique (1895) 1748:Malabar (1658–63) 1643:Gold Coast (1637) 1583:Gold Coast (1625) 1471:India (1599–1600) 1371:Chaul (1570–1571) 1256:Insulindia (1545) 1111:Insulindia (1526) 1106:Insulindia (1525) 1101:Sumatra (1523–24) 1076:Insulindia (1521) 936:India (1500–1513) 889:Morocco (1463–64) 815: 814: 748: 747: 704:Baixa de Cassanje 656: 655: 485:Material support: 320:Material support: 159:Material support: 130: 129: 113:Angolan Civil War 75:Portuguese Angola 11484: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11133: 11132: 11094: 11049: 11048: 10941: 10940: 10875:Cities and towns 10868: 10867: 10806:Colonial history 10767: 10760: 10753: 10744: 10743: 10485:David S. Painter 10410:John Earl Haynes 10340:Nicholas J. Cull 10325:Adrian Cioroianu 10305:Thomas A. Bailey 10252:Voice of America 10143: 10142: 10055:White separatism 10035:Social democracy 10030:Guided democracy 10010:Authoritarianism 9960:Ultranationalism 9950:Anti-imperialism 9877:Marxism–Leninism 9790: 9789: 9777:Kinmen Agreement 9742:Johnson Doctrine 9727:Kennedy Doctrine 9643:Frozen conflicts 9626:1991 August Coup 9515:Afghan Civil War 9410:Reykjavík Summit 9405:Somali Rebellion 9345:Ugandan Bush War 9323:Gdańsk Agreement 8844:Protests of 1968 8824:War of Attrition 8533:Cuban Revolution 8469:We will bury you 8436:Cyprus Emergency 8416:Kashmir Princess 8406:Jebel Akhdar War 8255:Western betrayal 7940: 7933: 7926: 7917: 7916: 7902: 7901: 7762:Impact in Africa 7679:Diplomatic front 7606: 7519: 7474: 7465: 7464: 7383: 7371: 7359: 7331: 7292: 7277:Eduardo Mondlane 7271: 7261: 7247: 7233: 7214: 7190: 7144:Portugal/aligned 6996: 6995: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6910: 6909: 6885: 6871: 6854: 6848: 6835: 6829: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6778:. Archived from 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6730:on 25 March 2009 6729: 6723:. Archived from 6722: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6693:. 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Archived from 5652: 5646: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5620: 5614: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5577: 5566: 5565: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5500:saairforce.co.za 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5434: 5428: 5419: 5413: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5387:(in Portuguese). 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5319:10.2307/20039527 5298: 5292: 5291: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5149: 5148: 5140: 5129: 5128: 5120: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5085: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5009:central planning 4973:central planning 4910: 4747:Kenyan President 4525: 4494: 4466: 4421:Benguela railway 4415: 4374:Kingdom of Kongo 4305:Mobutu Sese Seko 4298:Foreign Minister 4123: 4068: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3918: 3897: 3889: 3876: 3875:A.L. Pires Nunes 3861: 3770: 3720: 3714: 3693:political asylum 3634:and his brother 3625:Kingdom of Kongo 3577: 3571: 3477:Mobutu Sese Seko 3449:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 3420:(former British 3197:(president) and 3143:Mobutu Sese Seko 3131:Kingdom of Kongo 3065: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3032: 3026: 3004: 2995:, which opposed 2986: 2980: 2974: 2767: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2735: 2725: 2712: 2706: 2640: 2629: 2621:Monteiro Libório 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2550: 2547:câmara municipal 2542: 2534: 2525:local government 2401: 2380:Kingdom of Kongo 2200: 2193: 2186: 2087:Colonial history 2077:Dutch occupation 2053: 2052: 2047: 2037: 2019: 2018: 1996:Angola (1961–74) 1991:Africa (1961–74) 1956:Angola (1914–15) 1941:Angola (1902–04) 1904:Brazil (1821–25) 1855:Brazil (1762–63) 1728:Brazil (1652–54) 1683:Angola (1641–48) 1633:Arabia (1633–43) 1381:Mangalore (1571) 1296:Arabia (1552–54) 854: 852: 842: 835: 828: 819: 818: 787: 785: 775: 768: 761: 752: 751: 694: 692: 682: 675: 668: 659: 658: 613: 612: 611: 601: 600: 599: 589: 588: 587: 571: 570: 569: 559: 558: 557: 547: 546: 545: 535: 534: 533: 510: 508: 507: 497: 495: 494: 473: 472: 471: 461: 459: 458: 441: 440: 439: 427: 425: 424: 414: 412: 411: 401: 399: 398: 391: 387: 385: 384: 373: 371: 370: 363: 359: 357: 356: 345: 343: 342: 332: 330: 329: 308: 307: 306: 295: 294: 293: 278: 277: 266: 264: 263: 253: 251: 250: 240: 238: 237: 230: 226: 224: 223: 215: 211: 209: 208: 197: 195: 194: 184: 182: 181: 171: 169: 168: 149: 148: 147: 86:Angolan victory 57: 56: 49: 21: 20: 11492: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11377:1970s in Angola 11372:1970s conflicts 11362:1960s in Angola 11357:1960s conflicts 11347: 11346: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11306: 11293: 11209: 11190:Public holidays 11118: 11092: 11034: 11000:Law enforcement 10926: 10900:Protected areas 10857: 10811:Portuguese rule 10780: 10771: 10741: 10736: 10713: 10704:Second Cold War 10662: 10590: 10584: 10560:Odd Arne Westad 10550:Patrick Vaughan 10535:Athan Theoharis 10515:Ellen Schrecker 10500:Yakov M. Rabkin 10475:Timothy Naftali 10420:Tvrtko Jakovina 10405:Jussi Hanhimäki 10288: 10266: 10256: 10234:Paix et Liberté 10209: 10153:Active measures 10134: 10064: 10045:White supremacy 10005:Totalitarianism 9933: 9858: 9781: 9767:Reagan Doctrine 9762:Carter Doctrine 9702:Truman Doctrine 9690: 9637: 9569: 9464:Soviet reaction 9375:Ndogboyosoi War 9282: 9253:Saur Revolution 9080:1973 oil crisis 9045:Munich massacre 8953:Alcora Exercise 8948:Black September 8926: 8672:Sino-Indian War 8566:Simba rebellion 8549: 8393:Capture of the 8301: 8240:Berlin Blockade 8173:May 1947 crises 8163:Truman Doctrine 8128:Greek Civil War 8117:Blacklist Forty 8084:Gouzenko Affair 8071:Cursed soldiers 8023:Morgenthau Plan 8011: 7949: 7944: 7914: 7909: 7889: 7860:Bravia Chaimite 7803: 7771:Popular culture 7766: 7732:Alvor Agreement 7715: 7696:Alcora Exercise 7670: 7605: 7595: 7575:Cheche Disaster 7518: 7508: 7473: 7461: 7455: 7397:Order of battle 7392: 7381: 7369: 7364:Daniel Chipenda 7357: 7329: 7317: 7290: 7269: 7259: 7245: 7231: 7212: 7207:Marcelo Caetano 7188: 7172: 7139: 6987: 6942: 6937: 6907: 6884:(in Portuguese) 6883: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6855: 6851: 6846:Wayback Machine 6836: 6832: 6820: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6714: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6643: 6639: 6628: 6624: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6580: 6576: 6565: 6561: 6550: 6537: 6526: 6511: 6497:(in Portuguese) 6496: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6427: 6423: 6413: 6411: 6409:www.eisa.org.za 6403: 6402: 6395: 6384: 6380: 6369: 6365: 6354: 6350: 6339: 6335: 6316: 6312: 6303: 6299: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6265: 6261: 6252: 6248: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6188: 6175: 6168: 6146: 6142: 6136:Wayback Machine 6127: 6123: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6098:sites.tufts.edu 6092: 6091: 6087: 6080:Revista Militar 6075: 6071: 6060: 6056: 6051:. pp. 5–6. 6045: 6041: 6034:Revista Militar 6029: 6025: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5952: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5914: 5910: 5899: 5888: 5877: 5873: 5864:Wayback Machine 5854:(in Portuguese) 5853: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5792: 5788: 5777: 5773: 5762: 5753: 5742: 5733: 5725: 5718: 5701: 5697: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5666:on 7 April 2019 5654: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5635: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5578: 5569: 5562: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5467:Stockwell, John 5464: 5460: 5453: 5445:. p. 228. 5435: 5431: 5420: 5416: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5307:Foreign Affairs 5299: 5295: 5264: 5257: 5246: 5242: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5178: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5152: 5141: 5132: 5121: 5112: 5101: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5028: 5023: 5021: 5018: 4958:Royal Air Force 4938: 4921: 4913:Cuito Cuanavale 4868: 4851:Royal Air Force 4840:Tucson, Arizona 4823: 4818: 4806:Henry Kissinger 4656:Alvor Agreement 4640: 4532: 4408:Daniel Chipenda 4404: 4398: 4357:Nationalization 4331:Viriato da Cruz 4242:On 9 June, the 4163:, Sanza Pombo, 4130:Adriano Moreira 3967: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3936: 3933: 3929:subst:Needtrans 3926: 3925: 3917: 3912:Please help to 3911: 3904:may be a rough 3898: 3887: 3877: 3874: 3862: 3859: 3807: 3741: 3735: 3678:Henrique Galvão 3613:political party 3583:Viriato da Cruz 3525: 3523:1950s in Angola 3519: 3483:John F. Kennedy 3453:Patrice Lumumba 3349: 3344: 3332:Daniel Chipenda 3328: 3322: 3298: 3292: 3260: 3246: 3235:anti-tank mines 3199:Viriato da Cruz 3169: 3155: 3107: 3093: 3088: 3080:color blindness 3011: 2943: 2905: 2903:Security forces 2780:Portuguese Navy 2689:junior officers 2667:Portuguese Army 2634: 2623: 2612: 2592: 2587: 2521:Cunene District 2364: 2356:Main articles: 2354: 2342:Alvor Agreement 2204: 2174:Years in Angola 2163: 2035: 2028: 2017: 2012: 1976:Timor (1942–43) 1894:China (1809–10) 1825:India (1729–32) 1693:India (1644–45) 1658:India (1638–39) 1588:Malaysia (1628) 1518:Malaysia (1615) 1498:Malaysia (1606) 1493:Malaysia (1606) 1446:Malaysia (1587) 1441:Malaysia (1586) 1401:Malaysia (1575) 1396:Malaysia (1574) 1391:Malaysia (1573) 1386:India (1570–75) 1366:Goa (1570–1571) 1306:Pakistan (1557) 1291:Malaysia (1551) 1271:Malaysia (1547) 1251:Ethiopia (1543) 1246:Ethiopia (1542) 1241:Ethiopia (1542) 1236:Ethiopia (1542) 1231:Ethiopia (1542) 1221:Ethiopia (1542) 1216:Ethiopia (1541) 1181:Moluccas (1536) 1176:Malaysia (1536) 1171:Malaysia (1535) 1161:Malaysia (1534) 1096:Malaysia (1523) 1056:Malaysia (1520) 1011:Malaysia (1511) 855: 850: 848: 846: 816: 811: 788: 783: 781: 779: 749: 744: 740:Alvor Agreement 721:Alcora Exercise 695: 690: 688: 686: 646: 619: 615:Marcelo Caetano 609: 607: 603:Francisco Gomes 597: 595: 585: 583: 577: 567: 565: 555: 553: 543: 541: 531: 529: 516: 505: 503: 492: 490: 487: 486: 481: 477: 469: 467: 456: 454: 445: 437: 435: 434: 433: 422: 420: 409: 407: 396: 394: 382: 380: 368: 366: 354: 352: 340: 338: 327: 325: 322: 321: 316: 312: 304: 302: 299: 291: 289: 285: 284: 272: 261: 259: 248: 246: 235: 233: 221: 219: 206: 204: 192: 190: 179: 177: 166: 164: 161: 160: 155: 145: 143: 122: 102:Alvor Agreement 77: 64: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11490: 11480: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11422:Guerrilla wars 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11344: 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8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8112: 8104: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8073: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8053: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7962: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7943: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7920: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7786:April Captains 7782: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7615:Mueda Massacre 7611: 7609: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7586: 7577: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7524: 7522: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7479: 7477: 7462: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7333: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7298:Amílcar Cabral 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7239:Holden Roberto 7235: 7228: 7223: 7220:Agostinho Neto 7216: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7192: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7120:Czechoslovakia 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7002: 7000: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6952: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6936: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6913: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6894: 6892:OnWar timeline 6889: 6879: 6878:External links 6876: 6873: 6872: 6849: 6830: 6814: 6793: 6782:on 4 June 2011 6767: 6741: 6708: 6682: 6670: 6663: 6637: 6634:. p. 149. 6622: 6607: 6600: 6574: 6559: 6556:. p. 200. 6535: 6509: 6489: 6480: 6471: 6464: 6446: 6439: 6421: 6393: 6378: 6375:. p. 130. 6363: 6348: 6345:. p. 170. 6333: 6310: 6297: 6284: 6277: 6259: 6246: 6228: 6215: 6208: 6202:, 46 and 289. 6173: 6166: 6140: 6121: 6103: 6085: 6069: 6066:. p. 380. 6054: 6039: 6023: 5990: 5969: 5937: 5923: 5908: 5886: 5871: 5846: 5830: 5819: 5812: 5786: 5771: 5768:. p. 359. 5751: 5731: 5728:Angola 1966–74 5716: 5695: 5677: 5647: 5633: 5615: 5601: 5587: 5584:. p. 213. 5567: 5560: 5540: 5523: 5514: 5505: 5487: 5458: 5452:978-9004056466 5451: 5443:Brill Academic 5429: 5414: 5399: 5390: 5376: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5313:(3): 558–574. 5293: 5280:10.2307/174815 5255: 5240: 5222: 5207: 5201:978-1555879310 5200: 5169: 5150: 5130: 5110: 5086: 5077: 5068: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5017: 5014: 4989:GDP per capita 4937: 4934: 4920: 4917: 4867: 4864: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4802:Consul General 4790:Edward Mulcahy 4671:Eastern Revolt 4639: 4636: 4624:Agostinho Neto 4620:Holden Roberto 4594:Revolta Activa 4588:convinced the 4586:Julius Nyerere 4579:Eastern Revolt 4531: 4528: 4508:(remodeled as 4433:Kenneth Kaunda 4400:Main article: 4397: 4394: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4347:Multiracialism 4344: 4335:Agostinho Neto 4248:Resolution 163 4132:was appointed 4014:Zaire Province 3994:Holden Roberto 3966: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3901: 3899: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3872: 3857: 3806: 3803: 3737:Main article: 3734: 3731: 3648:Ilidio Machado 3591:United Nations 3521:Main article: 3518: 3515: 3507:Kenneth Kaunda 3469:United Nations 3398:United Nations 3387:neocolonialism 3357:wind of change 3348: 3345: 3343: 3342:Pre-war events 3340: 3336:Agostinho Neto 3326:Eastern Revolt 3324:Main article: 3321: 3318: 3294:Main article: 3291: 3288: 3256:Main article: 3252:Jonas Savimbi. 3245: 3242: 3215:Tokarev pistol 3195:Agostinho Neto 3186:intelligentsia 3165:Main article: 3154: 3151: 3111:Holden Roberto 3103:Main article: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3010: 3007: 2981:(Loyals). The 2942: 2939: 2904: 2901: 2719:regiment-sized 2680:cadre strength 2611: 2608: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2562:circunscrições 2517:Cuando-Cubango 2353: 2350: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2049: 2048: 2040: 2039: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1867:Morocco (1769) 1864: 1863: 1862: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1673:Morocco (1640) 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1593:Malacca (1629) 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1488:Sumatra (1606) 1485: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1461:Senegal (1589) 1458: 1456:Mombasa (1589) 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1406:Morocco (1578) 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1376:Honavar (1571) 1373: 1368: 1363: 1361:Sumatra (1569) 1358: 1356:Malacca (1568) 1353: 1348: 1343: 1341:Morocco (1564) 1338: 1336:Morocco (1562) 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211:Red Sea (1541) 1208: 1206:Red Sea (1541) 1203: 1201:Red Sea (1541) 1198: 1196:Red Sea (1541) 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1151:Morocco (1533) 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1126:Sumatra (1528) 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1086:Sumatra (1522) 1083: 1078: 1073: 1071:Bahrain (1521) 1068: 1066:Sumatra (1521) 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1041:Morocco (1516) 1038: 1036:Morocco (1515) 1033: 1031:Morocco (1515) 1028: 1026:Morocco (1514) 1023: 1021:Morocco (1514) 1018: 1016:Morocco (1513) 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 981:Socotra (1507) 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 941:Algeria (1501) 938: 932: 931: 927: 926: 924:Morocco (1490) 921: 919:Morocco (1489) 916: 914:Morocco (1487) 911: 906: 904:Morocco (1471) 901: 899:Morocco (1471) 896: 894:Morocco (1468) 891: 886: 884:Morocco (1458) 881: 879:Morocco (1437) 876: 874:Morocco (1419) 871: 869:Morocco (1415) 865: 864: 860: 857: 856: 845: 844: 837: 830: 822: 813: 812: 810: 809: 804: 799: 793: 790: 789: 778: 777: 770: 763: 755: 746: 745: 743: 742: 737: 730: 723: 718: 711: 706: 700: 697: 696: 685: 684: 677: 670: 662: 654: 653: 649: 648: 643: 639: 638: 634: 633: 630: 626: 625: 621: 620: 618: 617: 605: 593: 580: 578: 576: 575: 563: 561:Holden Roberto 551: 539: 537:Agostinho Neto 526: 523: 522: 518: 517: 515: 514: 501: 484: 483: 482: 480: 479: 465: 451: 449: 432: 431: 418: 405: 392: 377: 364: 349: 336: 319: 318: 317: 315: 314: 300: 286: 283: 282: 270: 257: 244: 231: 216: 201: 188: 175: 158: 157: 156: 154: 153: 140: 137: 136: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 116: 115: 109: 99: 94: 91: 83: 79: 78: 73: 71: 67: 66: 61: 53: 52: 42: 41: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11489: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11304: 11300: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11155:Ethnic groups 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11125: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11041: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10933: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10763: 10761: 10756: 10754: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10716: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10694:War on terror 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10589:Espionage and 10587: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10540:Andrew Thorpe 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10435:Gabriel Kolko 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10400:Fred Halliday 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10385:Lloyd Gardner 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10345:Norman Davies 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10330:John Costello 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10265:Technological 10263: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10163: 10161: 10160: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146:Pro-communist 10144: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10073:Organizations 10071: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9887:Eurocommunism 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9784: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9717:Domino theory 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9671:South Ossetia 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9465: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9455:8888 Uprising 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9400:Iran–Iraq War 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9365:Falklands War 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9285: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9228:NDF Rebellion 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9208:German Autumn 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9095:Metapolitefsi 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8859: 8857: 8856:Prague Spring 8854: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8834:Al-Wadiah War 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8799:12-3 incident 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8378:Domino theory 8376: 8374: 8373:Petrov Affair 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8250:Madiun Affair 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8210:Marshall Plan 8208: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7959:United States 7956: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7934: 7929: 7927: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7906: 7905: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7742:Lusaka Accord 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7590:Ametista Real 7587: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7332: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7284:Samora Machel 7281: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7253:Jonas Savimbi 7250: 7248: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7234: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7215: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7196:Américo Tomás 7193: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7055:United States 7053: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6929: 6927: 6922: 6920: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6803: 6797: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6666: 6664:9780395652374 6660: 6656: 6651: 6650: 6641: 6633: 6626: 6619:. p. 86. 6618: 6611: 6603: 6601:9780521853644 6597: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6578: 6571:. p. 58. 6570: 6563: 6555: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6531: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6501:Porto Editora 6493: 6484: 6475: 6467: 6465:0-415-35015-8 6461: 6457: 6450: 6442: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6389: 6382: 6374: 6367: 6360:. p. 64. 6359: 6352: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6314: 6307: 6301: 6294: 6291:Tom Hartman, 6288: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6250: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6219: 6211: 6209:9780415350150 6205: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6169: 6167:9780813339474 6163: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6144: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6125: 6117: 6116:reliefweb.int 6113: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6081: 6073: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6027: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5979: 5973: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5933: 5927: 5920:. p. XI. 5919: 5912: 5904: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5882: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5828: 5823: 5815: 5813:0-85045-843-9 5809: 5805: 5800: 5799: 5790: 5783:. p. 31. 5782: 5775: 5767: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5748:. p. 15. 5747: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5702:John Marcum, 5699: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5660:SAPO Notícias 5657: 5651: 5644: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5612: 5611: 5605: 5597: 5591: 5583: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5563: 5561:9781440860768 5557: 5553: 5552: 5544: 5533: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5394: 5386: 5380: 5374:1985, p. 140. 5373: 5368: 5362:2012, p. 339. 5361: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5188:Lynne Rienner 5185: 5184: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5126: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5107:. p. 10. 5106: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5030:Africa portal 5020: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4942: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4916: 4915:during 1968. 4914: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4821:United States 4813: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4750:Jomo Kenyatta 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4628:Jonas Savimbi 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4414: 4409: 4406:In May 1966, 4403: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352:Non-alignment 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4294:Jonas Savimbi 4291: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4094:Aldeia Viçosa 4090: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4002:Belgian Congo 3999: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3971: 3956: 3953:November 2020 3945: 3941: 3930: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3902:This article 3900: 3896: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3871: 3866: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3820:, ambushed a 3819: 3815: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630:During 1955, 3628: 3626: 3622: 3621:Belgian Congo 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465:Moïse Tshombe 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437:Belgian Congo 3433: 3431: 3427: 3426:Kwame Nkrumah 3423: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3373:In 1955, the 3371: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3264:Jonas Savimbi 3259: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119:Belgian Congo 3116: 3112: 3106: 3097: 3083: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3015: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2954:civil defense 2951: 2946: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2892:Dornier Do 27 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860:Nord Noratlas 2858:bombers, six 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2717:. Usually, a 2716: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2596: 2582: 2580: 2579:tribal chiefs 2575: 2569: 2565:) and posts ( 2563: 2557: 2556: 2549: 2548: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2411:Nzinga Mbandi 2407: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2366:In 1482, the 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2304:Guinea-Bissau 2301: 2298:of the wider 2297: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2279:peaceful coup 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234:(Portuguese: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1946:Angola (1907) 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850:Brazil (1756) 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1820:Angola (1723) 1818: 1816: 1815:Brazil (1711) 1813: 1811: 1810:Brazil (1710) 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1783:Angola (1681) 1781: 1779: 1778:Angola (1671) 1776: 1774: 1773:Angola (1670) 1771: 1769: 1768:Angola (1670) 1766: 1764: 1763:Brazil (1666) 1761: 1759: 1758:Angola (1665) 1756: 1754: 1753:Margão (1659) 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1743:Mannar (1658) 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1723:Arabia (1650) 1721: 1719: 1718:Brazil (1649) 1716: 1714: 1713:Brazil (1648) 1711: 1709: 1708:Angola (1647) 1706: 1704: 1703:Brazil (1645) 1701: 1699: 1698:Brazil (1645) 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1688:Brazil (1641) 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1668:Brazil (1640) 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1653:Brazil (1638) 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1638:Brazil (1636) 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1628:Arabia (1633) 1626: 1624: 1623:Bengal (1632) 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1613:Brazil (1631) 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1603:Brazil (1630) 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1578:Brazil (1625) 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1568:Angola (1624) 1566: 1564: 1563:Brazil (1624) 1561: 1559: 1558:Angola (1623) 1556: 1554: 1553:Angola (1622) 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1523:Jaffna (1619) 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1466:Jaffna (1591) 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1426:Angola (1583) 1424: 1422: 1421:Arabia (1581) 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1411:Angola (1580) 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1351:Brazil (1567) 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1326:Jaffna (1560) 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1316:Brazil (1558) 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1281:Arabia (1548) 1279: 1277: 1276:Arabia (1548) 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1091:Arabia (1523) 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 986:Arabia (1507) 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 929: 928: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 909:Guinea (1478) 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 862: 861: 858: 853: 843: 838: 836: 831: 829: 824: 823: 820: 808: 805: 803: 802:Guinea-Bissau 800: 798: 795: 794: 791: 786: 776: 771: 769: 764: 762: 757: 756: 753: 741: 738: 736: 735: 731: 729: 728: 724: 722: 719: 717: 716: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 698: 693: 683: 678: 676: 671: 669: 664: 663: 660: 650: 645:6,000 killed 644: 642:25,000 killed 641: 640: 635: 631: 628: 627: 622: 616: 606: 604: 594: 592: 582: 581: 579: 574: 573:Jonas Savimbi 564: 562: 552: 550: 540: 538: 528: 527: 525: 524: 519: 513: 502: 500: 489: 488: 476: 466: 464: 453: 452: 450: 448: 444: 430: 419: 417: 406: 404: 393: 390: 378: 376: 365: 362: 350: 348: 337: 335: 334:United States 324: 323: 311: 301: 298: 288: 287: 281: 276: 271: 269: 258: 256: 245: 243: 232: 229: 217: 214: 202: 200: 189: 187: 176: 174: 163: 162: 152: 142: 141: 139: 138: 133: 125: 120: 119: 114: 111:Start of the 110: 107: 103: 100: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 81: 80: 76: 72: 69: 68: 62: 59: 58: 54: 48: 43: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 11322:Bibliography 11223:Architecture 11185:Prostitution 11145:Demographics 11109:Trade unions 10983:Human rights 10958:Constitution 10822: 10699:Brinkmanship 10591:intelligence 10480:Marius Oprea 10430:Harvey Klehr 10360:Herbert Feis 10350:Willem Drees 10315:Archie Brown 10232: 10220: 10202: 10192:Trybuna Ludu 10190: 10183: 10179:Radio Moscow 10171: 10164: 10157: 9985:Anti-Zionism 9901: 9824:Keynesianism 9812:Conservatism 9676:Transnistria 9656:China-Taiwan 9313:Gera Demands 9186: 8987: 8862: 8667:El Porteñazo 8644: 8561:Congo Crisis 8476: 8411:Algerian War 8394: 8270:Western Bloc 8265:Eastern Bloc 8260:Iron Curtain 8116: 8108: 8100: 8077: 8057: 8049: 7966:Soviet Union 7964: 7957: 7897: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7641: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7600: 7588: 7580: 7579: 7567: 7562:Gata Pequena 7560: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7513: 7503:Frente Leste 7501: 7494: 7487: 7469: 7468: 7380: 7368: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7218: 7211: 7194: 7187: 7158:South Africa 7150: 7060:Soviet Union 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6992:Belligerents 6852: 6833: 6817: 6805:. 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II, 5628:photius.com 5190:. pp. 5007:and failed 4857:, that the 4855:White House 4810:Gerald Ford 4669:(FLEC) and 4523:Agrupamento 4492:Agrupamento 4378:Che Guevara 4255:Alto Cauale 4147:ocean liner 4114:coup d'état 4078:– moved to 4046:Sanza Pombo 3942:section on 3906:translation 3860:John Marcum 3814:Santa Maria 3782:canhangulos 3729:(3rd CCE). 3688:Santa Maria 3638:formed the 3435:The former 3383:colonialism 3268:imperialist 3149:countries. 3050:civilizados 3044:assimilados 3030:assimilados 2864:Alouette II 2788:river Zaire 2728:battlegroup 2723:agrupamento 2671:Warsaw Pact 2643:Costa Gomes 2635: [ 2624: [ 2396:in 1575 as 2340:signed the 2288:Estado Novo 2274:movement. 2268:nationalist 2034:History of 1483:Java (1601) 1121:Java (1527) 121:Territorial 11351:Categories 11287:Cathedrals 11265:Television 11260:Newspapers 11250:Literature 11093:(currency) 10963:Corruption 10885:Ecoregions 10293:Historians 10284:Space Race 10185:Rudé právo 10139:Propaganda 9995:Neo-Nazism 9965:Chauvinism 9919:Trotskyism 9834:Monetarism 9802:Liberalism 9794:Capitalism 9786:Ideologies 9737:Ostpolitik 9460:Solidarity 9425:Toyota War 9328:Solidarity 9185:Operation 9140:Ogaden War 8829:Dhofar War 8717:Shifta War 8475:Operation 8323:Korean War 8115:Operation 8107:Operation 8099:Operation 8076:Operation 8056:Operation 8048:Operation 7830:Retornados 7602:Mozambique 7548:Ciclone II 7424:Irregulars 7226:Lúcio Lara 6948:Background 6807:9 February 6786:9 February 6760:9 February 6734:9 February 6701:9 February 6326:. p. 6016:7 February 6000:"Portugal" 5983:7 February 5706:, vol. I, 5670:11 January 5480:28 January 5054:References 5005:inequality 4997:corruption 4954:Boeing 707 4770:Cuban-MPLA 4497:task force 4388:, and the 4174:Fuzileiros 4126:government 4050:Santa Cruz 3652:Lúcio Lara 3548:university 3056:indigenato 2710:quadrícula 2684:conscripts 2539:freguesias 2473:Cuanza Sul 2336:, and the 2323:atrocities 2308:Mozambique 2272:separatist 2224:Portuguese 1051:Goa (1517) 807:Mozambique 549:Lúcio Lara 242:Yugoslavia 11200:Squatting 11170:Languages 11150:Education 11114:Transport 11076:Companies 11020:President 10995:Judiciary 10968:Elections 10912:Provinces 10863:Geography 10853:Conflicts 10833:Civil War 10580:Ken Young 10425:Tony Judt 10274:Arms race 10247:Red Scare 10115:NN States 10060:Apartheid 10015:Autocracy 9924:Stalinism 9892:Guevarism 9882:Castroism 9872:Communism 9864:Socialism 9390:Star Wars 8983:Koza riot 8109:Beleaguer 8101:Masterdom 7720:Aftermath 7651:Abanadela 7643:Nó Górdio 7582:Mar Verde 7496:Esmeralda 7419:Air Force 6899:from the 5327:0015-7120 4993:recession 4936:Aftermath 4792:, Acting 4663:civil war 4536:squadrons 4342:Democracy 4320:Bucharest 4236:Caçadores 4210:Caçadores 4204:, in the 4198:Viriathus 4142:Caçadores 4071:metropole 4066:Caçadores 4006:ovimbundu 3984:UPA badge 3847:musseques 3797:injured. 3768:Caçadores 3718:caçadores 3711:caçadores 3581:In 1948, 3497:In 1964, 3479:in 1965. 3422:Gold Cost 3416:In 1957, 3379:Indonesia 3272:Ovimbundu 3060:ensigns ( 2991:from the 2796:corvettes 2784:operating 2765:caçadores 2760:Commandos 2755:caçadores 2740:caçadores 2733:caçadores 2703:caçadores 2531:concelhos 2497:Moçâmedes 2453:districts 2438:portfolio 2419:Metropole 2376:Diogo Cão 2315:guerrilla 2131:1975–2002 2127:Civil War 2121:1975–1992 2111:1961–1974 2101:1951–1961 2091:1648–1951 2081:1641–1648 2071:1575–1641 715:Viriathus 11331:Category 11282:Religion 11245:Football 11180:Polygamy 11061:Airports 11005:Military 10936:Politics 10922:Wildlife 10880:Communes 10778:articles 10732:Timeline 10722:Category 10667:See also 10159:Izvestia 10000:Islamism 9897:Hoxhaism 9772:Rollback 9651:Abkhazia 9591:Gulf War 9495:Glasnost 8865:incident 8635:Sand War 8493:Ifni War 8002:Rio Pact 7947:Cold War 7904:Category 7799:A Guerra 7534:Tridente 7163:Rhodesia 7152:Portugal 7115:Bulgaria 7090:Tanzania 6864:Honecker 6842:Archived 6754:Archived 6132:Archived 5860:Archived 5690:angop.ao 5335:20039527 5016:See also 4926:Tanzania 4892:Cassinga 4872:Rhodesia 4246:adopted 4218:Quipedro 4171:, while 4154:Benguela 4054:Quimbele 3940:WP:PNTCU 3873:— 3858:— 3818:machetes 3778:machetes 3709:special 3552:de facto 3355:and the 3353:Cold War 3308:and the 3175:and the 3091:UPA/FNLA 2838:and the 2792:frigates 2485:Benguela 2404:Benguela 2392:founded 2372:caravels 2256:Portugal 2168:See also 2025:a series 2023:Part of 734:Savannah 624:Strength 512:Rhodesia 463:Portugal 389:Bulgaria 255:Tanzania 228:Bulgaria 70:Location 39:Cold War 37:and the 11308:Outline 11272:Museums 11240:Cuisine 11215:Culture 11195:Slavery 11128:Society 11104:Tourism 11091:Kwanza 11086:Fishing 11044:Economy 10953:Cabinet 10890:Islands 10786:History 10222:Amerika 10105:Comecon 9990:Fascism 9980:Zionism 9929:Titoism 9470:Contras 8938:Détente 8215:Comecon 7820:Flechas 7665:Marosca 7555:Vulcano 7489:Viriato 7370:frelimo 7270:frelimo 7135:Morocco 7125:Romania 7100:Senegal 7085:Tunisia 7080:Algeria 7035:FRELIMO 6823:276–278 6242:YouTube 5001:poverty 4831:Marxist 4796:in the 4766:Namibia 4719:Cabinda 4704:Bakongo 4644:Mombasa 4630:met in 4540:mortars 4526:Raio). 4506:Sirocco 4502:Sirocco 4487:Sirocco 4469:Mandume 4464:Vitória 4179:Tomboco 4038:Carmona 3826:Airport 3727:Malanje 3723:Cabinda 3658:and in 3656:Ambundu 3636:Joaquim 3617:Bakongo 3461:Katanga 3368:Algiers 3314:Cabinda 3191:Ambundu 3127:Bakongo 3063:alferes 2935:Flechas 2930:Flechas 2786:on the 2647:theatre 2574:cipaios 2477:Malanje 2457:Cabinda 2434:cabinet 2296:theater 2061:to 1575 727:Emerald 403:Morocco 361:Romania 213:Romania 123:changes 106:Angolan 11228:Cinema 11099:Mining 11081:Health 10917:Rivers 10776: 10774:Angola 10173:Pravda 9975:Racism 9914:Maoism 9666:Kosovo 9187:Condor 8863:Pueblo 8849:May 68 8477:Gladio 8395:Tuapse 8058:Jungle 8050:Priboi 7875:RENAMO 7658:Penada 7515:Guinea 7470:Angola 7130:Israel 7105:Guinea 7095:Zambia 6860:Castro 6661: 6598: 6462: 6437: 6414:27 May 6275: 6206: 6164: 6082:, 2011 6036:, 2011 5810: 5558: 5449: 5333: 5325: 5288:174815 5286: 5198: 4778:Huambo 4754:Nakuru 4665:. The 4632:Bukavu 4626:, and 4552:Moxico 4453:Zambia 4429:Zambia 4206:Dembos 4169:Cuimba 4150:Niassa 4058:Mucaba 4042:Negage 4026:Luanda 3975:Luanda 3794:napalm 3754:cotton 3660:Luanda 3650:, and 3550:, the 3532:Angola 3503:Zambia 3304:, the 3135:French 2997:Mobutu 2872:Auster 2568:postos 2493:Moxico 2489:Huambo 2465:Luanda 2394:Luanda 2346:Luanda 2332:, the 2283:Lisbon 2254:, and 2036:Angola 2027:on the 797:Angola 709:Luanda 632:65,000 629:32,000 509: 496: 460: 429:Zambia 426: 416:Brazil 413: 400: 386: 372: 358: 344: 331: 280:Brazil 265: 252: 239: 225: 210: 196: 183: 170: 82:Result 33:, the 11343:Notes 11315:Index 11277:Music 11255:Media 11233:Films 11205:Women 11066:Banks 10848:2020s 10843:2010s 10838:2000s 10658:Stasi 10125:SAARC 10120:ASEAN 10085:SEATO 9938:Other 9903:Juche 9661:Korea 9574:1990s 9287:1980s 8931:1970s 8554:1960s 8306:1950s 8016:1940s 7997:NEATO 7992:SEATO 7982:ANZUS 7808:Other 7628:Marte 7621:Águia 7541:Grifo 7382:paigc 7291:paigc 7246:unita 7168:Spain 7110:Congo 7075:Zaire 7065:China 7049:FLING 7042:PAIGC 7021:UNITA 6827:JSTOR 6728:(PDF) 6721:(PDF) 6507:>. 6010:(PDF) 6003:(PDF) 5964:29–36 5535:(PDF) 5331:JSTOR 5284:JSTOR 4739:SWAPO 4652:Alvor 4648:Kenya 4441:Egypt 4437:Cairo 4370:UNITA 4278:Zaïre 4161:Damba 3418:Ghana 3258:UNITA 3244:UNITA 3139:Zaire 3002:Leais 2984:Fieis 2978:Leais 2972:Fieis 2852:F-84G 2639:] 2628:] 2505:Zaire 2501:Huíla 2481:Lunda 2461:Congo 2248:UNITA 2159:2020s 2154:2010s 2149:2000s 475:UNITA 375:Zaire 347:China 310:UNITA 268:Libya 10973:Flag 10198:TASS 10090:METO 10080:NATO 9306:and 9304:1980 8861:USS 7987:METO 7972:NATO 7635:Zeta 7569:Jove 7414:Navy 7409:Army 7358:mpla 7260:flec 7232:fnla 7213:mpla 7070:Cuba 7028:FLEC 7014:FNLA 7007:MPLA 6809:2009 6788:2009 6762:2009 6736:2009 6703:2009 6659:ISBN 6655:1065 6596:ISBN 6460:ISBN 6435:ISBN 6416:2020 6273:ISBN 6204:ISBN 6162:ISBN 6018:2009 5985:2009 5808:ISBN 5672:2020 5556:ISBN 5482:2020 5447:ISBN 5323:ISSN 5196:ISBN 4987:and 4919:USSR 4874:and 4827:NATO 4512:and 4451:and 4382:Cuba 4167:and 4056:and 4024:and 4018:Uíge 3934:~~~~ 3838:PIDE 3833:MPLA 3831:The 3780:and 3682:DRIL 3538:The 3471:and 3290:FLEC 3277:The 3237:and 3207:Cuba 3205:and 3167:MPLA 3153:MPLA 2910:PIDE 2888:Puma 2886:and 2880:C-57 2878:and 2876:C-47 2794:and 2778:The 2691:and 2614:The 2551:and 2515:and 2509:Uige 2507:and 2499:and 2444:the 2360:and 2306:and 2252:FNLA 2250:and 2244:MPLA 2218:The 443:FLEC 297:FNLA 186:Cuba 151:MPLA 104:and 60:Date 10653:KGB 10648:MVD 10633:MI6 10628:MI5 10623:CIA 10095:EEC 6868:CNN 6592:227 6240:on 5315:doi 5276:doi 4951:TAP 4518:Ray 4423:at 3921:you 3919:If 3916:. 3492:UPA 3385:or 3320:RDL 3047:or 2868:T-6 2513:Bié 2370:'s 2281:in 447:RDL 11353:: 7330:pt 7189:pt 6866:, 6825:, 6752:. 6657:. 6594:. 6538:^ 6512:^ 6407:. 6396:^ 6328:31 6200:10 6176:^ 6160:. 6158:72 6114:. 6096:. 5940:^ 5889:^ 5866:, 5833:^ 5806:. 5804:19 5754:^ 5734:^ 5719:^ 5688:. 5658:. 5626:. 5570:^ 5498:. 5473:. 5469:. 5441:. 5329:. 5321:. 5311:53 5309:. 5305:. 5282:. 5272:18 5270:. 5258:^ 5233:. 5194:. 5192:81 5186:. 5172:^ 5153:^ 5133:^ 5113:^ 5089:^ 5003:, 4999:, 4995:, 4975:, 4725:. 4646:, 4622:, 4439:, 4392:. 4384:, 4052:, 4048:, 4044:, 4040:, 4032:. 4020:, 4016:, 3695:. 3662:. 3604:. 3513:. 3413:. 3393:. 3233:, 3225:, 3221:, 3217:, 3145:. 2637:pt 2626:pt 2495:, 2487:, 2483:, 2479:, 2475:, 2471:, 2467:, 2463:, 2459:, 2455:: 2310:. 2246:, 2226:: 10766:e 10759:t 10752:v 9466:) 9462:( 8471:" 8467:" 8444:" 8440:" 7939:e 7932:t 7925:v 6932:e 6925:t 6918:v 6870:. 6811:. 6790:. 6764:. 6738:. 6705:. 6667:. 6604:. 6468:. 6443:. 6418:. 6330:. 6295:. 6281:. 6212:. 6170:. 6100:. 6020:. 5987:. 5966:. 5816:. 5692:. 5674:. 5630:. 5598:. 5564:. 5537:. 5502:. 5484:. 5455:. 5337:. 5317:: 5290:. 5278:: 5237:. 5204:. 4520:( 4489:( 3955:) 3951:( 3946:. 2818:. 2726:( 2222:( 2199:e 2192:t 2185:v 841:e 834:t 827:v 774:e 767:t 760:v 681:e 674:t 667:v

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