1832:
818:
793:
2790:). The AFDL, now seeking the broader goal of ousting Mobutu, made significant military gains in early 1997, and by the middle of 1997 had almost completely overrun the country. The only thing that seemed to slow the AFDL forces down was the country's ramshackle infrastructure; irregularly used dirt paths and river ports were all that connected some areas to the outside world. Following failed peace talks between Mobutu and Kabila, Mobutu fled into exile in Morocco on 17 May. Kabila named himself president, consolidated power around himself and the AFDL, and marched unopposed into Kinshasa three days later. On 21 May, Kabila officially reverted the name of the country to the
215:
147:
4163:
2110:
133:
2456:
by implausibly high margins, claiming a unanimous or near-unanimous "yes" vote. The MPR was defined as the country's "single institution," and its president was vested with "plentitude of power exercise." Every five years, a single list of MPR candidates was returned to the
National Assembly, with official figures showing near-unanimous support. All citizens of Zaire automatically became members of the MPR at birth. For all intents and purposes, this gave the president of the MPR—Mobutu—complete political control over the country.
2809:
2491:
Similarly, the JMPR was to act as a major link between the student population and the state. In reality, the government was attempting to bring under its control those sectors where opposition to the regime might be centred. By appointing key labour and youth leaders to the MPR Political Bureau, the regime hoped to harness syndical and student forces to the machinery of the state. Nevertheless, as has been pointed out by numerous observers, there is little evidence that
2599:
2408:, Mobutu later summed up the record of the First Republic as one of "chaos, disorder, negligence, and incompetence". Rejection of the legacy of the First Republic went far beyond rhetoric. In the first two years of its existence, the new regime turned to the urgent tasks of political reconstruction and consolidation. Creating a new basis of legitimacy for the state, in the form of a single party, came next in Mobutu's order of priority.
3052:
3078:, it was "alarmingly clear that the corruptive system in Zaire with all its wicked and ugly manifestations, its mismanagement and fraud will destroy all endeavors of international institutions, of friendly governments, and of the commercial banks towards recovery and rehabilitation of Zaire's economy". Blumenthal stated that there was "no chance" that creditors would ever recover their loans. Yet the IMF and the
660:
2848:. Governors of provinces were no longer elected by provincial assemblies but appointed by the central government. The president had the power to issue autonomous regulations on matters other than those pertaining to the domain of law, without prejudice to other provisions of the constitution. Under certain conditions, the president was empowered to govern by executive order, which carried the force of law.
2574:
Furthermore, another consequence of the reform was to severely curtail the power of traditional authorities at the local level. Hereditary claims to authority would no longer be recognised; instead, all chiefs were to be appointed and controlled by the state via the administrative hierarchy. By then, the process of centralisation had theoretically eliminated all preexisting centres of local autonomy.
4127:
2465:
2390:, however, Mobutu assumed the presidency, rather than remaining behind the scenes. From 1965, Mobutu dominated the political life of the country, restructuring the state on more than one occasion, and claiming the title of "Father of the Nation". He announced the renaming of the country as the Republic of Zaire on 27 October 1971.
2529:, did the regime agree to tone down its attacks on the Roman Catholic Church and return some of its control of the school system to the church. Meanwhile, in line with a December 1971 law, which allowed the state to dissolve "any church or sect that compromises or threatens to compromise public order", scores of unrecognised
2729:, leader of the UDPS, as prime minister. By the end of the year Mobutu had created a rival government with its own prime minister. The ensuing stalemate produced a compromise merger of the two governments into the High Council of Republic–Parliament of Transition (HCR–PT) in 1994, with Mobutu as head of state and
2900:
or, as governmental terminology shifted, Commissariats. Among these individuals were internationally respected appointees such as
Djamboleka Lona Okitongono who was named Secretary of Finance, under Citizen Namwisi (Minister of Finance), and later became President of OGEDEP, the National Debt Management Office.
2436:, the state was henceforth defined as the emanation of the party. Thus, in October 1967, party and administrative responsibilities were merged into a single framework, thereby automatically extending the role of the party to all administrative organs at the central and provincial levels, as well as to the
2693:
came to a close, internal and external pressures on Mobutu increased. In late 1989 and early 1990, Mobutu was weakened by a series of domestic protests, by heightened international criticism of his regime's human rights practices, by a faltering economy, and by government corruption, most notably his
2557:
Running parallel to the efforts of the state to control all autonomous sources of power, important administrative reforms were introduced in 1967 and 1973 to strengthen the hand of the central authorities in the provinces. The central objective of the 1967 reform was to abolish provincial governments
2455:
that consolidated his hold on the country. Every five years (seven years after 1978), the MPR elected a president who was simultaneously nominated as the only candidate for president of the republic; he was confirmed in office via a referendum. Under this system, Mobutu was reelected in 1977 and 1984
3186:
Quite aside from the merits or weaknesses of
Mobutism, the MPR drew much of its legitimacy from the model of the overarching mass parties that had come into existence in Africa in the 1960s, a model which had also been a source of inspiration for the MNC-Lumumba. It was this Lumumbist heritage which
2899:
In the 1970s and 1980s, Mobutu's government relied on a selected pool of technocrats, often referred to as the "nomenklatura", from which the Head of State drew, and periodically rotated, competent individuals. They comprised the
Executive Council and led the full spectrum of Ministries, Departments
2424:
By 1967, Mobutu had consolidated his rule and proceeded to give the country a new constitution and a single party. The new constitution was submitted to popular referendum in June 1967 and approved by 98 per cent of those voting. It provided that executive powers be centralised in the president, who
2674:
to Zaire on 2 May 1980, on the centenary of
Catholic evangelization. During his tour, he greeted over a million people, making him the first pontiff to visit Africa as a "messenger of peace". He left Zaire four days later on 6 May shortly after 9 people were trampled to death trying to attend mass.
2589:
In reality, the conspicuous lack of popular enthusiasm for
Salongo led to widespread resistance and foot dragging (causing many local administrators to look the other way). Although failure to comply carried penalties of one month to six months in jail, by the late 1970s most Zairians shirked their
3063:
was introduced to replace the franc as the new national currency. 100 makuta (singular likuta) equaled one zaïre. The likuta was also divided into 100 sengi. However this unit was worth very little, so the smallest coin was for 10 sengi. The currency and the cities named above had actually already
2836:
The president served as the head of state of Zaïre whose role was to appoint and dismiss cabinet members and determine their areas of responsibility. The ministers, as heads of their respective departments, were to execute the programs and decisions of the president. The president also was to have
3182:
Critics of the regime were quick to point out the shortcomings of
Mobutism as a legitimising formula, in particular its self-serving qualities and inherent vagueness; nonetheless, the MPR's ideological training centre, the Makanda Kabobi Institute, took seriously its assigned task of propagating
3178:
Mobutu used the concept of authenticity as a means of vindicating his own brand of leadership. As he himself stated, "in our
African tradition there are never two chiefs ... That is why we Congolese, in the desire to conform to the traditions of our continent, have resolved to group all the
3097:
The concept of authenticity was derived from the MPR's professed doctrine of "authentic
Zairian nationalism and condemnation of regionalism and tribalism". Mobutu defined it as being conscious of one's own personality and one's own values and of being at home in one's culture. In line with the
3471:
Countries of the World and Their
Leaders: The U.S. Department of State's Report on Status of the World's Nations, Combined with Its Series of Background Notes Portraying Contemporary Political and Economic Conditions, Governmental Policies and Personnel, Political Parties, Religion, History,
2573:
With the January 1973 reform, another major step was taken in the direction of further centralisation. The aim, in essence, was to operate a complete fusion of political and administrative hierarchies by making the head of each administrative unit the president of the local party committee.
2490:
Ostensibly, the aim of the merger, in the terms of the Manifesto of N'Sele, was to transform the role of trade unions from "being merely a force of confrontation" into "an organ of support for government policy", thus providing "a communication link between the working class and the state".
2536:
Mobutu was careful also to suppress all institutions that could mobilise ethnic loyalties. Avowedly opposed to ethnicity as a basis for political alignment, he outlawed such ethnic associations as the Association of Lulua Brothers (Association des Lulua Frères), which had been organised in
2944:
2288:
against Mobutu. With rebel forces making gains westward, Mobutu fled the country, leaving Kabila's forces in charge. The country's name was restored to the Democratic Republic of the Congo the following year. Mobutu died less than four months later, on September 7, 1997, while in exile in
2824:
as the only legally permitted party in the country, though the Congo had effectively been a one-party state since the MPR's formation. Despite the constitution nominally allowing for the existence of two parties, the MPR was the only party that was allowed to nominate a candidate for the
3183:
through the land "the teachings of the Founder-President, which must be given and interpreted in the same fashion throughout the country". Members of the MPR Political Bureau, meanwhile, were entrusted with the responsibility of serving as "the repositories and guarantors of Mobutism".
199:
2678:
In 1981, despite slow progress, Zaire launched an economic reform to revive its economy in order to keep up its rescheduled payment on the country's tremendous debt of $ 4.4 billion, which had recorded a small rate of economic growth in the last three quarters of 1980.
204:
201:
203:
200:
202:
3187:
the MPR tried to appropriate in its effort to mobilise the Zairian masses behind its founder-president. Intimately tied up with the doctrine of Mobutism was the vision of an all-encompassing single party reaching out to all sectors of the nation.
2720:
In 1992, after previous similar attempts, the long-promised Sovereign National Conference was staged, encompassing over 2,000 representatives from various political parties. The conference gave itself a legislative mandate and elected Archbishop
2569:
and sectors (the latter incorporating several chiefdoms). The unitary, centralised state system thus legislated into existence bore a striking resemblance to its colonial antecedent, except that from July 1972 provinces were called regions.
2525:, coupled with Mobutu's insistence on banning all Christian names and establishing JMPR sections in all seminaries, soon brought the Roman Catholic Church and the state into conflict. Not until 1975, and after considerable pressure from the
2775:. In turn, these Zairian Tutsis formed a militia to defend themselves against attacks. When the Zairian government began to escalate its massacres in November 1996, the Tutsi militias erupted in rebellion against Mobutu, triggering the
3082:
continued to lend money that was either embezzled, stolen, or "wasted on elephant projects". "Structural adjustment programmes" implemented as a condition of IMF loans cut support for health care, education, and infrastructure.
2590:
Salongo obligations. By resuscitating one of the most bitterly resented features of the colonial state, obligatory civic work contributed in no small way to the erosion of legitimacy suffered by the Mobutist state.
1397:
198:
2907:
in the final stage of Mobutu's government. His progress was fairly typical of the rotational pattern established by Mobutu, who retained the most sensitive ministerial portfolios (such as Defense) for himself.
2415:
in 1974. By 1976, however, this effort had begun to generate its own inner contradictions, thus paving the way for the resurrection of a Bula Matari ("the breaker of rocks") system of repression and brutality.
2581:
after the Lingala term for work), in the form of one afternoon a week of compulsory labor on agricultural and development projects. Officially described as a revolutionary attempt to return to the values of
450:
2480:
4503:
2683:
3285:) was established. Zaire formally adopted a multiparty system on 24 April 1990, when Mobutu delivered a speech proclaiming the end of the one-party system. The country adopted a three-party system
2717:
to protest their unpaid wages. Two thousand French and Belgian troops, some of whom were flown in on U.S. Air Force planes, arrived to evacuate the 20,000 endangered foreign nationals in Kinshasa.
2138:
3098:
dictates of authenticity, the name of the country was changed to the Republic of Zaire on 27 October 1971, and that of the armed forces to Zairian Armed Forces (Forces Armées Zaïroises—FAZ).
2179:
3067:
While the country began to stabilize after Mobutu took control, the economic situation began to decline, and by 1979, the purchasing power was only 4% of that in 1960. Starting in 1976 the
4383:
4273:
196:
3121:("river", by Nzadi o Nzere, "the river that swallows all the other rivers", another name of the Congo river). General Mobutu became Mobutu Sésé Seko and forced all his citizens to adopt
2586:
and solidarity inherent in the traditional society, Salongo was intended to mobilise the population into the performance of collective work "with enthusiasm and without constraint".
4527:
4237:
4398:
3472:
Education, Press, Radio and TV, and Other Characteristics of Each Nation: Includes Central Intelligence Agency's List of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments
2927:
2479:. It meant, to begin with, the incorporation of youth groups and worker organisations into the matrix of the MPR. In July 1967, the Political Bureau announced the creation of the
1831:
4549:
4337:
1765:
4772:
2549:
speakers in large cities. It helped Mobutu that his ethnic affiliation was blurred in the public mind. Nevertheless, as dissatisfaction arose, ethnic tensions surfaced again.
2845:
2131:
495:
197:
4263:
2830:
1844:
2498:
The trend toward co-optation of key social sectors continued in subsequent years. Women's associations were eventually brought under the control of the party, as was the
2826:
2503:
2432:(Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution—MPR) on 17 April 1967, marking the emergence of "the nation politically organised". Rather than government institutions being the
4607:
4537:
4418:
4393:
4673:
4587:
4464:
4408:
4631:
2124:
1811:
865:
3503:
4746:
4602:
4493:
1091:
340:
2405:
4854:
4544:
4403:
4378:
2100:
1790:
4469:
4454:
4388:
4230:
2411:
A third imperative was to expand the reach of the state in the social and political realms, a process that began in 1970 and culminated in the adoption of a
4683:
4658:
4520:
4498:
4481:
4449:
4444:
2211:. Zaire was established following Mobutu's seizure of power in a military coup in 1965, after five years of political upheaval following independence from
1424:
346:
321:
2767:-led government, had been using Hutu refugee camps in eastern Zaire as bases for incursion against Rwanda. These Hutu militia forces soon allied with the
2253:, Mobutu was forced to declare a new republic in 1990 to cope with demands for change. By the time of its downfall, Zaire was characterised by widespread
4849:
4577:
4486:
2921:
2577:
The analogy with the colonial state becomes even more compelling when coupled with the introduction in 1973 of "obligatory civic work" (locally known as
1529:
2562:. The principle of centralisation was further extended to districts and territories, each headed by administrators appointed by the central government.
4736:
4648:
4643:
4510:
4476:
3075:
2782:
The Tutsi militia was soon joined by various opposition groups and supported by several countries, including Rwanda and Uganda. This coalition, led by
956:
4693:
4678:
4663:
4617:
4532:
4459:
4366:
3425:
2917:
2686:(Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social—UDPS), were active. Mobutu's attempts to quell these groups drew significant international criticism.
420:
4731:
4688:
4432:
4413:
4223:
3258:
proper. The confusion arose from the fact that the government of the Zaire officially recognized and referred to the language simply as "Kikongo".
2803:
2768:
4765:
4708:
4612:
4565:
4255:
3046:
1820:
1494:
752:
2682:
During the 1980s, Zaire remained a one-party state. Although Mobutu maintained control during this period, opposition parties, most notably the
2487:(Union Nationale des Travailleurs Zaïrois—UNTZA), which brought together into a single organisational framework three preexisting trade unions.
4716:
4668:
4592:
152:
3289:
with the enactment of Law No. 90-002 of 5 July 1990, which amended its constitution accordingly, but retained the one-party system of the MPR
2874:. In May 1967, it was made public. Nationalism, revolution, and authenticity were identified as the major themes of what came to be known as "
4741:
4698:
4653:
4332:
2397:
policy of the early 1970s, Zairians were obliged to adopt "authentic" names, Mobutu dropped Joseph-Désiré and officially changed his name to
1281:
358:
4726:
2733:
as prime minister. Although presidential and legislative elections were scheduled repeatedly over the next 2 years, they never took place.
2671:
2565:
The only units of government that still retained a fair measure of autonomy—but not for long—were the so-called local collectivities, i.e.
858:
138:
2387:
1365:
3802:
2502:, and in December 1971 Mobutu proceeded to emasculate the power of the churches. From then on, only three churches were recognised: the
2175:
4869:
4781:
4515:
2425:
was to be head of state, head of government, commander in chief of the armed forces and the police, and in charge of foreign policy.
1609:
1417:
4786:
2114:
1522:
851:
4302:
2375:
2026:
798:
1949:
949:
2545:, and Liboke lya Bangala (literally, "a bundle of Bangala"), an association formed in the 1950s to represent the interests of
4864:
4208:
4081:
3911:
1127:
1009:
3931:
1738:
4844:
4052:
3981:
3898:
2484:
2475:
Translating the concept of "the nation politically organised" into reality implied a major expansion of state control of
1748:
1410:
2984:
2268:
Zaire collapsed in the late 1990s, amid the destabilization of the eastern parts of the country in the aftermath of the
214:
4283:
3496:
3276:
2829:. Mobutu was confirmed in office by an implausible margin of over 10,131,000 votes against only 157 who voted "no." At
2817:
2429:
2401:, or, more commonly, Mobutu Sésé Seko, roughly meaning "the all-conquering warrior, who goes from triumph to triumph".
2208:
1963:
1515:
905:
4193:
4111:
4025:
3991:
3958:
3941:
3623:
3480:
2837:
the power to appoint and dismiss the governors of the provinces and the judges of all courts, including those of the
1939:
942:
2833:
held two weeks later, voters were presented with a single MPR list that was approved with over 99 per cent support.
146:
4800:
4354:
4246:
2896:". Thus, "neither right nor left" became one of the legitimising slogans of the regime, along with "authenticity".
2791:
2702:, where he was the first African head of state to be invited for a state meeting with newly elected U.S. President
2249:, was also launched under Mobutu's direction. Weakened by the termination of American support after the end of the
2159:
2003:
1654:
876:
836:
811:
20:
2726:
4874:
4268:
3803:""Zaire's Mobutu Visits America", by Michael Johns, Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum #239, June 29, 1989"
3618:. Historical Dictionaries of Africa. Vol. 112 (3, illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. li, 102.
1926:
895:
234:
4145:
2618:
1775:
1691:
1485:
1105:
19:
This article is about the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1965 to 1997. For the present-day country, see
1132:
4295:
1984:
1229:
917:
759:
2968:
4879:
4179:
The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to National Wealth
2752:
1604:
1577:
1470:
1286:
1249:
977:
727:
4015:
3558:
Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean
3416:
1137:
132:
3546:
Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816
3250:
The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution was actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as
1455:
1298:
1183:
518:
2936:. In 1988, the province of Kivu was split into three regions. They were renamed into provinces in 1997.
2483:(Jeunesse du Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution—JMPR), following the launching a month earlier of the
4139:
2783:
2275:
1674:
1619:
1345:
1308:
1261:
1002:
707:
4859:
4582:
4099:
3071:
provided stabilizing loans to his regime. Much of this money was embezzled by Mobutu and his circle.
2722:
1669:
1587:
1475:
1224:
1153:
2888:, described as a "truly national revolution, essentially pragmatic", meant "the repudiation of both
3927:
3055:
A 5 makuta coin from 1977, which portrays Mobutu Sese Seko, the president of Zaire during this time
1785:
1644:
2764:
2522:
1780:
1572:
995:
668:
3092:
2394:
2240:
2863:
2713:
with elections and a constitution. As details of a reform package were delayed, soldiers began
2518:
2433:
2357:
as the name used by the local population (i.e. derived from Portuguese usage) remained common.
2220:
1770:
1696:
1084:
1062:
1043:
639:
24:
3469:
2730:
2382:) between President and Parliament led to a stalemate and threatened the country's stability.
3809:
2866:, which was issued from the president's rural residence at N'sele, 60 km further up the
2511:
2452:
2412:
2223:
2200:
1659:
1639:
1303:
1293:
1098:
604:
541:
413:
4215:
929:
2786:, became known as the Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (
1592:
1480:
2771:(FAZ) to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire, known as the
2541:
in 1953 in reaction to the growing political and economic influence in Kasai of the rival
8:
4103:
3893:
2583:
2318:
2258:
1350:
1239:
1050:
1031:
1014:
719:
403:
306:
112:
2976:
2633:(renamed "Shaba" in 1972). The rebels were driven out with military assistance from the
2085:
3024:
2710:
2649:
1743:
1711:
1597:
1376:
1370:
1360:
1355:
922:
3179:
energies of the citizens of our country under the banner of a single national party."
4721:
4204:
4189:
4117:
4107:
4077:
4048:
4021:
3987:
3937:
3907:
3619:
3476:
3171:, names in 1972 and the abandonment of Western dress in favour of the wearing of the
3122:
2952:
2748:
2714:
2703:
2667:
2645:
1897:
1664:
1562:
1450:
1244:
1234:
1176:
389:
4327:
4312:
4278:
3542:
An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700
3339:
3333:
3310:
3196:
2992:
2862:
The doctrinal foundation was disclosed shortly after its birth, in the form of the
2699:
2661:
2630:
2468:
2383:
2269:
2262:
2204:
2065:
1959:
1877:
1857:
1753:
1706:
1701:
1686:
1567:
1339:
1324:
1256:
1036:
1026:
985:
900:
715:
439:
364:
298:
96:
80:
2844:
The bicameral parliament was replaced by a unicameral legislative body called the
2495:
succeeded in mobilising support for the regime beyond the most superficial level.
2349:
was the preferred English name in 19th-century literature, although references to
4597:
4322:
4071:
3613:
3373:
3304:
3164:
2821:
2808:
2776:
2742:
2445:
2285:
2227:
2197:
2194:
2055:
1867:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1557:
1552:
1465:
1445:
1387:
1382:
1219:
1198:
1112:
1079:
1074:
1069:
554:
481:
410:
400:
368:
290:
269:
64:
48:
4168:
4839:
3255:
2653:
2530:
2441:
2322:
2163:
1760:
1681:
1460:
1434:
1057:
469:
185:
4833:
4815:
4802:
4349:
4344:
4290:
4131:
3903:
3227:
3223:
3060:
2960:
2904:
2838:
2657:
2476:
2451:
Three years after changing the country's name to Zaire, Mobutu promulgated a
2379:
2246:
2075:
1974:
1649:
1582:
1539:
1021:
912:
691:
394:
249:
236:
4121:
4307:
3168:
3110:
2772:
2695:
2634:
2538:
2371:
2216:
2016:
1907:
1887:
966:
314:
56:
3424:. Springfield, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 1986. p. 271.
3106:
2881:
2867:
2760:
2638:
2542:
2507:
2492:
2437:
2308:
990:
352:
843:
3145:
3079:
3032:
3016:
2889:
2885:
2598:
2499:
2178:
from 1965 to 1997. With a population of over 23 million, Zaire was the
3979:
3468:
Services, United States Dept of State Office of Media (15 July 1975).
4093:
3399:, article 5: "Sa devise est : Paix — Justice — Travail" Source:
3139:
2893:
2566:
2245:, ridding the country of the influences from the colonial era of the
3959:"IMF and World Bank: Agents of Poverty or Partners of Development?"
3215:
3133:
3113:, was fundamentally authentic to pre-colonial African roots, while
3051:
3000:
2933:
2875:
2871:
2857:
2698:
of government funds for personal use. In June 1989, Mobutu visited
2690:
2626:
2602:
2559:
2526:
2254:
2250:
2187:
2044:
1171:
747:
695:
505:
406:
397:
228:
4130:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3172:
3157:
3008:
2943:
2622:
2610:
2546:
2290:
2212:
2171:
2040:
1392:
1166:
379:
282:
2928:
Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2884:
implied the achievement of economic and political independence.
3151:
2606:
2183:
3351:
3322:
4245:
3983:
Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3615:
Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3345:
2167:
2166:, it was, by area, the third-largest country in Africa after
740:
88:
4186:
The State–Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective
3117:
is in fact a Portuguese corruption of another African word,
3316:
3175:
were subsequently promoted as expressions of authenticity.
2787:
2756:
2281:
1276:
3824:
3822:
3275:
one-party state since 20 May 1967, the date on which the
3207:
3201:
3068:
2464:
2428:
But the most far-reaching change was the creation of the
764:
3926:
3834:
3819:
2558:
and replace them with state functionaries appointed by
2345:
gradually in English usage during the 18th century and
2736:
4154:
3342:
3313:
2763:), who had fled Rwanda following the ascension of an
4203:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1985,
4158:
3271:
one-party state on 23 December 1970, but had been a
3163:
In addition, the adoption of Zairian, as opposed to
4049:
IANA Report on Deletion of the .zr Top-Level Domain
3892:
3612:Kisangani, Emizet Francois; Bobb, Scott F. (2009).
3348:
3319:
2922:
Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2932:Zaire was divided into 8 regions with its capital
4181:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
3980:Emizet Francois Kisangani; Scott F. Bobb (2010).
3226:and other international sporting events like the
2918:Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2709:In May 1990, Mobutu agreed to the principle of a
4831:
3074:According to the 1982 report by the IMF's envoy
2804:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2312:
104:
3101:This decision was curious, given that the name
3047:Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2337:('river that swallows all rivers'). The use of
4092:Meditz, Sandra W.; Merrill, Tim, eds. (1994).
4020:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 211.
4014:Young, Crawford; Turner, Thomas Edwin (1985).
3190:
4855:States and territories disestablished in 1997
4231:
4188:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984,
4091:
3973:
3956:
3875:
3789:
3770:
3727:
3688:
3665:
3638:
3611:
3599:
3574:
2230:. The period is sometimes referred to as the
2132:
1523:
1418:
950:
859:
72:
4076:. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing.
4073:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002
3280:
2751:and genocide had spilled over to Zaire (see
2302:
2273:
2238:
183:
165:
40:
4013:
3502:. New York: Oxford University Press. 1990.
2911:
2617:In 1977 and 1978, Katangan rebels based in
2481:Youth of the Popular Revolutionary Movement
2332:
2326:
589:2,345,409 km (905,567 sq mi)
4850:States and territories established in 1971
4238:
4224:
4055:. 20 June 2001. Retrieved on 11 June 2009.
3401:Journal Officiel de la République du Zaïre
3222:, which the nation's athletes used at the
2797:
2552:
2471:, the president of Zaire from 1965 to 1997
2139:
2125:
1530:
1516:
1425:
1411:
957:
943:
866:
852:
213:
4201:The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State
4017:The rise and decline of the Zairian state
3936:. Africa World Press, 1986. p. 226.
3125:names and many cities were also renamed.
2660:miners held as hostages by pro-Communist
2533:were dissolved and their leaders jailed.
2459:
2419:
2399:Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Wa Za Banga
2186:. Zaire played a central role during the
873:
3933:The Crisis in Zaire: Myths and Realities
3467:
3454:Sandra W. Meditz and Tim Merrill (eds.)
3128:Some of the conversions are as follows:
3050:
2942:
2807:
2747:By 1996, tensions from the neighbouring
2597:
2463:
2684:Union for Democracy and Social Progress
4832:
4069:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3871:
3869:
3840:
3828:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3397:Constitution de la République du Zaïre
2609:, visiting Mobutu in Zaire during The
2404:In retrospective justification of his
2272:and growing ethnic violence. In 1996,
2162:from 1971 to May 18, 1997. Located in
1366:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
4219:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3411:
3409:
3372:
2827:1 November 1970 presidential election
2648:, fought in May 1978, resulted in an
2321:, which in turn was derived from the
1725:
1511:
1406:
1321:
1195:
1150:
1128:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
938:
847:
16:Country in Central Africa (1971–1997)
3509:from the original on 2 February 2014
3282:Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution
3064:been renamed between 1966 and 1971.
1823:the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1322:
4053:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
3899:Congo: The Epic History of a People
3881:
3431:from the original on 13 April 2021.
2737:First Congo War and demise of Zaire
2593:
2506:(L'Église du Christ au Zaïre), the
2307:, was derived from the name of the
1749:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1196:
1151:
13:
4155:Further reading and external links
4098:(4th ed.). Washington, D.C.:
3846:
3776:
3733:
3694:
3671:
3644:
3580:
3563:
3445:Third Edition, First Printing 1979
3406:
2903:Djamboleka became Governor of the
2818:Popular Movement of the Revolution
2715:looting Kinshasa in September 1991
2430:Popular Movement of the Revolution
2209:Popular Movement of the Revolution
1432:
277:Recognised national languages
14:
4891:
4338:Transitional Government (2003–06)
2485:National Union of Zairian Workers
2180:most populous Francophone country
2176:11th-largest country in the world
1739:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1537:
4870:1997 disestablishments in Africa
4247:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4161:
4125:
3338:
3309:
2816:The country was governed by the
2792:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2160:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2108:
1830:
964:
837:Democratic Republic of the Congo
816:
812:Democratic Republic of the Congo
791:
659:
658:
194:
145:
131:
21:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4041:
4007:
3950:
3920:
3795:
3632:
3605:
3544:(1746). James Hingston Tuckey,
3534:
3521:
3497:"Human Development Report 1990"
3361:
2652:in an aim of rescuing Zairian,
2386:again seized power. Unlike the
4274:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
4062:
3986:. Scarecrow Press. p. i.
3489:
3461:
3448:
3435:
3390:
3296:
3261:
3244:
2812:Presidential standard of Zaire
1133:Torture and killing of Lumumba
1:
3957:Aikins Adusei (30 May 2009).
3548:(1818). "Congo River, called
3383:
3105:, which referred both to the
2727:Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba
4865:1971 establishments in Zaire
4355:M23 offensive (2022–present)
4328:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
4303:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
4279:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
3556:by the natives" John Purdy,
3205:". It has since changed to "
2725:as its chairman, along with
2296:
1655:M23 offensive (2022–present)
1578:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
1250:Assassination of Habyarimana
7:
4470:Foreign policy under Mobutu
4199:Young, C., and Turner, T.,
3191:Standards and abbreviations
2851:
2374:, the division of power in
2086:Félix Tshisekedi presidency
1791:Child soldiers in the Congo
1309:Ascension of Laurent Kabila
1184:Non-aggression pact of 1979
10:
4896:
4845:Former countries in Africa
4313:State of Katanga (1960–63)
4144:: CS1 maint: postscript (
3254:by its speakers – not the
3230:. It has since changed to
3090:
3086:
3044:
3040:
2941:
2925:
2915:
2855:
2801:
2740:
2360:
2226:, and foreign assets were
1262:Great Lakes refugee crisis
18:
4759:
4707:
4639:
4630:
4573:
4564:
4440:
4431:
4374:
4365:
4323:First Congo War (1996–98)
4254:
4100:Federal Research Division
3876:Meditz & Merrill 1994
3790:Meditz & Merrill 1994
3771:Meditz & Merrill 1994
3728:Meditz & Merrill 1994
3689:Meditz & Merrill 1994
3666:Meditz & Merrill 1994
3639:Meditz & Merrill 1994
3600:Meditz & Merrill 1994
3575:Meditz & Merrill 1994
3485:– via Google Books.
3475:. Gale Research Company.
2723:Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya
2504:Church of Christ in Zaire
2365:
2274:
2232:Second Congolese Republic
1940:Intl. African Association
1734:
1726:
1588:2014 North Kivu offensive
1547:
1442:
1334:
1230:War in Uganda (1986–1994)
1225:Second Sudanese Civil War
1208:
1163:
1138:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
974:
884:
832:
770:
758:
746:
736:
726:
702:
687:
667:
652:
638:
634:
624:
614:
610:
603:
593:
583:
578:
574:
564:
551:
538:
528:
515:
511:
501:
491:
487:
475:
465:• 1977–1979 (first)
463:
459:
449:
445:
433:
429:
419:
388:
378:
329:
313:
275:
265:
221:
212:
178:
174:"Peace — Justice — Work"
161:
127:
122:
34:
4445:Administrative divisions
3928:Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja
3403:(N. 1 du 1 janvier 1983)
3374:[ʁepyblikdyzaiʁ]
3237:
2912:Administrative divisions
2637:, particularly from the
2621:launched two invasions,
2519:universities of Kinshasa
2076:Joseph Kabila presidency
1786:Western DR Congo clashes
1766:2011 coup d'etat attempt
542:Constitution promulgated
167:Paix — Justice — Travail
4350:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
4291:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
3906:, 2012. p. 374ff.
3418:The World Factbook 1986
2831:parliamentary elections
2798:Government and politics
2553:Centralisation of power
2517:Nationalisation of the
2341:seems to have replaced
2219:. Zaire had a strongly
1781:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1583:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
1573:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
978:Force Publique mutinies
566:• Death of Mobutu
266:Official languages
105:
57:
4875:Military dictatorships
4308:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
4269:Colonization (1867–85)
4095:Zaire: a country study
4070:Abbott, Peter (2014).
3456:Zaire: A Country Study
3443:Zaire: A Country Study
3368:
3281:
3144:Élisabethville became
3056:
2947:
2813:
2614:
2472:
2460:Totalitarian expansion
2434:emanation of the state
2420:Constitutional changes
2333:
2327:
2313:
2303:
2263:economic mismanagement
2239:
2158:, was the name of the
1697:Kasindi church bombing
1471:October 2020 offensive
1063:Port Francqui incident
184:
166:
89:
73:
41:
25:Zaire (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
4177:Macgaffey, J., 1991.
3441:Kaplan, Irving (ed.)
3109:and to the mediaeval
3054:
2946:
2916:Further information:
2811:
2802:Further information:
2784:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2601:
2512:Roman Catholic Church
2467:
2446:student organisations
2406:1965 seizure of power
2380:former Belgian colony
2276:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2201:military dictatorship
1776:2013 Kinshasa attacks
1660:Anti-MONUSCO protests
1277:Formation of the AFDL
595:• Water (%)
414:military dictatorship
3138:Stanleyville became
3132:Léopoldville became
3093:Authenticité (Zaire)
2769:Zairian armed forces
2384:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
2301:The country's name,
2237:A wider campaign of
1593:2017 CNPSC offensive
1107:Violettes Imperiales
4880:Totalitarian states
4812: /
4104:Library of Congress
3894:David van Reybrouck
3458:Fourth Edition 1993
3369:République du Zaïre
3156:Albertville became
2864:Manifesto of N'sele
2846:Legislative Council
2311:, sometimes called
1950:Intl. Congo Society
1692:August 2022 attacks
1351:Gbadolite Agreement
1304:Overthrow of Mobutu
1240:Burundian Civil War
530:• Established
496:Legislative Council
477:• 1997 (last)
246: /
191:"The Song of Zaire"
58:Repubilika ya Zaïre
42:République du Zaïre
4608:Telecommunications
4455:Court of Cassation
4419:Former place names
3150:Jadotville became
3057:
2948:
2814:
2711:multi-party system
2650:airborne operation
2615:
2508:Kimbanguist Church
2473:
2376:Congo-Léopoldville
2280:, the head of the
2193:The country was a
2090:2019–present
2027:Congo–Léopoldville
1771:Batwa–Luba clashes
1744:Katanga insurgency
1712:Kirindera massacre
1486:Nyamamba and Mbogi
1377:Effacer le tableau
1371:Kisangani massacre
1356:Sun City Agreement
1282:Massacres of Hutus
1122:Other major events
1003:Congo-Stanleyville
930:Léopoldville riots
923:1944 Kivu uprising
799:Léopoldville Congo
648:1983 estimate
315:Ethnic groups
74:Republíki ya Zaïre
4795:
4794:
4755:
4754:
4674:Human trafficking
4626:
4625:
4560:
4559:
4528:Political parties
4521:National Assembly
4465:Foreign relations
4427:
4426:
4209:978-0-299-10110-7
4140:cite encyclopedia
4083:978-1-78200-076-1
3913:978-0-06-220011-2
3896:(25 March 2014).
3843:, pp. 34–35.
3831:, pp. 33–35.
3038:
3037:
2753:History of Rwanda
2749:Rwandan Civil War
2704:George H. W. Bush
2668:Pope John Paul II
2646:Battle of Kolwezi
2286:popular rebellion
2156:Republic of Zaire
2154:, officially the
2149:
2148:
2094:
2093:
1993:
1992:
1916:
1915:
1898:Kingdom of Chokwe
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1721:
1720:
1665:Kishishe massacre
1563:Makobola massacre
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1456:North Night Final
1398:ICC investigation
1317:
1316:
1245:Rwandan Civil War
1235:1991 Zaire unrest
1191:
1190:
1177:Battle of Kolwezi
1146:
1145:
982:Secession crisis
842:
841:
828:
827:
824:
823:
804:
803:
555:Mobutu overthrown
435:• 1965–1997
205:
106:Ditunga dia Zaïre
36:Republic of Zaire
4887:
4860:One-party states
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4816:4.400°S 15.400°E
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4775:
4768:
4637:
4636:
4598:Franc (currency)
4571:
4570:
4438:
4437:
4372:
4371:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4149:
4143:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4087:
4056:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3890:
3879:
3873:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3815:on 21 July 2006.
3814:
3808:. Archived from
3807:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3774:
3768:
3731:
3725:
3692:
3686:
3669:
3663:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3578:
3572:
3561:
3538:
3532:
3527:Forbath, Peter.
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3465:
3459:
3452:
3446:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3423:
3413:
3404:
3394:
3377:
3376:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3294:
3284:
3265:
3259:
3248:
3228:All-Africa Games
3197:top-level domain
3076:Erwin Blumenthal
2977:Kasaï-Occidental
2939:
2938:
2759:militia forces (
2700:Washington, D.C.
2631:Katanga Province
2613:Conflict in 1977
2594:Growing conflict
2469:Mobutu Sese Seko
2453:new constitution
2413:new constitution
2393:When, under the
2336:
2330:
2316:
2306:
2279:
2278:
2270:Rwandan genocide
2244:
2205:Mobutu Sese Seko
2141:
2134:
2127:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2066:Second Congo War
1999:
1998:
1960:Congo Free State
1922:
1921:
1878:Kingdom of Lunda
1858:Kingdom of Kongo
1840:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1806:
1805:
1754:Operation Shujaa
1729:
1723:
1722:
1707:Mukondi massacre
1702:Makugwe massacre
1687:Otomabere attack
1568:Makombo massacre
1542:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1437:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1346:Lusaka Ceasefire
1340:Operation Kitona
1329:
1327:
1326:Second Congo War
1319:
1318:
1257:Rwandan genocide
1203:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1027:Battle of Kabalo
969:
959:
952:
945:
936:
935:
901:Congo Free State
879:
868:
861:
854:
845:
844:
820:
819:
808:
807:
795:
794:
788:
787:
772:
771:
713:
712:
683:
682:
674:
662:
661:
645:
570:7 September 1997
524:24 November 1965
440:Mobutu Sese Seko
278:
261:
260:
258:
257:
256:
251:
250:4.317°S 15.317°E
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
224:and largest city
217:
207:
206:
189:
172:
169:
149:
135:
117:
116:
108:
101:
100:
92:
90:Jamhuri ya Zaïre
85:
84:
76:
69:
68:
60:
53:
52:
44:
32:
31:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4830:
4829:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4791:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4751:
4747:Public holidays
4703:
4622:
4556:
4494:Law enforcement
4423:
4361:
4318:Zaire (1965–97)
4250:
4244:
4214:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4114:
4084:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3891:
3882:
3874:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3777:
3769:
3734:
3726:
3695:
3687:
3672:
3664:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3560:, 1822, p. 112.
3539:
3535:
3529:The River Congo
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3466:
3462:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3366:
3362:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3267:Zaire became a
3266:
3262:
3252:Kikongo ya leta
3249:
3245:
3240:
3193:
3095:
3089:
3049:
3043:
2930:
2924:
2914:
2860:
2854:
2822:one-party state
2806:
2800:
2777:First Congo War
2745:
2743:First Congo War
2739:
2605:, president of
2596:
2555:
2531:religious sects
2462:
2442:youth movements
2422:
2368:
2363:
2299:
2284:militia, led a
2145:
2109:
2107:
2080:2001–2019
2070:1998–2003
2060:1996–1997
2056:First Congo War
2050:1971–1997
2031:1960–1971
2021:1960–1965
2010:post–1960
1989:1940–1945
1979:1908–1960
1969:1885–1908
1954:1879–1885
1944:1876–1879
1933:1876–1960
1912:1856–1891
1902:1800–1891
1892:1625–1884
1882:1600–1887
1872:1585–1889
1868:Kingdom of Luba
1862:1390–1914
1822:
1815:
1804:
1795:
1730:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1615:Kipupu massacre
1558:Kasika massacre
1553:Lemera massacre
1543:
1538:
1536:
1499:
1476:Boga and Tchabi
1438:
1433:
1431:
1402:
1388:Pretoria Accord
1383:Bogoro massacre
1330:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1266:
1220:Shaba Invasions
1204:
1200:First Congo War
1199:
1197:
1187:
1159:
1155:Shaba Invasions
1154:
1152:
1142:
1080:Simba rebellion
1075:Kwilu rebellion
1070:Kanyarwanda War
1010:UN intervention
970:
965:
963:
934:
880:
874:
872:
817:
792:
710:
706:
680:
679:
678:
672:
655:
643:
627:
617:
596:
586:
567:
557:
544:
534:27 October 1971
531:
521:
482:Likulia Bolongo
478:
466:
436:
374:
333:
309:
291:Kikongo ya leta
276:
254:
252:
248:
245:
240:
237:
235:
233:
232:
231:
225:
208:
195:
192:
190:
173:
170:
157:
156:
155:
150:
142:
141:
136:
118:
110:
103:
102:
94:
87:
86:
78:
71:
70:
62:
55:
54:
46:
39:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4893:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4821:-4.400; 15.400
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4644:Child marriage
4640:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4545:Prime Minister
4542:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4504:Chief of Staff
4496:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249: articles
4243:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4213:
4212:
4197:
4184:Callaghy, T.,
4182:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4112:
4089:
4082:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4040:
4026:
4006:
3992:
3972:
3961:. Modern Ghana
3949:
3942:
3919:
3912:
3880:
3845:
3833:
3818:
3794:
3775:
3732:
3693:
3670:
3643:
3631:
3624:
3604:
3579:
3562:
3540:James Barbot,
3533:
3531:(1977), p. 19.
3520:
3488:
3481:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3405:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3360:
3295:
3260:
3256:Kongo language
3242:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3192:
3189:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3091:Main article:
3088:
3085:
3045:Main article:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3011:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2985:Kasaï–Oriental
2980:
2979:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2913:
2910:
2856:Main article:
2853:
2850:
2799:
2796:
2741:Main article:
2738:
2735:
2731:Kengo wa Dondo
2595:
2592:
2554:
2551:
2461:
2458:
2421:
2418:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2298:
2295:
2164:Central Africa
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:pre–1876
1848:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Dongo conflict
1758:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1682:Masambo attack
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:Ituri conflict
1430:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1058:Kindu atrocity
1055:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
988:
980:
975:
972:
971:
962:
961:
954:
947:
939:
933:
932:
927:
926:
925:
920:
910:
909:
908:
898:
892:
891:
885:
882:
881:
871:
870:
863:
856:
848:
840:
839:
834:
830:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
814:
805:
802:
801:
796:
784:
783:
778:
768:
767:
762:
756:
755:
750:
744:
743:
738:
734:
733:
730:
724:
723:
704:
700:
699:
689:
685:
684:
675:
673:(1990 formula)
665:
664:
656:
653:
650:
649:
646:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
625:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
580:
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
558:
552:
549:
548:
547:15 August 1974
545:
539:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
522:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
503:
502:Historical era
499:
498:
493:
489:
488:
485:
484:
479:
476:
473:
472:
470:Mpinga Kasenda
467:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
451:Prime Minister
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
417:
416:
392:
386:
385:
382:
376:
375:
373:
372:
361:
355:
349:
343:
341:Roman Catholic
336:
334:
331:
327:
326:
317:
311:
310:
281:
279:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
255:-4.317; 15.317
226:
223:
219:
218:
210:
209:
193:
176:
175:
159:
158:
151:
144:
143:
137:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
120:
119:
38:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4892:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Social issues
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Deforestation
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4345:Kivu conflict
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:Early history
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:0-231-05720-2
4191:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4159:
4147:
4141:
4133:
4132:public domain
4123:
4119:
4115:
4113:0-8444-0795-X
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4029:
4027:9780299101107
4023:
4019:
4018:
4010:
3995:
3993:9780810863255
3989:
3985:
3984:
3976:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3943:0-86543-023-3
3939:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3904:HarperCollins
3901:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3878:, p. 50.
3877:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3842:
3841:Abbott (2014)
3837:
3830:
3829:Abbott (2014)
3825:
3823:
3811:
3804:
3798:
3792:, p. 53.
3791:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3773:, p. 52.
3772:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3730:, p. 51.
3729:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3691:, p. 49.
3690:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3668:, p. 48.
3667:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3641:, p. 45.
3640:
3635:
3627:
3625:9780810863255
3621:
3617:
3616:
3608:
3602:, p. 44.
3601:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3577:, p. 46.
3576:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3482:9780810310469
3478:
3474:
3473:
3464:
3457:
3451:
3444:
3438:
3427:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3356:
3335:
3327:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:Olympic Games
3221:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3053:
3048:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2906:
2905:Bank of Zaire
2901:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2839:Supreme Court
2834:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:civil society
2470:
2466:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:Belgian Congo
2243:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:known as the
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:Belgian Congo
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1845:Early history
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1724:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:2nd Kitshanga
1673:
1671:
1670:1st Kitshanga
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Kagogo ambush
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:Uvira clashes
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1540:Kivu conflict
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:Niemba ambush
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
979:
976:
973:
968:
960:
955:
953:
948:
946:
941:
940:
937:
931:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:Belgian Congo
911:
907:
904:
903:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
890:
887:
886:
883:
878:
875:Conflicts in
869:
864:
862:
857:
855:
850:
849:
846:
838:
835:
833:Today part of
831:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
800:
797:
790:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
761:
757:
754:
751:
749:
748:ISO 3166 code
745:
742:
739:
735:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
686:
676:
670:
666:
663:$ 4.5 billion
657:
651:
647:
641:
637:
633:
629:
623:
619:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
592:
588:
582:
577:
573:
569:
563:
559:
556:
550:
546:
543:
537:
533:
527:
523:
520:
514:
510:
507:
504:
500:
497:
494:
490:
486:
483:
480:
474:
471:
468:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
441:
438:
432:
428:
424:
422:
418:
415:
412:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
391:
387:
383:
381:
377:
370:
366:
362:
360:
356:
354:
350:
348:
344:
342:
338:
337:
335:
328:
325:
324:section below
323:
322:Ethnic groups
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
274:
271:
268:
264:
259:
230:
227:
220:
216:
211:
188:
187:
181:
177:
168:
164:
160:
154:
148:
140:
134:
126:
121:
114:
107:
98:
91:
82:
75:
66:
59:
50:
43:
33:
30:
26:
22:
4797:
4684:Prostitution
4659:Demographics
4583:Central Bank
4482:Human rights
4450:Constitution
4384:Conservation
4317:
4296:World War II
4200:
4185:
4178:
4169:Zaïre portal
4094:
4072:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4016:
4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3982:
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3952:
3932:
3922:
3897:
3836:
3810:the original
3797:
3634:
3614:
3607:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3491:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3417:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3363:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3251:
3246:
3231:
3219:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3162:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3111:Kongo Empire
3102:
3100:
3096:
3073:
3066:
3058:
2931:
2902:
2898:
2880:
2861:
2843:
2841:of Justice.
2835:
2815:
2781:
2773:Banyamulenge
2746:
2719:
2708:
2696:embezzlement
2688:
2681:
2677:
2666:
2664:guerrillas.
2643:
2635:Western Bloc
2616:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2535:
2516:
2497:
2489:
2474:
2450:
2438:trade unions
2427:
2423:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2395:authenticité
2392:
2369:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2300:
2267:
2241:Authenticité
2236:
2231:
2228:nationalized
2224:constitution
2217:Congo Crisis
2198:totalitarian
2192:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2043: /
2036:
2017:Congo Crisis
2009:
2004:Independence
2002:
1985:World War II
1932:
1927:Colonization
1925:
1908:Yeke Kingdom
1888:Kuba Kingdom
1850:
1843:
1375:
1338:
1287:
1269:
1212:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1086:Dragon Rouge
1085:
1051:
1044:Camp Massart
1037:
1015:
967:Congo Crisis
896:Colonization
888:
781:Succeeded by
780:
775:
760:Internet TLD
737:Calling code
654:• Total
626:• 1997
616:• 1971
585:• Total
411:totalitarian
404:presidential
363:10% Others (
319:
302:
294:
286:
179:
171:
163:Motto:
162:
29:
4819: /
4578:Agriculture
4063:Works cited
3107:river Congo
2882:Nationalism
2868:Congo River
2761:Interahamwe
2755:). Rwandan
2639:Safari Club
2629:, into the
2584:communalism
2543:Luba people
2493:co-optation
2309:Congo River
1821:History of
1481:Plaine Savo
1361:Six-Day War
1288:Thunderbolt
1100:White Giant
1093:Dragon Noir
991:South Kasai
918:during WWII
776:Preceded by
560:18 May 1997
519:Coup d'état
492:Legislature
353:Kimbanguism
253: /
186:La Zaïroise
4834:Categories
4649:Corruption
4511:Parliament
4477:Government
4394:Ecoregions
4284:Atrocities
3384:References
3146:Lubumbashi
3080:World Bank
3033:South Kivu
3017:North Kivu
2926:See also:
2890:capitalism
2886:Revolution
2672:papal trip
2510:, and the
2388:first time
2372:as in 1960
2319:Portuguese
2259:corruption
2221:centralist
2174:, and the
2115:DRC Portal
2099:See also:
1964:Atrocities
1299:Kinsangani
1294:Lubumbashi
1213:Background
1032:Jadotville
906:Atrocities
889:Background
630:46,498,539
620:18,400,000
605:Population
390:Government
380:Demonym(s)
347:Protestant
113:Luba-Lulua
4679:Languages
4664:Education
4618:Transport
4588:Companies
4533:President
4460:Elections
4409:Volcanoes
4399:Mountains
4367:Geography
3169:Christian
3140:Kisangani
3025:Orientale
2961:Bas-Congo
2894:communism
2567:chiefdoms
2523:Kisangani
2370:In 1965,
2297:Etymology
2203:, run by
2195:one-party
1052:Grandslam
1016:Rum Punch
728:Drives on
703:Time zone
644:(nominal)
421:President
401:one-party
330:Religion
123:1971–1997
4782:Category
4732:Football
4689:Religion
4499:Military
4433:Politics
4414:Wildlife
4122:30666705
3999:29 April
3965:30 March
3930:(1986).
3504:Archived
3426:Archived
3367:French:
3291:de facto
3273:de facto
3216:IOC code
3214:Zaire's
3195:Zaire's
3134:Kinshasa
3001:Kinshasa
2969:Équateur
2953:Bandundu
2934:Kinshasa
2876:Mobutism
2872:Kinshasa
2858:Mobutism
2852:Mobutism
2694:massive
2691:Cold War
2662:Katangan
2627:Shaba II
2603:Idi Amin
2560:Kinshasa
2255:cronyism
2251:Cold War
2207:and his
2188:Cold War
1812:a series
1810:Part of
1620:Kangbayi
1491:Response
1172:Shaba II
996:Invasion
877:DR Congo
711:+1 to +2
688:Currency
506:Cold War
409:under a
407:republic
398:Mobutist
307:Tshiluba
229:Kinshasa
4807:15°24′E
4766:Outline
4722:Cuisine
4709:Culture
4632:Society
4613:Tourism
4566:Economy
4256:History
4033:11 July
3513:23 July
3287:de jure
3269:de jure
3173:abacost
3165:Western
3158:Kalemie
3123:African
3087:Culture
3041:Economy
3009:Maniema
2689:As the
2670:made a
2654:Belgian
2623:Shaba I
2611:Shaba I
2579:Salongo
2547:Lingala
2527:Vatican
2361:History
2323:Kikongo
2291:Morocco
2213:Belgium
2172:Algeria
2041:Shaba I
1645:Maimoya
1640:Bulongo
1610:Virunga
1495:UN 1484
1461:Marabho
1451:Artemis
1393:MONUSCO
1167:Shaba I
986:Katanga
553:•
540:•
517:•
395:Unitary
384:Zairian
299:Swahili
283:Lingala
241:15°19′E
222:Capital
180:Anthem:
97:Swahili
81:Lingala
4804:4°24′S
4787:Portal
4717:Cinema
4669:Health
4603:Mining
4593:Energy
4516:Senate
4404:Rivers
4379:Cities
4207:
4192:
4120:
4110:
4080:
4024:
3990:
3940:
3910:
3622:
3479:
3152:Likasi
2658:French
2619:Angola
2607:Uganda
2444:, and
2366:Mobutu
2184:Africa
1814:on the
1635:Mwenda
1630:Tingwe
1625:Lisasa
1466:Ndjala
1446:Bogoro
1038:UNOKAT
671:
642:
455:
425:
365:Baluba
332:(1986)
303:·
301:
295:·
293:
287:·
285:
270:French
238:4°19′S
182:
153:Emblem
109:
93:
77:
65:Kituba
61:
49:French
45:
4840:Zaire
4773:Index
4742:Music
4737:Media
4699:Women
4654:Crime
4333:2000s
3813:(PDF)
3806:(PDF)
3554:Zaire
3550:Zahir
3507:(PDF)
3500:(PDF)
3429:(PDF)
3422:(PDF)
3238:Notes
3199:was "
3119:Nzadi
3115:Zaire
3103:Congo
3061:zaïre
2993:Shaba
2870:from
2820:as a
2539:Kasai
2500:press
2355:Zaire
2351:Zahir
2347:Congo
2343:Zaire
2339:Congo
2334:nzadi
2328:nzere
2325:word
2314:Zaire
2304:Zaïre
2168:Sudan
2152:Zaire
2101:Years
2037:Zaire
1728:Other
1605:Oicha
1114:South
732:right
692:Zaïre
677:0.294
369:Bantu
359:Islam
305:
297:
289:
4727:Flag
4550:List
4538:List
4487:LGBT
4205:ISBN
4190:ISBN
4146:link
4118:OCLC
4108:ISBN
4078:ISBN
4035:2020
4022:ISBN
4001:2016
3988:ISBN
3967:2015
3938:ISBN
3908:ISBN
3620:ISBN
3515:2021
3477:ISBN
3218:was
3059:The
3031:11.
3023:10.
2920:and
2892:and
2788:AFDL
2757:Hutu
2656:and
2644:The
2625:and
2521:and
2282:AFDL
2261:and
2170:and
741:+243
718:and
599:3.32
579:Area
357:10%
351:10%
345:20%
339:50%
320:See
139:Flag
4051:".
3552:or
3352:ɪər
3323:ɪər
3277:MPR
3232:COD
3220:ZAI
3211:".
3208:.cd
3202:.zr
3167:or
3069:IMF
3015:9.
3007:8.
2999:7.
2991:6.
2983:5.
2975:4.
2967:3.
2959:2.
2951:1.
2878:".
2765:RPF
2378:(a
2353:or
2331:or
2317:in
2182:in
1270:War
765:.zr
720:CAT
716:WAT
708:UTC
696:ZRN
681:low
669:HDI
640:GDP
4836::
4142:}}
4138:{{
4124:.
4116:.
4106:.
4102:,
3902:.
3883:^
3848:^
3821:^
3778:^
3735:^
3696:^
3673:^
3646:^
3582:^
3565:^
3408:^
3371:,
3346:ɑː
3336::
3334:US
3330:,
3317:aɪ
3307::
3305:UK
3234:.
2794:.
2779:.
2706:.
2641:.
2514:.
2448:.
2440:,
2293:.
2265:.
2257:,
2234:.
2190:.
2045:II
753:ZR
367:,
4239:e
4232:t
4225:v
4211:.
4196:.
4148:)
4134:.
4088:.
4086:.
4047:"
4037:.
4003:.
3969:.
3946:.
3916:.
3628:.
3517:.
3355:/
3349:ˈ
3343:z
3340:/
3326:/
3320:ˈ
3314:z
3311:/
3293:.
3279:(
2140:e
2133:t
2126:v
2047:)
2039:(
1966:)
1962:(
1531:e
1524:t
1517:v
1426:e
1419:t
1412:v
958:e
951:t
944:v
867:e
860:t
853:v
722:)
714:(
698:)
694:(
371:)
115:)
111:(
99:)
95:(
83:)
79:(
67:)
63:(
51:)
47:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)